AMERICAN  ANNALS; 

OR 

A  CHRONOLOGICAL 
HISTORY  OF  AMERICA 

JFROM  ITS  DISCOVERY  IN  MCCCCXCII  TO  MDCCCVL 

IN  TWO  VOLUMES. 

BY  ABIEL  HOLMES,  D.D.  A.A.S.  S.H.S. 

MINISTER    OP   THE  FIRST  CHURCH  IN  CAMBRIDGE. 


SUUM    QUJEQUE    IN    ANNUM    REFERRE. 

TACIT.  ANNAL-, 


VOL.  I. 

COMPRISING   A    PERIOD    OF    TWO    HUNDRED    YEARS. 

CAMBRIDGE, 

PRINTED  AND  SOLD  BY  W.  HILLIARD. 


1805. 


DISTRICT  OF  MASSACHUSETTS,  TO  WIT. 

it  remembered,  that  on  the  fourteenth  day  of  October,  A.  D.  1805, 
in  the  thirtieth  year  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America,  ABIEL 
HOLMES,  of  said  district,  has  deposited  in  this  office,  the  title  of  a  book,  the  right 
whereof  he  claims  as  author,  in  the  words  following,  to  wit  :  "  AMERICAN 
•*  ANNALS  ;  or  a  Chronological  HISTORY  OF  AMERICA  from  its  discovery 
"in  1492  to  1806,  in  two  volumes.  By  ABIEL  HOLMES,  JD.D.  A.A.S  s.H.g. 

"  Minister  of  the  First  Church  in  Cambridge. Suum  quaeque  in  annum  re- 

*«  ferre — Tacit.  Annal.     Vol.  I,  comprising  a  period  of  two  hundred  years." 

In  conformity  to  the  Act  of  the  Congress  of  the  United  States,  intitled,  "  An 
"  Act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of  maps,  charts, 
"  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during  the  times  there- 
"  in  mentioned  :"  and  also  to  an  Act  intitled,  "  An  Act  supplementary  to  an  Act 
"  intitled,  An  Act  for  the  encouragement  of  learning,  by  securing  the  copies  of 
"  maps,  charts,  and  books,  to  the  authors  and  proprietors  of  such  copies,  during 
"  the  times  therein  mentioned  ;  and  extending  the  benefits  thereof  to  the  arts  of 
"  designing,  engraving,  and  etching  historical  and  other  prints." 

N.  GOOD  ALE,  Clerk  of  the  District  »f 

Massachusetts. 
A  true  copy  of  Record, 
Attest,  N.  GOODALE,  Clerk. 


PREFACE. 

A  NEW  WORLD  has  been  'discovered,  which 
has  been  receiving  inhabitants  from  the  old,  more  than 
three  hundred  years.  A  new  empire  has  arisen,  which 
has  been  a  theatre  of  great  actions  and  stupendous 
events.  That  remarkable  discovery,  those  events  and 
actions,  can  now  be  accurately  ascertained,  without  re- 
course to  such  legends,  as  have  darkened  and  disfigur- 
ed the  early  annals  of  most  nations.  But,  while  local 
histories  of  particular  portions  of  America  have  been 
written,  no  attempt  has  been  made  to  give  even  the 
outline  of  its  entire  history.  To  obtain  a  genera! 
knowledge  of  that  history,  the  scattered  materials, 
which  compose  it,  must  be  collected,  and  arranged  in 
the  natural  and  lucid  order  of  time.  Without  such 
arrangement,  effects  would  often  be  placed  before 
causes  ;  contemporary  characters  and  events  disjoined  ; 
actions,  having  no  relation  to  each  ofrher,  confounded  ; 
and  much  of  the  pleasure  and  benefit,  which  History 
ought  to  impart,  would  be  lost.  If  history  however, 
without  chronology,  is  dark  and  confused  ;  chronology, 
without  history,  is  dry  and  insipid.  In  the  projection 
therefore  of  this  work,  preference  was  given  to  that 
species  of  historical  composition,  wiiich  unites  the  es- 
sential advantages  of  both. 

It  has  been  uniformly  my  aim  to  trace  facts,  as 
much  as  possible,  to  their  source.  Original  authori- 
ties therefore,  when  they  could  be  obtained,  have  al- 
ways had  preference.  Some  authors,  of  this  charac- 
ter, wrote  in  foreign  languages  ;  and  this  circumstance 
may  be  an  apology  for  the  occasional  introduction  of 
passages,  that  will  not  be  generally  understood.  While 
originals  possess  a  spirit,  which  cannot  be  infused  into 
a  translation,  they  recite  facts  with  peculiar  clearness 


M27G336 


iv  PREFACE. 

and  force.  Quotations  however  in  foreign  languages  are 
always  inserted  in  the  marginal  notes.  There  also  are 
placed  those  passages  in  English,  which  are  obsolete, 
either  in  their  orthography,  or  their  style.  To  some 
persons  they  may,  even  there,  be  offensive  ;  but  they 
may  gratify  the  historian,  and  the  antiquary.  The  one 
may  be  pleased  with  such  marks  of  authentic  docu- 
ments ;  the  other,  with  such  vestiges  of  antiquity. 

The  numerous  references  may  have  the  appearance 
of  superfluity,  perhaps  of  ostentation.  The  reason 
for  inserting  so  many  authorities  was,  that  the  reader, 
when  desirous  of  obtaining  more  particular  informa- 
tion, than  it  was  consistent  with  the  plan  of  these  An- 
nals to  give,  might  have  the  advantage  of  consulting 
the  more  copious  histories  for  himself.  Should  these 
volumes  serve  as  an  Index  to  the  principal  sources  of  A- 
merican  history,  they  may  render  a  useful  though  hum- 
ble service  to  the  student,  who  wishes  to  obtain  a  thor- 
ough knowledge  of  the  history  of  his  country. 

Professions  of  impartiality  are  of  little  significance* 
Although  not  conscious  of  having  recorded  one  fact, 
without  such  evidence,  as  was  satisfactory  to  my  own 
mind,  or  of  having  suppressed  one,  which  appeared  to 
come  within  the  limits  of  my  design  ;  yet  I  do  not  flatter 
myself  with  the  hope  of  exemption  from  error.  It  is 
but  just  however  to  observe,  that,  had  I  possessed  the 
requisite  intelligence,  more  .names  of  eminence  would 
have  been  introduced  ;  more  ancient  settlements  notic- 
ed ;  and  the  States  in  the  Federal  Union  more  propor- 
tionally respected.  For  any  omissions,  or  other  faults, 
which  have  not  this  apology,  the  extent  of  the  under- 
taking may  obtain  some  indulgence. 

Cambridge )  Massachusetts,  10  October,  1805. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


CHRISTOPHER  COLUMBUS,  a  na- 
tive of  Genoa,  having  formed  a  just  idea  of 
the  figure  of  the  earth,  had  several  years  entertain- 
ed the  design  of  finding  a  passage  to  India  by  the 
western  ocean. '  He  made  his  first  proposal  of  at- 
tempting this  discovery  to  the  republic  of  Genoa, 
which  treated  it  as  visionary.  He  next  proposed 
his  plan  to  John  II.  king  of  Portugal,  who,  at  that 
time,  was  deeply  engaged  in  prosecuting  discove- 
ries on  the  African  coast,  for  the  purpose  of  find- 
ing a  way  to  India.  In  this  enterprise  the  Portu- 
guese king  had  been  at  so  vast  an  expense,  with 
but  small  success,  that  he  had  no  inclination  to  lis- 
ten to  the  proposal.  By  the  advice,  however,  of  a 
favourite  courtier,  he  privately  gave  orders  to  a 
ship,  bound  to  the  island  of  Cape  de  Verd,  to  at- 
tempt a  discovery  in  the  west ;  but  the  navigators, 
through  ignorance  and  want  of  enterprise,  failing 
in  the  design,  turned  the  project  of  Columbus  int6 
ridicule. 

Indignant  at  this  dishonourable  artifice,  Colum- 
bus left  Portugal  j  and,  having  previously  sent 

i  Some  Spanish  authors  have  ungenerously  insinuated,  that  Columbus 
was  led  to  this  great  enterprise  by  information,  which  he  received,  of  3 
country,  discovered  far  to  the  west,  with  the  additional  advantage  of  a 
journal  of  the  voyage,  in  which  the  discovery  was  made  by  a  vessel,  driv- 
en from  its  course  by  easterly  winds.  It  is  affirmed,  however,  with  en- 
tire credibility,  that  "  Columbus  had  none  of  the  West  Islands  set  foorth 
unto  him  in  globe  or  card,  neither  yet  once  mentioned  of  any  writer 
(Plato  excepted  and  the  commentaries  upon  the  same)  from  942  yeeres  be- 
fore Christ,  untill  that  day  ;  neither  understood  he  of  them  by  the  report 
of  any  other  that  had  scene  them  ;  but  only  comforted  himselfe  with  this 
hope,  that  the  land  had  a  beginning  where  the  sea  had  an  ending."  Hafc- 
luyt,  iil  23.  Robertson,  i.  Note  xvii. 

a 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

his  brother  Bartholomew  into  England  to  Solicit 
the  patronage  of  Henry  VII,  repaired  to  Ferdinand 
and  Isabella,  king  and  queen  of  Spain.  It  was  not 
till  he  had  surmounted  numerous  obstacles,  and 
spent  seven  years  in  painful  solicitation,  that  he  ob- 
tained what  he  sought.  To  the  honour  of  Isabella, 
and  of  her  sex,  the  scheme  of  Columbus  was  first 
countenanced  by  the  queen;  Through  the  influ- 
ence of  Juan  Perez,  a  Spanish  priest,  and  Lewis 
Santangel,  an  officer  of  the  king's  household,  she 
was  persuaded  to  listen  to  his  request  j  and,  after 
he  had  been  twice  repulsed,  to  recall  him  to  court* 
She  now  offered  to  pledge  her  jewels,  to  defray  the 
expense  of  the  proposed  equipment,  amounting  to 
no  more  than  two  thousand  five  hundred  crowns '  ; 
but  this  sum  was  advanced  by  Santangel,  and  the 
queen  saved  from  so  mortifying  an  expedient.  * 

On  the  seventeenth  day  of  April,  1492,  an  a- 
greement  was  made  by  Columbus  with  their  Cath- 
olic majesties :  That,  if  he  should  make  any  dis± 
coveries,  he  should  sustain  the  office  of  viceroy  by 
land,  and  admiral  by  sea,  with  the  advantage  of 
the  tenth  part  of  the  profits,  accruing  from  the  pro- 
ductions and  commerce  of  all  the  countries  discov- 
ered ;  and  these  dignities  and  privileges  were  not 
to  be  limited  to  his  own  person,  but  to  be  heredi- 
tary in  his  family. 3 

i  This  denomination  of  money,  used  by  most  historians,  may,  without 
explanation,  essentially  mislead  the  readei-.  They  were  doubtless  gold 
crowns.  Vega  [Commentaries  of  Peru,  413.]  says,  the  expense  was  **  six 
millions  of  maravadies,  making  the  sum  of  16000  ducats."  A  Spanish 
ducat  of  exchange  is  equal  to  45.  nd.  1-2,  and  lacks  therefore  but  a  half 
penny  of  being  equal  to  an  English  crovn.  If  the  16000  ducats  of  Vega 
be  estimated  as  equal  to  so  many  English  crowns,  they  make  exactly 
£4000  sterling  ;  and  this  is  the  very  sum,  which,  Dr.  Robertson  says,  the 
expense  of  the  equipment  "  did  not  exceed." 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  xi,  xii,  xv,  with  the  principal  authorities,  cited 
under  A.  D.  1492. 

3  Harris'  Voyages,  i.  5.  The  instrument,  containing  the  terms  of  this 
agreement,  is  inserted  entire  in  Hazard's  Collections,  i.  i — 3  ;  but  it  is 
.there  dated  April  30,  1492.  Though  the  name  of  Ferdinand  appears 
connected  with  that  of  Isabella  in  this  compact,  he  refused  to  take  any 
£art  in  th»  enterprise,  as  king  of  Arragon.  The  whole  expense  of  the  ex* 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  3 

1492. 

COLUMBUS,  on  the  third  day  of  August,1  set  August  3. 
sail  from  Palos  in  Spain,  with  three  vessels 1  and  g 
ninety  men,  on  a  voyage  the  most  daring  and  grand  Spain. 
in  its  design,  and  the  most  important  in  its  result, 
of  any,  that  had  ever  been  attempted.  He,  as  ad- 
miral, commanded  the  largest  ship,  called  Santa 
Maria  ;  Martin  Alonzo  Pinzon  was  captain  of  the 
Pinta ;  and  Vincent  Yanez  Pinzon,  of  the  Nigria. 
When  the  fleet  was  about  two  hundred  leagues  to 
the  west  of  the  Canary  islands,  Columbus  observ- 
ed that  the  magnetic  needle  in  the  compasses  did 
not  point  exactly  to  the  polar  star,  but  Varied  to- 
ward the  west. 3'  This  discovery  made  an  alarming 
impression  on  his  pilots  and  mariners  ;  but  his  fer-  ^^ I4* 

•i  •         i     i        it.  •  •  1-11  Variation 

tile  genius  helped  him  to  assign  a  plausible  reason  Of  the  com- 
for  this  strange  appearance,    and  to  dispel  their.  Pass  excites 
fears.     Expedients,  however,  at  length  lost  their  ' 
effect.     The  crew,  with  loud  and  insolent  clamour, 
insisted  on  his  return,  and  some  of  the  most  auda- 
cious proposed  to  throw  him  into  the  sea.     When 
his  invention  was  nearly  exhausted,  and  his  hope 

jjearly  abandoned,  the  only  event,  that  could  ap- 

•  "  ' 

pedition  was  to  be  defrayed  by  the  crown  of  Gastile,  and  Isabella  reserved 
for  her  subjects  of  that  kingdom  an  exclusive  right  to  all  the  benefits, 
that  should  accrue  from  its  success.  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.  Throughout 
tills  transaction,  the  conduct  of  Isabella  was  truly  magnanimous  ;  and 
though  she  did  not,  like  the  Tyrian  queen,  conduct  the  great  enterprise 
jn  person,  yet  »he  has  strong  claim  to  similar  honour  :  I)ux  fctmina  facti. 

I  He  sailed  from  Gomera,  one  of  the  most  westerly  of  the  Canary  is- 
lands, on  the  6th  of  September,  "  which  may  be  accounted  the  first  set- 
ting out  upon  the  voyage  on  the  ocean."  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  xviii.' 

%  One  of  these  vessels  had  a  deck  ;  the  other  two,  called  Caravels,  had 
none.  They  are  thus  described  by  Peter  Martyr  :  "  Ex  regio  fisco  desti- 
hata  sunt  tria  navigia  :  unum  onerarium  caveatum,  alia  duo  levia  merca- 
toria  sine  cavei's,  (juae  ab  Hispanis  caravehe  vocantur."  De  Nov.  Orb.  p.  a. 

3  Stow  erroneously  ascribes  this  discovery  to  Sebastian  Cabot,  five 
years  after  this  voyage  of  Columbus.  It  unquestionably  was  made  in  this 
first  voyage.  With  the  correction  of  the  name  and  date,  the  remark  of 
this  venerable  antiquarian  is  just :  "  Before  his  time,  ever  since  the  first 
finding  of  the  magneticall  needle,  it  was  generalize  supposed  to  lie  pre- 
cisely in  place  of  the  meridian,  and  crosse  the  equator  at  rij<-ht  angels, 
respecting  with  the  points  dulie  north  and  south."  Stow's  Chronicle, 


4  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1492.  pease  the  mariners,  happily  occurred.  A  light, 
seen  by  Columbus  at  ten  in  the  night  of  the 
Friday,0ct.  eleventn  of  October,  was  viewed  as  the  harbinger 
i  z,  land  of  the  wished  for  land  ;  and  early  the  next  morn- 
discovered.  jng  jand  was  Distinctly  seen. *  At  sun  rise,  all  the 
boats  were  manned  and  armed,  and  the  adventur- 
ers rowed  toward  the  shore,  with  warlike  music, 
and  other  martial  pomp.  The  coast,  in  the  mean 
time,  was  covered  with  people,3  who  were  attract-^ 
ed  by  the  novelty  of  the  spectacle,  and  whose  atti- 
tudes and  gestures  strongly  expressed  their  aston- 
ishment. Columbus,  richly  dressed,  and  holding 
a  na^e(^  sword  in  his  hand,  went  first  on  shore,  and 
goon  shore,  was  followed  by  his  men,  who,  kneeling  down  with 
him,  kissed  the  ground  with  tears  of  joy,  and  re- 
turned thanks  for  the  success  of  the  voyage.  The 
land  was  one  of  the  islands  of  the  New  World,  cal- 
led by  the  natives,  Guanahana.3  Columbus,  as- 
suming the  title  and  authority  of  admiral,  called  it 
San  Salvador  ;  and,,  by  setting  up  a  cross,  took 
possession  of  it  for  their  Catholic  majesties.4 

Many  of  the  natives  stood  around,  and  gazed  at 
the  strange  ceremony  in  silent  admiration.  Though 
shy  at  first  through  fear,  they  soon  became  famil- 
iar with  the  Spaniards*  The  admiral,  perceiving 
that  they  were  simple  and  inoffensive,  gave  them 

i  The  voyage  from  Gomerawas  35  days;  a  longer  time  than  any  man 
had  ever  been  known  to  be  from  the  sight  of  land. 

2,  They  "  appeared  in  the  simple  innocence  of  nature,  entirely  naked." 

Robertson. 

3  It  is  one  of  that  cluster  of  the  West  India  islands,  called  Bahamas, 
lying  in  the  ajth.  degree  of  north  latitude,  above  3000  miles  to  the  west 
of  Gomera.  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.   Belknap  Biog.  i.  101.     The  authors  of 
the  Universal  History  [xli.  350,  331.]  erroneously  affirm  this  first  discov^ 
,ered  island  to  be  the  one,  now  called  New  Providence,  which  is  another 

of  the  Bahama  islands,  in  its  neighbourhood.  The  island,  discovered  by 
Columbus,  still  retains  its  original  Indian  name,  though  it  is  also  denomi- 
nated in  maps,  Cat  Island.  It  is  remarkable  for  nothing,  but  the  event 
that  we  have  recited. 

4  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  ii.  xvi — xxi,  xxiii.  Peter  Martyr,  a.  Herrera,  i, 
,47.  Purchas,  i.  729,  730.    European  Settlements  in  America,  i.  3 — n, 
Robertson,  i,  1*9^  «8. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  5 

hawksbells,  strings  of  glass  beads,  and  red  caps,  1492. 
which,  though  of  small  intrinsic  worth,  were  by 
them  highly  valued.  The  reason,  assigned  for 
their  peculiar  estimation  of  these  baubles,  is,  that, 
confidently  believing  that  these  visitants  had  come 
down  from  heaven/  they  ardently  desired  to  have 
something  left  them  as  a  memorial.  They  gave 
the  Spaniards,  in  return,  such  provisions,  as  they 
had,  and  some  cotton  yarh^  which  was  the  only 
valuable  commodity  they  could  produce.* 

Columbus,  after  visiting  the  coasts  of  the  island, 
proceeded  to  make  farther  discoveries,  taking  with  °<a- ** 
him  several  of  the  natives  of  San  Salvador.  He 
saw  several  islands >  and  touched  at  three  of  the 
largest  of  them,  which  he  named  St.  Mary  of  the 
Conception,  Fernandina,  and  Isabella.  On  the 
twenty  seventh  of  October,  he  discovered  the  island  _ 

r^.1  i  •    i       •      i  r    v  •  i  r  Oct.  27. 

of  Cuba,  which,  m  honour  of  the  prince,  the  son  or  Cuba  dis- 
the  Spanish  king  and  queen,  he  called  Juanna.  covered. 
Entering  the  mouth  of  a  large  river  with  his  squa- 
dron, he  staid  here  to  careen  his  ships,  sending,,  in 
the  mean  time,  some  of  his  people,  with  one  of  the 
natives  of  San  Salvador,  to  view  the  interior  parts 
of  the  country.  Returning  to  him  on  the  fifth  of  No- 
vember, they  report,  that  they  had  travelled  above 
sixty  miles  from  the  shore ;  that  the  soil  is  richer  and 
better,  than  any  they  had  hitherto  discovered  ;  and 
that,  beside  many  scattering  cottages,  they  found 
tme  village  of  fifty  houses,  containing  about  a 
thousand  inhabitants. 3  Sailing  from  Cuba  on  the 
fifth  of  December,  he  arrived,  the  next  day,  at  an  Dec.  6. 
island,  called  by  the  natives  Hayti,  which,  in  hon- 
our  of  the  kingdom,  by  which  he  was  employed, 
be  named  Hispaniola.4 

I  — "  Gentem  essemissam  e  coelo  aututnant."    P.  Martyr,  p.  4. 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  xxiiij'xxiv.  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.     Herrera,  J.  47. 

3  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.     Herrera  [i.  54,]  says,  "  a -whole  generation 
Jived  in  a  house." 

4  "  Ab  Hispania  •  -  -  diminutive  Hispaniola.' '    P.  Martyr,  245.    Her- 
rera, i.  1 07,  jfj  8. 


fi  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1492.       On  the  shoals  of  this  island,  through  the  care-: 
Dec.  i4-  lessness  of  his  sailors,  he  lost  one  of  his  ships.  The 

One  of  the  T     ,.  .  .  /-,  i_      . 

ships  lost.  Indian  cazique,  or  prmce,  Guacanahan,  receiving 
intelligence  of  this  loss,  expressed  much  grief,  and 
sent  all  his  people  with  their  canoes,  to  save  what 
they  could  from  the  wreck.  V  We  lost  not  the  val- 
ue of  a  pin,"  says  the  admiral,  "  for.  he  caused  all 
pur  clothes  to  be  laid  together  near  his  palace, 
\yhere  he  kept  {.them  till  the  houses,  which  he  had 
appointed  for  us,  were  emptied.  He  placed  armed 
men,  to  keep  them,  who  stood  there  all  day  and  all 
night  ;  and  all  the  people  lamented,  as  if  our  loss 
had  concerned  them  much." 

The  port,  where  this  misfortune  happened,  Co- 
lumbus called  Navidad   [the  Nativity],  because  he 
entered  it  on  Christinas  day.      Resolving  to  leave 
a-  colony  here,  he  obtained  liberty  of  the  cazique  to 
Columbus  erect  a  fort,  which  he  accordingly  built  with  the 
builds  a     timber  of  the  ship,  that  was  wrecked  ;  and,  leaving 
it  in  the  hands  of  three  officers   and  thirty  eigh^ 
men,  prepared  to  return  to  Spain.2 

*493- 

Columbus,  having  taken  every  precaution  for  the. 
Jan.  16.    security  of  his  colony,   left  Navidad  on  the  fourth 

Columbus       r    T  j     J   c  j«  •  j 

returns  to  of  January  ;    and,  alter  discovering  and  naming 
Sp<tin.       most  of  the  harbours  on  the  northern  coast  of  His- 

i  This  title,  which  signifies  lord  or  prince,  is  rightly  applied  to  the 
princes  of  Hayti  ;  for,  according  to  Clayigero,  "  it  is  derived  from  the 
Haitin  tongue,  which  was  spoken  in  the  island  of  Hispamola."  But  it 
v/as  afterwards  inaccurately  applied  to  the  nobles  of  Mexico,  who,  though 
divided  into  several  classes,  with  appropriate  titles  to  each,  "  were  con- 
founded together  by  the  Spaniards  under  the  general  name  of  caziques." 
Jiist.  Mexico,  i.  346, 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  xxvii,  xxx,  xxxjii,  xxxvi,  xxxv.  Herrera,  i.  j  i — 
75,  78.  Purchas,  i.  730.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  487.  Robertson,  i.  book  if. 
In  the  Life  of  Columbus^  the  port  is  said  to  be  named  Navidad ;  but  Her- 
rera, and  Robertson  after  him,  say,  that  this  name  was  given  to  the  fort, 
This  fortification  was  finished  in  ten  days  ;  the  poor  natives  unwarily  help- 
ing it  forward  ;  "  that  simple  race  of  men,"  to  use  the  words  of  Dr.  R<p- 
b^rtson,  "  labouring  with  inconsiderate  assiduity  in  erecting  this  first  mo-, 
jumien;  of  their  own  servitude." 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  ? 

pahiola,  set  sail,  on  the  sixteenth,  for  Spain,  taking  1493. 
with  him  six  of  the  natives. x  On  the  fourteenth 
of  February,  he  was  overtaken  by  a  violent  tem- 
'pest,  and,  in  the  extremity  of  danger,  united  with 
the  mariners  in  imploring  the  aid  of  Almighty  God, 
mingled  with  supplications  to  tire  Virgin  Mary* 
and  accompanied  by  vows  of  pilgrimage;  That 
his  discoveries,  in  case  of  shipwreck,  might  hot  be 
lost,  he  wrote  an  actount  of  them  on  parchment^ 
wrapped  it  in  a  piece  of  oiled  cloth,  and  inclosed  it 
in  a  cake  of  wax,  which  he  put  into  a  tight  cask^ 
and  threw  into  the  sea*  Another  parchment,  se- 
tured  in  a  similar  manner,  he  placed  on  the  stern^ 
that,  if  the  ship  should  sink,  the  cask  might  float, 
and  one  or  the  other  might  possibly  .be  found. 
But  his  precaution,  though  prudent,  was  fruitless  ; 
for  he  was  providentially  saved  from  the  expected 
destruction,  and,  on  the  fourth  of  March,  arrived 
safely  at  Lisbon;  On  his  arrival  at  Palos  on  the 
fifteenth,  he  was  received  with  the  highest  tokens 
of  honour,  by  the  king  and  queen, z  who  now  con* 
stituted  him  admiral  of  Spain.3 

Columbus  adhering  to  his  opinion,  that  the 
countries,  which  he  had  discovered,  were  a  part  of 
those  vast  regipns  of  Asia,  comprehended  under 
the  name  of  India,  and  this  opinion  being  adopted 
in  Europe^  Ferdinand  and  Isabella  gave  them  the 
name  of  Indies. 4 

,*'•'••  .  '     '  .  •  •''.    J:':     t«         v-, »i  ;.- 

I  iPurchas,  i,  730.  Two  of  these  natives  died  on  their  passage  to  Spain ; 
the  other  four  were  presented  to  his  Catholic  majesty  by  Columbus,  to- 
gether with  a  quantity  of  gold,  which  had  been  given  to  him  by  the  ca* 
zique  at  Hispaniola.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  487. 

a  «*  Sedere  ilium  coram  se  publice,  quod  est  maximum  apud  reges  His- 
panos  amoris  et  gratitudinis,  supremique  obscquii  signum,  fecerunt."  P. 
Martyr,  p.  8. 

3  Robertson,  i,  book  ii.    Harris'  Voyages,  i,  6.    Herrera,  i,  84,  86,  93* 
Belknap  Biog.  i.  102. 

4  Robertson,  i.  Book  ii:     Names,  however  improperly  applied,  are  apt 
to  be  permanent.     "  Even  after  the  error,  which  gave  rise  to  this  opinion, 
was  detected,  and  the  true    position  of  the  New  World  was  ascertained, 
the  name  has  remained,  and  the  appellation  of  West  Indies  is  given  by  ail 


8  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1493.       ^he  Portuguese,  having  previously  explored  the 
The  Form-  Azores  and  other  islands,  instantly  claimed  the  new* 
con-  ly  discovered  world,  and  contended  for  the  exclu- 
s*on  °f  ^e  Spaniards  from  the  navigation  of  the 
covered     western  ocean.  x    Their  competitors,  however,  were 
world*       careful  to  obtain  the  highest  confirmation  possible 
of  their  own  claim*     While  orders  were  given  at 
Barcelona  for  the  admiral's  return  to  Hispaniola  ;  z 
to  strengthen  the  Spanish  title  to  this  island,  and 
to  other  countries  that  were  or  should  be  discovered, 
their  Catholic  majesties,  3  by  the  admiral's  advice, 
applied  to  the  Pope,  to  obtain  his  sanction  of  their 
claims,  and  his  consent  for  the  conquest  of  the 
West  Indies.     An  ambassador  was  sent  to  Rome. 
The  Pope,  then  in  the  chair,  was  Alexander  VI,  a 
Spaniard  by  birth,  and  a  native  of  Valentia.  Read- 
Jly  acceding  to  the  proposal,  he,  on  the  third  of 
May,4  adjudged  the  great  process,  and  made  the 
3-  celebrated  line  of  partition.      He  granted  in  full 

right  to  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  all  the  countries, 
inhabited  by  infidels,  which  they  had  discovered,  or 
should  discover,  extending  the  assignment  to  their 

the  peeple  of  Europe  to  the  country,  and  that  of  Indians  to  its  inhabit- 
ants." Ibid. 

I.  Chalmers'  Annals,  i.  6. 

a.  The  second  commission  to  Columbus  is  dated  May  18,  1493.  It  is 
inserted  entire  in  Hazard's  Collections,  i.  6  —  9.  . 

3.  The  king  of  Portugal,  according  to  Peter  Martyr,  agreed  with 
them  in  a  reference  of  the  dispute  to  the  Pope  of  Rome  ;  but  it  might  be 
at  a  subsequent  period.     By  this  contemporary  historian  it  appears,  that 
the  queen  of  Spain  was  a  niece  of  the    Portuguese  king,  and  that  this 
connexion  facilitated  an    adjustment  of  the  controversy.      "  Dum  ita  in 
confuso  res  tractaretur,  pars  utraque  pacta  est,  ut  a  summo  Pontifice  de- 
cerneretur  quid  juris.     Futures  se  obtemperantes  Pontificise  sanctioni,  fide 
jubent  utrinque.     Res  Castellae  tune  regina  ilia  magna  Elizabetha  cum  vi- 
ro  regeb-*t,  quia  dotalia  ejus  regna  Castells  sint.     Erat  regina  Joanni  regi 
Portugallije  consobrina  :  propterea  facilius  res  est  composita.     Ex  utrius- 
que  partis  igitur  assensu,  lineam  ex  plumbata  bulla  summus  Pontifex  Al- 
exander sextus,  &c."     P.  Martyr,  p.  161. 

4.  One  bull,  granting  their  Catholic  majesties  "  the  sovereign  dominion 
of  the  Indies,  with  supreme  jurisdiction  over  all  that  hemisphere,"  was 
passed   OH  the  ad  of  May.     But  the  Great  Bull  (on  every  account  entitled 
to  that  name)  was  issued  on  the  day  following.     A  copy  of  it  in  the  ori- 
ginal Latin,  with  an  English  translation,  is  preserved  in  Harris'  Voyages, 
i,  6  —  8.    It  is  also  in  Haz,  Cojl.  i,  3  —  6.     See  Herrera,  i.  96. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  9 

heirs  and  successors,  the  kings  and  queens  of  Cas-  1493. 
tile  and  Leon.  To  prevent  the  interference  of  this 
grant  with  one  formerly  made  to  the  crown  of  Por- 
tugal, he  directed  that  a  line,  supposed  to  be  drawn 
from  pole  to  pole,  at  the  distance  of  one  hundred 
leagues  westward  of  the  Azores,  should  serve  as  a 
boundary  ;  and  bestowed  all  the  countries  to  the 
east  of  this  imaginary  line,  not  actually  possessed 
by  any  Christian  prince,  on  the  Portuguese,  and  all 
to  the  west  of  it,  on  the  Spaniards. ' 

How  astonishingly  great,  at  this  period,  was  the  Remark?, 
influence  of  the  Pope  of  Rome  !  This  sovereign 
Pontiff,  "  in  virtue  of  that  power  which  he  received 
from  Jesus  Christ,  conferred  on  the  crown  of  Cas- 
tile vast  regions,  to  the  possession  of  which  he  him- 
self was  so  far  from  having  any  title,  that  he  was 
unacquainted  with  their  situation,  and  ignorant 
even  of  their  existence."2  Although  neither  the 
Spaniards,  nor  the  Portuguese,  now  suspected  the 
validity  of  the  Papal  grant,  yet  the  other  nations  of 
Europe  would  not  suffer  them  quietly  to  enjoy  their 
shares. 3  In  the  progress  of  these  Annals,  we  shall 
find  different  nations  planting  colonies  in  the  New 
World,  without  leave  of  the  Catholic  king,  or  even 
of  his  Holiness.  It  early  became  a  law  among  the 
European  nations,  that  the  countries,  which  each 
should  explore,  should  be  deemed  the  absolute  prop- 
erty of  the  discoverer,  from  which  all  others  should 

i  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  xlii.  Hen-era,  i.  96.  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.  Chal- 
mers, i.  6.  Belknap  Biog.  I.  103  ;  and  the  authorities  at  the  close  of  this 
year.  The  Portuguese,  it  seems,  were  dissatisfied  with  the  Papal  partition. 
The  subject  was  therefore  referred  to  six  plenipotentiaries,  three  chosen 
from  each  nation,  whose  conferences  issued  in  an  agreement,  That  the 
line  of  partition,  in  the  Pope's  bull,  should  be  extended  two  hundred  and 
seventy  leagues  farther  to  the  west  ;  that  all  westward  of  that  line  should 
fall  to  the  share  of  the  Spaniards,  and  all  eastward  of  it,  to  the  Portuguese. 
This  agreement  was  made  7  June,  1493.  It  was  sealed  by  the  king  of 
Spain  i  July  that  year  ;  and  by  the  king  of  Portugal  a;  February,  1494, 
Herrera,  i.  116,  117.  Harris'  Voyages,  i.  8. 

a  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 

3  Montesquieu,  Spirit  of  Laws,  book  xxi.  c.  xvli. 


io  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1493.  be  entirety  excluded.1  Above  a  century5  after 
this  papal  grant,  the  parliament  of  England  insist- 
ed, That  occupancy  confers  a  good  title  by  the  law 
of  nations  and  nature. 

second         On   the   twenty  fifth  of   September  Columbus 
voyage  of   sailed  from  Cadiz,  on  his  second  voyage  to  the 
New  World.  The  equipment,  made  for  him,  proves 
in  what  an  advantageous  light  his  past  discoveries 
and  present  enterprise  were  viewed.     He  was  fur- 
nished with  a  fleet  of  three  ships  of  war  and  four* 
teen  caravels,  with  all  necessaries  for  settlement  or 
conquest,3  and  1500  people,  some  of  whom  were 
of  the  best  families  of  Spain.4    On  the  Lord's  day, 
the  third  of  November,  he  discovered  one  of  the 
He  discov-  Caribbee  islands,  which,  because  it  was  discover- 
ers Domi-  ed  on  that  day,  he  called  Dominica.  s     Going  on 
mca'         shore  at  an  adjacent  island,  he  called  it  by  his  ship's 
Mariga-     name,  Marigalante,  and  took  solemn  possession  be- 
fore a  notary  and  witnesses/     On  the  fifth  he  dis- 
joTttnd  covered  Guadaloupe;7   on  the  tenth,  Montserrat8 
other  isi-    and  Antigua.     After  discovering,  to  the  northwest, 
ands.  more  islands,  he  came  into  the  port  of  Navi- 


Nov.  28.    dad,     ]sj0t  a  Spaniard,  however,  was  to  be  seen  : 

Arrives  at 

Navidad,  j    Chalmers,  i.  6.  2    A.  D.  1621.  Ibid. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  487.    "  Ultra  ducentos  et  mille  armatos  pedites  —  in- 
ter quos  omnium   mechanicarum  artium  fabros  et  opifices  innunieros-*— 
t-quites  quosd.im  c;tteris  armatis  immixtos."     P.  Martyr,  p.  9.     This  au- 
thor is  of  primary  authority  on  this  article  ;  for  he  received  and  recorded 
his  information  of  the  facts,  relating  to  this  voyage,  soon  after  the  depar- 
ture of  Columbus.     *'  H.-EC  nohis  intra  paucos  dies  ab  ejus  discessu  renun- 
ciatafuerunt."     Decade,  i.  dated,  1493. 

4  Haklurt,  iii.  4.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  34^,     Two  of  the  brothers  of  Co- 
lumbus were  among  the  passengers.     Harris  Voy.  i.  269. 

5  Herrera,  i.  106.  6.  Ibid. 

7  This  island  was  thus  named,  from  its   resemblance  to  a  chain  of 
mountains  of  that  name  in  Spain.     It  was  the  principal  residence  of  the 
Qtribbet's,  who  called  it  Carucueria.  To  these  wild  and  savage  people,  the 
Spaniards  could  obtain  no  access.     "  Hi,  nostris  visis,  vel  terrore,  vel  scele- 
rum  conscientia  permoti,  inter  sese  exorto  murmure,  alter  in  alterum  oc- 
ulos  fiecu-ntes,  cuneo  facto  ex  insperato,  celerrime,ut  multitude  aviurn,  con- 
eitati,  ad  nemorosas  valles  pcdem  referunt."    P.  Martyr,  p.  13,  266.    Univ. 
Hist.  xli.  237. 

8  Thus  named,  for  its  lofty  mountains  :    "  quoniam  altis  montibus  in- 
structa  esset,  Montem  Serratum  illam  vocant."     P.  Martyr,  p.  15. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  u 

and  the  fort,  which  he  had  built  here,  was  entirely  1493. 
demolished.  The  tattered  garments,  broken  arms,  and  findsifc 
and  utensils,  scattered  about  its  ruins,  too  clearly  m  ruins, 
indicated  the  miserable  fate  of  the  garrison.  While 
the  Spaniards  were  weeping  over  these  relics  of 
their  countrymen,  a  brother  of  the  friendly  cazique 
Guacanahari  arrived,  and  confirmed  all  their  dismal 
apprehensions.  He  informed  Columbus,  that,  on 
Jiis  departure,  the  men,  whom  he  left  behind,  threw 
off  all  regard  to  their  commanding  officer  ;  that,  by 
familiar  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  they  lessened 
that  veneration  for  themselves,  which  was  first  enter- 
tained, and,  by  indiscretion  and  ill  conduct,  effaced 
every  favourable  impression,  that  had  first  been 
made ;  that  the  gold,  the  women,  the  provisions  of 
the  natives,  became  subject  to  their  licentious  prey  ; 
that,  under  these  provocations  and  abuses,  the  ca- 
zique of  Cibao  surprized  and  cut  off  several  of  them 
as  they  straggled  about,  heedless  of  danger  ;  that 
then,  assembling  his  subjects,  he  surrounded  the 
fort,  and  set  fire  to  it  ;  that  some  of  the  Spaniards 
were  killed  in  defending  it  ;  and  that  the  rest  pe- 
vished,  in  attempting  to  escape  by  crossing  an  arm 
of  the  sea. x 

Leaving  Navidad,  he  sailed  eastwardly  ;    and,Pec-  8- 

i  -11  i  ^    i      r  c  Lands  at 

at  the    same  island,   anchored  before    a   town  or  another 
Indians,    where    he   resolved  to  plant  a    colony. 
He  accordingly  landed  all  his  men,  provision's,  and 
utensils,  in  a  plain,  near  a  rock  on  which  a  fort 
might  be  conveniently  erected.     Here  he  built  a  builds  the 
town,  which,  in  honour  of  the  queen  of  Castile,  he  f 
called  Isabella.     This  was  the  first  town,  founded  indies. 
by  Europeans  in  the  New  World. z 

I  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  ii.  &  xlv li.  Herrera,  i.  106 — 113.  Pur- 

chas,  i.  731.  P.  Martyr,  1 1 — 13.  European  Settlements,  i.  19,  20.  Uni- 
versal Hist.  xli.  aj8.  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


May  5. 
Columbus 
discovers 
Jamaica. 


Terrible 


1494- . 

Columbus  in  the  spring  dispatched  twelve  ves* 
sels  for  Spain  ;  and  after  a  prosperous  voyage  they 
arrived  safely  in  April  at  Cadiz.  x 

Leaving  Peter  Margarita  the  command  of  three 
hundred  and  aixty  foot  and  fourteen  horse,  to  re-, 
duce  Hispaniola  under  obedience  to  their  Catholic 
majesties,  he  now  sailed  for  Cuba,  which  he  descri- 
ed on  the  29th  of  April.  Sailing  along  its  southern 
shore,  he  discovered  on  the  fifth  of  May  another 
island,  called  Jamaica. 2  Here,  on  landing,  he  met 
with  much  opposition  from  the  ferocious  natives  ; 
but,  after  repeated  defeats,  they  became  tractable, 
and  even  brought  food  to  barter. 3  Although  Co- 
lumbus appears  to  have  made  no  settlement  at  Ja- 
maica ;  yet,  so  favourable  was  the  opinion,  that  he 
entertained  of  the  island,  that  he  marked  it  out  as 
an  estate  for  his  family. 4 

A  hurricane,  more  violent  than  any  within  the  rer 
membrance  of  the  natives,  occurred  in  June  at  His- 
paniola. Without  any  tempest,  or  fluctuation  of 
the  sea,  it  repeatedly  whirled  around  three  ships, 
lying  at  anchor  in  port,  and  plunged  them  in  the 
deep.  The  natives  ascribed  this  disorder  of  the 
elements  to  the  Spaniards.5 

j  P.  Martyr,  10. 

1  Jamaica  is  probably  an  Indian  word,  for  Oviedo  mentions  a  river  in 
Hispaniola,  of  that  name.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  346. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  346.     "  Pluribus  in  locis  volenti  Prsefecto  terram  ca- 
pere,  armati  ac   minitantes  occurrerunt,  pugnasque  ssepius  attentarunt  : 
*ed  victi  scraper,  amicitiam  omnes  cum  Prsefecto  iniere."  P.  Martyr,  p.zy. 

4  The  son  and  family  of  Columbus,   considering  Jamaica  as  their  own 
property,  built  upon  it  St.  Jago  de  la  Vega,  and  several  other  towns,  that 
were  abandoned  on  account  of  the  advantages  attending  the  situation  of 
St.  Jago,  which  increased  so  greatly,  as  in  a  short  time  to  contain,  accord- 
ing to  report,  1700  houses,  a  churches,  z  chapels,  and  an  abbey.     The 
court  of  Spain,  notwithstanding  its  ingratitude  to  the  father,  granted  both 
the  property  and  government  of  Jamaica  to  his  family  ;    and  his  son  Die- 
go Columbus  was  its  first  European  governor.      But  the  descendants  of 
Columbus  degenerated  from  h>s  virtues,  and  they,  or  their  agents,  mur- 
dered 6o,oco  of  the  natives.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  348. 

5  P.  Martyr,  45.    "  Gentem  hanc  perturbasse  elementa,  atque  porten« 
t»  h^ec  tuiiwe,  imiruinnur^baiit  ir.sulares."    Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  13 

Columbus,   on  his  return  to  Hispaniola,  to  his    1494. 
inexpressible  joy,  met  his  brother  Bartholomew  at   SeP5-  ?9« 

T      i      ii  r      J     J  r     i   •  r™        He  fands 

Isabella,  after  a  separation  or  thirteen  years.       I  he  his  brother 
brother's  arrival  could  not  have  been  at  a  more  Barthoio- 
seasonable  juncture.     Columbus  essentially  needed  a^dLf 
his  .friendly  counsels  and  aid  ;    for  all  things  were 
in  confusion,  and  the  colony  was  in  the  utmost 
danger  of  being  destroyed.     Four  of  the  principal 
sovereigns  of  the  island,  provoked  at  the  disorderly 
and  outrageous  conduct  of  the  Spaniards,  had  unit- 
ed with  their  subjects  to  drive  out  their  invaders. 2  ,. 

^    ,        ,  ~         J          *  .  .  .  ,       Marches  a- 

Columbus,  first  marching  against  a  cazique,  who  gainst  the 
had  killed  sixteen  Spaniards,  easily  subdued  him  ;  natives.°f 

,  i      r  i  •          i  •  •  Hispaniola. 

and  sent  several  of  his  subjects  prisoners  to  Spain.3 

I  Herrera,  i.  138.  Bartholomew  Columbus  was  so  unfortunate,  in  his 
yoyage  to  England,  as  to  fall  into  the  hands  of  pirates,  who  detained  him 
a  prisoner  for"  several  years.  When  he  had,  at  length,  made  his  escape, 
and  arrived  at  London,  so  extreme  was  his  indigence,  that  he  was  obliged 
to  spend  considerable  time  in  drawing  and  selling  maps,  to  procure  mo- 
ney sufficient  to  purchase  a  decent  dress,  in  which  he  might  venture  to 
appear  at  court.  He  then  laid  his  brother's  proposals  before  the  king 
[Henry  VII]  ;  but  with,  little  effect.  "  This  prince,"  it  has  been  justly 
remarked,  "  was  rather  a  prudent  steward  and  manager  of  a  kingdom, 
than  a  great  king,  and  one  of  those  defensive  geniuses,  who  are  the  last  in 
the  world  to  relish  a  great  but  problematic  design."*  But,  with  all  his 
excessive  caution  and  parsimony,  he  received  the  overtures  of  Columbus 
with  more  approbation,  than  any  monarch,  to  whom  they  had  hitherto 
been  communicated.  When  Bartholomew  had  finished  his  negociation  in 
England,  he  set  out  for  Spain,  by  the  way  of  France,  and  at  Paris  receiv- 
ed information  of  his  brother's  extraordinary  discoveries  in  his  first 
voyage,  and  of  his  preparation  for  a  second  expedition.  This  intelli- 
gence hastened  him  on  his  journey  ;  but  before  he  reached  Spain,  the 
Admiral  had  sailed  for  Hispaniola.  He  was  received,  however,  with  due 
respect  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  who  persuaded  him  to  take  the  com* 
mand  of  three  ships,  which  they  had  appointed  to  carry  provisions  to  the 
colony  at  Isabella.  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 

*  European  Settlements,  i.  chap.-  i. 

a  P.  Martyr's  account  of  the  enormities  of  the  Spaniards  sufficiently 
shows,  why  the  poor  natives  were  at  once  united  and  desperate  :  "  Ea 
gens,  qua:  Prxfectum  in  ea  navigatione  secuta  fuerat  majori  ex  parte  in- 
domita,  vaga,  cui  nihil  pensi  esset,  libertatem  sibi,  quoque  modo  posset, 
quasritans,  ab  injuriis  minime  se  abstinere  poterat,  Insularium  fceminas,  an- 
te parentum,  fratrum,  et  virorum  oculos  raptans,  stupris  rapinis  que  inten- 
ta,  animos  omnium  incolarum  perturbarat.  Quamobrem  pluribus  in  locis 
quotquot  imparatos  e  nostris  incolae  reperiebant,  rapide,  et  tanquam  sacra 
ofFerentes  Deo,  trucidaverunt."  De  Nov.  Orb.  p.  39. 

3  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  liv — ki.  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.  European  Set* 
Cements,  i,  34. 


14  AMERICAN    ANNALS. 

H95- 

March  24.  nf  ne  unsubdued  caziques  of  Hispaniola  still 
war  with  showing  a  determination  to  destroy,  if  possible, 
^e  Spanish  colony,  Columbus  set  out  from  Isa- 
bella, to  carry  on  the  war  against  them.  His 
army  consisted  of  no  more  than  "  200  Christians, 
20  horses,  and  as  many  dogs  ;"  but  the  In? 
dians  are  said  to  have  raised  already  100,000 
men.  The  Spaniards  soon  routed  the  Indians,  and 
obtained  a  complete  victory.  The  admiral  spent  a 
year  in  ranging  the  island  ;  and,  in  this  time,  reT 
duced  it  under  such  obedience,  that  all  the  natives 
tribute,  from  fourteen  years  of  age  and  upward,  inhab- 
iting the  province  of  Cibao,  where  are  gold  mines, 
promised  to  pay  as  a  tribute  to  their  Catholic 
majesties,  every  three  months,  a  hawk's  bell  full 
of  gold  dust ;  and  every  other  inhabitant  of  the 
island,  twenty  five  pounds  of  cotton. * 
™iefosf°~  The  tranquillity  of  England,  at  this  period,  be- 
Columbus  ing  propitious  to  the  increase  of  its  commerce  and 
tentiorTin  manufectures,  London  now  contained  merchants 
England,  from  all  parts  of  Europe,  The  Lombards  and 
Venetians,  in  particular,  were  remarkably  numerous. 
Among  these  foreigners,  John  Cabot,  a  Venetian, 
and  his  three  sons,  Lewis,  Sebastian,  and  Sanctus, 
were  living  in  London.  The  father,  perfectly 
skilled  in  all  the  sciences  requisite  to  form  an  ac- 
complished mariner,  was  led  by  his  knowledge  of 
the  globe  to  suppose,  that  a  shorter  way  from 
England  to  India  might  be  found  by  the  northwest. 
The  famous  discovery  of  the  New  World  caused 
great  astonishment  and  much  conversation  in  the 
court  of  Henry  VII,  of  England,  and  among  the  Eng- 

i  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixi.  Herrera,  i.  14.5.  The  measure,  said  by  Her- 
rera  to  be  "  a  small  hawk's  bell,"  is  wrought  up,  unmercifully,  by  some 
historians,  into  "  a  large  horse  bell."  It  was,  in  truth,  a  little  bell,  worn 
by  the  hawk  in  the  sport  of  a  falconer.  Herrera  [i.  145.]  says,  that  "  on- 
ly king  Manicatex  gave,  every  month,  half  a  gourd  full  of  gold,  being 
worth  150  pesos  or  pieces  of  eight." 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  15 

lish  merchants  ;  and  the  specimens  of  gold,  carried  1495* 
home  by  Columbus,  excited  an  ardent  desire  of 
prosecuting  this  discovery.  The  adventurous  spi- 
rit of  John  Cabot  was  heightened  by  the  ardour 
of  his  son  Sebastian,  who,  though  young,  was 
ambitious,  and,  at  the  same  time,  well  versed  in  e- 
very  science,  subservient  to  a  mathematical  know- 
ledge of  the  earth,  and  to  navigation. 

With  these  incitements  to  the  meditated   enter- 


prise,  he  communicated  to  the  king  his  project, 
which  was  favourably  received.  A  commission  was 
accordingly,  on  the  fifth  of  March,  granted  to  him 
and  his  three  sons,1  giving  them  liberty  to  sail  to 
all  parts  of  the  east,  west,  and  north,  under  the 
royal  banners  and  ensigns,  to  discover  countries 
of  the  heathen,  unknown  to  Christians  ;  to  set  up 
the  king's  banners  there  ;  to  occupy  and  possess, 
as  his  subjects,  such  places  as  they  could  subdue  ; 
giving  them  the  rule  and  jurisdiction  of  the  same^ 
to  be  holden  on  condition  of  paying  to  the  king 
one  fifth  part  of  all  their  gains.  * 

1496. 

While  Columbus  was  successfully  establishing 
the  foundations  of  Spanish  grandeur  in  the  New 
World,  his  enemies  were  assiduously  labouring  to 
deprive  him  of  his  merited  honour  and  emoluments. 
The  calamities,  arising  from  a  long  voyage  and  an 
unhealthful  climate,  were  represented  as  the  effects 

I  The  style  of  the  commission  is,  "  Johanni  Cabotto^  Civi  Venetia- 
rum,  ac  Ludov'uo^  Sebastiano,  et  Sancto,  Filiis  dicti  Johannis"  &c.  Tt 
is  dated  the  5th  of  March  in  the  eleventh  year  of  the  reign  of 
Henry  VII.  Henry  was  crowned  Oct.  30,  1485.  If  that  year  be  reck- 
oned the  first  of  his  reign,  this  commission  is  rightly  placed  by  Hak- 
luyt,  Robertson,  and  others,  in  1495  :  but,  if  the  first  year  of  his  reign  be 
reckoned  from  1486,  the  commission  must  be  placed,  where  Rymer  and 
some  others  have  placed  it,  in  1496. 

a  Hakluyt,  iii.  4,  5,  7  ;  where  may  be  seen  the  Letters  Patent  ;  as  al- 
so in  Rymer's  Fcedera,  xii.  595  ;  and  in  Chalmers'  Annals,  i.  7.  Chal- 
mers says,  it  is  the  oldest  American  State  Paper  of  England.  See 
also  Purchas,  i.  718.  .Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixiii.  P.  Martyr,  46.  Belknap 
Biog.i.i49,  150.  Robertson,  book  is.  16.  Forster's  Voyagesj  166. 


1 6  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1496.  of  his  ambition  ;  the  discipline,  maintained  by  his 
prudence,  as  excess  of  rigour  ;  the  punishments, 
that  he  inflicted  on  the  mutineers,  as  cruelty.  Re- 
solved to  return  to  Spain,  to  vindicate  himself 
from  these  false  charges,  already  made  against  him 
to  the  Spanish  court,  he  exerted  the  small  remains 
of  his  authority  in  settling  affairs  for  the  preven- 
tion of  such  disorders,  as  had  taken  place  during  his 
former  absence.  He  built  forts  in  the  princi- 
pal parts  of  the  island  ;  established  the  civil  gov- 
ernment on  a  better  footing  ;  and  redoubled  his 
Columbus  diligence  for  the  discovery  of  mines.  Having 
sails  for  made  these  prudential  arrangements,  he  set  sail 
Spain.  from  Isabella,  on  the  tenth  of  March,1  with  -225 
Spaniards  and  30  Indians  ;  leaving  the  supreme 
power  in  the  government  of  the  Province  to  his 
brother  Bartholomew,  with  the  title  of  Adelantado  ; 
and  the  administration  of  justice  to  Francis  Roldan, 
with  the  title  of  Alcalde. z 

The  natives  of  Hispaniola,  by  wars  with  the 
Spaniards,  and  a  pestilential  disease,  occasioned  by 
the  damp  places  in  which  they  concealed  themselves 
to  shun  their  enemy,  were  already  essentially  re- 
duced in  numbers  and  in  strength.  It  is  asserted 
by  a  very  credible  historian,  that  one  third  of  these 
wretched  inhabitants  had  now  perished. 3 

Three  ships  having  arrived  in  July  at  Isabella 
with  provisions  from  Cadiz,  Bartholomew  Colum- 
bus, on  dispatching  them  for  their  return  to  Spain, 
sent  on  board  three  hundred  Indian  flaves.  This 
measure  was  in  compliance  with  the  royal  mandate  ; 
for  their  Catholic  majesties,  on  receiving  informa- 
tion, that  some  caziques  had  killed  the  Spaniards, 
had  ordered,  that,  whoever  should  be  found  guilty 
of  that  crime,  should  be  sent  to  Spain. 4 

i    He  visited  several  of  the  West  India  islands,  before  his  departure 
for  Spain,  which  was  not  till  the  aoth  of  April.     Herrera,  i.  154, 
a  P.  Martyr,  8,  46.     Herrera,  i.  153. 
3  Herrera,  i,  147.  4  Ibid.  i.  168, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  tjf 

The  country  on  the  southern  coast  of  Hispanio- 
la,  appearing  very  beautiful,  was  judged  an  eligible 
place  for  settlement.  Bartholomew  Columbus,  hav- 
ing received  written  orders  from  his  brother  Chris- 
topher in  Spain,  to  remove  the  colony  from  Isabel- 
la to  the  south  part  of  the  island,  now  began  a 
settlement  there,1  and,  in  memory  of  his  father, 
whose  name  was  Dominick,  called  it  Santo  Domin- 
go.' 

1497. 

Henry  VII  on  the  third  of  February  gave  per-  Royal  per- 
mission to  John  Cabot,  to  take  six  English  ships  in  T^hn°Ca£ 
any  haven  or  havens  of  the  realm  of  England,  be-  ot  for  sir 
ing  of  the  burden  of  two  hundred  tons   or  under, shlps* 
with  the  requisite  furniture,   and  all  such  masters, 
mariners,  and  subjects  of  the  king,  as  should  be 
willing  to  accompany  him. 3     Whatever  might  have 
been  the  cause,  an  equipment  appears  not  to  have 
been  made,  to  the  extent  of  the  royal  licence. 

In  the  beginning  of  May, 4  Cabot  and  his  son  Se-  Voyage  of 
bastian  and  three  hundred  men5    with  two  carav-  theCabot3- 
els,  freighted  by   the  merchants  of  London  and 
Bristol,  commenced  a  voyage  of  discovery. 6     On 
the  twenty  fourth  of  June  they  were  surprized  by 
the  sight  of  land,  which,  being  the  first  they  had   june  24. 
seen,  they  called  Prima  Vista.      This   is  generally  Thex  dis- 
supposed  to  be  some  part  of  the  island  of  New-  cover 
foundland.      A  few  days  afterward  they  discover- 
ed a  smaller  island,  to  which,  on  account  probably 

I  Herrera,  i6S,  169. 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixxiii.    P.  Martyr,  66. 

3  Hakluyt,  i.  511,  where  is  inserted  a  record  of  the  rolls,  relating  to 
this  voyage,,  entitled,  "  Billa  signata  Anno  13  Henrici   7."     See  Hazard 
Coll.  i.  10.  Chalmers,  i.  8.  Brit.  Emp.  in  America,  i.  Inirod.  vi. 

4  See  Note  !.  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

5  P.  Martyr,  232. 

6  Fabian,  in  his  Chronicle,  says,  that  one  ship  at  Bristol  was  manned 
and  victualled  at  the  king's  cost  ;  that  divers  merchants  of  London  ven- 
tured in  her  small  stocks  ;  and  that  in  the  company  of  the  said  ship  sailed 
also  out  of  Bristol  three  or  four  small  ships,  "  fraught  with  sleight  and 
grosse  merchandizes."     Hakluyt,  i.  515. 

D 


I  a  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1497.  of  its   being   discovered  on  the  day  of  John  the 
Baptist,  they  gave  the  name  of  St.  John.      Contin- 
uing their   course  westwardly,   they  soon  reached 
the  continent,   and    then   sailed    along  the  coast 
c-ast along  northwardly  to  the  latitude  of  67   and  a  half  de- 
thK-nt'of"   grees. '      Finding  that  the  coast  stretched  toward 
the  New     the  east,  and  despairing  of  making  the  desired  dis-' 
covery  here,  they  turned  back,  and  sailed  along 
the  coast  toward  the  equator,  "  ever  with  an  intent 
to  find  the  passage  to  India,-"  till  they  came  to  the 
southernmost  part  of  that  tract  of  the  continent, 
which  has    since  been  called  Florida.      Their  pro- 
visions now  failing,  and  a  mutiny  breaking  out  a- 
Returnto  niong  the  mariner's j    they   returned  to  England, 
England,    without  attempting  either   settlement  or  conquest 
in  any  part  of  the  New  World.;8 

Through  a  singular  succession  of  causes,  sixty 
one  years  elapsed  from  the  time  of  this  discovery  of 
the  northern  division  of  the  Continent  by  the  Eng- 
lish, during  which  their  monarchs  gave  little  atten- 
tion to  this  country,  which  was  destined  to  be 
annexed  to  their  crown,  and  to  be  a  chief  source 
of  British  opulence  and  power,  till,  in  process  of 
time,  it  should  become  an  independent  empire.3 
This  remarkable  neglect  of  navigating  the  coast, 
and  of  attempting  colonization,  is  in  some  measure 
accounted  for  by  the  frugal  maxims  of  Henry 
VII,  and  the  unpropitious  circumstances  of  the 
reign  of  Henry  VIII,  of  Edward  VI,  and  of  the 
bigotted  Mary  ;  reigns  peculiarly  adverse  to  the 
extension  of  industry,  trade  and  navigation.4 

1  For  an  illustration  of  the  probable  extent  of  this  voyage,  to  the  north 
and  south,  see  Note  I.  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

^  P.  Martyr,  »jz.  Haklnyt,  i.  513  ;  iii.  6— 9.  Smith  Hist.  Virgin!*, 
p.  I.  Purchas,  i.  737,  738.  Josselyn's  Voyages,  2,50.  Harris,  5.  860.  Ro- 
bertson, b.ix.  1 6,  17.  Univ.Hist.  xl.  378.  Forster,  266,  431.  Belknap  Eiog. 
i.  152.  Mather's  Magnalia,  i.  ;.  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  80,  Bitfg.  Brita». 
Art.  GILBERT. 

*,  Robertson,  book  ix.  p.  22. 

A  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  235,  406.     Brit.  Emp.  Introd.  vi,  vii. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  ij 

1498. 

While  the  testimonies  of  fidelity  and  good  con- 
duct, carried  by  Columbus  to  Spain,  silenced  the 
personal  calumnies  of  his  enemies,  the  large  speci- 
mens of  gold  and  pearl,  which  he  produced,  prov- 
ed the  falsity  of  their  representation  of  the  poverty 
of  the  Indies.  The  court  became  fully  convinced 
of  the  importance  of  the  new  colony,  the  merit  of 
its  governor,  and  the  necessity  of  a  vSpeedy  supply. 
Two  ships  were  sent  out  in  February  with  suc- 
cours, under  the  command  of  Peter  Fernandez  Co- 
ronel.  The  admiral  staid  to  negotiate  for  a  fleet, 
adequate  to  his  enlarged  views  and  purposes.  But 
his  enemies,  though  silenced,  were  not  idle.  All 
the  obstructions,  which  they  could  raise,  were 
thrown  in  his  way.  It  was  not  therefore  till  after 
a  thousand  delays  and  disappointments,  that  he  was 
enabled  to  set  out  again  in  prosecution  of  his 
discoveries.  He  at  length  received  commission 
to  carry,  if  he  should  think  fit,  five  hundred  men, 
provided  that  all  above  three  hundred  and  thirty1 
should  be  paid  otherwise,  than  out  of  the  king's 
revenue ;  and  was  allowed  for  the  expedition  six 
millions  of  maravedies  ;  four,  for  the  provisions  to 
be  put  on  board  the  fleet,  and  two,  for  the  pay  of 
the  men.  It  was  now  also  provided,  that  none  of 
any  nation,  but  the  Castilian,  should  go  over  to 
the  West  Indies. a 

On  the  thirtieth  of  May  he  sailed  from  Spain, 
on  his  third  voyage,  with  six  ships,  loaded  with  Third  voy- 
pro visions  and  other  necessaries,  for  the  relief  and 
population  of  Hispaniola. 3  On  the  thirty  first  of 
July,  in  the  ninth  degree  of  north  latitude,  he  dis- 
covered an  island,  which  he  called  Trinidad.  On 

1  By  advice  of  Columbus  it  was  resolved,  that   330  men  should  be 
kept  always  on  the  island  of  Hispaniola,  in  the  royal  pay.  Herrera,  i.  I  j6. 

2  Herrera,  i.  156 — 158. 

3  P.  Martyr,  58.  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  38,  39.  Harris  Voyages,  i.  270. 


20  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1498.  the  first  of  August  he  discovered  the  continent  at 
He  discov-  Terra  Firma.     Sailing  along  the  coast  westwardly, 

ersthe  .11  i    r     i        v  n» /r  * 

continent  with  the  continent  on  the  left,  he  discoveredMargan- 
of America.  ta>  xhe  Spaniards,  finding  that  the  oysters,  brought 
by  the  inhabitants  of  this  island  on  board  the  ship 
of  Columbus,  contained  pearls,  were  inexpressibly 
delighted  ;  and,  hastening  to  the  shore,  found  all  the 
natives  decked  in  these  rich  ornaments,  which  they 
disposed  of  to  the  Spaniards  for  mere  trifles. z 

Columbus,  having  discovered  many  other  islands 
for  two  hundred  leagues  to  Cape  Vela,  anchored 
on  the  twentieth  off  Hispaniola.*      On  the  thirti- 
eth he  entered  the  harbour  at  that  island,  where 
the  lieutenant,  agreeably  to  his  brother's  advice, 
had  appointed  a  new  city  to  be  built. 3     Until  this 
year,  Isabella  had  been  the  chief  place  of  the  resi- 
dence and  government  of  the  Spanish  colony  ;  but 
stDomin- tne  capital  was  now  transferred  to  this  new  city  ;4 
gobecomes  which  was  long  the  most  considerable  European 

the  capital.  settlement  ;fl  the  New  World.s 

In  the  absence  of  the  admiral,  Roldan,  a  man  of 
obscure  birth,6  and  of  base  character,  though  now 
high  in  office,  had  separated  himself  from  Bartho- 
lomew Columbus,  and  formed  a  faction.  He  had 
virulently  aspersed  the  characters,  and  misrepre- 
sented the  designs,  of  the  two  brothers.  He  had 
sent  his  scandalous  charges  in  writing  to  the  court 
of  Spain ;  intending  to  prevent,  if  possible,  the  return 
of  Christopher  Columbus,  and  to  destroy  the  autho- 

I  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  527. 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixv — Ixxiii.  Purchas,  1.823,  837.  Prince  Chron. 
Introd.  80.  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  140. 

3  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixxiii. 

4  Purchas,  i.  731.  Though  Isabella  was  chosen  in  1493,  as  a  situation 
more  healthful  and  commodious  than  that  of  Navidad,  yet  its  abandonment 
is  ascribed  to  the  unhealthiness  of  the  air,  and  the  badness  of  the  soil  : 
"  Ce  qui  a  fait  abandonner  cette  ville,  c'est  que  Pair  en  etoit  malsain  et 
les  terres  mauvaises."  Encyc.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  ISABELLE. 

5  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 

6  "  Roldanum  quendam — quern  fossorum  et  calonum  ductorem  ex  fa- 
mulo  suo,  deinde  justitiaj  prassidem,  Praefectus  erexerat."     P.  Martyr,  j6. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

rity  of  both. *  He  had  been  chosen  the  leader  of  a 
considerable  number  of  the  Spaniards,  whom  he  mutiny. 
had  excited  to  mutiny  ;  and,  taking  arms,  had 
seized  the  king's  magazine  of  provisions,  and  en- 
deavoured to  surprise  the  fort  at  St.  Domingo.* 
It  required  all  the  address  and  vigour  of  Colum- 
bus, to  subdue  this  faction.  He  at  length  succeed- 
ed ;  and  in  November  articles  of  agreement  were 
made  between  him  and  Roldan,  with  his  insur- 
gents. 3 

1499. 

Columbus,  accompanied  by  his  brother  the  lieu- 
tenant, having  set  out  in  February  to  pass  through 
the  island  of  Hispaniola,  came  in  March  to  Isabel- 
la, and  in  April  to  the  Conception.  It  was  his  in- 
tention to  go  early  the  next  year  to  St.  Domingo, 
to  make  preparation  for  his  return  to  Spain,  to  give 
their  Catholic  majesties  an  account  of  all  transac- 
tions.4 

The  spirit  of  discovery  beginning  to  spread  itself 
widely,  private  adventurers  in  Spain  and  Portugal, 
stimulated  by  the  gold  remitted  to  Europe  by  Co- 
lumbus, made  equipments  at  their  own  expense. 
Among  the  earliest  of  these  adventurers  was  Alon-  °Jeda'9 
so  de  Ojeda,  a  gallant  and  active  officer,  who  had  g 
accompanied  Columbus  in  his  first  voyage.  Aided 
by  the  patronage  of  the  bishop  of  Badajos,  he  ob- 
tained the  royal  licence  for  the  enterprise  ;  the  bish- 
op, at  the  same  time,  communicating  to  him  the  ad- 
miral's journal  of  his  last  voyage,  and  his  charts  of 
the  countries,  which  he  had  discovered.  Such  was 
Ojeda's  credit  with  the  merchants  of  Seville,  that 

I  P.  Martyr,  67.     Purchas,i.  731. 
a  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 

3  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixxxi.     By  this  agreement,  the  mutineers  were 
to  have  two  ships,  with  provisions,  to  carry  them  to  Spain,  and  each  of 
them  might  take  a  slave  with  him.  Herrera,  i.  2IO. 

4  Life  of  Columbus  ,c.  Ixxxiv. 


a*  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1499.  they  equipped  him  with  four  ships,  with  which  he 

sailed  from  St.  Mary's  in  Spain  on  the  twentieth 

Heisac-    of  May.     Amerigo  Vespucci,  a  Florentine  gentle* 

ct::arumea  .  ii-ir-i-          n       i 

by  Ameri-  man,  eminently  skilful  in  all  the  sciences  subservi- 
goVespuc-  ent  to  navigation,  accompanied  Ojeda  in  this  voyage. 
Pursuing  the  course  of  the  great  navigator  for  the 
New  World,    they  in  twenty  seven  days  discover- 
ed land  in  about  five  degrees  north  latitude,  on  the 
coast  of  Paria.      Having  tr acjed  here  with  the  na- 
tives, they  stood  to  the  west,  proceeded  as   far  as 
Cape  Vela,    and  ranged  a  considerable  extent  of 
coast  beyond  that,  on  which  Columbus  had  touch- 
ed.    After  ascertaining  the  truth  of  the  opinion  of 
Columbus,  that  this  country  wa,s  part  of  the  conti- 
nent, they  sailed  to  Hispaniola,  where  they  arrived 
on  the  fifth  of  September,  and  soon  after  returned 
who  gives  to  Spain,     The  country,  of  which  Amerigo  was  er- 
rame  to     roneously  supposed  to  be  the  discoverer,  not  long 
World;7     a^ter  unjustly  obtained  his  name  ;  and,  by  univer- 
sal consent,  this  new  quarter  of  the  globe  has  ever 
since  been  called  America. * 

Voyage  of  Another  voyage  of  discovery  was  undertaken  by 
Ni°no°  Alonso  Nigno,  who  had  served  under  the  admiral 
in  his  last  voyage.  Having  fitted  out  a  single  ship, 
in  conjunction  with  Christopher  Guerra,  a  mer- 
chant of  Seville,  they  both  sailed  to  the  coast  of 
Paria.  Though  their  discoveries  were  unimpor- 
tant ;  yet  they  carried  home  svjch  a  quantity  of 

I  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.  Rrince  Chron.  Introd.  80.  IJurop.  Settlements, 
i.  46.  Belknap  Disc,  on  Discovery  of  America,  p.  115.  This  name  is  sup- 
posed to  have  been  fir^t  given  to  the  New  World  by  the  publication  of 
Vespucci's  account  of  his  Voyage  ;  but  at  what  time  is  not  certain.  For 
a  refutation  cf  his  claim  to  the  honour  of  discovering  the  continent  of 
the  New  World,  see  Robertson,  i.  Note  xxii,  Herrera  and  all  the  earliest 
and  best  Spanish  historians  uniformly  ascribe  this  honour  to  Columbus. 
Herrera,  i.  214.  Herrera  says,  that  Americus  Vesputius  (so  the  name  is 
often  written),  "  to  make  good  his  false  and  assumed  claim  to  the  dis- 
covery of  the  Continent,  suppressed  the  name  of  Dragon's  Mouth,  which 
Columbus  had  given  to  the  entrance  into  a  bay  near  Trinidad" ;  and  that 
he  "  confounded  the  passages  of  the  two  voyages,"  that,  made  before  witii 
Columbus,  and  thig,  made  with  Ojeda,  "  in  order  to  conceal  the  Admi- 
ral's having  discovered  tht-  continent."  Ibid.  22J,  223.  But  English 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  ^3 

gold  and  pearls,  as  inflamed  their  countrymen  with 
desire  of  engaging  in  similar  enterprises.  * 

The  mutineers  at  Hispaniola  not  daring  to  go  to 
Spain,  a  new  contract  was  made  with  Roldan,  by 
virtue  of  which  he  was  reinstated  in  his  former  of- 
fice ;  and  his  followers,  amounting  to  one  hundred 
and  two,  were  restored  to  whatever  they  had  enjoy- 
ed before  their  revolt. a  In  consequence  of  this  a- 
greement,  lands  were  allotted  to  the  mutineers  in 
different  parts  of  the  island  ;  and  the  Indians,  set- 
tled in  each  district,  were  appointed  to  cultivate  a 
prescribed  portion  of  ground  for  their  new  masters. 
This  service  was  substituted  for  the  tribute,  for- 
merly imposed  ;  and  it  introduced  among  the  Span-  Repartia. 
iards  the  Repartiamentos,  or  distributions  of  In-  mentos  i 
dians  in  all  their  settlements,  which  subjected  that 
wretched  people  to  the  most  grievous  oppression.3  moia. 

1560. 

Vincent  Yanez  Pinzon  having,  in  connexion  with  Voyage 
Ariez  Pinzon,  built  four  caravels,  sailed  from  Palos  °e  pin4 
for  America.  *  He  stood  boldly  toward  the  south, 
and  was  the  first  Spaniard,  who  ventured  to  cross 
the  equinoctial  line. 5  In  February  he  discovered 
a  cape,  in  eight  degrees  south  latitude,  and  called 
it  Cabo  de  Consolacion  ; 6  but  it  has  since  been 
called  Cape  Augustine^7  Here  he  landed,  but 
could  obtain  no  interview  with  the  natives.8  Sail- 
historians  remember,  and  it  ought  not  to  be  forgotten,  that  the  CABOTS 
were  the  first  discoverers  of  the  Continent  of  America.  See  A.  D.  1497. 

I  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.     2  Herrera,  i.  211.     3  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 

4  Prince  [Chron.  Introd.  81.]  says,  he  sailed  from  Palos  13  November, 
1499  ;  and  Herrera  [i.  233.],  that  he  left  the  Cape  Verd  islands  13  Janu- 
ary, 1500. 

5  Robertson,  i.  book  ii. 

6  Herrera,  i.  231. 

7  Purchas,  i.  828.  Prince,  ut  supra. 

8  P.  Martyr,  81 — 83.    Robertson  [i.  book  ii.]  says,  that  Pinzon  "  seems 
to  have  landed  on  no  part  of  the  coast  beyond  the  mouth  of  the  Marag- 
non,  or  river  of  the  Amazons."     But  I  rely  on  P.  Martyr,  who  says,  that 
the  Spaniards  landed  at  the  Cape  ;  that  in  the  neighbourhood  of  it  32  of 
the  natives,  armed  with  bows  and  arrows,  came  forth  to  meet  them,  fol- 


24  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1500.  ing  northwestwardly,  he  discovered  and  named  the 
river  of  the  Amazons* *  Having  sailed  along  the 
coast  to  Trinidad,  he  returned  to  Spain. * 

The  fertile  district  of  country,  "  on  the  confines 
of  which  Pinzon  stopt  short,"  was  very  soon  more 
fully  discovered.  Pedro  Alvarez  Cabral,  sent  by 
Emanuel,  king  of  Portugal,  with  thirteen  ships, 
on  a  voyage  from  Lisbon  to  the  East  Indies,  in  or- 
der to  avoid  the  calms  on  the  Guinea  shore,  fetch- 
April  »j.  ecj  a  compass  so  far  westwardly,  as,  by  accident, 

Cabral  dii-          ,.  1-1  T         r     T 

covers  Bra-  to  discover  land  in  the  tenth  degree  south  or  the 
sil-  equinoctial  line.    Proceeding  along  the  coast  several 

days,  he  was  led  from  its  extent  to  believe,  that  it 
must  be  a  part  of  some  great  continent ;  and,  on 
account  of  a  cross,  that  he  erected  there  with  much 
ceremony,  he  called  it,  The  Land  of  the  Holy 
Cross  ;  but  it  was  afterward  called  Brasil. 3  Hav- 
ing taken  possession  of  it  for  the  crown  of  Portu- 
gal, he  dispatched  a  ship  to  Lisbon  with  an  account 
of  this  important  discovery,  and  pursued  his 
voyage. 4 

The  Portuguese  king,  on  receiving  the  intelli- 
gence, sent  ships,  to  discover  the  whole  country, 
and  found  it  to  be  the  land  of  America.  A  con- 
troversy hence  arose  between  him  and  the  king  of 
Spain  ;  but  they  being  kinsmen  and  near  friends, 
it  was  ultimately  agreed,  that  the  king  of  Portugal 
should  hold  all  the  country  that  he  had  discovered, 

lowed  by  others,  armed  in  the  same  manner  ;  that  the  Spaniards  endea- 
voured to  allure  them  by  gifts,  but  in  vain  ;  for,  in  the  dead  of  night, 
they  fled  from  the  places  which  they  had  occupied.  "  Omnem  sermonem 
rejiciunt,  pantti  semper  ad  pugnam.  Nocte  intempesta  aufugiunt." 

1  Vega  [Commentaries  of  Peru  339.]  says,  the  Pinzons  gave  the  river 
this  name,  "  because  they  observed,  that  the  women  fought  with  as  much 
courage  in  defence  of  those  parts  as  the  men." 

2  Prince,  ut  supra. 

3  From  a  certain  wood,  which  dies  red,  a  name  previously  to  this  pe- 
riod known  to  the  Arabians.     Forster's  Voyages,  263. 

4  Herrera,  i.  235.  Purchas.  i.  835.     Robertson,  i.  book  ii.    Forster,  263. 
Prince,  latrod.  81.  Biblioth.  Americana,  p.  50. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  25 

which  was  from  the  river  of  Maragnon,  or  Ama-   1500. 
zons,  to  the  river  of  Plate.1 

The  implacable  enemies  of  Columbus  renewing 
their  complaints  against  him,  the  king  and  queen  . 
of  Spain  sent  Bovadilla  as  a  judge,  with  power  to 
inquire  into  his  conduct  ;  and  with  authority,  if  he 
should  find  the  accusations  proved,  to  send  him  in- 
to Spain,  and  to  remain  himself,  as  governor.    Bov-  Aus- 
adilla,  on  his  arrival  at  Hispaniola,  thoroughly  ex- 
ecuted  his  commission.     He  assumed  the  govern-  riyes  at. 
ment  of  the  colony,  and  sent  Columbus  home  in  ^^"oc- 

chahlS,1  .    tobersend* 

Portugal,  at  that  time  still  in  her  glory,  disre-  JS^£ 
garding  the  donation  made  by  the  Pope,  and  the  chains, 
compromise  for  half  the  world,  to  which  she  had  re- 
luctantly agreed,  viewed  all  the  discoveries,  made  by 
Spain  in  the  New  World,  as  so  many  encroachments 
on  her  own  rights  and  property.     Under  the  in- 
fluence of  this  national  jealousy,  Caspar  de  Corte- 
real,  a  Portuguese,  of  respectable  family,  inspired 
with  the  resolution  of  discovering  new  countries,  and 
a  new  route  to  India,  sailed  from  Lisbon,  with  two 
ships,3  at  his  own  cost.     In  the  course  of  his  nav-  v°ya?e  to 
igation,  he  arrived  at  Newfoundland,   at  a  bay,  ianT;° 
which  he  named  Conception  Bay  ;   explored  the 

i  Purchas,  v.  1437. 

a  Life  of  Co'umbus,  c.  Ixxxv,  Ixxxvi.  Herrera,  i.  235 — 243.  Belknap 
Disc,  on  Discovery  of  America,  115.  The  captain  of  the  vessel,  in  which 
Columbus  sailed,  touched  with  respect  for  his  years  and  merit,  offered  to 
take  off  the  irons  ;  but  he  did  not  allow  it.  "  Since  the  king  has  com- 
"  manded,  that  I  should  obey  his  governor,  he  shall  find  me  as  obedient 
"  to  this,  as  I  have  been  to  all  his  other  orders.  Nothing,  but  his  com- 
"  mands,  shall  release  me.  If  twelve  years  hardship  and  fatigue  ;  if  con- 
"  tinual  dangers,  and  frequent  famine  ;  if  the  ocean,  first  opened,  and  five 
"  times  passed  and  repassed,  to  add  a  new  world,  abounding  with  wealth, 
"  to  the  Spanish  monarchy  ;  and  if  an  infirm  and  premature  old  age, 
"  brought  on  by  those  services,  deserve  these  chains  as  a  reward  ;  it  i$ 
"  very  fit  I  should  wear  them  to  Spain,  and  keep  them  by  me  as  memo- 
"  rials  to  the  end  of  my  life."  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  43 — 45.  He  ac- 
cordingly kept  them  until  his  death.  "  1  always  saw  those  irons  in  his 
room,"  says  his  son  Ferdinand,  "  which  he  ordered  to  be  buried  with 
his  body."  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixxxvi.  Herrera,  i.  244. 

3  Herrera  [i.  314.]  says,  they  were  Caravels. 

£ 


36  -    AMERICAN    ANNALS. 

Proceedsto whole  eastern  coast  of  the  island;  and  proceeded 
Canada;     to  the  mouth  of  the  great  river  of  Canada.     He  af* 
discovers    tcrwards  discovered  a  land,  which  he,  at  first,  nam* 
Terra        ed  Terra  Verde,  but  which,  in  remembrance  of  the 
since  called  discoverer,  was  afterwards  called  Terra  de  Corte* 
Terra  de     real.     That  part  of  it,  which,  being  on  the  south 
Cortereal;  sije  Qf  t|ie  flf^^  degree  of  north  latitude,  he  judg- 
and  Labra-  e<^  to  ^e  ^  ^or  cultivation,  he  named,  Terra  de  Lab- 
dor,          rador.     Returning,  and  communicating  the  news 
of  his  discovery  to  his  native  country,  he  hastened 
back,  to  visit  the  coast  of  Labrador,  and  to  go  to 
India  through  the  straights  of  Anian,  which  he  im- 
turnto »his  raigined  ne  had  just  discovered.     Nothing,  howev- 
country,  he  er,  was  afterward  heard  of  him.       It  is  presumed 
i«  lost.        ^at  ke  was  either  murdered  by  the  Esquimaux  sav-* 
ages,  or  perished  among  the  ice.      On  this  disas* 
trous  event,  a  brother  of  Cortereal  undertook  the 
same  voyage,  with  two  ships  ;  but  probably  met 
with  a  similar  fate  ;  for  he  was  heard  of  no  more. ' 

1501. 

Voyage  of  Roderigo  de  Bastidas,  iii  partnership  with  John 
^e  la  Cosa,  fitted  out  two  ships  from  Cadiz.  Sail-* 
ing:  toward  the  western  continent,  he  arrived  on  the 

0  - 

coast  of  Paria  ;  and,  proceeding  to  the  west,  dis- 
covered all  the  coast  of  the  province,  since  known 
by  the  name  of  Terra  Firma,  from  Cape  de  Vela 
to  the  Gulf  of  Darien.8 

second  Not  long  after,  Ojeda,  with  his  former  associate 

°f  Amerigo  Vespucci,  set  out  on  a  second  voyage,  and, 
being  unacquainted  with  the  destination  of  Bastu 
das,  held  the  same  course,  and  touched  at  the  same 
places.  These  voyages  tended  to  increase  the  ar-* 
dour  of  discovery. 3 

1  Forster  Voy.  460, 461.  Harris  Voy.  1.270.  Venegas  California,!.  1 18. 
a  Robertson,  i.  199.     Prince,  Chron.  Introd.  81.      Harris  Voy.  i.  270; 

but  Galvano,  cited  by  Harris,  puts  this  voyage  in  1502. 

3  Robertson,!,  book  ii.    Josselyn  Voyages,  330.    In  BibHotheca  Amer- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  27 

1502. 

Columbus    exhibited   so   many    charges  at  the 
court  of  Spain  against  Bovadilla,  demanding  justice 
at  the  same  time  for  the  injuries,  which  he  had  done 
h'm,  that  their  Catholic  majesties  resolved  to  send 
another  governor  to  Hispaniola.     Nicholas  de  O- 
vando,  knight  of  the  order  of  Alcantara,  being  ap- 
pointed to  this  office,  he  sailed  on  the  thirteenth  of    , 
February  for  America,   with  thirty  two  ships,   in  A^new  * 
which  two  thousand  five  hundred  persons  embark-  Spanish  go- 

•i         •  i       t         •  .  r  i  •          •          i  vernor  sails 

ed,  with  the  intention  of  settling  in  the  country.  to  America 
This  was  the  most  respectable  armament,  hitherto  with 
fitted  out  for  the  New  World.  On  the  arrival  of  per 
this  new  governor,  Bovadilla,  whose  imprudent  ad- 
ministration threatened  the  settlement  with  ruin, 
resigned  his  charge  ;  and  was  commanded  to  re- 
turn instantly  to  Spain,  to  answer  for  his  conduct. T 
Ovando  was  particularly  charged  by  the  queen,  that 
the  Indians  of  Hispaniola  should  be  free  from  ser- 
vitude, and  protected,  like  the  subjects  of  Spain  ; 
and  that  they  should  be  carefully  instructed  in  the 
Christian  faith.  By  command  of  their  majesties, 
both  Spaniards  and  Indians  were  to  pay  tythes  ; 
none  were  to  live  in  the  Indies,  but  natives  of 
Castile  ;  none  to  go  on  discoveries,  without  leave 
from  their  highnesses  ;  no  Jews,  Moors,  nor  new 
converts,  to  be  tolerated  in  the  Indies  ;  and  all,  that 
had  been  taken  from  the  admiral  and  his  brothers, 
was  to  be  restored  to  them. z 

In  the  large  fleet,  that  now  arrived,  came  over 
ten  Franciscan  Friars  ;  and  these  were  the  first  ec- 
clesiastics of  that  order,  who  came  to  settle  in  the 
Indies. 3 

icana  is  preserved  the  following  title  of  a  book  ;  rt  Americi  Vesputii  Navi- 
gatio  tertiu  a  Lisbon:*;  portu  cum  tribus  Conservantix  NavibusadNovum 
Grbem  ulterius  detegendum,  die  Maii  decima  1501." 

j   Herrera,  i.  247 — 253.     Robertson,  i.  188,189. 

a  Herrera,  i.  248,  250.         3  Ibid.  i.  249. 


§  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1502.  Columbus,  acquitted  at  the  court  of  Spain  with 
the  promise  of  restitution  and  reward,  required  but 
few  incentives  to  engage  once  more  in  discoveries. 
His  ambition  was,  to  arrive  at  the  East  Indies  ; 
and  thus  to  surround  the  globe.  On  this  pros- 

Pect>  he  was  fitted  out  in  Ma7  on  his  fourth  and 
^  last  voyage,  under  the  royal  patronage,  with  a  fleet 

*"•'  of  four  vessels,  carrying  one  hundred  and  forty  men 
and  boys,  among  whom  were  his  brother  Bartho- 
.  lomew,  and  his  son  Ferdinand,  the  writer  of  his. 
life. '  In  twenty  one  days  after  his  departure  from 
Cacliz  he  arrived  at  Dominica  ;  and  in  twenty  six 

June  29.  at  liispariiola.  Soon  after  his  arrival  at  this  island,, 
apprehending  an  approaching  storm,  he  advised  a 
fleet,  then  ready  for  sea,  not  to  leave  the  port ;  but 
his  advice  was  disregarded.  The  fleet,  consisting 
of  eighteen  sail,  within  forty  hours  after  its  depart- 
ure was  overtaken  by  a  terrible  tempest  ;  and  of 
the  whole  number  of  vessels,  three  or  four  only 
were  saved.  Among  those,  that  were  lost,  was 
the  ship,  in  which  was  Bovadilla,  the  governor, 
who  had  sent  Columbus,  in  a  tyrannical  and  scan- 
dalous manner,  to  Spain. z  Roldan  and  the  greater 
part  of  the  enemies  of  Columbus  were  swrallowed  up 
atf  the  same  time,  with  the  immense  wealth,  which 
they  had  unjustly  acquired.  The  fate  of  the  Indian 
king  of  Magua,  now  also  lost,  was  less  horrible,  than 
the  outrage,  that  preceded  it.  He  had  offered  to 

I  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixxxvii,  Ixxxviii.  P.  Martyr,  102,  206  ;  but  he 
wys,  there  were  170  men  :  "  cum  hominibus  centum  septuaginta.'* 
Herrera,  i.  252.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  116, 117. 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixxxviii.  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  chap.  vii.  Bel- 
knap  Biog.  i.  1 1 6.  Herrera  [i.  253.]  says,  the  fleet  consisted  of  31  ships; 
the  Author  of  Europ.  Settlements  says,  it  consisted  of  20,  and  that  16  pe- 
rished. I  have  followed  Ferdinand  Columbus.  On  board  the  ship,  in 
which  Bovadilla  perished,  was  a  mass  of  gold,  estimated  at  3310  pesos, 
which  was  designed  as  a  present  to  the  Spanish  king  and  queen.  P.  Mar- 
tyr ascribes  the  loss  of  the  ship  partly  to  the  weight  of  the  gold  :  "  pras 
nimio  gentium  et  auri  'pondere,  summersa  interiit."  De  Nov.  Orb.  101, 
Purchas  remarks,  this  is  "  a  fit  emblem  for  Christians,  who,  when  they 
will  lade  themselves  with  this  thick  clay,  drown  the  soule  in  destruction 
and  perdition."  Pilgrims,  i.  723. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  fi  9 

till  the  ground,  to  the  extent  of  fifty  miles,  for  the  1502, 
Spaniards,  if  they  would  spare  him  and  his  people 
from  the  mines.  A  Spanish  captain,  in  return  for 
this  generous  proposal,  ravished  his  wife  ;  and  the 
unhappy  king,  who  secreted  himself,  was  taken  and 
sent  on  board  the  fleet,  to  be  carried  to  Spain. ' 

After  the  storm  Columbus   sailed  to  the  conti-  -^"^J- 
nent,  and  discovered  the  Bay  of  Honduras/  where  the  Bay  of 
he  landed  ;  then  proceeded  along  the  main   shore  Honduras, 
to  Cape  Gracias  a  Dios  ;  and  thence  to  the  isthmus 
of  Darien,  where  he  hoped,  but  in  vain,   to  find  a 
passage  to  the  South  Sea. 3      At  the  isthmus  he 
found  a  harbour,  which  he  entered  on  the  second 
of  November  ;  and,  on  account  of  its  beauty  and 
security,  called  it  Porto  Bello. 4 

Porto  de  la  Plata,  or  the  Haven  of  Silver,  thir- 
ty five  leagues  north  of  St.  Domingo,  was  built  this 
year  by  Ovando. s 

Hugh  Elliot  and  Thomas  Ashurst,  merchants  of 
Bristol,  with  two  other  gentlemen,  obtained  letters 
patent  from  Henry  VII,  for  the  establishment  of  co- 
lonies in  the  countries  newly  discovered  by  Cabot. 
Whether  they  ever  availed  themselves  of  this  per- 
mission, and  made  any  voyages  to  the  New  World, 
neither  their  contemporaries,  nor  subsequent  writ- 
ers, inform  us.6  On  this  charter  of  licence,  An- 

I   Purchas,  i.  913. 

Z  Columbus  called  it,  The  Port  of  Casinas.      Hcrrera,  iii.  366. 

3  Herrera,  Ibid.    Robertson,  i.  203,  206.     Prince,  Introd.  82.  Belknzp 
Biog.  i.  1 1 8. 

4  Herrera,  i.  i6g.     Life  of  Columbus,  c.  xcii.     It  was  probably  from 
personal  observation,  that   Ferdinand  Columbus  drew  this  description  : 
"  The  country  about  that  harbour,  higher  up,  is  not  very  rough,  but  til- 
led, and  full  of  houses,  a  stone's  throw  or  a  bow  shot  one  from  the  other/; 
and  it  looks  like  the  finest  landscape  a  man  can  imagine."     A  water  spout 
near  Porto  Bello  13  December  excited  great  alarm  among  the  Spaniards. 
The  same  writer  remarks  :    "  If  they  had  not  dissolved  it  by  saying  the 
Gospel  of  St.  John,  it  had  certainly  sunk  whatsoever  it  fell  upon."     Ibid. 

5  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  518.     This  haven  was  formerly  reckoned  the  second 
place  of  consequence  in  Hispaniola  ;    but  in  1763  it  was  a  mere  fishing 
village.     Ibid. 

6  Forster  Voy.  289,  431.     This  commission,  in  the  original  Latin,  is 
la  Hazard  Coll.  i.  11—19, 


30  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

derson  observes,  that  king  Henry  pays  no  regard 
to  the  imaginary  line  of  division  made  between 
Spain  and  Portugal  by  the  Pope's  authority  ;  and 
that,  according  to  his  genius  and  former  practice, 
he  does  not  pretend  to  give  one  penny  toward  the 
enterprise.  "  It  therefore,"  he  subjoins,  "  suc- 
ceeded no  better  than  Cabot's  voyage  ;  for  private 
adventurers  rarely  have  abilities  and  patience  suffi- 
cient to  perfect  such  undertakings,  unless  support- 
ed by  the  public."* 


Columbus,  leaving  Porto  Bello,  entered  the  riv- 
er Yebra  on  the  ninth  of  January.     The  beauty 
Columbus   and  fertility  of  the  adjacent  country  invited  him  to 
setter  co-  beg*n  a  plantation.      Remaining  at  Yebra,  he  sent 
lony  at      his  brother  Bartholomew  with  sixty  eight  men  in 
Veraguay ;  boats  j-o  t]je  r jver  Veraguay,  whence  they  proceed^ 
ed  to  the  river  Duraba.     Finding  abundance  of  gold 
here,  it  was  concluded  to  establish  a  settlement. 
The  Spaniards  actually  began  to  erect  houses  ;  but 
their  insolence  and  rapacity  incensed  the  natives, 
who,  falling  upon   them,  killed    several  of  their 

number,    and  obliged  them   to  relinquish  the  de- 
but isre-        .  '     .  _    o.  1,      j 

pulsed  by   sign.2     These  Indians  were  a  more  hardy  race, 
the  natives.  tjlan  those  of  the  islands  ;  and  this  was  the  first  re- 
pulse, sustained  by  the  Spaniards.     But  for  this  ad* 
verse  occurrence,  Columbus  would  have  had  the 
honour  of  planting  the  first  colony  on  the  continent  of 
America.       Leaving  this  hostile  region,  he  now 
sailed  for  Hispaniola  ;  but  by  the  violence  of  a  storm 
.     was  obliged  to  run  his  ships  ashore  at  Jamaica.     In 
^recked  at  his   distress   at  this  island,  he  sent  some  of  the 
Jamaica,     hardiest  of  his  men  to  Hispaniola,  to  represent  his 

I  Hist.  Commerce,  ii.  7. 

a  P.  Martyr,  114,  215.  "  Figere  ibi  pedem  fuit  consilium:  sed  inco* 
lae  futuram  perniciem  olfacientes,  vetuerunt.  Facto  agmine,  cum  hor- 
rendo  clamore  ruunt  injnostros,  qui  domus  xdificare  jam  cseperant."  Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  31 

calamitous  situation  to  the  governor,  and  to  solic-  1503* 
it  vessels,  to  carry  him  and  his  people  away.  He 
remained  however  at  Jamaica  eight  months,  without 
the  least  intelligence  from  his  messengers,  or  assist- 
ance from  the  governor.  The  natives  becoming 
exasperated  at  the  delay  of  the  Spaniards,  the  bur*, 
den  of  whose  support  was  intolerable,  the  inven- 
tive genius  of  Columbus  had  recourse  to  an  admira- 
ble device,  to  regain  his  authority.  Assembling  the 
principal  Indians  around  him,  he  caused  them  to 
understand,  that  the  God,  whqni  he  served,  pro- 
voked at  their  refusal  to  support*  the  objects  of  his 
favourite  regard,  intended  to  inflict  on  them  a 
speedy  and  severe  judgment,  of  which  they  would 
soon  see  manifest  tokens  in  the  heavens  ;  for  on 
that  night  the  moon  should  withhold  her  light,  and 
appear  of  a  bloody  hue,  as  an  omen  of  their  ap* 
proaching  destruction.  His  menacing  prediction 
was  ridiculed  ;  but  its  actual  accomplishment,  at 
the  precise  time  foretold,  struck  the  barbarians 
with  terror.  This  eclipse  of  the  moon,  which  he 
had  happily  foreseen  by  his  skill  in  astronomy,  es- 
tablished his  character,  as  a  prophet.  The  affright- 
ed Indians  brought  him  instantly  a  plenty  of  pro- 
visions ;  they  fell  at  his  feet,  and  besought  him  in 
the  most  suppliant  manner,  to  intercede  with  the 
great  Spirit,  to  avert  the  threatened  calamity.  Ap- 
parently  moved  by  their  entreaties,  he  consoled 
them ;  but  charged  them  to  atone  for  their  past 
transgression  by  their  future  generosity.  The 
eclipse  went  of?  ;  and  from  that  day  the  natives 
were  superstitiously  cautious  of  giving  offence  to 
the  Spaniards.1 

i  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  xcv — ciii.     Herrera,  i.  294,  296.     Purchtt,  i. 
731.    Robertson,  i.book  ii.    Bslknap  Biog.  i.  118,  119. 


. 


AMERICAN    ANNALS* 

1504. 

When  the  fortitude  and  skill  of  Columbus  had 
been  tried  to  the  the  utmost  .extent,  in  repressing 
the  mutinies  of  his  own  people,  and  the  violence  of 
the  Indians  •  a  ship,  generously  fitted  out  by  a  pri- 
vate  Person  at  Hispaniola,  arrived  at  Jamaica,  and 
carried  him  to  St.  Domingo.  Convinced,  that  a 
dispute  with  a  governor,  in  his  own  jurisdiction, 
could  bring  him  little  advantage  or  honour,  he  has- 
tened his  preparation  for  returning  to  Spain.  2 

On  the  second  Off  September  he  sailed  from  His- 
Coiumbus  paniola.  Having  encountered  the  most  terrible 
storms  in  the  voyage,  and  sailed  after  losing  his 
mainmast  seven  hundred  leagues,  he  with  difficulty 
reached  the  port  of  St.  Lucar.  Here,  to  his  inex- 
there  in  pressible  grief,  he  learnt  that  his  friend  and  patron- 
Member.  ess,  queen  Isabella,  was  dead.1  She  had  steadily 
favoured  and  supported,  while  the  Catholic  king 
had  opposed  and  injured  him.  The  value  of  the 
Indies  becoming  daily  more  apparent,  and  also  the 
largeness  of  the  share,  that  must  fall  to  the  admiral 
by  virtue  of  the  stipulated  articles,  it  had  been  the 
selfish  policy  of  Ferdinand  to  fix  the  absolute  do- 
minion in  himself,  and  to  dispose  of  all  the  employ- 
ments, which  belonged  to  the  admiral,  according  to 
his  own  pleasure.  3  The  conduct  of  Isabella  was 
more  just  and  generous,  as  became  the  greatness 
of  her  character.  This  illustrious  woman,  "  was 
no  less  eminent  for  virtue,  than  for  wisdom  ;  and 
whether  we  consider  her  behaviour  as  a  queen,  as 
a  wife,  or  as  a  mother,  she  is  justly  entitled  to  the 
high  encomiums  bestowed  on  her  by  the  Spanish 
historians."4 

i  Life  of  Columbus,  xciv  —  cv.  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  55  —  60.  Univ. 
Hist.  xli.  347.  Belknap  Disc,  on  Discovery  of  America,  115. 

a  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  cxviii.  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  60.  Belknap  Disc* 
«n  Discovery  of  America,  115. 

3  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  cviii. 

4  Robertson's   Charles  V.  ii.  book  i.  p.  6.     "  The  Spaniards,"  says  Me* 
zeray,  "  lifs  her  above  all  other  Heroines,"     Hist.  France^  540. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  33 

Bastidas,  with  the  leave  of  king  Ferdinand,  went 
with  two  ships,  to  discover  that  part  of  Terra  Fir- 
ma,  where  lay  Carthagena. *  Landing  on  the  is- 
land Codego,z  he  took  six  hundred  of  the  natives  ; 
proceeded  to  the  Gulf  of  Uraba  ;  and  returned 
to  St.  Domingo,  laden  with  flaves. 3 

Some  adventurous  navigators  from  Biscay,   Bre-  Newfo«nd- 
tagne,   and  Normandy,  in  France,  came  this  year  lahdfiahery. 
in  small  vessels,  to  fish  on  the  banks  of  Newfound- 
land ;  and  these  were  the  first  French  vessels,  that 
appeared  on  the  coasts  of  North  America. 4 

.r5°5-. 

The  Indians  of  Hispaniola  having  made  several  war  re- 
attempts  to  recover  their  liberty,  the  Spaniards  con-  "ewedwhh 

.  i         ,    ,     .  ,  i     •!•  1  the  natives 

sidered  their  conduct  as  rebellious,  and  took  arms, 
to  reduce  them  to  subjection.  They  made  war  a- iola* 
gainst  the  cazique  of  Higuey,5  who,  after  signalizing 
himself  in  defence  of  his  countrymen,  was  igno- 
miniously  hung.  Anacoana,  the  female  cazique  of 
Xaraguay,6  being  accused  at  this  time  of  a  design  to 
exterminate  the  Spaniards,  Ovando,  the  Spanish  go- 
vernor, under  pretence  of  making  her  a  respectful 
visit,  marched  toward  Xaraguay  with  three  hun- 
dred foot  and  seventy  horsemen.  She  received  him 

I  This  name  had  been  given  to  that  port  by  Columbus,  on  account  of 
its  resemblance  to  a  port  of  that  name  in  Spain.  P.  Martyr,  105. 

a  It  lay  near  the  port  ;  and  this  was  the  Indian  name.  "  Insulam  vo- 
cant  inoolae  Codego."  Ibid.  3  Harris  Voy.  i.  270. 

4  Anderson  Hist.  Commerce,  ii.  9.     Brit.  Emp.  in  America,  InfroJ.  xlvi. 
Encyc.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  CANADA.      This  fishery  appears  to  have 
been  immediately  productive.      The  French  account  is  :    "  Des  1504,  les 
Basques,  les  Bretons  et  les  Normands,  utiles  et  andacieux  navigateurs,  se 
hasardoient  avec  de  foibles  barques  sur  le  bane  de  Terreneuve,  et  nouris- 
•soient  une  partie  de  la  France  du  fruit  de  leur  peche."     Ibid.     These  fish- 
ermen are  said  to  hare  discovered  at  this  time  the  Grand  Bank  of  New- 
foundland.    Ibid.  Commerce,  Art.  COMMUNAUTE  DE  BIENS. 

5  A  province  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  island.     Robertson. 

6  This  province  extended  from  the  fertile  plain,  where  Leogane  is  now 
situated,  to  the  western  extremity  of  the  island.     Anacoana,  its  highly  res- 
pected sovereign,  had  been  uniformly  friendly  to  the  Spaniards.      Her  ac- 
cusers were  some  of  the  adherents  of  Roldan,  who  had  settled  in  her  coun- 
try, and  were  exasperated  with  her  for  endeavouring  to  restrain  their  ex- 

jcesaes.     Robertson. 


34  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

\\ith  every  token  of  honour,  and  feasted  him  -seve- 

ral days.     Amidst  this  security,  the  Spaniards,  at 

a  preconcerted  signal,  drew  their  swords,  and  rush- 

ed on  the  defenceless  and  astonished  Indians.    Their 

princess  was  instantly    secured.      Her   attendants 

were  seized  and   bound,  and  left   to  perish  in  the 

flames  of  the  house,  where  they  were  assembled, 

which  was  set  on  fire.      Anacoana  was  carried  in 

chains  to  St.  Domingo,  where,  after  the  formality 

of  a  trial,  she  was  condemned  to  be  hanged*     This 

atrocious  conduct  toward  the  Haytin  princes  com- 

JetlVnT"  pletety  humbled  the  natives,  who,  in  all  the  prov- 

fiaai  subju-  Hices  of  Hispaniola,  now  submitted,  without  far- 

gation.       ther  resistance,  to  the  Spanish  yoke.  x 

1506. 

Death  of         Columbus,  exhausted  by  age,  fatigues,  and  dis- 

Columbus.  .'•"  j.    j  T7    i?    j    rj    •        o       • 

appointments,  died  at  valladolid  m  opam  on  the 
twentieth  of  May,  in  the  fifty  ninth  year  of  his 
age,  and  was  buried  in  the  cathedral  of  Seville* 
"  He  died  with  a  composure  of  mind  suitable  to 
the  magnanimity  which  distinguished  his  character^ 
and  with  sentiments  of  piety,  becoming  that  su- 
preme respect  for  religion,  which  he  manifested  in 
every  occurrence  of  his  life."  On  his  tomb  is  this 
Spanish  inscription  :  A  CASTILLA  YA  LEON, 


I  Robertson,  i.  book  iii.  B.  de  las  Casas  Relation,  p.  14.  Casas  says, 
that  after  this  unjust  war  ended,  with  such  a  destruction  and  massacre, 
the  Spaniards,  having  reserved  few  beside  the  women  and  children,  di- 
vided these  among  themselves  ;  some  keeping  30,  others  40,  others  100, 
some  200,  according  to  the  interest  they  had  with  the  tyrant  [governor] 
of  the  Island.  Ibid.  1  6. 

^  Robertson,  i.  book  ii.  Columbus  was  tall  of  stature,  long  visaged,  of 
a  majestic  aspect,  his  nose  hooked,  his  eyes  grey,  of  a  clear  complexion, 
somewhat  ruddy,  his  beard  and  hair,  when  young,  fair,  though  through 
many  hardships  they  soon  turned  grey.  He  was  witty  and  pleasant,  well 
spoken  and  eloquent,  moderately  grave,  affable  to  strangers,  to  his  own 
family  mild.  His  conversation  was  discreet,  which  gained  him  the  affec- 
tion of  those  he  had  to  deal  with  ;  and  his  presence  attracted  respect,  hav- 
ing an  air  of  authority  and  grandeur.  He  was  always  temperate  in  eat- 
ing and  drinking,  and  modest  in  his  dress.  He  understood  Latin,  and 
composed  verses.  In  religion  he  was  very  zealous  and  devout.  He  was- 
a  man  of  undaunted  courage,  high  thoughts,  and  fond  of  great  enterprises. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  35 

vo  MUNDO  Dio  COLON  ;  in  English,   cc  To  Cas- 
tile and  Leon  Columbus  gave  a  New  World."  * 

Some  slips  of  the  sugar  cane  were  now  brought 
from  the  Canary  islands  and  planted  in  Hispaniola, 
where  they  were  found  to  thrive  so  well,  as  soon 
to  become  an  object  of  commerce.  * 

Jean  Denys,   a  Frenchman,  sailed  with  his  pilot 
Camart,  a  native  of  Rouen,  from  Honfleur  to  New-  . 
foundland,  and  drew  a  map  of  the  Gulf  of  St.  Law- 
rence and  of  the  coast  of  the  adjacent  country.  3 


Ferdinand,  king  of  Spain,  established  a  Board  Spanish 
ef  Trade,  composed  of  persons,  eminent  for  rank  B°"d  of 
and  abilities,  to  which  he  comiiiitted  the  adminis- 
tration of  American  affairs.  4 

Pursuant  to  bulls  of  the  Pope,  Father  Garcia  de 
Padilla  was  nominated  the  first  bishop  of  St,  Dor 
mingo.  Their  Catholic  majesties  ordered  the  Ca- 
thedral church  of  that  city  to  be  magnificently 
built  at  their  own  expense.  s 

The  inhabitants  of  Hispaniola,  computed  to  have 
been,  when  Columbus  discovered  the  island,  at  least 
one  million,  were  now  reduced  to  sixty  thousand.  6 

Herrera,  who  gives  this  description  and  character  of  Columbus  [i.  311, 
312.],  adds,  "  Had  he  performed  such  a  wonderful  enterprise  in  tiie  an- 
cient days,  as  the  discovery  of  a  New  World,  it  is  likely  that  he  would 
not  only  have  had  statues,  and  even  temples,  erected  to  his  honour,  but 
that  some  star  would  have  been  dedicated  to  him,  as  was  done  to  Hercu- 
les and  Bacchus." 

1  Life  of  Columbus,  c.  cviii.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  123. 

2  Robertson,  i.  book  iii.  Anderson,  ii.  13. 

3  Forster  Voy.  431,  432.  Conduite  des   Francois,  Note   9.    Anderson, 
Hist.  Com.  ii.  9.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  406  ;  the  Authors  of  which  suppose, 
that  Cabot's  discovery  of  Canada  thus  early  attracted  the  attention  of  the 
French. 

4  Robertson,  i.  226.     The  Spanish  name  of  this  court  was  Casa  de  Con- 
trataclon.     In  Robertson,  iii.  2,64,  this  establishment  is,  by  a  typographical 
error  probably,  put  in  1501. 

5  Herrera,  i.  318,  whera  are  particular  instructions   to  the  Prelates  on 
ecclesiastical  affairs. 

6  Robertson,  i.  217.  An  author,  cited  by  Purchas  [i.  914],  says,  that  in 
three  or  four  months,  while  he  was  in  a  certain  town  in  one  of  the  West 
India  islands,  6000  children  died  for  the  want  of  their  parents,  who  were 
sent  to  the  mine*.     See  B.  de  las  Casus,  Relat.  p.  23. 


36  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

The  natives  of  the  Lucayo  islands,  to  the  num- 
ber of  twelve  hundred  thousand,  waste.d  in  the, 
mines  of  Hispaniola  and  Cuba,vor  by  diseases  and 
famine,  had  previously  become  extinct.1 

1508. 

Voy-ge  of       Juan  Diaz  de  Solis  and   Vincent  Yanez  Pinzon 

£HS  atd     sailed  fr°m  Seville,  with  two  caravels,  to  the  coast 

v.  Y.  pin-  of  Brasil,  and  went  to  the  thirty  fifth  degree  south 

zoa.          latitude,  where  they  found  the  great  river  Parana- 

The  name  £>uazu>  wkicn  they  called  Rio  de  Plata,  or  River  of 

the  Rio  de  Silver.3     Proceeding  to  the  fortieth  degree,   they 

Plata.        erected  crosses  wherever  they  landed,  to.ok  formal 

possession,  and  returned  to  Spain.      In  this  voyage 

they  discovered  an  extensive  province,  known  ai> 

Discover  J  ,  r 

Yucatan,     terward  by  the  name  or  Yucatan. 3 
Cubadis-         Sebast  inn  de  Ocampo  by  command  of  Ovando 
covered  to  sailed  ai'ound  Cuba,  and  first  discovered  with  cer- 
hnd.n  '*"     tainty,  that  this  country,    which  Columbus  once 

supposed  to  be  a  part  of  the  continent,  is  a  large 

island.4 

Progress  of      The  gold,  carried  from  Hispaniola  in  one  year, 
Commerce,  about  this  time,  amounted  to  four  hundred  and  six- 

I  Purch?.s,  i.  904.  The  Spaniards,  understanding  it  to  be  the  opinion 
of  the  Lucayans,  that  departed  souls,  after  certain  expiations  on  cold  north- 
ern mountains,  would  pass  to  a  southern  region,  persuaded  them  to  be- 
lieve that  they  had  come  from  that  place,  where  they  might  see  their  de- 
parted parents  and  children,  acquaintance  and  friends,  and  enjoy  every 
delight.  Thus  seduced,  they  went  with  the  Spaniards  to  Hispaniola  and 
Cuba.  But,  when  they  discovered  that  they  had  been  deceived  ;  that 
they  had  come  to  dark  mines,  instead  of  Elysian  fields  ;  that  they  should 
not  find  any  one  of  their  parents  or  friends,  but  be  compelled  to  submit 
lo  a  severe  government,  and  to  unwonted  and  cruel  labours  ;  abandoned 
to  despair,  they  either  killed  themselves,  or,  obstinately  rejecting  food, 
they  breathed  out  their  languid  spirits.  P.  Martyr,  481.  "  Quando  vero 
se  deceptos  fuisse  conspexerunt,  nee  parentibus  aut  optatorum  cuiquam  oc- 
currerent,  sed  gravia  imperia  et  insuetos  ac  ssevos  labores  subire  cogeren-* 
tur,  in  desperationem  versi,  aut  seipsos  necabant,  aut  electa  inedia  kngui- 
dos  emittebant  spiritus,  nulla  ratione  aut  vi  persuasi,  ut  cibum  sumere 
vellent.  Ita  miseris  Lucais  est  finis  impositus." 

^  Though  it  now  first  received  this  name,  it  was  previously  discov- 
ered by  the  Portuguese.  See  A.  D.  1500. 

3  Herrera,  i.  333.     Life  of  Columbus,  c.  Ixxxix.  Robertson,  i.  230. 

4  Robertson,!.  231. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  37 

ty  thousand  pieces  of  eight.  Cotton,  sugar,  arid 
ginger,  now  also  became  considerable  articles  of 
exportation  from  the  West  Indies  to  Spain. ' 

The  Spaniards,  finding  the  miserable  natives  not  Negrces 
so  robust  and  equal  to  the  labour  of  the  mines  and  imP°£ed 

f    i  T      r  r  '         -L  i  mto  "1S" 

fields,  as  negroes  brought  from  Africa,  began  about 
the  same  time  to  import  negroes  into  Hispaniola 
from  the  Portuguese  settlements  on  the  Guinea 
coast.* 

A  hurricane  demolished  all  the  houses  in  St. 
Domingo,  and  destroyed  upward  of  t\venty  vessels 
in  the  harbour.  * 

Thomas  Aubert,  a  shipmaster,  made  a  voyage  The  French 
from  Dieppe  to  Newfoundland  ;    and,  proceeding  first  sail  «p 
thence  to  the  river  of.  St.  Lawrence,   was  the  first  st.ei™w* 
who  sailed  up  this  great  river  to  the  country  of  Ca-  rence, 
nada.     On  his  return  he  carried  over  to  Paris  some 
pf  the  natives.4 

1509, 

Don  Diego,  son  of  Christopher  Columbus,  now  Don  Die£* 

i  •          9s  i        •        i  r    T  T  Columbus 

succeeding  Ovando  in  the  government  of  Hispan-  succeeds 
iola,5    repaired    to   the    island,    accompanied   by  Ovancio  as» 
his  wife,  his  brother  and  uncles,  and  a  -numerous  gov' 
retinue  of  both  sexes,   many  of  whom  were  marri- 
ed here,  and  the  island  began  to  be  populated.  He 
placed  a  lieutenant  over  the  island  of  Cuba. 6     A- 

I  Anderson  Hist.  Commerce,  ii.  15. 

z  Ibid.     Robertson  [i.  278.]  says,  a  few  negro  frjjves  were  sent  to  Ame- 
rica in  the  year  1503. 

3  Purchas,  i.  910. 

4  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  406.     British   Emp.  IntroJ.  xlvi.    Anderson  Hist. 
Commerce,  ii.  15.     Forster  [432]  says,  be  made  this  voyage  in  a  ship  cal- 
led the  Pensee,  belonging  to  his  father,  Jean  Ango,  Viscourt  cf  Dieppe. 

5  For  t>vo  years  after  the  death   of  Columbus,  this  son  had  tnade  in- 
cessant but  fruitless  application  to  king  Ferdinand  for  the  offices  and  rights, 
to  which  he  was  legally  entitled.      He  at  last  commenced  a  suit  against 
the  king  before  the  Council  of  the  Indies,  and  obtained  a  decree,  in  con- 
firmation of  his  claim  of  the  viceroyalty,  with  all  the   other  privileges, 
Stipulated  in  the  capitulation  with  his  father.     Robertson,  i.  book  iii. 

-    6  Harris  Voy.  i.  271.     Robertson,  i.  book  iii. 


38  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

greeably    to   instruction    from   the   king,  he  set- 
tled a  colony  in   Cubagua,    \vhere  large  fortunes 
v/ere  soon  acquired  by  the  fishery  of  pearls. x 
An  attempt       Alonso  de  Ojeda,  having  sailed  from  Hispaniola 
to  settle      with  a  ship  and   two  brigantines,   carrying  three 
hundred  soldiers,  to  settle  the  continent,  landed  at 
Carthagena  ;    but  was  beaten  off  by    the  natives. 
While  he  began  a  settlement  at  St.  Sebastian,*  on 
the  east  side  of  the  gulf  of  Darien,  Diego  Nicues- 
un-  sa  with  six  vessels  and  seven  hundred  and  eighty 
men  began  another  at  Nombre  de  Dios,  on    the 
west  side. 3     Both  however  were  soon  broken  up 
by  the  natives. 4 

1510. 

A  small  ^        The  greater  part  of  those,  who  had  engaged  with 
SeTS  die  Ojeda  and  Nicuessa  in  the  expedition  for  settling 
gulf  of       the  continent,  having  perished  in  less  than  a  year, 
a  few,  who  survived,  now  settled,  as  a  feeble  colo- 
ny, at  Santa  Maria  on  the  gulf  of  Darien,  under 
the  commund  of  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa. 5 

Juan   Ponce  de  Leon,  who  had  commanded  in 

the  eastern  district  of  Hispaniola,  under   Ovando, 

now  effected  a  settlement,  by  his  permission,  on 

Puerto      Puerto  Rico.     Within  a  few  years  this  island  was 

Rico,  ,       ^          .  ,  ..    J 

subjected  to  the  Spanisn  government  ;  and  the  na- 
tives, treated  with  rigour,  and  worn  out  with  fa- 
tigue and  sufferings,  soon  became  extinct.6 

I  Robertson,  i.  book  iii, 

1  Karris  [i.  271.]  from  Galvano,  calls  it  a  fort,  and  says,  it  was  the  first 
built  by  the  Spaniards  in  Terra  Firma. 

3  Nicuessa  obliged  all  his  men,  whether  sick  or  well,  to  work  on  his 
fort,  and  they  died  at  their  labour.     The  780  men,   whom  he  brought 
from  Hispariiola,  were  soon  reduced  to  100.     Herrera,  i.  359. 

4  Herrera,  ibid.     Harris  Voy.  1.271.     Robertson   [i.  b.  iii.]  says,  that 
these  Indians  were  fierce  and  warlike  ;  that  their  arrows  were  dipped  in 
a.  po'Hon  so  noxious,  that  every  wound  was  followed  with  certain  death  ; 
that  in  one  encounter  they  slew  above  70  of  Ojeda's  followers  ;    and  that 
the  Sparihrds,  for  the  first  time,  were  taught  to  dread  the  inhabitants  of 
the  New  World. 

5  Robertson,  book  iii.     Prince  Chron.  Jntrod.  83. 

6  Herrera,  i.  369.     Robertson,  i.  book  iii.    This  island  was  discovered 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

John  de  Esquibel  sailed  from  Hispaniola,  and  anaica. 
began  a  settlement  at  Jamaica* ' 

1511. 

Don  Diego  Columbus  proposing  to  conquer  t'hb  Con«w 
island  of  Cuba,  and  to  establish  a  colony   there;  of  Cul 
many  persons  of  distinction  in  Hispaniola  engag- 
ed in  the  measure.      Three  hundred  men,  destined 
for  the  service,  were  put  under  the  command  of 
Diego  Velasquez/   who,  with   this   inconsiderable 
number  of  troops,  conquered  the  island,  without 
the  loss  of  a  man,  and  annexed  it  to  the  Spanish 
monarchy. 3 

Hispaniola  was  not  completely  subdued  until  this 
year.4  Two  bishops  were  now  constituted  here, 
one  at  St.  Domingo,  and  another  at  the  Concep- 
tion. Three  bishopricks  had  been  previously  erect- 
ed in  the  island,  but  no  bishops  had  been  sent  to 
them. 5 

Ferdinand  established  the  Council  of  the  Indies, 
in  which  was  vested  the  supreme  government ,  of 
all  the  Spanish  dominions  in  America.6  He  now'1 

by  Columbus  in  his  second  voyage.  Juan  Ponce  passed  over  to  it  in  1508, 
and  penetrated  into  the  interior  part  of  the  country.  Ibid.  B.  de  las 
Casas  [p.  4.]  says,  that  above  30  islands,  near  this,  were  in  like  manner 
entirely  depopulated. 

1  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  83. 

2  He  accompanied  Christopher  CoinrrfbtU  in  his  second  voyage.  Rob* 

3  Robertson,  i.  241.     Prince  Chron.  Introd.  83.  The  island  is  about  700 
miles  long,  and  at  that  time  had  two  or  three  hundred  houses,  with  seve- 
ral families  in  each,  as  was  usual  in  Hispaniola.     Hatuay,  a  rich  and  po- 
tent cazique,  who,  to  avoid  slavery  or  death,  had  fled  from  Hispaniola.to  Cu~ 
ba,  was  taken  in  the  interior  part  of  this  island,  and  carried  to  Velasquez, 
who  condemned  fcim  to  the  flames.     When  he  was  fastened  to  die  stake.' 
a  Franciscan  friar,  labouring  to  convert  him,  promised  him  immediate  ad- 
mittance to  the  joys  of  heaven,  if  he  would  embrace  the  Christian  faith  ; 
and  threatened  him  with  eternal  torment,  if  he  should  continue  obstinate 
in  his  unbelief.     The  cazique  asked,  if  there  were  any  Spaniards  in  that 
region  of  bliss,  that  he  described.     On  being  told,  there  were  ;   "  I  wilf 
not  go,"  said  he,  "  to  a  place  where  1  may  meet  with  one  of  that  accursed 
race."     B.  de  las  Casas,  20,  ai.  F.obertson,  i.  book  iii. 

4  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  467.         5  Herrera,  i.  375. 

6  Robertson,  iii.  book  viii.      This,   or  a  similar  council,  was  in  being 


40  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

permitted  the  importation  of  negroes    in  greater 
numbers,  than  before,  into  his  American  colonies.  * 

1512. 

^priia.        Juan  Ponce  de  Leon,  sailing  northwardly  from 
fuun  Ponce  puerto  Rjco  with  three  ships,  discovered  the  con- 

tliscovers   -.  .,.  .  ...  ,      , 

Florida,  tment  in  thirty  degrees  eight  minutes  north  lati- 
tude, and  called  it  Florida.  *  Having  gone  ashore, 
and  taken  possession,  he  returned  to  Puerto  Rico 
through  the  channel,  afterward  known  by  the 
name  of  the  Gulf  of  Florida,  and  discovered  the 
Bahama  Islands,  3 


Sept.  25.  Vasco  Nunez  de  Balboa,  a  Spaniard,  employed 
in  the  conquest  of  Darien  and  the  Gulf  of  Ura- 
ba,  4  having  travelled  across  the  isthmus  of  Darien 

south  sea.  ^^  two  hunc|red  an(j  ninety  men,5  from  the  top 
of  a  high  mountain  on  the  western  side  of  the  con- 
tinent discovered  an  ocean,  which,  From  the  direc- 
tion in  which  he  saw  it,  took  the  name  of  the 
South  Sea.  Falling  on  his  knees,  and  lifting  up  his 
hands  to  heaven,  he  gave  thanks  to  God  for  be- 
ing the  first  discoverer.  Having  proceeded  with  his 
followers  to  the  shore,  he  advanced  up  to  his  mid- 
dle in  the  water  with  his  sword  and  buckler,  and 

some  years  before,  for  we  have  already  met  with  one  of  its  decrees.  See 
A.  0.1509,  Note  5. 

I  Robertson  i.  book  iii. 

l  "  Because"  says  Purchas,  [i.  769.]  "  it  was  first  discovered  by  the 
Spaniards  on  Palm  Sunday,  or  on  Easter  day,  which  they  call  Pasqua  Flo- 
rida [de  Flores,  Herfera^  ;  and  not,  as  Thevot  writeth,  for  the  flourishing 
verdure  thereof."  P.  Martyr  [301.]  agrees  with  Purchas  :  "  Floridam 
appellavit,  quia  resurrectionis  festo  repererit.  Vocat  Hispanus  Pascha  flo- 
ridum  resurrectionis  diem." 

3  Herrera,  ii.  33,  34.     Harris  Voy.  i.  271.     Univ.  Hist.  xl.  378.     Brit. 
tenp.  iii.  208.     Robertson,  i.  243.    Prince  Chron.  Inirod.  83.    Encyclop. 
Methodique,  Histoire,  Art.  CABOT  ;  and  Geog,  Art.  FLO  RIDE.     Purcha?* 
i.  769. 

4  Venegss  California,!.  119, 
$  Harris  Voy.  271. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  4* 

took  possession  of  this  ocean  in  the  name  of  the 
king  his  master,  vowing  to  defend  it,  with  those 
arms,  against  all  his  enemies. *  In  token  of  pos- 
session he  erected  piles  of  stones  on  the  shore. 3 

Peter  de   Cordova,  a  Dominican  Friar,  having  Friars  go 
obtained  leave  of  the  king,  now  went   over  from  £°  Cuma" 
Spain  to  the  continent  of  America,  with  other  fri- 
ars of  his  order,  to  preach  to  the  Indians  at  Cu- 
mana. 3 

Ferdinand  issued  a  decree  of  his  privy  council,  Decree 
declaring,  that  the  servitude  of  the  Indians  is  war- 
ranted  both  by  the  laws  of  God  and  man  ;  and 
that,  unless  they  were  subjected  to  the  dominion 
of  the  Spaniards,  and  compelled  to  reside  under 
their  inspection,  it  would  be  impossible  to  reclaim 
them  from  idolatry,  and  to  instruct  them  in  the 
.principles  of  the  Christian  faith. 4 

.  15 J  4- 

Vasco  Nunez  having  sent  the  king  of  Spain  an 
account  of  his  discovery  of  the  South  Sea,  and  of 
what  he  had  heard  of  Peru,  acquainting  him  at 
the  same  time,  that  it  would  require  a  thousand  men 
to  effect  that  conquest ; s  his  majesty  ordered  Pedro 
Arias  d' Avila  to  embark  for  America,  as  governor 
of  Darien. 6  He  accordingly  sailed  from  St.  Lucar 

i  Herrera,  ii.  53.  P.  Martyr,  178.  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  83.  Robert- 
son, i.  251.  Forster  Voy.  263. 

a  P.  Martyr,  i8z.  This  [author  says,  that  the  Indians  opposed  his 
passage  over  the  mountains  ;  that  they  fled  at  the  discharge  of  the, 
Spanish  guns  ;  that  the  Spaniards,  pursuing  them,  cut  them  in  pieces  \ 
that  600  of  them,  together  with  their  prince,  were  destroyed  like  brute 
Leasts  ;  and  that  Vasco  ordered  about  50  to  be  torn  to  pieces  by  dogs. 
**  Canum  opera,"  adds  the  historian, "  nostri  utuntur  in  pneliis  contra  nu- 
das  eas  gentcs  :  ad  quas  rabidi  infiliunt,  ha'ud  secus  ac  in  feros  apros  aut 
fugaces  cervos."  Ibid.  180,  181.  Vasco  returned  in  February,  1514,  to 
Darien,  without  the  Idss  of  one  man  in  any  of  his  numerous  actions  witk 
the  natives.  Ibid.  205. 

3  Herrera,  ii.  43.         4  Robertson,  i.  166.         5  Herrera,  ii.  68. 

6  He.  was  the  fourth  governor  of  "  Golden  Castile,"  as  the  countries 
•f-Parien,  Carthagena,  and  Uraba  xvere  now  denominated.  Harris  Voy. 


42  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Pedro  Ari-  with  fifteen  vessels  and  fifteen  hundred  men  ;    ancf* 
the  Indian*  ^7  n^s  tyranny  and  exactions  after  his  arrival,  all 
country,    the  country,  from  the  gulf  of  Darien  to  the  lake  of 
Nicaragua,  was  desolated.1 

A  dissension  not  long  after  arose  between  Vasco 
Nunez  and  Arias.      Vasco,  charged  with  calumny 
nezHs  ^t"  agamst  tne  government,  was  sent  for  by  the  gov- 
to  death,    ernor,  and  put  in  chains  ;  and,  after  some  formali- 
ties of  a  trial,  was  condemned,  and  beheaded. * 
Town  of        Puerto  Rico,  the  chief  town  on  the  island  of  this 
GO  founded,  name,  was  founded,    and  John  Ponce  de  Leon  ap- 
pointed  its  governor. 3 


Pearl  is-  Gasper  Morales,  sent  by  Pedro  Arias  d'Avila, 
marched  from  Darien  across  the  land  to  the  South 
Sea  ;  and  discovered  the  Pearl  Islands  in  the  bay 
of  St.  Michael  in  five  degrees  north  latitude.4 

John  Arias  began  to  people  Panama  on  the 
South  Sea,  and  discovered  two  hundred  and  fifty 
leagues  on  the  coast  to  eight  degrees  thirty  minutes 
north  latitude.5 

Bermudas       Gonsales  Ferdinaiidus  Oviedas  discovered  the  is- 
discovered.  jands  of  Bermudas, 6  1 2  degrees  north  of  Hispaniola. 

/ 

i.  271.  F.  John  de  Quevedo,  a  Franciscan  friar,  came  over  with  him,  as 
bishop  of  Darien,  accompanied  with  several  ecclesiastics  of  that  order. 
Herrera,  ii.  69.  Herrera,  ii.  128.  Robertson,  i.  250,  251. 

1  Herrera,  ii.  68,  69.  Robertson,  i.  257.  B.  de  las  Casas  [23—^26.]  says, 
that  this  "  merciless  governor"  ran  through  above  50  leagues  of  the  finest 
country   in  the  world,    and   carried   desolation    with    him   wherever*  he 
went ;  that  before  his  arrival  there  were  many  villages,  towns  and  cities, 
which  excelled  those  of  all  the  neighbouring  countries  ;    that  this  country 
abounded  in  gold,  more  than  any  that  had  yet  been  discovered  ;  that  the 
Spaniards  in  a  little  time    carried  away  above  three  millions  out  of  this 
kingdom  ;  and  that  here  above  800,000  people  were  slaughtered. 

2  P.  Martyr,  320. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  520.      Encyclop.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  JUAN  DE 
PUERTO  Rico. 

4  Harris  Voy.  i.  271.  Prince  Chron.  Inlrod.  83. 

5  Prince,  ibid.  84. 

6  Ibid,  from  Purchas.  Many  authors  ascribe  this  discovery  to  John  Ber* 
mudez,  a  Spaniard,  in  1522. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  43 

1516. 

Juan  Diaz  de  Soils,  at  that  time  reputed  the  Voyage  of 
ablest  navigator  in  the  world,  *  was   appointed  by 
the  king  of  Spain  to  command  two   ships,  fitted 
out  to  discover  a  passage  to  the  Molucca  or  Spice 
Islands  by  the  west,  and  to  open  a  communication 
with  them. a     Having  sailed  the  preceding  October 
he  entered  the  Rio  de  Plata  in   January. 3     In  at-    Jan.  i 
tempting  a  descent  in  the  country4  about  this  river, 
De  Solis  and  several  of  his  crew  were  slain  by  the  Plata. 
natives,  who,  in  sight  of  the  ships,  cut  their  bodies 
in  pieces,  roasted  and  devoured  them.     Discourag- 
ed by  the  loss  of  their  commander,  and  terrified  by 
this   shocking  spectacle,    the  surviving  Spaniards  The  enter 
sailed  to  Cape  St.  Augustin,  where  they  loaded  ^ 
•with  Brasil  wood,  and  set  sail  for  Europe,  without 
aiming  at  any  farther  discovery. 5 

1  Herrera,  ii.  79. 

2  Robertson,  i.  book  iii. 

3  Ibid.     On  the  authority  of  Purchas  I  had  concluded,  that  the  Portu- 
guese first  discovered  the  river  de  La  Plata  about  A.  D.  1500  [See  p-36,  note 
3.]  ;  but,  on  a  careful   inspection  of  Hakluyt  and   Purchas,  I  am  led  to 
believe,  that  the  honour  of  that  discovery  may  belong  to  Juan  Diaz    de 
Solis,  in  1508.    Kakluyt's  account,  taken  from  the  same  MS.*  which  Pur- 
chas afterward   more    completely   published,   says,   that  Don  Emanuel, 
on  hearing  the  news  of  Cabral's  discovery   in  the  west,  "  sent  presently 
"  shippes  to  discover  the  whole  countrey,  and  found  it  to  be  a  part  of 
"  America."     But  it  does  not  satisfactorily  appear,  that  these   ships  went 
so  far  south  as  La  Plata.      A  controversy  arising  between    the  kings  of 
Portugal  and  Spain,  "  they  agreed  in  tie  end,  that  the  king   of  Portugal 
"  should  holde  all  the  country  that  he  had  discovered,  the  which  was    (as 
"  I  have  said)  from  the  river  of  Marannon  to  the  river  of  La  Plate  ;  albeit 
«  the  Spaniards  affirme,  that  it  stretcheth  no  farther  then  the  Island  of 
M  Santa  Catalina."     The  ultimate  agreement  of  the  two  kings  may  have 
been  subsequent  to  the  discovery  of  Solis,  and  to  the  prejudice  of  his  hon- 
our, and  of  the  Spanish  interest.     The  same  Portuguese  writer,  whose  ac- 
count is  published  by  Hakluyt  and  Purchas,  allows,    that  "the  first  Span- 
"  iard,  who  entered  this  river  and  inhabited  the  same,  was  called  Solis." 

See  Hakluyt,  iii.  786 — 788,  and  Purchas,'v.  1437. 

*  "  A  Discourse  of  the  West  Indies  and  South  Sea,  'written  by  Lopez  Vaz^a 
Portugal" 

4  This  was  probably  some  part  of  Paraguay,  the  discovery  of  which  i* 
ascribed  to  Solis  in  Encyclop.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  PARAGUAY  ;  though 
its  full  discovery  is  justly  to  be  ascribed  to  S.  Cabot  in  1526. 

5  Herrera,  ii.  81.     Robertson,  i.  book  iii. 


44  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1516.        Sir  Sebastian  Cabot  and  Sir  Thomas  Pert  with 
Xiscian    two  ships,  fitted  out  by  some  merchants  of  Bristol,1 

C^bpt  s  se-      .    .       ,    A,  r»  T»        #1  •»  i       i  i       •    i         i 

cond  voy-  visited  the  coast  or  Brasil,  ana  touched  at  the  islands 
a-ratoA-  Of  Hispaniola  and  Puerto  Rico.      Although   this 

menca,  -,  ,  ,  ^   .    ,  , 

voyage  seems  not  to  have  been  beneficial  to  the  ad- 
venturers ;  yet  it  extended  the  sphere  of  English 
navigation,  and  added  to  the  stock  of  nautical 
knowledge.  * 

B.  de  las  Bartholomew  de  las  Casas,3  having  undertaken 
to  protect  the  American  Indians,  went  for  this 
purpose  from  St.  Domingo  to  Spain.  The  Catho-. 
lie  king  being  dead,4  Ximenes,  archbishop  of  To-. 
ledo,  who  had  entered  on  the  administration  of  the 
government  for  the  young  king  Charles,  sent  three 
friars,  of  the  order  of  St.  Jerome,  for  the  chief 
management  of  affairs  in  the  West  Indies  ;  but  the 
negociations  of  Las  Casas  were  deferred  until  the, 

1  Robertson,  book  ix ;  but  from  one  account  in   Hakluyt  [iii.  499.]  it 
is  probable  they  "  were  set  foorth  by  the  king  ;"  and  in  another  [ibid.  498.] 
it  is  aiti'-r>ied,  that  the  king  furnished  and  sent  them  out. 

2  Hakluyt,  i.  512,  515,  516  ;  iii.  498,  499  ;    where  there  are  accounts 
of  this  voyage»     Prince  Chron.  Introd.  84.^  Robertson,  book  ix.  22.  Josse- 
lyn,  New  Eug.  Rarities,  103,  and  Voyages,  231.    Biblioth.  Americana,  52. 
Some  historians  take  no  notice  of  this  voyage,   or  confound    it  with  a 
voyage,  made  in  the  service  of  Spain  in  1526.     P.  Martyr  [De  Orb.  Nov. 
23 3.].  mentions    Sebastian  Cabot,   as  being   with  him  in  Spain    in  1515, 
and    expecting  to    go  on    a    voyage  of   discovery  the   following    year. 
*'  Familiarem    habeo     domi    Cabottum  ipsum,    et  contubernalem   inter? 
dum  ;    expectatque  indies  ut  navigia  sibi  parentur.      Martio  mense  an- 
ni  futuri  M.  D;  XVI.  puto  ad  explorandum  discessururn."     But  he  does 
not  determine,  either  from  what  port  Cabot  was  to  sail,  or  by  whom  he 
was  to  be  employed.     It  is  probable,  that  he  refers  to  preparations,  CXT 
pected  to  be  made  for  him   in  England^  whence  the  accounts  in  Hakluyt 
prove  him  to  have  sailed.     "  The  faint  heart"  of  Sir  Thomas  Pert  is  afr 
firmed  to  have  been  "  the  cause  that  the  voyage  took  none  effect." 

3  He  was  a  native  of  Seville,  and  with    other  clergymen    accompanied 
Columbus  in  bis  second  voyage  to   Hispaniola,  in  order  to  settle   in  that 
island.     The  design  of  this  benevolent  ecclesiastic  was,  to  obtain   ascenr 
dency  over  the  Indians  of  South  America  without  force,  by  the  preaching 
of  the  Dominican  and  Franciscan  friars  ;  and  he  possessed  all  the  courage, 
the  talents,  and  activity,  requisite  in    supporting   such  a  desperate  cause. 
Herrera,  ii.  159.     Robertson,  i.  book  iii. 

4  Ferdinand  died  in  1516.       By  marrying,  in  1469,  Isabella  of  Castile, 
the  sister  of  Henry  IV,  he  annexed  the  crown  of  Castile,  of  which  Isabella 
was  heiress,  to  the  throne  of  Arragon.     Encyc.  Methodique,  Histoire,  Art. 
FEKJPJNANP.    See  p.  8,  note  3,  of  these  Annals. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  45 

Arrival  of  the  new  king,  who  was  daily  expecte4 
from  the  Low  Countries.  x 


A  Flemish  favourite  of  Charles  V,  having  ob-  patent  f<* 
tained  of  this  king  a  patent,  containing  an  exclusive  imPortin* 

.    ,          r  .  •         r  i  i  •  slaves. 

right  or  importing  four  thousand  negroes  mto  Ame- 
rica, sold  it  for  twenty  five  thousand  ducats  to 
some  Genoese  merchants,  who  first  brought  into  a 
regular  form  the  commerce  for  slaves  between  Afr 
rica  and  America.  z 

Francis  Hernandez  Cordova  sailed  from  Havan-  voyage  qf 
na3    on  the  eighth  of  February,  with  three  caravels  Cordova. 
and  one  hundred  and  ten  men,  on  a  voyage  of  dis- 
covery.     The  first  land,  that  he  saw,   was  cape 
Catoche,4  the  eastern  point  of  that  large  peninsula, 
on  the  confines   of  the  Mexican   coast,  to  which 
the  Spaniards  gave  the  name  of  Yucatan.  *     As  he  Discovers 
advanced  toward  the  shore,  he  was  visited  by  five  Yucatan* 
canoes,  full  of  Indians,  decently  clad  in  cotton  gar- 
ments ;  6  a  spectacle  astonishing  to  the  Spaniards, 
who  had  found  every  other  part   of   America  pos- 
sessed by  naked  savages.       He  landed  in  various 
places  ;  but  being  assailed  by  the  natives,  armed 
with  arrows,  he  left   the  coast.     Continuing  his 
course  toward  the  west,  he  arrived  at  Campeachy.7 
At  the  mouth  of  a  river,  some  leagues  to  the  north-; 

I  Herrera,  ii.  101.     Robertson,  i.  book  iii. 
a  Robertson,  i.  379. 

3  This  port  is  called  in  the  language  of  Cuba,  Agaruco  ;  B.  Diaz,  i.  3  ; 
in  that  of  Spain,  LP.  Havana.     Purchas,  v.  1415. 

4  Bernal  Diaz  del  Castillo,  who  was  with   Cordova  in  this  expedition, 
gays  [i.  5.],  an  Indian  chief,  who  came  with  12  canoes  to  the  Spanish  vesi 
sels,  made  signals  to  the  captain,  that  he  would  bring  them  to  land,  saying1 
*'  Con-Escotoch,  Con-Escotoch,"   which  signifies,  "  Come  to  our  town,'  ' 
whence  the  Spaniards  named  it  Punta  de  Catoche. 

5  De  Solis  had  previously  seen  this  coast.     See  A.  D.  1508. 

6  The  women   of  this  place  were  remarkably  delicate.     "  Foeminas  a 
cingulo  ad  talum  induuntur,  velaminibusque  diversis  caput  et  pectora  te- 
gunt,  et  pudice  cavent  ne  crus,  aut  pes  illis  visatur."      P.  Martyr,  290. 

7  The  Indians  called  the  place  Quimfech,  -whence  the  name  of  Cam-< 
peachy.    Herrera,  ii.  113. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

ward  of  that  place,  having  landed  his  troops,  to 
protect  his  sailors  while  filling  their  water  casks, 
the  natives  rushed  on  them  with  such  fury,  that 
forty  seven  Spaniards  were  killed  on  the  spot,  and 
one  man  only  escaped  unhurt.  Cordova,  though 
wounded  in  twelve  places,  directed  a  retreat  with 
Sreat  Presence  °f  mind,  and  his  men,  with  much 
difficulty  regaining  the  ships,  hastened  back  to  Cu^ 
ba,  where,  ten  days  after  their  arrival,  Cordova  died 
of  his  wounds.  * 

Newfound*      The  coc^  fishery  on  the  banks  of  Newfoundland 
land  fishe-  had  already  attracted  the  attention  of  several  Eu- 
ropean nations  ;    for  fifty   Spanish,    French,  and 
Portuguese  ships  were  employed  in  it  this  year.  * 

1518. 

Voyage  of      Don  Diego  Velasquez,  governor  of  Cuba,  en- 

Gnjaiva.     COuraged  by  the  account,  that  he  received  from 

those,  who  went  on  the  expedition  with  Cordova, 

now  fitted  out  a  second  armament.      Juan  de   Gri- 

ialva,  to  whom  he  gave  the  principal  command  of 

Discovers    J,  .  .,9  *   :    A»'i:     '>•  »    '   .*%    <•  /-. 

the  Mexi-  the  enterprise,  sailed  on  the  fifth  of  April  from  St. 


-nd  cS  '  ^a&°  ^e  Cuba,  w^k  f°ur   ships  and  two  hundred 

the  coun-   Spanish  soldiers,  to  Yucatan  ;  discovered  the  souths 

try  New    ern  coast  of  the  bay  of  Mexico  to  Panuco  toward 

Florida  5  and  first  called  the  country  New  Spain.3 


I  Purchas,i.  783.  P.  Martyr,  289,  290.  Herrera,  Hi.  113  —  117.  B. 
Diaz,  i.  chap.  i.  Robertson,  i.  book  iii.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  468. 

7,  Anderson  Hist.  Commerce,  ii.  34.  That  respectable  author  says,  this 
is  the  first  account  we  have  of  that  fishery.  But  he  allows,  that  French 
vessels  came  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundland  as  early  as  1504  ;  and  the 
French  writers  are  probably  correct  in  affirming,  that  they  came  that  year 
to  fish.  See  A.  D.  1504.  -  If  Hakluyt's  conjecture  is  right,  we  are  in- 
debted to  Sir  Thomas  Pert  and  Sebastian  Cabot  for  the  above  information 
respecting  the  Newfoundland  fishery.  He  supposes  that  Oviedo,  a  Spanish 
historian,  alludes  to  their  voyage  [See  A.  D.  1516],  when  he  says,  "  That 
in  the  year  1517,  an  English  rover  under  the  colour  of  travelling  to  dis- 
cover, came  with  a  great  ship  unto  the  partea  of  Brasill  on  the  coast  of  the 
Firme  Land,  and  from  thence  he  crossed  over  unto  this  island  of  Hispanio- 
]a"  &c.  This  English  ship,  according  to  Anderson,  had  been  at  New- 
foundland, and  reported  at  Hispaniola  the  above  statement  of  its  fishery. 
See  Hakluyt,  i.  516,  and  iii.  499. 

3  Herrera,  ii.  120.     Purchas,  1.783,   812,  813.     B.  Diaz,  i.  chap.  ii. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  4/ 

tn  this  voyage  he  discovered  the  island  of  Cozu- 
mel  ;  also  an  island,  which  he  called  the  Island  of 
Sacrifices  ;z  and  another,  which  he  called  St. 
Juan  de  Ulua  ;  2  and  heard  of  the  rich  and  exten- 
sive empire  of  Montezuma.  * 

Francis  Garay,  governor  of  Jamaica,  having  ob- 
tained  from  the  bishop  of  Burgos  the  government 
of  the  country  about  the  river  Panuco,  sent  an  ar- 
mament of  three  ships  with  two  hundred  and  forty 
soldiers,  under  the  command  of  Alvarez  Pinedo, 
"who  sailed  to  Cape  Florida,  in  twenty  five 
degrees  north  latitude,  and  discovered  five  hun- 
dred degrees  westward  on  the  northern  coast  of 
the  bay  of  Mexico  to  the  river  Panuco,  in  twenty  three 
degrees  north  latitude,  at  the  bottom  of  the  bay.  4 
This  armament  however  was  defeated  by  the  In- 
dians of  Panuco,  and  one  ship  only  escaped.  s 


Velasquez,  anxious  to  prosecute  the  advantages, 
presented  to  his  view  by  the  expedition  of  Grijalva, 
having  provided  ten  ships  at  the  port  of  St.  Jago, 
appointed  Hernando  Cortes  6  commander  of  the  ar^ 

De  Soils,  i.  20  —  34.  Robertson,  i.  297.  Prince  Chron.  Inttod.  84.  En- 
cyclop.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  MEXIOUE. 

I  "  Because,  going  in  to  view  a  house  of  lime  and  stone,  which  over- 
looked the  rest,  they  found  several  idols  of  a  horrible  figure,  and  a  more 
horrible  worship  paid  to  them  ;  for  near  the  steps,  where  they  were  plac- 
ed, were  the  carcases  of  six  or  seven  men  newly  sacrificed,  cut  to  pieces, 
and  their  entrails  laid  open."  De  Solis,  i.  29. 

a  "  A  little  island,  of  more  sand  than  soil  ;  and  which  lay  so  low,  that 
sometimes  it  was  covered  by  the  sea.  But  from  these  humble  beginnings, 
it  became  the  most  frequented  and  celebrated  port  of  New  Spain,  on  that 
side,  which  is  bounded  by  the  North  Sea."  Ibid.  3  Ibid.  28. 

4  Harris  Voy.  i.  271  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  84. 

5  B.  Diaz,  ii.  162.     This  ship,  says  Diaz,  "joined  us  at  Villa  Rica.1' 

6  He  was  a  native  of  Medellin  in  Estremadura.     He  possessed  an  es- 
tate in  the  island  of  Cuba  ;  where  he  had  been  twice  alcalde.     B.Diaz,  L 
35.     The  Authors  of  the  Universal  History  [xli.  468.]  say,  that  Grijalva, 
finding  that  the  coast  of  New  Spain  furnished  abundance  of  gold,  and  that 
the  inland  country  was  immensely  rich,   formed  a  scheme  for  subduing 
jhis  great  monarchy,  and  imparted  it  to  Cortes.     This  may  be  true  ;  but 
all  the  best  historians  agree  in  ascribing  the  first  movements  of  Cortes, 
in  tins  celebrated  expedition,  to  Velasquez. 


48 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


for  the  in 
Vasion  of 

Mexico. 


Takes  the 
town  of 
Tabasco. 


1519.    mament.       Cortes   sailed  from  Cuba  with  eleveil 
Cortes  sails  ships,  and  five  hundred  and  fifty  Spanish  soldiers, 

from  Cuba  an(J    Janc|eJ  £m  at    tjie    {s\^  of  Coziimel.  x          On 

the  thirteenth  of  March  he  arrived  with  the  whole 
armament  at  the  river  of  Tabasco  or  Grijalva.  Dis- 
embarking his  troops  about  half  a  league  from  the 
town  of  Tabasco,  he  found  the  borders  of  the  river 
filled  with  canoes  of  armed  Indians*  Perceiving 
them  determined  on  hostilities,  he  prepared  to  at- 
tack the  town,  in  which  above  twelve  thousand 
warriors  had  already  assembled.  The  Indians,  ob- 
serving this  preparation,  assailed  his  troops  in  pro- 
digious numbers  ;  but  were  driven  back  by  the 
Spaniards,  who,  having  effected  a  landing,  entered 
the  town  ; z  and  Cortes  took  formal  possession  of 
the  country  for  the  king  of  Spain. 3  The  next  day 
he  marched  out  with  his  troops  to  a  plain,  where 
he  was  met  by  an  immense  body  of  Indians,  who, 
falling  furiously  on  the  Spaniards,  wounded  above 
seventy  by  the  first  discharge  of  their  weapons. 
The  Spanish  artillery  did  great  execution  ;  but 
when  the  cavalry  came  to  the  charge,  the  Indians,  im- 
agining the  horse  and  rider  to  be  one,  were  extremely 
terrified,  and  fled  to  the  adjacent  woods  and  marsh*- 
es,  leaving  the  field  to  the  Spaniards.4 

I  B.  Diaz  [i.  47,  48.]  says,  at  a  review  of  the  troops  at  this  island,  they 
•amounted  to  508,  the  mariners  (of  whom,  there  were  109)  not  included  ; 
and  subjoins,  "  We  had  1 6  cavalry,  II  ships,  13  musketeers,  10  brass  field 
pieces,  4  falconets,  and  (as  well  as  I  recollect)  31  cross  bows  with  plenty 
of  ammunition;" 

1  Tobacco  is  said  to  have  been  first  discovered  by  the  Spaniards  near  this 
place,  though  it  is  assigned  to  the  next  year  :  "  Cette  plante  [Tabac]  acre 
et  caustique  trouvee,  eri  1520,  pres  de  Tabasco  dansle  golfe  du  Mexujue." 
Precis  Sur  L'Amerique,  p.  116. 

3  Drawing  his  sword,  he   gave  three  cuts  with  it  into  a  great  ceiba 
tree,  which  stood  in  the  area  of  a  large  enclosed  court,  and  said,  that 
against  any,  who  denied  his  majesty's  claim,  he  was  ready  to  defend  and 
maintain  it  with  the  sword  and  shield,  which  he  then  held.  B.Diaz,i.6f. 

4  B.  Diaz,  i.  57 — 66.     De  Solis,  i.  80 — 87.      P.  Martyr  [308.]  gives  a 
very  lively  description  of  this  action  :  "  Miraculo  perculsi  miseri  hjesita- 
bant,  neque  exercendi  tela  locus  dabatur.      Idem  animal  arbitrabantur 
hominem  equo  annexum,   uti  de  Centauris  exorta  est  fabella."     A  town 
was  afterward  founded  on  the  spot  where  this  battle  wus  fought,   anil 
named  Santa  Maria  de  La  Vitoria.    B.  Diaz,  i.  67. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  49 

Cortes  next  sailed  to  St.  Juan  de  Ulua,  where  he  1519* 
disembarked  his  troops,  and  constructed  temporary  April  22 
barracks.     At  this  place  he  received  ambassadors  f  ™ 
from  Montezuma,  king  of  Mexico,  with  rich  pre-  uka. 
;£etits  ;    and  a  message,  expressing  the  readiness  of  Receive* 
that  sovereign  to  render  the  Spaniards  any  services,  ambassa- 

_          ,.  .  °     «.,.,.         .  .  J       •   •  dors  frcm. 

but  his  entire  disinclination  to  receive  any  visits  at  Mexico. 
Iris  court.  After  repeated  and  mutual  messages  and 
gifts,  Montezuma  caused  his  ambassadors  to  declare, 
that  he  would  not  consent,  that  foreign  troops  should 
appear  nearer  his  capital,  nor  even  allow  them  to  con- 
tinue longer  in  his  dominions. *  "  Truly  this  is  a 
great  monarch  and  rich,"  said  Cortes  ;  "  with  the 
permission  of  God,  we  must  see  him."  The  bell 
tolling  for  Ave  Maria  at  this  moment,  and  all  the 
Spaniards  falling  on  their  knees  before  the  cross, 
the  Mexican  noblemen  were  very  inquisitive  to 
know  what  was  meant  by  this  ceremony.  Father 
Bartholome  de  Qlnredo,2  on  the  suggestion  of 
Cortes,  explained  to  them  the  Christian  doctrines  ; 
and  they  promised  to  relate  all,  that  they  had  seen 
and  heard,  to  their  sovereign.  He  at  the  same 
time  declared  to  them,  that  the  principal  design  of 
the  mission  of  the  Spaniards  was,  to  abolish  the 
practice  of  human  sacrifices,  injustice,  and  idola- 
trous worship.3  * 

While  at  St.  Juan  de  Ulua,  the  lord  of  Zempoalla 
Sent  five  ambassadors  to  solicit  the  friendship  of 
Cortes,  who  readily  agreed  to  a  friendly  correspon- 
dence.4 Cortes  now  incorporated  a  town,  and 
named  it  Villa  Rica  de  Vera  Cruz,  designing,  how- 
ever, to  settle  it  at  another  place. s  In  the  first 
council,  holden  after  this  incorporation,  Cortes  re- 
nounced the  title  of  captain  general,  which  he  had 

1  Robertson,  ii.  book  v. 

2  He  was  chaplain  to  the  expedition,  and  not  less  respectable   for  wis- 
dom than  virtue.     Robertson. 

3  B.  Biaz,  i.  84,  85.     De  Soils,  i.  122. 

4  De  Solis,  i.  129,  130.  5  Ibid.  131,  132. 

H  * 


50  •  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1519.  holden  from  Diego  Velasquez,  and  the  town  Taut 
people  elected  him  to  the  same  office. *  The  council 
of  Vera  Cruz  now  wrote  to  the  king  of  Spain,  giving 
an  account  of  their  new  town,  and  beseeching  him, 
that  he  would  grant  Cortes  a  commission  of  captain 
general  in  confirmation  of  that,  which  he  now  held 
from  the  town  and  troops,  without  any  dependence 

July  16.    oll  Dieoro  Velasquez.     Cortes  having  written  at  the 

Sends  dis-  .°  .    .         ,  .  r  -,. 

patches  to  same  time  to  the  king,  giving  mm  assurance  or  nis 
Spain.  hopes  of  bringing  the  Mexican  empire  to  the  obe* 
dience  of  his  majesty,  sent  dispatches  by  one  of  his 
ships  to  Spain,  with  a  rich  present  to  king  Charles.-* 
This  present  partly  consisted  of  articles  of  gold  and 
silver,  received  from  Montezuma  ;  and  those  were 
the  first  specimens  of  these  metals,  sent  to  Spain, 
from  Mexico.3  Four  Indian  chiefs,  with  two  fe- 
male attendants,  now  went  voluntarily  to  Spain.4 
Cortes  had  some  time  since  received  the  ultimate 
order  of  Montezuma  to  depart  instantly  out  of  his 
dominions  ;s  but  that  mandate,  like  the  former 
messages,  being  preposterously  accompanied  with 
a  present,  served  merely  to  inflame  desires,  already 
kindled,  and  to  renew  the  request  of  an  audience.- 
Intent  on  his  design,  he  first  marched  through  Zem- 
poalla  to  Chiahuitzla,  about  forty  miles  to  the 
northward  of  St.  Juan  de  Ulua,  and  there  settled 
SettiesVera  the  town  of  Villa  Rica  de  Vera  Cruz,  and  put  it  in 
a  posture  of  defence. 6  Determined  to  conquer,  or 
to  die,  he  now  completely  destroyed  his  fleet,  and 
commenced  his  march  toward  Mexico.7  Having 

I  B.  Diaz,  i.  91.     De  Soils,  i.  chap.  vii. 

a  De  Soils,  i.  168,  169. 

3  Clavigero,  i.  425,  426.     4  P.  Martyr,  311. 

5  Robertson,  ii.  book  v. 

6  "  Till  then  it  moved  with  the  army,  though  observing  its  proper 
distinctions  as  a  republic."     De  Sohs,  i.  152.      It  was  now  settled   on  the 
plain  between  the  sea  and  Chiahuitzla,  half  a  league  from  that  tovn  [ibid.], 
and  100  miles  south  east  of  the  city  of  Mexico.      It  has  since  become  a 
city,  remarkable  for  the  great  traffic  carried  on  between  the  opulent  coun- 
tries of  Spanish  America  and  Old  Spain.     Europ.  Settlements,  i.  75. 

7  De  Solis,  171,  177,     He  took  with  him  500  men,  15  horse,  and  6 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  51 


passed,  unmolested,  through  several  Indian  towns, 
which,  /  through  the    influence  of  Zempoalla   and 

Uti   •    i       •       i  G  •  T  r          r  •          11  CCS  hi? 

Chiaiiuitzla,  were  previously  in  the  inendly  con-  march 
federacy,  he,  with  extreme  difficulty,  passed  an  .vvard 
abrupt  and  craggy  mountain,  and  entered  the  pro*  K 
vince  of  Zocothlan.  Here  he  received  information 
of  Tlascala,  and  resolved  to  pass  through  that  pro- 
vince on  his  way  to  Mexico.  Approaching  nigh 
to  its  confines,  he  sent  four  Zempoallans,  of  great 
eminence,  as  envoys,  to  obtain  a  passage  through 
the  country.  The  messengers  being  detained, 
Cortes  proceeded  in  his  march,  and  first  successful- 
ly engaged  five  thousand  Tlascalan  Indians,  who 
were  in  ambush  ;  and  afterward  the  whole  power 
of  their  republic.  The  Tlascalans,  after  suffer- 
ing great  slaughter  in  repeated  assaults  on  the 
Spaniards,  concluded  a  treaty,  in  which  they  yieldr 
ed  themselves  as  vassals  to  the  crown  of  Castile, 
and  engaged  to  assist  Cortes  in  all  his  future  opera- 
rations.  He  took  the  republic  under  his  protect- 
ion, and  promised  to  defend  the  persons  and  pos-  gept>  ^^ 
sessions  of  its  inhabitants  from  injury  or  violence;  Enters  the 
and  now  entered  its  capital  without  molestation.  ' 

Taking  with  him  several  thousand  of  his  new 
allies,  he  renewed  his  march  ;  3  and,  after  having 
forced  his  way  through  the  most  formidable  oppo- 
sition, and  eluded  various  stratagems,3  formed  by 

field  pieces  ;  and  left  the  rest  of  his  troops,  as  a  garrison,  in  Villa  Rica. 
The  lord  of  Zempoalla  supplied  him  with  provisions,  and  2OO  of  those 
Indians,  called  Tamemes,  whose  office  was,  to  carry  burdens,  and  perform 
all  servile  labour.  Robertson,  ii.  book  v. 

1  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.     De  Solis,  i.   178—230.     B.  DiaE,  i.  chap.  vi. 
"  We  entered  the  territory  of  Tlascala,"  says  B.  Diaz,  "  24  days  before  our 
arrival  at  the  chief  city,  which  was  on  the  23d  of  September,  1519." 

2  He  had  remained  about  20  days  in  Tlascala,  to  receive  the  homage 
of  the  principal  towns  of  the  republic,  and  of  their  confederates.  De  Solis. 
Authors  differ  in  respect  to  the  number  of  Tlascalans,  that  Cortes  took 
with  him,     B.  Diaz  saya  2OOO  ;  Herrera,  3000  ;  Cortes  himself  says  6000. 
De.  Solis,  i.  264. 

3  At  Chohsla  in  particular,  a  large  city,  j  leagues  distant  from  Tlasca- 
la, and  20  from  Mexico,  a  plot  for  the  destruction  of  the  Spaniards  beinjj 
discovered,  Cortes  directed  his  troops  and  allies  to  fall  on  the  inhabitants, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1519.  Montezuma  to  obstruct  his  progress,  he  arrived  a^ 
Iztapalapan,1    six  miles  distant  from  Mexico,  and 
made  a  disposition  for  an  entrance  into  that  great 
city. z     Meanwhile  Montezuma,  baffled  in  all  his- 
schemes  for  keeping  the  Spaniards  at  a  distance, 
found  Cortes  almost  at  the  gates  of  his  capital,  be- 
fore he  was  resolved,  whether  to  receive  him  as  a 
friend,  or  to  oppose  him  as  an  enemy. 3     The  next 
day  Cortes  marched  his  army,  consisting  of  about 
four  hundred  and  fifty  Spaniards  and  six  thousand 
confederate   Indians,  along    the  grand  causeway, 
which  extended  in  a  straight  line  to  the  city  of 
Mexico.     It  was  crowded  with  people,  as  were  also, 
all  the  towers,  temples,  and  causeways,  in  every 
part  of  the  lake,  attracted  to  behold  such  men  and 
animals,  as  they  had  never  before  seen.4     To  the 
Spaniards  every  thing  appeared  wonderful.     The 
objects,  great  in  themselves,  were  probably  magni- 
fied in  their  view  by  contrast  with  their  own,  weak-, 
ness,  and  by  perpetual  apprehension  of  meeting  a 
desperate  enemy  in  a  monarch,  the  extent  of  whose 
power  was  incalculable.     As  the  Spaniards  advanc-. 
ed,  beside  numerous  towns,  seen  at  a  distance  on, 
the  lake,  they  discovered  the  great  city  of  Mexico, 
<c  elevated  to  a  vast  degree  above  all  the  rest,  and 
carrying  an  air  of  dominion  in  the  pride  of  her 
buildings/' s      When  they  drew  near  the  city,  a 
great  number  of  the  lords  of  the  court  came  forth 
to  meet  them,  adorned  with   plumes,  and  clad  in 
mantles  of  fine  cotton  \    and  announced  the  ap- 

6000  of  whom  were  killed  without  the  loss  of  a  single  SpaniaAl.  Robert- 
ion,  ii.  book  v.  Clavigero,  ii.  52. 

i  A  large  and  beautiful  city,  which  contained  at  that  time  more  than 
I2,ooo  houses,  and  was  situated  towards  the  point  of  a  peninsula,  from 
which  a  paved  causeway,  8.  yards  wide,  extended,  without  varying  the 
least  from  a  right  line,  to  the  southern  gate  of  the  great  temple  in  Mexi- 
co. Clavigero.  ii.  62,  65.  B.  Diaz,  i.  188.  Clavigero  says,  this  cause- 
way extended  more  than  7  miles  ;  but  the  temple,  to  which  it  led,  wa* 
about  a  mile  and  a  half  within  die  city  of  Mexico.  Ibid. 

2-  De  Solis.  i.  296.         3  Robertson,  ii.  book  v. 

4  B.  Diaz,  i.  188, 189.        5  De  Solis,  i,  2.90., 


X 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  53 

proach  of  Montezuma.  Soon  after  appeared  two  1519- 
hundred  persons,  in  a  uniform  dress,  marching  two 
and  two,  in  deep  silence,  barefooted,  with  their 
eyes  fixed  on  the  ground.  Next  followed  a  com- 
pany of  higher  rank,  in  showy  apparel,  in  the  midst 
of  wrhom  was  Montezuma,  in  a  most  magnificent 
litter,  borne  by  his  principal  nobility.  When  Cor- 
tes was  told,  that  the  great  Montezuma  approach- 
ed, he  dismounted,  and  respectfully  advanced  to- 
ward him.  Montezuma  at  the  same  time  alighted, 
and,  supported  by  some  of  his  chief  princes,  ap- 
proached with  a  slow  and  stately  pace,  in  a  superb 
dress,  his  attendants  covering  the  streets  with  cot- 
ton cloths,  that  he  might  not  touch  the  ground. 
After  mutual  salutations,  Montezuma  conducted  Nov-  *•> 
Cortes  to  the  quarters,1  which  he  had  prepared  in  Mexico, 
the  city  for  his  reception,  and  immediately  took 
leave  of  him,  with  the  most  courtly  expressions  of 
hospitality  and  respect.  Cortes  took  instant  pre- 
caution for  security.  He  planted  the  artillery  so, 
as  to  command  the  different  avenues,  that  led  to  the 
place  ;  appointed  a  large  division  of  his  troops  to  *be 
always  ou  guard  ;  and  posted  sentinels  at  proper 
stations,  with  injunctions  to  observe  the  same  vigi- 
lant discipline,  as  if  they  were  in  sight  of  an  ene- 
my's camp.3 

Cortes,  knowing  that  his  safety  depended  on  the  Cortes  re- 
will  of  a  monarch,  in   whom   he  had  no   right   to  so)ves  to 
confide,  determined,  with  unexampled  temerity,  to  tezum,i.°n 
seize  Montezuma  in  his  own  palace,  and  bring  him, 
as  a  prisoner,  to  the  Spanish  quarters.       Having 
properly  posted  his  troops,  he  took  five  of  his  prime 
officers  and  as   many  soldiers,  thirty  chosen  men 

1  A  palace,  built  by  king  Axajacatl,  the  father  of  Montezuma  ;  which 
was  so  large,  as  to  accommodate  both  the  Spaniards  and  their  allies,  who 
together  with  their  attendant  women  and  servants  exceeded  7000.     Cla- 
vigero,  ii.  65. 

2  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.      B.  Diaz,  i.  chap.  viii.     De  Solis,  i.  209 — 310* 
jGlavigero,  ii.  63 — 66. 


54  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

*510-'  following  at  a  distance,  as  if  without  any  other  ob* 
ject  but  curiosity,  and,  at  the  usual  hour  of  visiting 
Montezuma,  went  directly  to  the  palace,  where  they 
were  admitted  without  suspicion. *  An  assault, 
lately  made  on  the  garrison  at  Vera  Cruz,  and  a, 
treacherous  attempt  against  the  Spaniards  at  Cho- 
lula  on  their  march  toward  Mexico,  were  made  the 
pretext  for  a  charge  against  Montezuma.  Satisfac- 
tion was  demanded  of  the  astonished  sovereign,  who 
endeavoured  to  explain  and  exculpate.  Nothing 
satisfied.  It  v/as  expected,  that  he  would  go  to 
the  Spanish  quarters,  as  an  evidence  of  his  confi- 
dence and  attachment.  On  his  resenting  this  indig- 
nity, an  altercation  of  three  hours  succeeded,  when 
an  impetuous  young  Spaniard  proposing  instantly 
to  seize  him,  or  stab  him  to  the  heart,  the  intimi- 
dated monarch  abandoned  himself  to  his  destiny. 
Consenting  to  accompany  the  Spaniards,  he  called 
his  officers  and  communicated  to  them  his  resolu-* 
tion.  Though  astonished  and  afflicted,  they  pre- 
sumed  not  to  dispute  his  will,  but  carried  him  "  in 
s*lent  PomP'  a11  bathed  in  tears,"  to  the  Spanish 
Spanish  quarters.  The  principal  persons,  concerned  in  the 
assault  at  Vera  Cruz,  who  had  been  sent  for  by 
Montezuma  himself,  having  been  tried  by  a  Span-, 
ish  court  martial,  were  burnt  alive.  Cortes,  con- 
vinced that  they  would  not  have  ventured  to  make 
the  attack  without  orders  from  their  master,  put 
Montezuma  in  fetters  during  their  execution  ;  a 
monitory  sign,  that  the  measure  of  his  humiliation 
and  of  his  woes  was  nearly  full.  During  six 
months,  in  which  the  Spaniards  remained  in  Mexi- 
co, he  continued  in  their  quarters,  attended  by  his 
officers,  with  the  external  appearance  and  the  an- 
cient forms  of  government,  but  in  personal  sub- 
jection to  a  foreign  and  intrusive  power.  By  the 

I  This  was  eight  days  after  the  arrival  of  the  Spaniards  at  Mexico 
B.  Diaz. 


AMERICA^  ANNALS.  55 

bersuasion  of  Cortes,  Montezuma  acknowledged  °^ns  him; 

ir  i       p     i        i  •  r  /^         •  i  i      i  j   i  •      se"  a  vassa* 

himselr  a  vassal  or  the  king  or  Castile,  to  hold  his  Of  Castile, 
crown  of  him,  as  superior,  and  to  subject  his  do- 
minions to  the  payment  of  an  annual  tribute.  *  He 
How  firmly  expressed  his  desires  and  expectations, 
that  Cortes,  having  finished  his  embassy,  would 
take  his  departure. * 

1520. 

At  this  juncture  a  fleet  and  army,  sent  against  Cort** 
Cortes  by  Velasquez,  under  the  command  of  Parn-  against 
philo  de  Narvaez,  made  a  fruitless  attempt  to  re-  Narvaez; 
duce  the  Spaniards  of  Vera  Cruz.      Cortes,  hav- 
ing made  overtures  of  peace,   that  were  rejected  by 
Narvaez,  departed  from  Mexico,  leaving  a  part  of 
his  forces  in  that  city  under  Alvarado,  and  marched  Conquer* 
to    Zempoalla,     where    he  attacked    Narvaez    in him- 
his   quarters,  obtained   the   victory,   and   obliged 
his   troops  to    serve   under  his  banner.     Receiv-  _ 

11-  i  T         -m/r      •  Returns  td 

ing  intelligence,  that  the  Mexicans  had  taken  up  Mexico  i* 
arms   agahlst    the  Spaniards,    whom  he  left  with  June* 
Montezuma,  he  now  marched  back,  strongly   rein- 
forced, to  Mexico.3 

Alvarado,  it  appears,  in  the  apprehension  of  dan- 
ger from  the  Mexicans,  who  were  enraged  at  the 
detention  of  their  sovereign,  had  fallen  on  them 
while  they  were  dancing  at  a  festival  in  honour  of 
their  gods>  and  mutual  hostilities  had  succeeded. 

i  Robertson,  ii.  book  y.  Montezuma  accompanied  this  profession  6f  feal- 
ty and  homage  with  a  magnificent  present  to  his  new  sovereign  ;  and  his 
subjects  followed  the  example.  The  Spaniards  now  collected  all  the 
treasure,  which  they  had  acquired  by  gift  or  violence  ;  and  having  melt- 
ed the  gold  and  silver,  the  value  of  these,  without  including  jewels  and 
various  ornaments,  of  curious  workmanship,  amounted  to  600,000  pesos. 
Robertson,  ii.  book  v.  B.  Diaz  [i.  248.]  says,  upwards  of  600,000  crowns. 

a  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.     De  Solis,  i.  book  iii. 

,  3  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.  Clavigero  says,  that  140  soldiers,  v/ith  all  their 
allies,  had  been  left  in  Mexico  ;  that  Cortes  now  returned  to  that  city 
with  an  army  of  1300  Spanish  infantry,  96  horses,  and  aooo  Tlascalans  J 
and  that  his  combined  forces  amounted  to  9000  men.  Hist.  Mex.  ii.  96, 
1OJ,  JOi.  They  inarched  into  Mexico  24  June.  Ibid. 


55  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

T  s2o.  Cortes,  on  his  arrival  at  Mexico,  assumed  a  haugh- 
ty air  and  indignant  tone,  both  toward  the  captive 
king  and  his  people.  Irritated  afresh,  the  Mexicans 
fell  furiously  on  a  party  of  Spaniards  in  the  streets, 
and  attacked  their  quarters  at  the  same  moment. 
Early  the  next  morning  the  Spaniards,  sallying 
out  with  their  whole  force,  wrere  met  by  the  whole 
force  of  the  Mexicans  ;  and  after  an  action,  fought 
with  mutual  desperation,  were  compelled  to  retreat 
to  their  quarters.  Having  spent  oiie  day  in  mak- 
ing preparations,  a  hundred  Spaniards  at  day  break 
sallied  out  again,  and,  amidst  showers  of  arrows, 
tngage-  made  their  way  to  the  great  temple,  in  the  upper 
temple.  area  °^  which  five  hundred  nobles  had  fortified 
themselves,  and  were  doing  essential "  injury  with 
stones  and  arrows. T  After  making  three  attempts 
to  ascend  the  temple,  and  as  often  receiving  a  vi- 
gorous repulse,  Cortes,  though  suffering  from  a 
severe  wound  in  his  left  hand,  joined  the  assailants 
in  person,  and,  tying  his  shield  to  his  arm,  began 
to  ascend  the  stairs  with  a  great  part  of  his  men. 
Their  passage  was  obstinately  disputed  ;  but  they 
cit  last  gained  the  upper  area,  where  a  terrible  en- 
gagement, of  three  hours,  ensued;  "  Every  man 
of  us,"  says  Bernal  Diaz,  "  was  covered  with 
blood  ;5>  and  forty  six  Spaniards  were  left  dead  on 
the  spot. 2  Cortes,  ordering  the  temple  to  be  set  on 
fire,  returned  in  good  order  to  his  quarters. 

i  Their  station  was  "  so  very  high  and  neighbouring,"  that  it  entirely 
commanded  the  Spanish  quarters.  Clavigero,  ii-  107*  108.  Robertson 
represents  this  action*  at  the  temple,  as  after  the  death  of  Montezuma  ; 
but  I  follow  Clavigero,  who  followed  Cortes. 

i  B.  Diaz,  i.  310.  Not  one  of  the  poor  Mexicans,  engaged  in  the 
action  survived  it.  Inflamed  by  the  exhortations  of  their  priests,  and  fight- 
ing in  defence  of  their  temples  and  families,  under  the  eye  of  their  gods, 
iind  in  view  of  their  wives  and  children,  they  contemned  death.  Part  of 
them  died  by  the  point  of  the  sword,  and  part  threw  themselves  down 
to  the  lower  floors  of  the  temple,  where  .they  continued  to  fight  until  they 
\vere  all  killed.  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.  Clavigero,  ii.  108.  B.  Diaz  [$.311.-] 
says,  while  the  Spaniards  were  setting  fire  to  the  temple,  above  3000  no* 
Me  Mexicans  with  their  priests  attacked  thorn  with  great  violence,  which 
*aus*d  them  to  retreat. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  57 

The  violence  of  hostilities   still  continuing,   and    1520. 
tihe  situation  of  the  Spaniards  soon  becoming  abso-  *™l™** 
lutely  desperate,  Cortes  applied  to  Montezuma  by  rejected  by 
a  message,  to  address  his  subjects  from  a  terrace,  the  Mexi- 
and  request  them  to  desist  from  their  attacks,  with  " 
an  offer  from   the  Spaniards   to  evacuate  Mexico. 
The  captive  monarch,  standing  at  the  railing  of  the 
terraced  roof,  attended  by  many  of  the  Spanish  sol- 
diers, affectionately  addressed  the  people  below  him^ 
to  that  purpose.     The  chiefs  aiid  nobility,  when 
they  saw  their  sovereign  coining  forward,  called  to 
their  troops  to  stop,  and  be  silent*     Four  of  them, 
approaching  still  nearer  to  him,  addressed  him  with 
great  sympathy  and  respect  ;    but  told  him,   that 
they  had  promised  their  gods,  never  to  desist,  but 
with    the  total  destruction  of  the  Spaniards.     A 
shower  of  arrows  and  stones  now  fell  about  the 
spot  where  Montezuma  stood  ;  but  he  was  protect- 
ed by  the  Spaniards,  who  interposed  their  shields. 
At  the  instant  of  removing  their  shields,  that  Mon- 
tezuma might  resume  his  address,  three  stones  and 
an  arrow  struck  him  to  the  ground.     He  was  car- 
ried to  his  apartment  ;     where  he  died,  in  a  few  Death  of 
days,1   "  less  of  his  wound,  which  was  but  incon-  n^nte"u" 
siderable,  than  of  sorrow  and  indignation."3 

I  B.  Diaz,  i.  257 — 314.  Clavigero,  ii.  103-^-112.  Robertson,  ii.book 
V.  De  Solis  ii.  book  iv.  chap,  xiii — xv. 

a  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  chap.  xi.  Clavigero  [ii.  no.]  thinks  it  proba- 
ble, that  he  died  on  the  36th  of  June.  He  was  in  the  J4th  year  uf  his 
age.  His  body  was  honourably  borne  out,  and  delivered  to  the  Mexicans, 
who  received  it  with  strong  expression's  of  sorrow.  B.  Diaz,  i.  315.  Cla- 
vigero,ii.no.  Of  its  treatment  the  accounts  are  various.  P.  Martyr 
[366]  stops  here.  w  Corpus  h'umandum  civibus  tradiderunt  nostri.  Quid 
ultra  nesciunt."  Montezuma  was  a  prince  of  majestic  and  graceful  pres- 
ence ;  of  vigorous  understanding  ;  of  martial  genius,  and  distinguished 
bravery.  He  was  just,  magnificent,  and  liberal  ;  but  his  justi«e  often  de- 
generated into  cruelty,  and  his  magnificence  and  liberality  were  supported 
by  heavy  burdens  on  his  subjects.  In  every  thing,  pertaining  to  religion, 
he  was  exact  and  punctual,  and  was  jealous  of  the  worship  of  his  gods  and 
the  observance  of  rites.  Though  often  zealously  urged  by  Cortes  to  re- 
nounce his  false  gods,  and  embrace  the  Christian  faith,  he  had  always  re- 
jected the  proposal  with  horror  ;  and  to  this  rejection  he  inflexibly  adher- 
«?d  in  the  prospect  of  death.  Ste  Clavigero  and  Robertson.  Why  did  he 
I 


58  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1520.       The  Mexicans  now  most  violently  attacked  the' 
Spaniards,  who,  making  another   sally  in  return, 
had  twenty    soldiers  slain.      Death  being   before 
their  eyes  in   every  direction,  the  Spaniards  deter-^ 
mined  to  leave  the  city  during  the  night.      On  the 
July  i.    first  of  July,1  a  little  before  midnight,  they  silently 
*>"fe'  commeilced  their  march,  but  were  soon  discovered 
Mex-  by  the  Mexicans,  who  assailed  them  on  all  sides  ; 
ico-  and  it  was  witli  great  loss,   and  the  utmost  hazard 

of  entire  destruction,  that  they  effected  their  retreat. 
On  the  sixth  day,  this  maimed  and  wretched  army, 
pursued  by-  hosts  of  enraged  enemies,  was  compeJ- 
B-ittiaof     led  to  give  them  battle  near  Otompan,  toward  the 
otompun.    collfines  of  the  Thiscalan  territories.     This  battle 
was  extremely  bloody,  and  lasted  upwards  of  four 
hours  ;  but   the  Spaniards,  with  their  Indian  aux- 
iliaries, obtained  a  decisive  victory  ever  the  whole 
July  8.    pov/er  of  Mexico  ;  and,  proceeding  in  their  march, 
iards  enter  Cached  the  city  of  Tlascala,  where,   in  the  bosom 
Tiascaia.     of  their  faithful  ally,  they  found  entire  security. a 

Dec.  28.       Cortes  having  subjugated  the  districts  in  the  vi- 
Cortes       cinitv  of  Tlascala,   and  as  opportunely,  as    fortuit- 

marches  to-  J  7 

**  admit  Cortes  into  his  capital,  and  s:t!/jec£  himself  to  the  grossest  indigni- 
ties, when  he  might  unquestionably  have  e'xpeiled,  if  not  annihilated,  his' 
army  ?  Antonio  De  Siolis,  the  Spanish  historiographer,  is  at  no  loss  for  a 
reas-un  •-  "  The  very  eifects  of  it  have  since  discovered,  that  God  took  the 
reins  into  his  own  hand  on  purpo.se  to  tame  that  monster  ;  making  his  un- 
•usuui  gentleness  instrumental  to  the  first  introduction  of  the  Spaniards, 
a  Le vinn'in'S  from  iv/jsnce  afleri'jard  resulted  tbr  conversion  of  il^oss  beuthsti  na- 
tions" Conquest  Mexico,  ii  141.  We  ought  to  adore  that  Providence, 
which  we  cannot  comprehend ;  but  it  is  impious  to  insult  it  hy  assigning 
such  reasons  for  its  measures,  as  are  contradicted  by  facts.  The  natural 
causes  of  the  abject,  submission  of  Montezuma- may  perhaps  be  traced  to 
a  lonof  and  traditionary  expectation  of  the  subjection  of  the  Mexican  em- 
pire to  a  foreign  power  ;  to  the  predictions  of  soothsayers,  wirh  their  ex- 
positions of  recent  and  present  omens  ;  to  the  forebodings  of  a  supersti- 
tious mind  ;  to  the  astonishment,  excited  by  the  view  of  a  new  race  of 
men  with  unknown  and  surprizing  impleip.ents  of  war  ;  and  to  the  ex- 
traordinary success  of  the  Spanish  arms  from  the  first  momefat  of  the  ar-' 
rival  of  Cortes  on  the  Mexican  coast. 

I  This  disastrous  night  v/as  called  by  the  Spaniards  Node  tristc  ;  and 
by  this  name  it  is  still  distinguished  in  New  Spain.  Clavigero,  ii.  114. 
Robertson,  ii.  book  v. 

a  Clavigero,  ii.  113 — 120.  B.  Diaz,  i.  317 — 333.  These  authors  here 
dll.sr.2rec  ia  their  dates ;  I  follow  CJavigero,  who  thus  adjusted  theltt  aftct 


AMERICAN  ANNALS'.  59 

otisly,  received  afresh  succour  of  men  and  ammuni-    1520. 
don,1  marched  back   toward  the  coast  of  Mexico, 
six  months  after  his  disastrous  retreat,  and  made  an  Enters 
-entry  into  Tezcuco  on  the  last  day  of  the  year. z      Tezcuco. 
Ferdinand  Magellan,  a  Portuguese  gentleman,  on  strata  of 
£  voyacre  for  the  discovery  of  the  Molucca  or  Spice  Magellan 

TIT-        i  •  r  r>  i     i        r  discovered. 

Islands,  in  the  service  or  cpam,  entered  the  famous 
Straits,  which  bear  his  name,  on  the  eleventh  of 
November,  and  on  the  twenty  eighth  of  that  month, 
•entered  the  great  Southern  Ocean,  which  he  called, 
The  Pacific. 5  pi 

1521. 

Cortes,  having  fixed  his  quarters  at  Tezcuco,  re-  Expedition 
solved  to  make  an  assault  on  the  city  of  Iztapala-  a?a:!18t  Iz- 

T  ...  {  .  tapalapan. 

pan. 4     Leaving  a  garrison,  or  more  than  three  hun- 

a  careful  comparison.  Be  Soils,  ii.  178 — 1^9.  Herrera,  iii.  74.  Robert- 
son, ii.  book  v.  Dr.  Robertson  [ibid.  Note  xoi.],  after  examining  the  va- 
jious  accounts  of  the  Spanish  historians,  gives  it  as  his  opinion,  that  the 
loss  of  the  Spaniards,  in  this  retreat  from  Mexico,  cannot  \vc!l  be  estimated 
at  less  than  600  men..  Clavigero  [ii.  ir6.],  following  the  computation  of 
Gomara,  inclines  to  the  opinion,  that  "  there  fell/'  on  the  sti/  n^btt  "  be- 
side 450  Spaniards,  more  than  4000  auxiliaries,  and- among  them,  as  Cor- 
tes says,  all  the  Cholulans  4  almost  all  the  prisoners  the  men  and  women, 
who  were  in  the  service  of  the  Spaniards,  were  killed,  also  40  horses  ; 
.and  all  the  riches,  they  had  amassed,  all  their  artillery,  and  all  the  manu- 
scripts belonging  to  Cortes,  containing  an  account  of  every  thing  which 
had  happened  to  the  Spaniards  until  that  period,  were  lorf."  Many  of 
the  Spanish  prisoners  were  inhumanly  sacrificed  in  the  great  temple  of 
Mexico.  Ibid.  120. 

I  A  merchantman  from  the  Canaries,  with  fire  arms,  powder,  and  war- 
like provisions,  coming  to  trade  at  Vera  Cruz,  the  captain,  master,  and 
^3  Spanish  soldiers,  wlio  had  come  to  seek  their  fortunes,  went  with  Cor- 
ps' commissary  to  the  camp,  and  joined  the  army.  .Cortes  received  some 
•other  reinforcements  about  this-  time,  "  beyond  all  expectation."  De  Soils, 
ii.  aj4,  255,  Robertson,  ii.  book  v. 

^  a  eiavigero,  ii.  138,  139.  Tezcuco  was  the  second  city  of  the  empire, 
•situated  on  jtfie  'banks  of  the  Mexican  lake,  about  twenty  miles  from  Mex- 
ico. 'Jlobejtson,  ii.  hook  v. 

3  Herrera,  iii.  ^yf,     Encyc.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  PACIJTIQUE.  Prince 
Chron.  Intrutl.  85.     Harris  Voy.  i.  ia — 19,  w!u>re  there  is  an  entire  account 
of  this  voyage.     Magellan  sailed  from   Seville  10  August  1519,    with  5 
ships  and  234  men  ;  and  in  Decembw;  of  that  year  discovered  Patagonia. 
See  Herreru,  ii.  175,  176.     Robertson,  ii.  375.     Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  215. 
Biblioth.  Americana,  53.     Encyc.   Methodise,  Geog.  Art.  MAGELLAN. 
Venegas  California,  i.  120, 

4  This  was  in  revenge  for  the  offences,  received  from  its  ancient  lord 
•Cuitlahuatzin,  whom  Cortes  knew  to  be  the  author  of  the  memorable  de- 
feat of  the  first  of  July.     Clavigero,  ii.  142. 


60  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1521.  dred  Spaniards  and  many  allies,  under  the  command 
of  Gonzales  de  Sandoval,  he  marched  with  upwards 
of  two  hundred  Spaniards,  and  more  than  three 
thousand  Tlascalans,  with  many  of  the  Tezcucau 
nobility,  who  were  met  by  some  troops  of  the  ene- 
my, that  fought  them,  but  retreated.  The  assail- 
ing army,  on  entering  Iztapalapan,  and  rinding  it 
almost  entirely  evaluated,  began  in  the  night  to. 
sack  the  city  ;  and  the  Tlascalans  set  fire  to  the 
houses.  The  light  of  this  conflagration  discovering 
to  them  the  water  overflowing  the  canals,  and  be- 
ginning to  inundate  the  city,  a  retreat  was  sound- 
ed 5  but  so  far  had  the  inundation  risen,  that 
the  Spaniards  made  their  passage  back  with  difficul- 
ty ;  some  of  the  Tlascalans  were  drowned  ;  and 
the  greatest  part  of  the  booty  was  lost. *  This 
disaster  was  soon  compensated  by  new  confedera- 
cies, formed  with  several  neighbouring  cities  by 
means  of  their  ambassadors. a 

Cortes,  who  never  relinquished  the  thought  of 

Bncantmes    ,  r    _  ,  111  i 

transported  the  conquest  or  Mexico,  had  taken  care  to  have 
thirteen  brigantines  built,  while  he  was  at  Tlascala, 
in  aid  of  the  great  enterprise. 3  These  vessels  he 
now  caused  to  be  transported  by  land  to  Tezcuco. 
The  command  of  the  convoy,  consisting  of  two, 
hundred  foot  soldiers,  fifteen  horsemen,  and  two 

I  Clavlgero,  ii.  142,  143.  B.  Diaz,  ii.  34,  35.  The  citizens,  in  order 
to  drown  all  their  enemies,  broke  the  mole  of  the  lake,  and  entirely  delug- 
ed the  city.  Two  Spaniards  only  and  one  horse  were  lost ;  hut  upwards 
of  6000  of  the  hostile  natives  were  slain.  Ibid.  B.Diaz,  says  [ii.  48.], 
that  he  received  a  wound  in  hi*  throat,  "  the  marks  of  which,"  he  adds, 
<f  I  carry  to  this  day." 

1  Ibid. 

3  He  had  obtained  of  the  Senate  100  men  of  burden,  for  the  transpor- 
tation of  the  sails,  cordage,  iron,  and  other  materials  of  the  vessels,  which 
he  had  unrigged  the  preceding  year,  with  a  view  to  this  very  use ;  and 
for  tar  had  extracted  turpentine  from  the  pines  of  a  neighbouring; 
mountain.  The  materials  wer,e  so  prepared,  that  they  might  be  carried 
in  pieces  ready  to  be  put  together. '  The  first  brigantine  was  built  by 
JMartino  Lopez,  a  Spanish  soldier,  who  was  an  engineer  in  the  army  of 
Cortes.  After  that  model  the  other  twelve  were  built  by  the  Tlascalans. 
Clavigero,  ii.  135,146.  Robertson. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

pieces,  he  gave  to  Sandoval. *  Eight  thousand 
Tlascalans  carried  on  their  backs  the  beams,  sails, 
and  other  materials,  necessary  for  their  construc- 
tion ;  two  thousand  were  loaded  with  provisions  ; 
and  thirty  thousand  were  armed  for  defence,  under 
the  command  of  three  Indian  chiefs,  *  After  seve- 
ral expeditions  into  the  neighbouring  country  ;  4 
fruitless  attempt  at  a  negociation  with  Mexico  ; 
and  the  suppression  of  a  conspiracy  against  his  own 
life  ;  Cortes  made  his  final  preparation  for  the 
seige  of  Mexico.  On  the  twenty  eighth  of  April.  T: 

,    o         .  .  ,  11.°  ii/r      •  Launched,, 

the   bngantmes  were  Jaundice!  into  t|ie  Mexican, 
lake.  Notice  of  the  grand  movements  was  given  to  the 
allies,  who  now  poured  into  Tezcuco,  in  great  num- 
bers, to  the  aid  of  the  Spaniards.  On  the  twentieth  of 
May  Cortes  collected  his  people  in  the  great  market 
place  of  Tezcuco,  and  made  a  disposition  of  them  for 
the  siege.  The  whole  army,  destined  for  this  service,  for  the 
consisted  of  nine  hundred  and  seventeen  Spaniards,  ^Sko 
and   mor.e    than    seventy  five    tlious'and    auxiliary 
troops,  which  number  was   soon  after  increased  to 
more  than  two  hundred  thousand. 3    Cortes,  resolv-  May  30 
ed    to    possess    himself  of    the  -three    causeways  B*8?nntn 
of  Tlacopan,  Iztapalapan,   and  Cojolmacan,  divid-  siege. 
ed  his  army   into  three  bodies,  and  committed  the 
expedition  of  Tlacopan  to  Pedro  de  Alvarado  ;  that 
of  Cojohuacan  to  Christopher  de  Olid  ;  and  that  of 

I  Sandoval  had  orders  to  proceed  by  a  place,  called  by  the  Spaniards 
Puebla  Moresca,  to  inflict  an  exemplary  punishment  on  the  inhabitants, 
•ivho  had  robbed  and  put  to  death  40  Spanish  soldiers,  who  w«>re  on  their 
march  from  Vera  Cruz  to  Mexico,  for  the  relief  of  Alvarado.  In  the 
temples  at  that  place  were  found  many  traces  of  their  blood  upon  the 
walls  ;  their  idols  were  besmeared  with  it  ;  "  and  we  fcur.d,"  says  E.  Di- 
az, "  the  skine  of  two  of  their  facus  with  their  beards,  dressed  like  leather, 
and  hung  upon  the  altars,  as  were  also  the  shoes  of  four  horses,  together 
with  their  skins,  very  well  dressed."  True  Hist.  Mex.  ii.  40. 

a  Clavigero,  ii.  146.  U.  Diaz,  ii.  41.  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.  ]3ut  these 
authors  differ  from  each  other  in  their  account  of  the  number  of  armed 
Indians,  that  guarded  this  convoy.  I  have  followed  Clavigero.  The  line 
of  march,  according  to  B.  Diaz,  extended  in  some  places,  above  6  miles ; 
and  the  entire  materials  for  i  j  bri^untines  were  thus  carried  over  laud, 
tiirough  a  mountainous  country,  60  miles.  3  Clavigero,  ii.  j6o» 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Iztapalapan  to  Gonzalo  deSandoval.  Cortes  him* 
self  took  the  command  of  the  brigantines. l  After 
several  days,  spent  in  various  acts  of  hostility,  Cor-, 
tes,  with  much  difficulty,  effected  an  entrance  into 
the  great  square  of  the  city  \  but  was  so  violently 
assailed  by  the  citizens,  that  he  found  it  expedient 
to  retreat.2  Twenty  days  having  passed,  during 
which  the  Spaniards  had  made  continual  entrance 
into  the  city,  Cortes  determined  on  a  general  as* 
July  3.  sault.  On  the  appointed  day  he  marched  with 
Attempt  to  t\yenty  five  horses,  all  his  infantry,  and  more  than 
£kybV  a  hundred  thousand  .allies  ;  his  brigantines,  with 
storm.  more  than  three  thousand  canoes,  forming  the  two 
wings  of  his  army  on  each  side  of  the  causeway. 
Having  entered  the  city  with  little  opposition,  and 
commenced  a  most  vigorous  action,  the  Mexicans 
made  some  resistance,  and  then  feigned  a  retreat. 
The  Spaniards,  pushing  forward  with  emulation  to 
enter  the  square  of  the  market,  unwarily  left  be- 
hind them  a  broad  gap  in  the  causeway,  badly  filled 
up  ;  and  the  priests  at  this  instant  blew  the  horn 
of  the  god  Painalton,3  when  a  multitude  of  Mexi- 
cans assembling,  and  pouring  with  fury  upon  the; 
Spaniards  and  allies,  threw  them  into  confusion, 
Repulse,  and  compelled  them  to  retreat  precipitately.  In  at- 
tempting to  pass  the  gap,  apparently  filled  up  with 
faggots  and  other  light  materials,  it  sunk  with  the 
weight  and  violence  of  the  multitude  ;  when  Span- 
iards, Tlascalans,  horsemen,  and  infantry,  plunged 
in  promiscuously  ;  the  Mexicans  at  the  same  mo- 
ment rushing  upon  them  fiercely  on  every  side.  A 

I  To  Alvarado  he  assigned  30  horses,  168  foot  soldiers,  20,000  Tlasca- 
lans, and  1  pieces  of  .artillery ;  to  Olid,  33  horses,  168  foot  soldiers,  3> 
j>ieces  of  artillery,  and  more  than  25,000  allies;  to  Sandoval,  24  horses, 
163  Spanish  infantry,  2  cannons,  and  more  than  30,000  allies.  Aniqng 
the  hrigantines  he  distributed  325  Spaniards,  and  13  falconets  ;  assigning 
to  each  brigantine  a  captain,  12  soldiers,  and  as  many  rowers.  Clavigero, 
ii.  160.  2  Ibid.  162 — 367. 

3  This  horn  was  reserved  for  times  of  extreme  danger,  to  excite  th$ 
people  to  arms.  Clavi^ero, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  63 

tremendous  conflict  ensued.  Cortes,  who  had  come 
to  the  ditch,  in  aid  of  his  defeated  troops,  was  at 
length  bringing  them  off,  when  he  was  seized  by 
six  chiefs,  who  had  cautiously  taken  him  alive,  "  t6 
honour  their  gods  with  the  sacrifice  of  so  illustri- 
ous a  victim,"  and  were  already  leading  him  away 
for  this  purpose.  His  men,  apprized  of  his  capture, 
flew  to  his  aid  ;  and  Christoval  de  Olea,  cutting  off 
with  one  stroke  of  his  sword  the  arm  of  a  Mexican, 
who  held  him,  and  killing  four  of  the  enemy  ^  liberated 
his  general,  at  the  expense  of  his  own  life*  Other  sol- 
diers arriving  to  the  assistance  of  Cortes*  they  took 
him  out  of  the  water  in  their  arms,  and,  placing 
him  on  a  horse,  hurried  him  off  from  the  crowd  of 
his  enemies. * 

Various  acts  of  mutual  and  bloody  hostility  sue* 
ceeded  by  land  and  on  the  Mexican  lake.  Quauh-*' 
temotzin,  the  king  of  Mexico^  though  reduced  to 
the  greatest  distress,  still  obstinately  refusing  to 
surrender,  on  repeated  proposals  of  terms  more 
honourable  and  indulgent,  than,  in  such  an  extrem- 
ity, he  might  perhaps  have  possibly  expected  ;* 

I  B.  Diaz,  11.98 — 100.  Clavigero,  11.174 — 176.  The  loss,  sustained 
by  tke  besiegers  on  that  day,  was  7  horses,  a  number  of  arms  and  boats, 
and  a  piece  of  artillery,  upwards  of  1000  allies,  and  more  than  60  Span- 
iards, some  of  whom  were  killed  in  battle,  but  40  were  .taken"  alive,  and 
immediately  sacrificed  in  the  great  temple  of  Mexico.  The  Mexicans  ce- 
lebrated their  victory  eight  successive  days  with  illuminations  and  music 
in  their  temples.  Ibid,  and  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.  This  celebration  ap- 
pears -to  have  commenced  at  the  instant  of  victory.  "  Before  we  arrived 
at  our  quarters,"  says  B.  Diaz,  "  and  while  the  enemy  were  pursuing  us, 
we  heard  their  shrill  timbais,  and  the  dismal  sound  of  the  great  drum, 
from  the  top  of  the  principal  temple  of  the  god  of  war,  which  overlooked 
the  whole  city.  Its  mournful  noise  was  such  as  may  be  imagined  the  mu- 
sic of  the  infernal  gods,  an<i  it  might  be  heard  at  the  distance  of  almost  three 
leagues.  They  were  then  sacrificing  the  hearts  of  ten  of  our  companions 
to  their  idols."  "  Every  charter  of  the  city,"  says  the  descriptive  Robert- 
son, "  was  illuminated;  the  great  temple  shone  with  such  peculiar  splen- 
dor, that  the  Spaniards  could  plainly  see  the  people  in  motion,  and  the 
priests  busy  in  hastening  the  preparations  for  the  death  of  the  prisoners. 
Through  the  gloom  they  fancied  that  they  discerned  their  companions  by 
the  whiteness  of  thdr  skins,  as  they  were  stript  naked,  and  compelled  t* 
dance  before  the  image  of  the  g6d,  to  whom  they  were  «o  be  6ffered." 

a  In  addition  to  the  daily  loss  of  incredible  numbers  in  action,  famine 
began  to  consume  the  Mexicans  \vilHm  die  city.  The  brigantmes,  hav- 


64  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

4521*  Cortes  began  with  most  of  his  forces  to  attack 

ditches  and  intrenchments  ;  and  Sandoval  with 
another  division  attacked  the  city  in  the  quarter  of 
the  north.  Terrible  was  the  havoc  made  this  day 
among  the  Mexicans,  more  than  forty  thousand  of 
whom,  it  is  affirmed,  were  slain. '  The  stench  of 
the  unburied  carcases  obliged  the  besiegers  to  with- 
draw from  the  city  ;  but  the  next  day  they  return- 
ed, to  make  the  last  assault  on  that  district  of  it, 
which  was  yet  in  possession  of  the  Mexicans. a  All 
last  as-  t|le  three  divisions  of  the  troops,  having  penetrated 
into  the  great  square  in  the  centre  of  the  city,  made 
the  attack  at  once,  and  pressed  so  hard  on  the  fee- 
ble, exhausted  citizens.,  that*  finding  no  place  of 
refuge,  many  threw  themselves  into  the  water,  and 
some  surrendered  themselves  to  the  conquerors. 
The  Mexicans  having  previously  prepared  vessels^ 
to  save  themselves  by  flight  from  the  fury  of  the 
enemy,  one  of  them,  carrying  the  royal  personages^ 
escaped  ;  but  it  was  soon  overtaken  by  a  Spanish 
brigantine,  and  surrendered.  "  I  am  your  prison- 
*c  er,"  said  Ouauhtemotzin,  the  Mexican  king,  to 
the  Spanish  captain  ;  "  I  have  no  favour  to  ask, 
"  but  that  you  will  show  the  queen  my  wife,  and 
"  her  attendants,  the  respect  due  to  their  sex  and 
tc  rank."  When  conducted  to  Cortes,  he  appeared 
neither  with  the  sullen  fierceness  of  a  barbarian, 

ing  the  entire  command  6f  the  lake,  rendered  it  almost  impossible  to  con- 
Vey  to  the  besieged  any  provisions  by  water.  By  means  of  the  vast  num- 
ber of  Indian  auxiliaries,  Cortes  had  shut  up  the  avenues  to  the  city  by 
land.  The  stores,  laid  up  by  Quauhtemotzin,  were  exhausted.  The  com- 
plicated sufferings  of  this  devoted  people  brought  on  infectious  and  mor- 
tal distempers,  "  the  last  calamity,  that  visits  besieged  cities,  and  which 
filled  up  the  measure  of  their  woes."  Robertson,  ii.  bcok  v.  P.  Martyr,  de 
Orb.  Nov.  408. 

i  Clavigero,  ii.  187,  1 88.  On  no  day  was  so  much  Mexican  blood 
spilt.  "  The  wretched  citizens  having  :?ow  neither  arms  to  repel  the  mul- 
titude and  fury  of  their  enemies,  strength  to  defend  themselves,  nor  space 
t»  fight  upon  ;  the  ground  of  the  city  was  covered  with  dead  bodies,  and 
the  water  of  every  ditch  and  canal  purpled  with  blood."  Ibid. 

%  Three  fourths  of  the.  city  wer?  already  reduced,  and  laid  in  nun?. 

Robertson, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  65 

•or  with  the  dejection  of  a  suppliant.  "I  have  1521. 
"  done  what  became  a  monarch.  I  have  defended 
*6  rny  people  to  the  last  extremity.  Nothing  now 
**  rerrviins  but  to  die.  Take  this  dagger,"  continu- 
ed h  %  laying  his  hand  on  one,  which  Cortes  wore 
at  his  side,  "  plant  it  in  my  breast,  and  put  an  end 
46  to  a  life,  which  can  no  longer  be  of  use." x  Cor- 
tes now  ordered,  that  all  the  Mexicans  should  leave 
the  city  without  arms  or  baggage  ;  and  for  three 
days  and  three  nights  all  the  three  roads,  leading 
from  the  city,  were  seen  "  full  of  men,  women,  and 
children,  feeble,  emaciated,  and  dirty,  who  went 
to  recover  in  other  parts"  of  the  Mexican  territory.* 

I  Robertson,  ii.  book  v.  B.  Diaz,  ii.  ill.  Clavigero,  ut  supra.  P. 
Martyr,  409.  "  En  ferrum  quo  me  potes  et  debes  jup-ulare,  exosum  et 
inolestum  mihi  jam  erit  vivere."  But  he  was  reserved  for  a  more  cruel 
destiny.  Quauhtemotzin  was  the  eleventh  and  last  king  of  Mexico.  He 
succeeded  Cuitlahuatzin,  a  brother  of  Monteznma,  formerly  prince  of  Iz- 
tapalapan,  who  was  elected  king,  on  the  death  of  Montezuma  ;  but,  after 
a  reign  of  three  or  four  months,  died  of  the  small  pox.  This  disease,  to- 
tally unknown  before  in  the  New  World,  was  breught  to  the  Mexican 
country  by  a  Moorish  slave,  belonging  to  Narvaez.  He  infected  the 
Chempoallese,  and  thence  the  infection  spread  through  all  the  Mexican 
empire,  where  many  thousands  perished,  and  some  places  were  entirely 
'depopulated.  [Clavigero,  i.  445;  ii.  133.]  No  brother  of  the  two  last 
kings  surviving,  the  Mexicans  chose  Quauhtemotzin,  a  nephew  of  those 
kings,  then  about  23  years  of  age.  His  name  is  commonly  written  Gua- 
timoxin,  or  Guatimotzin.  But  in  the  article  of  language,  and  in  some  other 
particulars,  I  give  preference  to  the  authority  of  the  Abbe  Clavigero,  wh» 
was  a  native  of  Vera  Cruz  ;  resided  nearly  40  years  in  the  provinces  of 
New  Spain  ;  and  acquired  the  language  of  the  Mexicans.  Quauhtemot- 
zin was  in  a  few  days  put  ignominiously  to  the  torture,  by  the  burning  of 
his  feet  slowly  after  they  were  anointed  with  oil,  that  he  might  declare 
where  the  immense  riches  of  the  court  and  temple  were  deposited  ;  and 
about  three  years  after  [15*5]  was  hanged,  together  with  the  kings  of 
Tezcuco  and  Tlacopan,  on  account  of  some  suspicious  circumstances  in 
their  conduct.  This  most  unjust  and  cruel  act  was  blamed  by  all,  and 
«  occasioned  some  watchings  and  melancholy  to  Cortes."  Clavigero,  ii. 
193.  B.  Diaz,  ii.  283,  284.  Robertson,  ii.  book  v. 

1  Mexico  contained  at  this  time  60,000  houses.  [Clavigero,  ii.  72.] 
There  were  at  this  city,  during  the  siege,  200,000  confederate  Indians, 
900  Spanish  foot,  80  horse,  17  pieces  of  small  cannon,  13  brigantines,  and 
6000  canoes.  [Herrera,  iii.  179,  180.  Purchas,  i.  788.]  The  siege  lasted 
75  days,  during  which  time  there  were  60  dangerous  battles  ;  some  thou- 
•tands  of  allies  perished  ;  more  than  100  Spaniards  were  killed  and  sacrific- 
ed ;  and,  according  to  the  best  computation,  more  than  100,000  Mexi- 
cans were  slain,  beside  upward  of  50,000,  who  died  by, famine  or  sick- 
ness. **  The  city  appeared  one  complete  ruin."  Clavigero,  ii.  192,  193, 
4-42.  Hen-era,  iii.  wo,  179.  Robertson,  ii,  book  v,  Harris  Voy.  i.  774. 


60  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1521.  The  fate  of  the  capital  decided  the  fate  of  the  ent~ 
pire,  which  was  soon  after  entirely  reduced  under' 
the  dominion  of  Spain.* 

i/is  Casas  Bartholomew  de  las  Casas,  having  obtained  a 
goes  to  Cu-  commission  from  the  king  of  Spain  to  m'ake  a  peace- 
able religions-  settlement  at  Cumana,  with  orders' 
that  ships  and  seamen  be  provided  far  him  at  the 
royal  charge, a  now  arrived  there  with  three  hun- 
dred artificers,  "  all  wearing  crosses."**  Gonzalo  de~ 
Oc'impo  not  allowing  him  to  execute  his  commission 
without  directions  from  the  governor  of  Hispanic-- 
la,  Las  Casas  went  to  that  Island,  to  obtain  the 
governor's  sanction.  G'onzafy  going  there  also  from 
New  Toledo,  followed  by  many  of  the  inhabitants, 
and  some  of  the  new  colonists  incautiously  trading 
along  the  coast,  contrary  to  the  express  orders  of 
.  Las  Casas  :  the  natives,  seizin?  this  opportunity., 

Yherratives  ' 

break  up     demolished  the  houses  at   CtniKma  ;    burned   the 
this  settle-  monastery  :    and  killed  all  the  golden  knights,  ancf 

merit.  /    '  ,    .  c 

others,  remaining  there,  excepting  a  few,  who  escap- 
ed in  a  small  vessel.  Not  one  Spaniard  was  now 
left  alive,  from  the  gulf  of  Paria  to  the  borders  oF 
Darien. ? 

T  Clavigero,  iL-lxx&-T.  B.  Diar,  \\.  124 — 126.  Robertson,!'.,  book-vi 
;'ng  v/ds  want-id,  but  a  good  caust?,  to  render  this  conquest  one  of  the- 
most  illustrious  achievements,  recorded  in  ancient  or  modern  history.  Bet, 
while  we  admire  the  action,  as  great,  we  condemn  it,  as  criminal.  The 
sanguinary  customs  of  the  Mexicans  were  indeed  abolished  by  the  intro- 
duction of  European  principles  and  manrrers.  But  at  what  expense  ?  The 
victors,  in-  one  year  of  merciless  massacre,  sacrificed  more  human  victims- 
to  avarice  ar»d  ambition,  than  the  Indians,  during-  the  existence  of  thair' 
empire,  devoted  to  their  gods.  The  forms  of  justice  were  established. 
J3ut  by  what  means  ?  The  Indian  princes-were  despoiled  of  their  territo- 
ry and  tributes,  tortured  for  gold,  and  their  posterity  enslaved.  The- 
Christian  Religion  was  introduced.  But  in  what  manner,  and  with  what 
effect  ?  "  H-i-r  mild  parental  voice,"  to  use  the  words  of  Clavigero,  "  va» 
nuborned  to  terrify  confounded  savages  ;  and  her  gentle  arm  in  violence 
lifted  up  to  raze  their  temples  and  hospitable  habitaticns,  to  ruin  ever>y 
fond  relic  and  revered  monument  of  their  ancestry  and  origin,  and  divorce 
them  in  anguish  from  the  bosom  of  their  country."  JFor  a  farther  account 
0f  Mexico )  sec  Note  II,  at  the  end  of  ibc  volume* 

2  Vega,  66z. 

3  Herrera,  Hi.  181,  i8z.  Vega,  66i,  6613.  Robertson,  i.  book  iu. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.     ;  67 

Panama  was  constituted  a  city,  with  the  proper 
privileges,  by  Charles  V.1 


. 

The  emperor  of  Spain  appointed   Cortes  captain  Cortes  »p- 
eeneral  and   governor  of  New  Spain  :    and  certain  p°inted  £°- 

0  .     -  .  i         f     •    •  i  vernor  of 

commissioners  to  receive  and   administer  the  royal  New  Spain. 
revenue  there,  with  independent  jurisdiction.  z 

Villa  del  Spiritu  Santo,  in  the  province  of  Guas- 
caca  in  New  Spain,  was  built  by  Gonzales  de  San- 
tloval.  3 

Newfoundland,   settled   by  different  nations,    is 
said  to  have  contained  at  this  period   fifty  houses.  4 


Cortes,  with  three  hundred  foot  and  one  hun-  Conquests 
dred  and  fifty  horse,  conquered  Panuco.  On  the  river  J^^J*" 
Chila  he  built  a  town,  called  Santo  Stephano  del  the  Span- 
Puerto,  and  left  in  it  a  hundred  foot  and  thirty  horse.  5 
He  now  rebuilt  the  city  of  Mexico,  on  the  model 
of  the  European  towns,  dividing  the  ground  amorig 
the  conquerors.  The  Spanish  Quarter  was  now  be- 
gun with  twelve  hundred  inhabitants.  6     Alvarado, 
sent  from  Mexico  with  three  hundred  foot,  seventy 
horse,  and  four  field  pieces,  to  discover  and  con- 
quer Quahutemallan,  and  other  towns   toward  the 
South  Sea,  discovered  and  subdued  all  that  coun- 
try ;  and  built'  the  city,  called  St.  Jago  Ouahutemal- 
lan.     Gonzales  d'Avila   discovered  and  peopled  a 
place  in  the  bottom  of  Ascension  bay,  in  fourteen 

x  Ifruv.  Kist.  xxxix.  15$. 

a  Herrera,  ui.  323.     Robertson,  il.  book  V. 

3  Encyc.  Methotlique,  Geog.  Art.  VILLA  DEL  SPIRITU  SANTO. 

4  Ibid.     Art.  TEHRS  NJEUVE. 

5  Herrera,  iii.  278.     Harris  Voy.  i.  272. 

6  Herrera,  iii.  2179,  2^°'     Venegas  California,  i.  133.     The  city  \v:u 
altimately  built  with  ico,ooo  houses,  «  fairer  and  stronger  than  before." 

788. 


68 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


degrees  north  latitude,  and  called  the  town  Gil  de 
buena  Vista.1 

Baron  de  Lery  formed  the  first  project  in  prance 
for  obtaining  a  settlement  in  America.  * 


no  in  the 

service  of 
?rance. 


1524. 

Voyage  of       John  Verrazzano,  a  Florentine,  having  been 
out  fae  prececjin{T  year   by  Francis  I,   of  I  r 

.  ,      r    J  o     J 

"with  four  snips,  to  prosecute  discoveries  ra  the 
northern  parts  of  America,  now  coasted  from  tre 
twenty  eighth  to  the  fiftieth  degree  north  latitude.  * 
In  this  voyage  he  discovered,  with  a  considerable 
degree  of  accuracy,  the  coast  of  Florida,4  The 
•whole  extent  of  his  discovery  was  upwards  of  seven 

I   Harris  Voy.  i.  272. 

a  Minot  Hist.  Massachusetts,  i.  126.  The  French  Annotator  on  an 
English  work  entitled,  "  The  Conduct  of  the  French  with  respect  to  No- 
va Scotia,"  [note  4.  p.  20.]  says,  the  settlement  pf  Lery  WHS  projected  iu 
15  «  8  :  "  DCS  1518,  le  Baron  de  Lery  &-  de  Saint  Just,  avoit  erteipvis  de 
former  une  habitation  sur  les  cotes  de  i'  Amerique  septentrion:  )e."  I  pre- 
fer a  known  to  a  dubious  authority.  The  Annotator  [p.  10.]  also  says, 
Lery  and  St.  Just  landed  cattle  on  the  Isle  of  Suble.  Charlevoix  does  not 
mention  either  in  his  Pastes  Chronologiques. 

3  Hakiuyt,  iii.  195  —  300,  where  is  Verrazzano's  own  account  of  hli 
yoyage,  that  he  sent,  to  the  king.      Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  406.  Forster  Vey, 
432—  -436.     Prince  Chron.  Introd.  86.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  33.    Harris  Vcy.  i.  ' 
810.  Brit.  Emp.  Introd.  xlvi,  and  i.  163.      Some  historians  fix  these  disco- 
veries in  the  years  1523,  1524,   1525.     It  appears,  that  Vemizzano  wa* 
sent  out  by  the  French  king  in  1523  ;    that  he  at  first  cruized  with   suc- 
cess against  the  Spaniards  ;  that  he  at  length  sailed  with  one  of  his  four, 
ships  on  a  voyage  of  discovery  ;  that  he  "  departed  from  the  dishabited 
rocke  by  the  isle  of  Madeira  the  iyth  of  January  the  yeere  1524  ;"  and 
that  he  made  another  voyage  in  1525,  with  the  design  of  settling  a  colony, 
but  was  heard  of  no  more.      Forster  supposes,  that  in  his  yoyr.ge  of  1524 
he  first  arrived  off  that  part  of  the  American  coast,  where  the  town   of 
Savannah  now  stands  ;  "  a  new   land,"  says  Verrazzano,  "  never  before 
scene  of  any  man  either  ancient  or  moderns."    Having  sailed  thence  to 
the  southward  as  far  as  to  t;he  3Oth  deg.  north  lat.  it  appears,  that  he  then 
sailed  northwardly  to  the  34th  deg.  a.nd  thence  still  northwardly,  until  he 
found  the  coast  "  trend  toward  the  east  ;"  that  here  he  attempted  to  send  his 
boat  ashore,  but  was  prevented  by  the  roughness  of  the  sea*  ;  that  pro- 
ceeding to  the  eastward,  he  found  a  well  cultivated  islandf,  and  a  little 
beyond  it  a  good  harbour,  in  which  were  more  than  20  canoes,  belonging 
to  the  natives  ;  that  he  proceeded  still  northwardly  to  50  deg.  along  the 

4  Chalmers,  i.  512. 

*  Forster  supposes  this  to  have  happened  "  somewhere  about  Nc"W  Jersey,  ir 
Stafen  Island"  In  lat-  40  dug.  be  entered  a  h  arbour  ^  ivbich,  by  bis  descrif~\ 
tion.  Dr.  Belknap  supposed,  must  be  that  of  Nnv  York. 

|  Supposed  by  fonter  to  be  Nantueket,  or  Martha  't 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  69 

hundred  leagues  of  the  North  American  coast,*  1524, 
which  he  named  New  France.3  He  made  another 
voyage  the  next  year  ;  but  he  and  his  crew  were 
lost  by  some  unknown  disaster  ; 3  and  neither  the 
king,  nor  the  nation,  thought  any  more  of  America 
for  several  succeeding  years. 4 . 

Historians  remark,  that  it  is  to  the  great  honour  Remari5. 
of  Italy,  that  the  three  Powers,  which  at  this  day 
possess  almost  all  America,  owe  their  first  discove^ 
ries  to  the  Italians  :  Spain,  to  Columbus,  a  Geno- 
ese ;  England,  to  the  Cabots,  Venetians  ;  and 
France,  to  Verrazzano,  a  Florentine  ;  "  a  circunii 
stance  which  sufficiently  proves,  that  in  those  times 
no  nation  was  equal  to  the  Italians  in  point  of  ma- 
ritime knowledge  and  extensive  experience  in  navi-. 
gation."5  It  is  however  remarkable,  that  the  Ital- 
ians, with  all  their  knowledge  and  experience,  have 
not  been  able  to  acquire  one  inch  of  ground  for 
themselves  in  America.  This  singular  failure  has 
been  ascribed  to  the  penurious  mercantile  spirit  of 
the  Italian  republics  ;  to  their  mutual  animosities 
and  petty  wars  ;  and  to  their  contracted  selfish 
policy. 6 

Luke  Vasquez,  a  Spaniard  of  Aylon,  having  pre-  Voyage  Of 
viously  sailed  with  two  ships  to  Florida,  and  per-  ^' fS^? 

coast  of  the  country  ;  and  that  then,  on  account  of  the  failure  of  his  pro- 
visions he  sailed  directly  to  France.  Purchas  [i.  769.]  says,  Verrazzano 
rather  sought  to  discover  all  along  the  coast,  Ifhau  to  search  pr  settle  with-. 
ia  land. 

I  Hakluyt.         2  Belknap. 

3  Some  authors  say,  they  were  massacred  and  eaten  by  the  savages. 
Charlevpix  [Hist.  Nouv.  France,  i.  7.]  thinks  that  the  story  is  without  foun- 
dation. His  account  is  :  "  Peu  de  terns  apres  son  arrivee  en  France,  il  fit 


See  also  Pastes  Chronologiques,  prefixed  to  his  history,  p.  xviii.     "  11  y  per 
fit  :  On  ignore  par  quel  accident." 

4  Ce  qu'  il  y  a  de  plus  certain,  c'est  que  le  iridiheureux  ?ort  de  Veraza- 
ni  fut  cause.que  pendant  plusieurs  annees,  ni  le  Roi,  ni  la  Nation  ne  songe- 
rent  plus  a  1'  Amerique.     Charlevoix  Hist.  Nouv.  France,  i.  8. 

5  The  remark  appears  to  be  original  in  Charltvoix  fi.  4.]  ;    the  infer-? 
tnce  is  Forster's. 

6  Forster  Voy.  437.     Purchas,  i.  7^5. 


Jo  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

..1524.  fidiously  carried  off  a  number  of  the  natives,1  for 
which  vile  action  he  had  obtained  the  reward  of  a 
discoverer  of  new  lands,  instead  of  merited  punish- 
ment, now  sent  over  several  ships  to  Florida. 
The  year  following  he  came  over  in  person,  with 
three  more  ships  ;  but,  as  if  in  judicial  punishment 
«of  his  cruel  perfidy,  he  lost  two  hundred  of  his 
men,  who  v/ere  cut  off  by  the  natives,  and  one  of 
his  ships  was  wrecked  near  Cape  St.  Helena.  These 
losses,  with  his  disappointments  in  the  expected  ad- 
vantages of  his  discoveries,  induced  him  to  return 
to  Hispaniola,  where  he  died  of  a  broken  heart. a 
:vtexica*  Papantzin,  a  Mexican  princess,  sister  of  Monte* 
zuma,  was  baptised  ;  and  she  was  the  first  person, 
who  received  Christian  baptism  in  Tlatelolco, 3 


j  A.  D.  15*0.  He  made  this 'voyage  with  some  associates,  in  execu* 
tion  of  the  inhuman  project  of  stealing  Indians,  to  supply  the  scarcity  of 
hands  in  working  the  Spanish  mines.  Having  at  the  place  now  called  St. 
Helena  decoyed  a  large  number  on  board  his  ships,  he  sailed  off  with  them. 
Most  of  these  wretched  captives  pined  to  death,  or  were  wrecked  in  one 
of  the  ships,  which  foundered  at  sea.  A  few  suffered  a  worse  fate  in  Span- 
ish slavery.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  379.  P.  Martyr,  470,  471.  "  Hospitii-fidem 
violarunt  Hispani  tandem.  Astu  namque  artibusque  variis,  post  cuntta 
diligenter  vestigata,  operam  dederunt  ut  una  dierum  ad  naves  visendi  cau- 
*a  multi  concurreren*,  implentur  naves  inspectantibus  :  ubi  refertas  viris 
ac  feeminis  habuere,  anchoris  evulsis,  velis  protends,  lugentes  abduxerunt 
in  servitutem.  Ita  regiones  eas  universas  ex  amicis  reliquerunt  inimicas,  efc 
ex  pacatis  perturbatas,  filiis  a  parentibus  ablatis,  ab  uxoribus  maritis.'* 
Charlevoix  [Hist.  Nouv.  France,  i.  p.  xvii.]  says,  that  Vasquez  discovered 
the  Cape  of  St.  Helena,  at  the  mouth  of  a  great  river,  which  has  since  been 
called,  The  Jourdain.  In  his  map  of  the  Coasts  of  French  Florida  [ibid.  p. 
514.]  he  makes  the  Jourdain  the  same  as  the  Congaree,  or  Santff,  of  South 
Carolina,  and  near  its  mouth  puts  these  words  :  Id  devoit  etre  le  Cap  Sf.  He- 
lene.  I  conjecture,  that,  instead  of  the  Congaree,  he  should  have  taken  the 
Combabee,  which  empties  itself  into  St.  Helena  Sound  near  the  island  of  St. 
Helena,  whose  inhabitants  pronounce  the  name  Sant  He-lc-nah^  deriving 
probably  both  the  name  and  pronunciation  from  the  Spaniards.  I  have 
ffoiv  no  doubt,  but  that  Vasquez  landed  on  the  Carolina  coast ;  and,  but 
for  another  St.  Helena  in  the  Spanish  Florida,  I  should  long  since  have 
drawn  the  same  conclusion  from  the  following  description  of  P.  Mar- 
tyr [Pe  Orb.  Nov.  471.],  which  refers  to  the  place  where  Vasquez  landed  t 
— «  vel  Bacchalaos  anno  abhinc  vigesimo  sexto  ex  Anglia  per  Cabotum 
repertos,  aut  Bacchalais  contiguas,  arbitror  esse  illas  terras." 

a  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  379,  3%°' 

Q  Clavigero,  j.  231. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  7* 

1525. 

Charles  V,  emperor  of  Spain,  jhaving  sent  && 
plien  Gomez  from  Corunna,  to  find  a  passage  to 
the  Molucca  Islands  by  the  way  of  America ;  this 
skilful  navigator  sailed  to  Cuba  and  Florida,  and 
thence  northwardly  to  Cape  Razo,  ifl  the  forty 
sixth  degree  north  latitude,  and  returned,  without 
making  the  discovery.  He  was  the  first  Spaniard, 
who  sailed  along  this  northern  coast/ 

Francisco  Pizarro  and  Diego  de  Almagro,  who 
'had  already  distinguished  themselves  among  the 
Spanish  conquerors  of  America,  not  satisfied  with; 
the  glory  of  the  past,  resolved  to  perform  still  great- 
er achievements.  Pizarro,  having  inarched  under 
JBalboa  across  the  isthmus  of  Darren  at  the  time  of 
his  discovery  of  the  South  Sea, a  had  received  va- 
rious hints  from  the  natives  concerning  the  opulent 
country  of  Peru,3  He  and  Almagro  associating 
with  them  Hernando  de  Luque,  a  schoolmaster  and 
an  ecclesiastic  in  Panama,  who  had  amassed  consi- 
derable wealth,  these  three  solemnly  swore  in  pub- 
lic, and  entered  into  articles  underhand  and  seal, 
•"Bever  to  forsake  each  other  in  any  dangers  or  discour- 
agements whatever,  until  they  should  have  made  an 
•entire  conquest  of  that  country. 4  Pizarro,  by  licence 

I  Prince  Chron.  Inirod.  £6.  Forster  Voy.  447.  P.  Martyr  [460, 
461.]  takes  notice  of  this  voyage  :  "  Decretum  est,  ut  Stephanus  Gomez 
alia  via  tendat,  qua  se  inquit  reperturum  inter  Baccalaos  et  Floridas  iter 
ad  Cataium  ;  neque  aliud  habebit  in  mandatis,  quam  ut  inquirat,  an  exi- 
tus  ad  magnum  vulgo  Canem  ex  Oceani  hujus  nostri  variis  inflexibus,  et 
•vastis  ambagibu*  reperiatur.  Is,  nee  freto  neque  a  se  promisso  Cataio  re- 
pertis,  regressus  est  intra  mensum  decimum  a  disceseu."  Venegas  [Kist* 
Californ.  i.  12,4.]  affirms,  that  he  was  sent  out  in  1524,  "  and  not  in  15*5, 
as  Gomara  says  ;"  and  that  he  returned  to  Spain  in  1525,  carrying  with 
him  some  Indians.  Gomez  accompanied  Magellan  in  his  great  voyage  a 
•few  years  before.  Purchas,  i.  738. 

1  Robertson.  See  A.  0.1513.  He  was  also  with  Ojeda,  in  his  disas* 
'treus  expedition  for  settling  the  continent.  See  A.  D.  1510. 

3  All  the  people  on  the  coast  of  the  South  Sea  concurred  in  informing* 
-Balboa,  that  there  was  a  mighty  and  opulent  kingdom,  situated  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  toward  the  south  east.     Robertson. 

4  Vega,  418,  426,522.     "Luque   celebrated   mass,  divided   a  conse* 
orated  host  into  three,  and  reserving  one  part  for  hinudf,  gave  the  othar 


7 2  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

of  Peter  Arias  cTAvila,  the  Spanish  governor,  sailed 
from  Panama  to  Peru  on  this  daring  enterprise, 
with  one  hundred  and  twelve  Spaniards  and  some 
Indians,  and  Almagro  soon  followed  him  ;  but  both 
were  repulsed,  and  compelled  to  leave  the  country, 
which  they  had  invaded. x 

1526. 

Voyage  of  Sebastian  Cabot,  not  finding  public  patronage  in 
Cabot!**  England,  had  passed  over  into  Spain  ;  and  was 
now  employed  by  Charles  V,  in  a  voyage  for  the 
April  i.  discovery  of  the  Molucca  Islands. 3  Sailing  from 
Seville  with  five  vessels,3  he  first  made  the  island 
of  Patos$  near  cape  St.  Augustine  in  Brasil.  The 
loss  of  his  principal  ship  in  the  bay  of  Patos,  a  mu- 
tiny among  his  mariners,  aud  the  want  of  provisions, 
sufficient  to  carry  him  through  the  Straits  of  Ma- 
gellan, induced  him  to  resolve,  not  to  proceed  far- 
ther on  the  projected  voyage.  Making  a  pinnace 
here,  to  pass  up  the  Rio  de  la  Plata,  he  ascended 
that  river  sixty  leagues  and  came  to  some  is- 
lands which  he  called,  The  Islands  of  St.  Gabriel* 
Here  he  left  his  ships,  and  rowed  up  the  Uraguay 
in  boats  three  leagues  to  a  river  on  the  right,  which 

two  to  his  associates,  of  which  they  partook  ;  and  thus,  in  the  name  of 
the  Prince  of  Peace,  ratified  a  contract  of  which  plunder  and  bloodshed 
were  the  objects."  Robertson. 

I  Robertson,  iii.  book  vi.  Purchas,  v.  1491,  where  from  p.  1491  to 
p.  1497  is  an  account  of  "  the  conquest  of  Peru  and  Cusco."  From  these 
authorities,  and  from  Charlevoix  [Hist.  Nouv.  France,  i.  Introd.  xviii.]  it  ap- 
pears, that  Pizarro  sailed  from  Panama  14  November  1524.  But  the 
substance  of  the  allied  expedition  was  in  1525. 

a  He  went  to  Madrid  where  he  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  empe- 
ror, which  was  signed  4  March  1515.  Its  principal  articles  were,  That 
Cabot  should  have  the  command  of  a  squadron  of  4  ships,  in  quality  of 
captain  general,  and  that  Martin  Mendez,  who  had  been  treasurer  to  Ma- 
gellan's squadron,  should  serve  under  him,  as  lieutenant ;  that  he  should 
sail  through  the  newly  discovered  Straits,  then  cross  the  South  Sea  to  the 
Molucca  Islands,  and  thence  proceed  on  the  discovery  of  Tharsis,  Ophir 
and  Cipango,  which  were  then  thought  to  be  the  islands  of  Japan ;  and 
th.it  he  should  there  load  his  ships  with  gold,  silver,  and  the  other  pre- 
cious commodities,  which  the  country  afforded.  It  was  Cabot  himself,  wh» 
proposed  this  expedition.  Charlevoix  Paraguay,  i.  30,  31. 

3  A  private  adventurer  freighted  the  fifth  vessel  at  his  own  expense-. 
CJiarlevoix. 


ta 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  73 

Ire  called  Rio  de  San  Salvador  ;  built  a  small  fort  1526. 
on  its  banks  ;  and  detached  some  soldiers  up  the 
river,  under  the  command  of  Alvarez  Ramon.  This 
officer  and  some  of  his  people  were  killed  by  the 
natives.  Cabot  next  sailed  about  thirty  leagues  up 
the  Paraguay,  and  built  a  fort  at  the  mouth  of  a 
river,  issuing  from  the  mountains  of  Tucuman,  and 
called  it,  The  Fort  Santi  Spiritus  ;  but  it  is  gen- 
erally called  by  historians,  Cabot's  Fort.  Send- 
ing dispatches  to  the  emperor,  with  the  silver  that  he 
had  collected,  he  remained  at  Paraguay  two  years  ; 
discovered  about  two  hundred  leagues  on  that  riv- 
er ;  and,  leaving  Nuno  de  Lara  the  command  of  the 
fort  Santi  Spiritus  with  one  hundred  and  twenty 
men,  returned  to  Spain.  * 

Previously  to  this  time,  Thomas  Tisoft,  an   Eng-  English 
lishman,  had  found  the  way  to  the  West  Indies,  trade  in  the 

J  \V.  Indies* 

I  Herrera,  iii.  381.  Harris  Voy.  1.373.  Charlevoix  Paraguay,!.  31 
— 35.  Charlevoix  [ibid.  36 — -39.]  tells  an  affecting  story  of  the  fate  of 
this  garrison,  which,  though  it  has  the  air  of  romance,  is  not  incredible. 
Mangora,  prince  of  the  Timbuez  (an  Indian  nation  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Cabot's  fort),  becoming  enamoured  with  Lucy  Miranda,  a  Spanish  lady, 
the  wife  of  Sebastian  Hurtado,  (one  of  the  principal  officers  of  the  fort),  in 
order  to  obtain  possession  of  her,  laid  a  plot  for  the  destruction  of  the  gar- 
rison. Taking  advantage  of  the  absence  of  Hurtado,  who  was  detached 
with  another  officer,  named  Ruiz  Moschera,  and  50  soldiers,  to  collect  pro- 
visions, he  placed  4000  men  in  .a  marsh,  and  went  with  30  others,  loaded 
with  refreshments,  to  the  gates  of  the  fort,  which  were  readily  opened  for 
their  admittance^  Lara,  the  Spanish  governor,  in  token  of  gratitude,  gave 
them  an  entertainment,  at  the  close  of  which,  late  at  night,  Mangora  giv- 
ing directions  to  his  attendants  to  set  fire  to  the  magazines  of  the  fort,  the 
4000  men,  at  this  preconcerted  signal,  rushed  in  to  the  massacre.  Most  of 
the  Spaniards  were  killed  in  their  sleep.  Lara,  though  wounded,  espying 
the  treacherous  prince,  made  up  to  him,  and  ran  him  through  the  body, 
but  was  intercepted  in  his  flight,  and  killed.  Not  a  living  person  was  now 
left  in  the  fort,  excepting  Miranda,  four  other  women,  and  as  many  chil- 
dren, all  of  whom  were  tied,  and  brought  before  Siripa,  the  brother  and 
successor  of  Mangora.  At  the  sight  of  Miranda,  he  conceived  for  her  the 
same  passion,  which  had  proved  fatal  to  his  brother.  On  the  return  of 
Hurtado,  Siripa  ordered  him  to  be  tied  to  a  tree,  and  there  shot  to  death 
with  arrows.  Miranda,  throwing  herself  at  the  feet  of  the  tyrant,  by  her 
suppliant  charms  procured  her  husband's  release.  The  Indian  prince  in- 
dulged them  a  restricted  intercourse  ;  but  the  boundaries  being  passed, 
he  instantly  condemned  Miranda  to  the  flames,  and  Hurtado  to  the  tortur- 
ing death,  which  he  had  but  lately  escaped.  Moschera  now  embarked 
with  the  poor  remnant  of  his  garrison,  and  Cabot'*  fort  was  abandoned, 
fc 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

and  was  resident  there  ;  whence  it  is  conjecture^ 
that  the  English  merchants  already  carried  on  3 
clandestine  trade  with  those  parts  of  America.1 


. 

English          Ihe  scheme  for  discovering  a  passage  to  tlie  East 

voyage,      Indies  by  the  northwest  being  resumed  in  England, 

May  ao,    a  voyage  was  made,  by  the  advice  of  Robert  Thome 

of  Bristol,  with  two  shipSj  furnished  out  by  king 

Henry  VIII  ;  but  it  proved  disastrous.      One    of 

the  ships  was  lost  in  a  dangerous  gulf*  between  the 

to  New-     northern  parts  of  Newfoundland  and  the  country, 

foundiand,  afterward  called  by  queen  Elizabeth,  Meta  Incogni- 

ta.    The  second  ship,  after  the  loss  of  the  first,  sha- 

ped its  course  toward  Cape  Breton  3  and  the  coast 

and  NO-     Of  Arambec  or  Norumbega.4    The  navigators  went 

rumbegu. 

I  Hakluyt,  iii.  500.  This  fact  was  discovered  by  JIakluyt  in  "  a  cer- 
taine  note  or  letter  of  remembrance,  written  1.526,  by  master  Nicholas 
Thorne,  a  principall  marchant  of  Bristol,  unto  his  friend  and  factour  Tho- 
mas Midnall,"  then  at  St.  Lucar  in  Andalusia.  It  appears,  that  to  the  Ti- 
son  above  mentioned  Thorne  sent  armour  and  other  commodities,  specifi- 
ed in  that  letter.  "  This  Thomas  Tison,"  says  Hakluyt,  "  (so  farre  as  I 
can  conjecture)  may  seeme  to  have  bene  some  secret  factour  for  M.  Thorne 
and  other  English  marchants  in  those  remote  partes  ;  whereby  it  is  prob- 
able that  some  of  our  marchants  had  a  k:nde  of  trade  to  the  West  Indie* 
even  in  those  ancient  times  and  before  also/' 

7,  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.  Brit.  Emp.  Litrod.  p.  vii. 

3  Forster  [Voy.  289.]  concludes,  that  as  Cape  Breton  was  called  by  this 
name  at  so  early  a  period,  it  must  have  been  thus  named  by  Sebastian  Ca- 
bot in  his  voyage  of  1497.     But  it  is  more  probable,  that  it  received  its 
name  from  the  Bretons,  of  Bretagne  in  France,  who  early  fished  on  the 
neighbouring  coast.  [See  Annals,  p.  33.]  Forster  himself  [431.]  mentions  this 
supposition,  without  stricture. 

4  The  situation  of  this  coast  Forster  [Voy.  190.]  confesses,  is  entirely- 
unknown  to  him  ;  but  he  "  rather  supposes  it  to  be  the  coast  of  what  is  now 
called  Nova  Scotia,  or  perhaps  of  even  a  more  southerly  region."     Pur- 
chas  fv.  1631.]  says,  "  Pemptegoet  is  that  place,  so  famous  under  the  name 
of  Norombega."      M.  Rene  Laudonniere  [Hakluyt,  i.  305.]  says,  that  the 
country,  discovered  by  Verrazzano  in   152.4,  extends  from  25  to  54  deg, 
north  lat.  and  in  longitude  from  210  to  330  ;  and  that  "  the  easterne  part 
thereof  is  called  by  the  late  writers,  The  Land  of  Norumbega,  which  be- 
ginneth  at  the  Bay  of  Gamo,  which  separateth  it  from  the  Isle  of  Canada,'* 
Charlevoix  [Nouv.  France,  i.  113.]  says,  that  M.  Denys  divided  all  the  eas- 
tern and  northern  parts  of  Canada  into  four  provinces,  the  first  of  which 
reached  from  Pentagoet  to  the  river  of  St.  John,  and  was  what  had  before 
been  called  Norumbega  :  "  La  premiere,  depuis  Pentagoet,  jusqu'  a  la  Ri- 
viere de  S.  Jean  il  la  nomme  la  Pro-vinct  dcs  Etccbeminst  &  c'  est  ce  «ju*  OH 
appelloit  auparavant  la  Norimbegue" 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  75 


frequently  on  shore,  and  explored  those  regions, 
returned  in  October  to  England.  ' 


1528, 

Pamphilo  de  Narvaez,  having  obtained  from  ^d^ 
Charles  V  the  indefinite  grant  of  cc  all  the  lands  ly- 
ing  from  the  river  of  Palms  to  the  Cape  of  Florida," 
sailed  in  March  from  Cuba  with  five  ships  and  four 
hundred  men,  for  the  conquest  of  that  country.  * 
Landing  at  Florida,  he  inarched  to  Apalache,  a  vil-  April  12. 
lage,  consisting  of  forty  cottages,3  where  he  arriv- 
ed on  the  fifth  of  June.  Having  lost  many  of  his 
men  by  the  natives,  who  harassed  the  troops  on 
their  march,  and  with  whom  they  had  one  sharp 
engagement,  he  was  obliged  to  direct  his  course  to- 
ward the  sea.  Sailing  to  the  westward,  he  was 
lost  writh  many  others,  in  a  violent  storm,  about 
the  middle  of  November  ;  and  the  enterprise  was 
frustrated,  4 

1  Hakluyt,i.  517  ;  iii.  139.      Robertson,  book  ix.   23.     Forster,  289. 
Biblioth.  Americ.  Anno  1527.     Hakluyt  informs  us,  that  Master  Robert 
Thome,  "  a  notable  member  and  ornament  of  his  country,"  exhorted  the 
king  with  "  very  waightie  and  substantiall  reasons,  to  set  forth  a  discovo- 
rie  even  to  the  North  pole  ;"  that  "  this  his  motion  took  present  effect  ;" 
and  that  "  a  Canon  of  S.  Paul  in  London,  which  was  a.  great  mathemati- 
cian, and  a  man  indued  with  wealth,  did  much  advance  the  action,  and 
went  therein  himself  in  person.1'     The  imperfection  of  the  account  of  that 
voyage  Hakluyt  ascribes  to  "  the  negligence  of  the  writers  of  those  times, 
who  should  have  used  more  care  in  preserving  the  memories  of  the  wor- 
thie  acts  of  our  nation." 

2  He  sailed  from  St.  Lucar  to  Cuba  1  6  June,  1527,  with  600  men,  but 
he  left  more  than  140  at  St.  Domingo.     Purchas,  v.  1499.     His  commis- 
sion authorised  him  to  conquer  and  govern  the^Provinces  within  the  pre- 
tcribed  limits.     Ibid, 

3  **  Small  low  cottages,  so  built  by  reason  of  continual!  tempests."  Pur- 
chas, i.  774. 

4  Purchas,  i.  769  ;  and  v.  1499  —  1528,  where  there  is  an  entire  account 
of  this  voyage,  as  also  in  Harris  Voy.  i.  790  —  805.      Univ.  Hist.  xl.  381  ; 
xli.  469.     Herrera,  iii,  418  ;  iv.  27,  28  ;  v.  91—105.     Charlevoix  Ncifv. 
France,  i.  p.  six.     Venegas  California,  i.  142.     Prince  Chron.  Introd,   87. 
From  the  bay  of  Santa  Cruz,  where  they  landed,  to  the  place  of  their  em- 
barkation 22  September,  it  is  computed,  that  they  marched  above  800 
miles.     Narvaez  is  supposed  to  have  been  lost  near  the  mouth  of  the  Mis-      » 
eisippi.      His  people,  with  great  difficulty,  provided  a  kind  of  boats,  to 
cross  the  rivers  in  their  way,  making  their  ropes  of  horse  hair,  and  their, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Pizarro,  having  made  very  extensive  discoveries 
in  Peru, *  went  to  Spain,  by  agreement  of  the  joint 
adventurers,  to  ask  a  commission  from  Charles  V, 
for  the  conquest  and  government  of  that  country  ; 
and,  on  giving  information  to  the  emperor  of  his 
discoveries  and  purposes,  and  presenting  his  request, 
was  appointed  governor,  captain  general,  and  ade- 
lantado  of  all  the  country,  which  he  had  discover- 
ed, with  supreme  authority.1 

1529. 

Cortes,  having  gone  to  Spain  the  preceding 
year,3  now  signed  an  instrument,  which  had  also 
the  signature  of  the  empress  of  Spain,  by  which  he 
obliged  himself  to  send  ships  at  his  own  expense, 
for  the  discovery  of  countries  and  lands  in  the 
South  Sea.4 

sails  of  the  soldiers'  shirts.  In  conclusion,  15  only  were  left  alive,  4  of 
whom,  after  suffering  almost  incredible  miseries,  arrived  8  years  afterward  at 
Mexico.  The  bay  of  Pensacola  is  said,  by  the  Spaniards,  to  have  been  dis- 
covered in  this  expedition  by  Narvaez,  who  landed  there.  Ibid. 

1  See  A.  D.  1525.     He  was  absent  three  years  on  these  discoveries,  and 
returned  to  Panama  about  the  end  of  1527.     Herrera,  iv.  6.      Charlevoix 
[Nouv.  France,  i.  p.  xix.]  says,  he  discovered  about  200  leagues  of  the  Pe- 
ruvian coast,  even  to  the  port  of  Santo  beyond  the  district  of  Quito.    The 
sickliness  of  those  regions,  and  the  hardships  of  the  adventurers,  may  be 
inferred  from  the  extraordinary  mortality,  that   prevailed  among  them. 
Pizarro  carried  out  112  men,  Almagro  70.     In  less  than  nine  months  130 
of  these  died.     Few  fell  by  the  sword  ;  most  of  them  perished  by  diseases. 
Robertson,  iii.  Note  II. 

2  Vega,  435. 

3  He  went  to  Gastile  in  great  pomp,  carrying  250,000  marks  of  gold 
and  silver,  and  was  honourably  received  by  the  emperor,  who  conferred  on 
him  the  vale  of  Atrisco  in  New  Spain,  with  new  titles,  and  extended  pow- 
ers.    Herrera,  iv.  22 — 26.  Harris  Voy.  i.  272.    Venegas  California,!.  133. 

4  Venegas,  i.  133.      Cortes  had,  in  1527,  sent   Saavedra  with  three 
ships  from  New  Spain,  to  find  a  passage  that  way  to  the  Moluccas.     Onei 
of  the  ships  arrived  safely  at  these  islands,  and  returned  the  same  way 
back  to  Panama  this  year  (1529), laden  with  spices.     This  voyage  prepar- 
ed the  Spaniards  to  possess  themselves  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  in  the  In-^ 
dian  seas,  which  they  hold  to  this  day.        Anderson,  Hist.    Commerce* 
ji,  51.  Harris  Voy.  i.  272. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  57 

1530. 

William  Hawkins  of  Plymouth  having  commen-  English  in- 
ced  a  friendly  intercourse  with  the  natives  of  Bra- 
sil,  one  of  the  kings  of  that  country  voluntarily  ac- 
companied him  to  England,  where  he  was  introduc- 
ed to  Henry  VIII  at  Whitehall.1 


Pizarro,  returning  from  Spain,  landed  at  Nom- 
bre  de  Dios,  marched  across  the  isthmus  of  Pana- 
ma  ;  and  joining  Almagro  and  Luque,  these  three 
enterprising  associates,  by  the  utmost  efforts  of  their 
combined  interests,  fitted  out  three  small  vessels, 
•with  one  hundred  and  eighty  soldiers.  With  this 
contemptible  armament  Pizarro  sailed,  to  invade  a  February. 
great  empire.  '  Landing  at  the  bay  of  St.  Matthew,  f 
he  advanced  toward  the  south  along  the  sea  cost  ;  Peru. 
and,  after  various  disasters,  reached  the  province  of 
Coaque,  and  surprised  and  plundered  the  principal 
settlement.  Continuing  his  march  along  the  coast, 
he  attacked  the  natives  with  such  violence,  as  com- 
pelled them  either  to  retire  into  the  interior  coun- 
try, or  to  submit  to  the  conqueror  ;  and  met  with 
little  resistance,  until  he  attacked  the  island  of  Pu- 
na, in  the  bay  of  Guayquil,  whose  inhabitants  de- 
fended themselves  with  such  obstinate  valour,  that 
he  spent  six  months  in  their  reduction.  He  next 
proceeded  to  Tumbez,  where  he  remained  several 
months.  a 

j  Hakluyt,  i.  520.  Purchas,  v.  1179."—  at  the  sight  of  whome,"  say* 
Hakluyt,  "  the  king  ard  all  the  nobilitie  did  not  a  little  niarveile,  and  not 
•without  cause  :  for  in  his  cheekes  were  holes  made  according  to  their  sav- 
age manner,  and  therein  small  bones  were  planted,  standing  an  inch  out 
from  the  said  holes,  which  in  his  own  countrey  was  reputed  for  a  great 
braverie.  He  had  also  another  hole  in  his  nether  lippe,  wherein  was  set 
a  precious  stone  about  the  bignesse  of  a  pease.  Allhisapparell,  behaviour 
and  gesture,  were  very  strange  to  the  beholders."  The  change  of  air  anc 
«liet  so  affected  him,  that  on  his  return  with  Hawkins  he  died  at  ?ea. 

2  Robertson^  iij.  bgok  vi. 


7  8  AMERICAN  ANNALS 


Founds  the      Pizarro,  passing  forward  to  the  river  Piuro,  cs* 
in  Pei-u.°ny  tablished  near  its  mouth  the  first  Spanish  colony  in 
Peru,  and  named  it  St.  Michael. '     Leaving  a  garri* 
Sept.  4.      son  at  this  new  town,  he  began  his  march,  with  a 
toward  the  Ver7  slender  and  ill  accoutred  train  of  followers,* 
quartet scf  toward  Cax'imalca,  where  Atahualpa,  the  Inca  of 
e  mca.    pcru^  v/as  encamped  with  a  considerable  body  of 
troops,  and  soon  met  an  officer,  dispatched  by  the 
Inca  with  a  valuable  present,  and  an  offer  of  his  al- 
liance and  assurances  of  a  friendly  reception  at  Cax- 
amalca.      Pizarro,  advancing  with  pretensions  of 
coming  as  the  ambassador  of  a  very  powerful  mon- 
arch united  with  professions  of  friendship,  entered 
the  town,  and  having  posted  his  troops  in  an  advan- 
tageous station,  dispatched  Hernando  Soto  and  his 
nus  ai\c  brother  Ferdinand  to  the  camp  of  Atahualpa,  which 
be  mca.    was  about  a  league  distant.     He  instructed  them  to 
renew  his  assurances  of  a  pacific  disposition,  and  to 
desire  an  interview  with  the  Inca,  that  he  might 
more  fully  explain  the  intention  of  the  Spaniards  ia 
visiting  his  country.      They  were  treated  with  the 
respectful  hospitality,  characteristic  of  the  PeruvU 
ans  ;  and  Ahatualpa  promised  to  visit  the  commaiii 
der  the  next  day  in  his  quarters.     Pizarro  now  re- 
solved, with  equal  temerity  and  perfidy,  to  seize  the 
person  of  the  Inca,  in  the  interview,  to  which  he 
had  invited  him.     For  the  execution  of  his  scheme 
he  divided  his  cavalry  into  three  small  squadrons, 
under  the  command  of  his  brother  Ferdinand,  Soto, 
and  Belcanazar  ;  his  infantry  were  formed  in  one 
body,  excepting  twenty,  of  most   tried   courage, 
whom  he    kept  near  his  own  person,  to  support 

i  Kerrera,  iv.  aai.     Robertson,  iii.  ai. 

1  It  consisted  of  6a  horse  and  106  foot,  among  whom  were  10  cross 
bow  men.  Herrera,  iv.  236.  In  this  dangerous  enterprise  Pizarro  incited 
his  men  to  go  forward  by  the  singular  argument, "  that  his  main  design 
was  the  propagating  of  the  Catholic  faith,  without  injuring  any  person." 
Had  he  been  but  ingenuous  enough  for  the  Arabian  impostor,  he  would  have 
n-ude  an  admirable  ™-Qpagator  oftb?  Mahometan  faith. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS-  79 

him  in  the  dangerous  service,  which  he  reserved  for   1532, 
himself  ;  and  the  artillery,  consisting  of  two  field 
pieces,  and  the  cross  bow  men,  were  placed  opposite 
to  the  avenue,  by  which  Atahualpa  was  to  approach. 
Early  in  the  morning  the  Peruvian  camp  was  all 
In  motion  ;  and  late  in  the  day  the  procession,  which 
had  been  arranged  with  care,  to  give  an  impressio'n 
of  splendour  and  magnificence,  began  to  move.   The 
Inca  at  length  approached.     First  of  all  appeared  Approach 
four  hundred  men,  in  a  uniform  dress*  as  harbin-  ° 
gers,  to  clear  his  way.     The  Inca  himself,  sitting 
on  a  throne  or  couch,  adorned  with  plumes,   and 
almost  covered  with  plates  of  gold  and  silver,  en- 
riched  with  precious  stones,  was  carried  on   the 
shoulders  of  his  principal  attendants.     Behind  him 
came  some  chief  officers  of  his  court,  borne  in  the 
same  manner.     This  cavalcade  was  accompanied  by 
several  bands  of  singers  and  dancers  ;  and  the  whole 
plain  was  covered  with  troops,  amounting  to  more 
than  thirty  thousand  men.     As  the  Inca  drew  near 
the  Spanish  quarters,  father  Vincent  Valverde,  chap-  Ad<jreMftf 
Iain  to  the  expedition,  advanced  with  a  crucifix  in  the  Spanish 
one  hand,  and  a  breviary  in  the  other,  and  in  a  long  Priestfo 

i-  i-i'ii-  r>        i          "un> 

discourse  proposed  to  him  the  doctrines  of  the 
Christian  faith  ;  informed  him  of  the  donation, 
made  to  the  king  of  Castile  by  pope  Alexander,  of 
all  the  regions  in  the  New  World  ;  and  required 
him  to  embrace  Christianity  ;  to  acknowledge  the 
supreme  jurisdiction  of  the  pope  ;  and  to  submit 
to  the  king  of  Castile,  as  his  lawful  sovereign. * 

Most  of  his  harangue,  mysterious  in  its  nature, 
and  translated  by  an  unskilful  interpreter,  was  al- 
together incomprehensible  to  Atahualpa  ;  and  some 
parts  of  it,  of  more  obvious  meaning,  filled  him  with 
astonishment  and  indignation.  His  reply,  however, 
was  temperate.  He  asserted  his  right  to  his  do- 
minions by  hereditary  succession  ;  and  added,  that 

I  Vega,  450,  451.    Robertson,  iii.  book  ri. 


*b  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1532.  he  could  not  conceive  how  a  foreign  priest  should 
pretend  to  dispose  of  territories,  which  did  not  be- 
long to  him  ;  that  if  such  a  preposterous  grant 
had  been  made,  he,  who  was  rightful  possessor,  re- 
fused to  confirm  it  ;  that  he  had  no  inclination  to 
renounce  the  religious  institutions  of  his  ancestors  ; 
and  that  with  respect  to  other  matters,  contained 
in  the  discourse,  as  he  did  not  understand  their 
meaning,  he  desired  to  know  where  the  priest  had 
learned  things,  so  extraordinary.1  "  In  this  book," 
answered  Valverde,  reaching  out  to  him  his  brevia- 
ry. The  Inca  opened  it  eagerly,  and,  turning  over 
the  leaves,  lifted  it  to  his  ear  :  "  This  is  silent,  it 
tells  me  nothing,"  said  he,  and  disdainfully  threw 
it  to  the  ground.  The  enraged  monk,  running  to- 
ward his  countrymen,  cried  out,  "  To  arms,  Chris- 
tiano,  to  arms  ;  the  Word  of  God  is  insulted  ;  a- 
venge  this  profanation  on  these  impious  dogs." 
Pizarro  instantly  gave  the  signal  for  a  general  as* 
General  as- gau  it.  The  martial  music  sounded;  the  cannon 
e  anc*  muskets  began  to  fire  ;  the  horse  sallied  out 
fiercely  to  the  charge  ;  the  infantry  rushed  on, 
sword  in  hand.  The  astonished-  Peruvians  fled 
without  attempting  resistance.  Pizarro,  at  the  head 
of  his  chosen  band,  advanced  directly  toward  the 
Inca  through  crowds  of  his  nobles,  who  fell  in  num- 
bers at  his  feet  in  attempting  to  cover  his  person  ; 
inca  is  and  seizing  the  Inca  by  the  arm,  dragged  him  to 
t]-ie  ground^  and  carried  him,  as  a  prisoner,  (o  his 
quarters.  The  wretched  fugitives  were  pursued 
and  slaughtered  with  deliberate  and  unrelenting  bar- 
barity, until  the  close  of  the  day*  Above  four 
thousand  Peruvians  were  killed,  but  not  a  single 
Spaniard  fell. l 

i  Vega,  454,  455,  where  is  the  answer  of  Atahttalpa  entire.  To  us  it 
appears  noble  ;  but  it  was  insufferable  to  the  soldiers  of  Pizarro,  who, 
c<  growing  weary  of  this  long  and  tedious  discourse,  began  to  quit  their  pla- 
ces, and  come  up  close  to  the  Indians,  to  fight  with  them  and  rob  them  of 
their  jewels  of  gold  and  silver  and  precious  stones."  Ibid. 

a  Robertson,  iii.  book  vi.    Vega  [457']  says,  that  J  ooo  Indian*  vrere 


AMERICAN  ANNALS; 

The  Inca,  soon  discovering  the  ruling  passion  of 
the  Spaniards,  offered  as  his  ransom,  to  fill  the  a- 
partment,  in  which  he  was  confined,  which  was 
twenty  two  feet  long  and  seventeen  wide,  with  ves- 
sels of  goldj  as  high  as  he  could  reach.  The  pro- 
posal was  eagerly  agreed  to,  and  a  red  line  was 
drawn  on  the  walls  of  the  chamber,  to  mark  the 
height,  to  which  the  treasure  was  to  rise. z  Ata- 
hualpa  immediately  sent  messengers  to  Cuzco,  Qui- 
to,- and  other  places,  where  there  was  most  gold 
amassed  ;  and  his  orders  for  the  collection  were 
promptly  executed.* 

X533- 

The  ransom  of  Atahualpa  was  now  brought  in  ; 
and  it  exceeded  one  million  five  hundred  thousand 
pounds  sterling.3  After  the  division  of  this  im- 
mense treasure  among  the  Spaniards,  the  Inca  de- 
manded his  liberty  ;  but  it  was  denied.  Pizarro, 
resolved  on  his  death,  easily  found  pretexts  for  pro- 
curing it.  The  charge  consisted  of  various  articles  : 

killed  that  day,'  3500  of  whom  were  slam  by  the  sword  ;  and  that  the 
rest  were  old  and  infirm  mai,  women  and  children,  who  were  trampled 
under  foot ;  for  an  innumerable  multitude  of  all  ages  and  sexes  were  col- 
lected, to  see  the  solemnity  of  this  strange  and  unheard  of  embassy. 

I  Vega,  460.  %  Robertson,  iii.  book  vi. 

3  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  141.  Vega  [474,  482.]  says,  that  the  sum  to- 
tal of  the  ransom  amounted  to  4,605,670  ducats  ;  and  that  there  were  40 
or  50,000  pieces  of  eight  to  a  man.  Dr.  Robertson  [iii.  book  vi.]  says,  that 
after  setting  apart  the  fifth  due  to  the  crown,  and  100,000  pesos  as  a  do- 
native to  the  soldiers  which  arrived  with  Almagro,  there  remained  one 
million  five  hundred  and  twenty  eight  thousand  five  hundred  pesos  to  Pi- 
zarro and  his  followers,  and  that  8000  pesos,  "  at  that  time  not  inferior  in 
effective  value  to  as  many  pounds  sterling  in  the  present  century,"  fell  to 
the  share  of  each  horseman,  and  half  that  sum  to  each  foot  soldier.  Pizar- 
ro and  his  officers  received  dividends  proportioned  to  the  dignity  of  their 

rank. It  is  an  astonishing  fact,  that  when  there  was  a  dissatisfaction  at 

the  delay  of  completing  the  ransom  within  the  limited  time,  which  how- 
ever was  excused  by  the  Inca  on  account  of  the  distance  of  Cuzco,  three 
Spaniards  only  were  sent  to  that  capital,  with  directions  to  take  possession 
loth  of  the  city  and  treasures,  though  Cuzco  was  guarded  by  an  army  of 
30,000  of  the  natives.  Two  hundred  men's  loads  of  gold  were  brought 
away,  without  the  least  opposition,  in  massy  plates  from  the  temple  of  tha 
Sun.  Harris  Voy.i.  793, 

M 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1533.  Tli at  Atalmalpa,  though  a  bastard,  had  disposses- 
sed the  rightful  owner  of  the  throne,  and  usurped 
the  regal  power  ;  that  he  had  put  his  brother  and 
lawful  sovereign  to  death  ;  that  he  was  an  idola- 
ter, and  had  not  only  permitted,  but  commanded 
the  offering  of  human  sacrifices  ;  that  he  had  a 
great  number  of  concubines  ;  that  since  his  impris- 
onment he  had  wasted  and  embezzled  the  royal 
treasures,  which  now  belonged  of  right  to  the  con- 
querors ;  and  that  he  had  incited  his  subjects  to 
take  arms  against  the  Spaniards.  After  all  the  for- 
malities of  a  trial,  observed  in  the  criminal  courts  of 
Spain,  Atahualpa  was  pronounced  guilty,  and  con- 
Yet  he  is  demned  to  be  burnt  alive. T  Astonished  at  his  fate, 
condemn-  }le  endeavoured  to  avert  it  by  tears,  by  promises, 
•  and  by  intreaties,  that  he  might  be  sent  to  Spain, 
where  a  monarch  would  be  his  judge.  But  Pizar- 
ro,  unmoved,  ordered  him  to  be  led  instantly  to  ex- 
ecution. Valverde,  at  this  critical  moment  attempt- 
ing his  conversion,  promised  mitigation  of  his  pun- 
ishment, on  his  embracing  the  Christian  faith.  The 
horror  of  a  tormenting  death  extorted  from  him 
the  desire  of  baptism.  "  The  ceremony  was  per- 
formed ;  and  Atahualpa,  instead  of  being  burnt, 

And  put  to  ,  153,      TV 

death,       was  strangled  at  the  stake.        Pizarro,  to  complete 

I  Robertson,  iii.  book  vi.  Montesquieu,  having  established  the  princi- 
ple, "  That  we  should  not  decide  by  political  laws  things  which  belong  to 
ihe  law  of  nations,"  adduces  this  historical  example  as  an  instance  of  its 
en*el  violation  by  the  Spaniards.  "  The  Ynca  Athualpa.  could  only  be 
tr'red  by  the  law  of  nations  ;  they  tried  him  by  political  and  civil  laws  ; 
ari-d,  to  fill  up  the  measure  of  their  stupidity,  they  condemned  him,  not  by 
the  political  and  civil  laws  of  his  own  country,  but  by  th«  political  and- 
civil  laws  of  theirs."  Spirit  of  Laws,  vol.  ii.  book  xxvi.  chap,  xxi,  xxiii. 

2-  Robertson,  iii.  book  vi.  Had  the  Spanish  historians  of  South  Ameri- 
ca been  contemporary,  with  the  Spanish  conquerors ,  we  might  have  suspect- 
ed them  of  a  confederacy,  to  varnisk  over  the  entire  actions  of  the  Con- 
quest with  the  gloss  of  religion.  The  extorted  consent  of  the  wretched 
Inca  to  an  ablution,  whose  meaning  he  neither  understood,  nor  regarded, 
is  ascribed  by  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega  to  the  infinite  mercy  of  God.  The 
Catholic  historian  believed,  doubtless,  that  by  means  of  this  rite  the  mur- 
dered Inca  received  as  great  a  recompense  for  the  loss  of  his  I  iff,  as  his 
subjects  for  the  lass  of  their  country ;  which,  Acosta  assures  us,  "  was  re- 
compensed to  them  by  the  gain  which  heaven  was  to  their  souls." — "  But; 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  -3$ 

the  scene  of  shameless  guilt,  gave  him  a  magnificent    1533 
funeral,  and  went  into  mourning.  * 

Pizarro  soon  after  forced  his  way  into  Cuzco,2 
and  took  possession  of  that  capital  in  the  most  sol 
emn  manner  for  the  king  of  Spain. 3 

Benalcazar,   governor  of  St.  Michael,  marched  Quito 
\vith  some  Spanish  soldiers  through  a  mountainous  duei 
country,  and,  though  frequently  and  fiercely  attack* 
ed  by  the  natives,  surmounted  every  obstacle  by  his 
valour  and  perseverance,  and  entered  Quito  with 
his  victorious  troops.      Alvarado,  about  the  same 
time,  made  a  most  hazardous  expedition  into  the 
same  kingdom. 4 

"  now,"  says  Vega, "  to  consider  that  an  idolater,  who  had  been  guilty  of 
**  such  horrid  cruelties,  as  Atahualpa  had  been,  should  receive  baptism  at 
•"  the  hour  of  his  death,  can  be  esteemed  no  otherwise  than  an  effect  of  the 
K  infinite  mercy  of  God  toward  so  great  a  sinner  as  he  was,  and  I  am." 
Commentaries  of  Peru,  476.  Atahiialpa,  who  ever  since  the  arrival  of  the 
Spaniards  had  been  impressed  with  a  persuasion,  that  the  end  of  his  empire 
was  approaching,  was  greatly  depressed  at  the  sight  of  a  comet  ;  and  said 
te  Pizarro,  who  asked  the  cause  of  his  depression  :  "  When  I  saw  myself 
*'  first  in  chains,  I  thought  there  would  be  little  distance  between  my  im- 
"  prisonment  and  my  grave,  of  which  I  am  now  fully  certified  by  this  com- 
**  et."  Ibid.  47 2.  Alsted,  a  German  author  [Thesaurus  Chronologize,  p. 
492.],  takes  notice  of  this  comet,  and  relates  several  calamitous  events, 
which  followed  it.  "1533-  Arsit  comttu  xiphias  seu  ensiformis.  Secjuti- 
ti  sunt  terrsemotus  in  Germania,  mutationes  in  Anglia,  et  contentio  inter 
Carolum  V,  cum  Gallo  super  ducatu  Mediolanensi."  This  expositor  of 
omens  ought  to  have  added,  The  termination  of  the  empire  of  the  Incas. 

I  Vega,  474 — 478.  Herreru,  iv.  275,  276.  Purchas,  v.  1486.  Eu- 
rop.  Settlements,  i.  143,  144. 

a  This  was  the  imperial  city  of  the  Incas,  and  was  situated  in  a  corner 
of  the  Peruvian  empire,  above  400  miles  from  the  sea.  Robertson.  The 
spoil  of  this  city  was  immense.  See  Herrera,  iv.  392. 

3  Herrera, iv.  392.     Robertson,  iii.  book  vi.     Historians  differ  widely 
in  their  dates  of  the  events  of  this  conquest.     I  have  generally  followed  Dn 
Robertson. 

4  Robertson,  iii.  book  vi.     Alvarado,  a  distinguished  officer1  in  the  con- 
quest of  Mexico,  had  obtained  the  government  of  Guatimala.     He  embark- 
ed on  this  expedition  with  500  men,  above  2OO  of  whom  served  uti  horse- 
back, and,  landing  at  Puerto  Viego,  commenced  his  march  toward  Quito  ; 
but  in  passing  the  snowy  ridge  of  the  Andes  and  the  deserts  60  of  his  nu-a 
were  frozen  to  death,  and  before  he  reached  the  plain  of  Quito  a  fifth  part 
of  the  men  and  half  ot  their  horses  died.      No  expedition  in  the  New 
World  was  conducted  with  more  persevering  courage  than  this  ;  and  in    • 
none  were  greater  hardships  endured.    Robertson.     Vega  [492, 493.]  says, 
among  those,  who  were  frozen  to  death  in  passing  the  Ajides,  v«u*tke  first 
Spanish  woman,  who  ever  csun«  t«  Peru. 


$4  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

J534- 

The  Spaniards  had  already  begun  to  settle  a  col- 
ony in  the  interior  part  of  Peru  ; *     but,  for  the 
better    accommodation    of   trade    and  commerce, 
Pizarro  now  transplanted  them  to  a  place  near  the 
sea,  selected  for  a  new  settlement,  over  against  the 
rfLiml*    valley  of  Rimac,  and  here  he  founded  the  city  of  los 
founded.     Reyes  ;a    since  known  and  celebrated  under  the 

name  of  Lima. 3 

The  first        Though  the  misfortune  of  Verrazzano  had  suspen- 
jameTcar-  ^e^  t^ie  enterPr*ses  of  the  French  for  discoveries  in 
tier  to       the  New  World  ;    yet,  on  a  representation  made 
Canada.      ^y  p^^p  Chabot,  admiral  of  France,  of  the  advan- 
tages, that  would  result  from  establishing  a  colony 
in  a  country,  from  which  Spain  derived  her  great 
wealth,   these  enterprises   were  renewed.      James 
Cartier  of  St.  Malo,  by  commission  from  the  king, 
April  no.   sailed  in  April  from  that  port  with  two  small  ships 
and  one  hundred  and  twenty  two  men  ;  and  on  the 
tenth  of  May  came  in  sight  of  Newfoundland  ;  but 
the  earth  was  covered  with  snow,  and  great  quanti- 
ties of  ice  were  about  the  shore.     Six  degrees  to  the 
southward  he  discovered  a  harbour,  which  he  cal- 
led St.  Catharine's.     Returning  to  the  northward, 
he  sailed  almost  round  Newfoundland.      In  forty- 
eight  degrees  thirty  minutes  north  latitude  he  dis- 
covered and  named   the   Baye  des    Chaleurs,  or 
Heats  j4  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence.5     Having 
sailed  to  the  fifty  first  degree  of  latitude,  in  the  suc- 
yiugust*     cessless  hope  of  passing  to  China,  he  returned  to 
France,  without  making  a  settlement. d 

I  In  the  valley  of  Saussa,  30  leagues  from  Rimac  within  land.    Vega, 
a.  Vega,  521,543. 

3  Robertson, iii.  book  vi.     Lima  is  a  corruption  of  the  ancient  name  of 
the  valley  in  which  it  is  situated.  Ibid.     Herrera  [iv.  409 ;  v.  i.]  puts  the 
building  of  Lima  in  1535  ;  and  Robertson  18  January  of  that  year.     I  fol- 
low the  historian  of  Peru,  who,  after  observing  the  different  dates  of  other 
historians,  fixes  on  the  beginning  of  1534. 

4  Thus  named  on  account  of  the  sultry  weather. 

5  Named  from  his  entering  it  on  the  day  of  that  festival. 

6  Charlevoix,  tfist.  Nouv.  France,  i.  p.  xx.  Introd,  and  p,  8,  9. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  ?5 

1535.   I 

Carder,  by  royal  commission,  sailed  a  second  ^c°n<* 
time  from  France,  with  three  ships,  accompanied  cZt£, 
by  a  number  of  young  men  of  distinction,  who  were 
desirous  of  making  their  fortunes  under  his  guid- 
ance< *  Discovering  now  the  river  of  Canada,  which 
gradually  obtained  the  name  of  St.  Lawrence,3  he 
sailed  up  this  noble  stream  three  hundred  leagues 
to  a  great  and  swift  fall ;  formed  alliances  with  the 
natives  ;  took  possession  of  the  territory  ^  built  a 
fort ;  and  wintered  in  the  country,  which  he  called 
New  France.  He  at  this  time  visited  Hochelaga, 
•which  he  called  Montreal,  a  large  Indian  settlement,  * 
"where  the  French  were  well  received,  but  were  soon 
infected  with  the  scurvy,  of  which  disease  twenty  five 
of  their  number  died.  The  next  spring  C artier  re- 
turned with  the  remains  of  his  crew  to  France.4  Returns t»( 
This  was  the  first  attempt  of  the  French  to  make  a' 
settlement  in  America.  * 

iii.  186,  201— -212.  Purchas,  i.  749  ;  v.  1605.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxlx.  407* 
Belknap  Biog.  i.  34.  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  89.  Forster  Voy.  437,438." 
Brit.  Emp.  Introd,  p.  xlvii. 

1  Jeunes  Gentilshommes,  qui  voulurent  le  suivre  en  qualite  de  Volun- 
taires.     Charlevoix. 

2  According  to  Charlevoix,  the  name  of  St.  Lawrence  was  first  given 
to  the  Bay  ;  it  was  next  extended  to  the  Gulf;    and  then  to  the  Ri-ver  of 
Canada,  which  discharges  itself  into  the  Gulf.  Hist.  Nouv.  France,  i.  10. 
In  sailing  up  this  river  Cartier  discovered  Hazle  or  Filbert  Island  [Isle  aux 
Coudre] ;  Bacchus  Island,  since  called,  The  Isle  of  Orleans  ;  and  the  river 
St.  Crqix,  since  called  Jacques  Cartier's  river.     From  this  river,  partly  by 
stratagem  and  partly  by  force,  he  carried  off  Donnaconna,  a  chief  of  the 
natives.     "  The  poore  king  of  the  countrey  with  two  or  three  others  of 
his  chiefe  companions  comming  aboarde  the  French  shippes,  being  requir- 
ed thither  to  a  banquet,  was  traiterously  carryed  away  into  France,  where 
he  lived  four  yeeres,  and  then  dyed  a  Christian  there."   Hakluyt,  iii.  187. 
It  appears,  that  ten  of  the  natives  were  carried  to  France  by  Cartier  ;  and 
that  all  of  them,  excepting  a  girl  ten  years  of  age,  died  before  his  third 
voyage  in  1540.     Ibid.  232. 

3  It  contained  abont  50  dwel^ngs,  each  50  paces  long,  and  14  or  15 
broad,  encompassed  with  palisadoes.     The  eriginal  name,  given  by  Carder, 
was  Mont-Royal,  and  was  applied  by  him  to  a  mountain  near  the  Indian  vil* 
lage,  but  it  was  afterward  extended  to  the  entire  island t  called  at  this  day 
Montreal.    Charlevoix,  i.  13. 

4  Charlevoix,  i.  9 — 13.     Hakluyt,  iii.  212 — 232, 

5  Foreter  Voy.  439, 


?6  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

J535g  Cartier  expatiated  to  the  king  on  the  advantages, 
that  would  probably  result  from  a  settlement  in  this 
country,  principally  by  means  of  the  fur  trade  ; 
but  the  fallacious  opinion,  then  prevalent  among  all 
the  nations  of  Europe,  that  such  countries  only,  as 
produced  gold  and  silver,  were  worth  the  possession, 
had  such  influence  on  the  French,  that  they  slight- 
ed the  salutary  advice  of  Cartier,  and  would  hear 
no  more  of  the  establishment  of  a  colony  in  Can- 
ada.1 

Bon  Pedro  de  Mendoza,  with  twelve  ships  and 
•two  t^lousan^    men>  made  an  expedition   up   the 
Plata.       3rr\rer  de  la  Plata,  to  discover,  conquer,  and  inhabit 
the  circumjacent  regions  ;  and  died  on  his  return 
home.*     The  people,  whom  he  left,  built  a  large 
Buenos      town,  called   Nuestra  Sennora  de  Buenos  Ayres,3 
Ayres       the  capital  of  the  government ;  and,  with  the  aid  of 
the  natives,  discovered  and  conquered  the  country  ^ 
until  they  came  to  the  mines  of  Potosi,  and  to  the 
town  of  la  Plata. 4 

I  Forster  Voy.  441. 

1  He  sailed  from  Cadiz  in  August  1535.  Charlevoix  Paraguay,  \.  4%. 
By  a  storm  in  the  river  la  Plata  he  lost  8  of  his  ships,  and  sailed  with  the 
rest  for  Spain  •  leaving  behind  the  greatest  part  of  his  men.  In  a  short 
time  not  500  of  them  remained  alive  [Purchas,  i.  849.],  and  at  length  but 
300,  who  went  in  the  ship  boats  far  up  the  Paraguay,  leaving  their  mares 
and  horses  at  Buenos  Ay  res.  "  It  is  a  wonder,"  says  Ix>pez  Vaz,  "  to  see 
that  of  30  mares  and  7  horses,  which  the  Spaniards  left  there,  the  increase 
in  40  years  was  so  great  that  the  countrey  is  ao  leagues  up  full  of  horses." 
Hakluyt,  iii.  787. 

3  From  its  salubrious  air.     Ibid,  and  Hakluyt,  iii.  788.     The  Islands  pf 
St.  Gabriel  [See  A.  D.  1526.]  were  a  little  above  this  place.     Ibid. 

4  Harris  Voy'.  i.  273.      Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  203.     Encyc.   Metkodique, 
Geog.  Art.  BUENOS  AYRES.      This  Spanish  colony  two  years  afterward 
[1527]  built  the  town  of  Assumption  on  the  river  Paraguay  [Purchas,  i. 
850.     Herrera,  v.  343.]  ;  and  "  the  Indians"  of  this  place  "  bestowed  their 
daughters  in  marriage  upon  them,  and  so  they  dwelt  all  together  in  one 
towne."    They  were  here  20  years  before  any  intelligence  of  them  reach- 
ed Spain  ;  "  but  waxing  olde,  and  fearing  that  when  they  were  dead,  their 
sons,  which  they  had  begotten  in  this  countrey,  being  very  many,  should 
live  without  the  knowledge  of  any  other   Christians,"  they  built  a  ship, 
and  sent  it  into  Spain  with  letters  to  the  king,  giving  an  account  of  all  that 
had  occurred  ;  and  the  king  sent  3  ships  with  a  bishop  and  several  priests 
and  friars,  "  and  more  men  and  women  to  inhabite,  with  all  kind  of  cat- 
tell."    Hakluytjiii.  788,    Lopez  Vaz  (ibid.)  calls  the  town  La 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  87 

1536. 

A  voyage  was  made  from  England  to  Newfound-  £  Pr|L  • 

-tii-iti  i  •  c  -^nglish 

land  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  persons,  thirty  or  voyage  un. 
whom  were  gentlemen  of  education  and  character.  x  der  M- 
The  first  land,  that  they  made,  was  Cape  Breton,  Newfound- 
whence  they  sailed  northeastward  to  the  island  of 
Penguin,  and  then  to  Newfoundland  ;  but,  after  suf- 
fering the  extremity  of  famine,  in  which  many  per- 
ished, and  the  survivors  were  constrained  to  support 
life  by  feeding  on  the  bodies  of  their  dead  compare 
ions,  they  returned  to  England.  * 


Cortes  with  three  ships  discovered  the  large  pen-  Ma.y 
insula  of  California  $  3   and  the  island  of  St.  Jago 
in  its  vicinity.4 

i  Hakluyt  says,  "  One  Master  Hore  of  London,  a  man  of  goodly  stat- 
tire  and  of  great  courage,  and  given  to  the  studie  of  Cosmographie,  en- 
couraged  divers  gentlemen  and  others,  being  assisted  by  the  "icing's  favour 
and  good  countenance,  to1  accompany  him"  in  this  voyage  of  discovery  ; 
and  that  "  his  perswasions  tooke  such  effect  that  within  short  space  many 
gentlemen  of  the  Innes  of  court,  and  of  the  Chancerie,  and  divers  others 
of  good  worship,  desirous  to  see  the  strange  things  of  the  world,  very  wil- 
lingly entred  into  the  action  with  him."  This-  indefatigable  author  wrote 
most  of  his  relation  from  the  mouth  of  Master  Thomas  Butts,  one  of  the 
gentlemen  adventurers,  "  to  whom,"  says  Hakluyt,  "  I  rode  200  miles  one- 
ly  to  learne  the  whole  trueth  of  this  voyage  from  his  ovrn  mouth,  as  being 
the  onely  man  now  alive  that  was  in  this  discoverie." 

2  Hakluyt,  i.  517  —  519,  and  iii.  129  —  131,  where  there  is  an  entire  ac~ 
count  of  this  voyage.  When  reduced  to  such  extremities,  as  to  be  ready 
to  cast  lots,  whose  turn  it  should  be  to  be  devoured  next,  there  arrived  a 
French  ship,  of  which  they  made  themselves  masters,  and  left  theirs  to  the 
French,  after  distributing  among  them  a  sufficient  quantity  of  provisiong. 
Some  months  after  their  arrival  in  England,  a  complaint  was  brought  a- 
gainst  them  by  the  French  for  the  forcible  seizure  of  their  vessel  ;  but  the 
king,  learning  the  direful  necessity,  which  had  induced  theni  to  this  act  of 
violence,  indemnified  them  out  of  his  own  purse,  and  allowed  them  to  pass 
with  impunity.  These  adventurers  appear  to  have  been  ignorant  of  the 
immense  store  of  fish  on  all  the  banks  about  Newfoundland  ;  whence  it 
is  concluded,  that  this  fishery  must  have  been  in  use  32  years  at  least,  with- 
out the  knowledge  of  the  English.  Ibid,  and  Forster  Voy.  290,  291. 

3  Venegas  California,  i.  i  —  4.     This  name  was  given  to  the  peninsula 
at  its  first  discovery  ;  and  is  supposed  to  have  had  its  origin  in  some  acci- 
dent ;  for  its  etymology  cannot  be  traced.     The  Spaniards,  in  honour  of 
Cortes,  afterward  called  the  Gulf  of  California,  Mar  de  Cortes.    Ibid,    and 

[See  next 

4  Herrera,  v,  74  —  91  ;  vi.  178  —  185     Harris  Voy.  i.  373. 


88  AMERICAN  ANNALS* 

ordinances  The  Supreme  Council  of  the  Indies  in  Spain  made 
th«Pindiaa6  some  ordinances  for  the  provinces  in  New  Spain  ; 
New  among  which  were  the  following  :  That  the  Pre- 
lates should  see  the  children  of  the  mixed  race  be- 
tween Spaniards  and  Indians  instructed  in  the  Chris- 
tian doctrine,  and  good  manners  ;  that  the  Viceroy 
should  not  permit  the  Indian  youth  to  live  idly,  but 
require  that  they  learn  some  trades  ;  that  the  Col- 
lege, founded  by  the  Franciscan  Friars  at  Mexico, 
for  teaching  Indian  boys  the  Latin  Grammar,  should 
be  finished  ;  and  that  the  Indians,  who  understood 
not  Spanish,  appearing  before  any  Court,  should 
be  allowed  a  Christian  friend  of  their  own,  to  assist 
them,  and  save  them  from  injustice* r 

'538. 

Pizarro  sent  Baldivia  with  a  large  number  of 
Spaniards,  to  discover  and  conquer  the  country  of 
Chili  ;  and  they  discovered  considerable  territory, 
principally  on  the  sea  coast  toward  the  south  east,  to 
upward  of  forty  degrees  south  latitude. z 

*539- 

Expedition      Ferdinand  de  Soto,  governor  of  Cuba,  having 

tffotio^i"  projected  the  conquest  of  Florida,  sailed  from  the 

«fe.  port  of  Havanna  with  nine  vessels,  nine  hundred 

J        men  beside  sailors,  two  hundred  and  thirteen  horses, 

and  a  herd  tff  swine.     Arriving  on  the  thirtieth  of 

May  at  the  bay  of  Espiritu  Santo  on  the  western 

coast  of  Florida,  he  landed  three  hundred  men,  and 

pitched  his  camp  ;    but  about  break  of  day  the 

Prcf.  In  the  Map,  Inserted  in  Venegas'  History  of  California,  it  is  called, 
"  The  Gulph  of  California,  or  Cortes's  Red  Sea."  Robertson,  ii.  394  ;  but 
he  puts  this  discovery  in  1536.  Encyc.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  CALI- 
FORNIA. 

I  Herrera,  v.  154. 

•z  Hair's  Voy.  i.  273,  who  places  the  enterprise  in  this  or  the  following 
yecr.  Almagro  had  previously  (in  1535)  invaded  Chili, but  met  with  for- 
midable opposition  from  the  natives,  and  was  recalled  from  his  expeditiom 
ky  an  unexpected  revolution  in  Peru.  Robertson,  iii.  book  vi. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  89 

next  morning  they  were  attacked  by  a  numerous  is  driven 
body  of  natives,  and  obliged  to  retire. z 


off. 


1540. 

Notwithstanding  the  general  rejection  of  Carder's  Third  voy« 
advice  relative  to  making  a  settlement  in  Canada,3 


individuals  entertained  just  sentiments  on  the  sub- 
ject. A  nobleman  of  Picardy,  Francois  de  la  Roque, 
lord  of  Roberval,  3  more  zealous  than  any  of  his 
countrymen  for  prosecuting  discoveries  in  this  coun- 
try, fitted  out  two  ships  at  his  own  expense  ;  but 
not  being  ready  for  embarkation  himself,  he  sent 
Carder  with  five  ships  before  him,  with  a  royal 
commission,  as  captain  general.4  Carder  com- 
menced this  third  voyage  in  May  ;  and,  after  en-  May  a$. 
countering  many  storms,  landed  in  Newfoundland  dls> 
on  the  twenty  third  of  August.  Roberval  not  ar- 
riving, he  proceeded  to  Canada  ;  and  on  a  small 
river,  four  leagues  above  the  port  de  St.  Croix,  *? 
built  a  fort,  and  began  a  settlement,  which  he  cal- 
led  Charlebourg.  5 

1  Herrera,  v.  225.     Univ.  Hist.  xl.  382.      Belknap  Biog.i.  186.   There 
is  an  entire  account  of  this  expedition  in  Purchas,  v.  1528  —  1556.     Soto 
had  already  received  from  Charles  V  the  title  of  Marquis  of  Florida.   Near- 
ly 1000  men  were  raised  in  Spain  for  the  expedition,  and  among  them 
were  many  gentlemen  of  quality.     Ten  ships  were  fitted  out  to  carry  them 
with  all  necessary  stores  ;  and  they  sailed  from  San  Lucar  for  Cuba  6  A- 
pril  1538.  Herrera,  v.  224.  Prince  Chron.  Inirod.  92.  Biblioth.  Amerie.  57. 

2  See  A.D.  1535. 

3  Created  by  the  king  (15  January  1540)  lord  in  Norumbega,  and  his 
lieutenant  general  and  viceroy  in   Canada,  Hochelaga,  Saguenay,  New- 
foundland, Belle  Isle,  Carpon,  Labrador,  the  Great  Bay,  and  Baccalaos,  with 
plenary  authority.     Charlevoix,  Nouv;  France,  i.  21.  > 

4  This  commission,  given  by  Francis  I,  is  inserted  entire,  in  the  original 
French,  in  Hazard's  Collections,  i.  19  —  21. 

5  Hakluyt,  iii.  232  —  236.     Forster  Voy.  441,  443.     Prince  Chron.  In- 
trod.  92.  Chalmers  [i.  82.]  says,  Carder  built  this  fart  with  the  design  rather 
to  explore  the  great  river  of  St.  Lawrence,  than  to  take  formal  possession  of 
the  country.      This  first  settlement  appears  to  have  been  at  no  great  dis- 
tance from  Quebec  and  the  little  river  of  Charles.     There  is  a  small  place 
just  about  there,  called  Charlesbourg.  Fcrster  Voy.  444,  Translator's  «ycfr» 

N 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


Orellana 
descends 
the  Napo 
and  Ama- 
ffor. 
Aug.  26. 


February. 
Capital  of 
Chili  foun- 
ded. 

Guatimala 
chiefly  de- 
stroyed. 


jr.na  26. 
Pizarro 

assassinat- 


r54r- 

Francis  Orellana,  having  accompanied  Gonsalvc* 
Pizarro  from  Quito  to  the  river  Napo,  followed 
its  course  to  the  Maregnon  ;  descended  that  river  ; 
and  arrived  at  its  mouth  after  a  voyage  of  nearly 
seven  months.1 

The  reduction  of  Chili  was  completed.* 

St.  Jago  de  la  Nueva  Estremadura,  the  capital 
of  Chili,  was  founded  by  Peter  de  Valdivia. 3 

St.  Jago  de  Guatimala  was  principally  destroyed 
by  the  eruption  of  a  volcano,  attended  with  a  dread- 
ful storm,  and  succeeded  by  an  inundation.4  The 
city,  for  greater  security,  was  now  removed,  togeth- 
er with  the  episcopal  see  and  king's  council,  to  the 
distance  of  two  miles.  * 

Francis  Pizarro  was  assassinated  at  his  own  pal- 
ace at  noon  day,  by  the  friends  of  Almagro,  at  the 
age  of  sixty  three  years. 6 

I  Robertson,  iii.  %$.  Harris  Voy.  i.  272.  Harris  says,  he  sailed  503 
leagues  down  this  fiver,  which  he  and  Herrer.a  say  is  the  River  of  the  Ama- 
zons. Gonsalvo  Pizarro  went  from  Quito  in  1540  with  200  Spaniards, 
and  300  Indians  to  carry  burdens,  to  discover  the  Isle  of  Cinnamon.  Ar- 
livingat  Guana,  Pizarro  soon  after  near  the  Napo  left  his  sick  men  and 
-e  '.vith  OreiJana,  rind  went  with  a  compary  by  land  along  the  river's 
side  200  leagues.  Orellana,  in  the  ni^n  tuv.e,  v  ent  dov.'ii  the  river.  Pi- 
zarro, not  finding  him,  on  his  return,  was  reduced  to  great  extremity  for 
want  of  provisions  ;  and  of  the  200  Spaniards;,  who  left  Quito,  not  more 
than  10  returned  to  that  city.  Ibid.  273. 

1  With  the  addition  of  Chill,  seven  great  kingdoms,  inhabited  by  a  vast 
number  of  wealthy  and  warlike  nations,  had  now,  since  the  discovery  of 
A'vrerica,  been  compelled  to  submit  to  the  Spanish  yoke.  Europ.  Settle- 
ments, i.  67. 

3  Herrera,  v.  300.     Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  208. 

4  it  was  the  capital  of  the  audience  of  Guatimala,  and  one  of  the  noblest 
cities  of  New  Spain.  Herrera  [v.  356.]  says,  that  600  Indians  perished,  and  a 
great  number  of  Spaniards.     The  authors  of  the  Universal  History  [xxxix. 
147.]  say,  that,  beside  a  hurricane  and  volcanic  eruption,  there  was  at  the 
same  time  one  of  the  most  dreadful  earthquakes,  ever  felt  in  any  part  of  the 
globe  ;  but  their  account  of  the  number  that  perished  appears  exaggerated. 

5  Purchas,  i.  814. 

6  Vega  [612 — 615.]  says,  that  13  conspirators  in  Chili  went  with  drawn 
swords,  and  assassinated  him.     Herrera  [v.  289 — 291.]  says,  that  John  de 
Reda  was  at  the  head  of  the  conspirators  ;  that  he  was  joined  by  17  others, 
"  all  able  and  daring  men  ;"  that  they  acquainted  12  others,  "  no  ways  in- 
ferior 19  themselves,"  with  the  design,  who  also  agreed  to  carry  it  on ;  that 
"  they  all  set  out  armed  from  Almagro's  house  ;"  and  that  some  stayed  to 
air-  the  streets, «  so  that;  those,  who  made  to  hi*  heuse,  were  only  nineteen," 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  91 

Don  Pedro  de  Alvarado,  in  assisting  to  suppress  Death  of 
an  insurrection  of  Indians,  was  thrown  down  a  pre- 
cipice  by  a  horse,  which  fell  from  a  high  rock  a- 
gainst  him  \  and  he  died  soon  after  of  his  bruises. ' 

1542. 

Soto,  having  inarched  several  hundred  miles,  and  Progre58  Of 
passed  through  the  Indian  towns  of  Alibama,  Tar  Soto. 
lise,  and  Tascalusa,  to  Mavilla,  whence,  after  a  ser 
vere  engagement,  he  had  retreated  to  Chica^a,   re- 
mained there  until  April  of  this  year.  *     His  army, 
now  resuming  its  march  through  the  Indian  terri- 
tories, was  reduced  to  about  three  hundred  men,  and. 
forty  horses.  *       Soto,  haying  appointed  Lewis   de 
Moscoso    his  successor  in  command,4  died   at  the  His  death 
confluence  of  Guacoyaand  Missisippi.5 

Juan  Rodriguez  de  Cabrillo,  a  Portuguese  in  the  j  Rodri- 
service  of  Spain,  on  an  expedition,  to  search  for  guez  ais- 
the  Straits  of  Anian,  and  to  explore  the  western  ^ver 

r       A    '  i    i  i    •     '•  r  i          CaPe 

coast  of  America,  discovered  land  m  forty  two  de-  docino. 
grees  north  latitude,  on  the  North  American  coast, 
and,  in  honour  of  the  Viceroy,  who  had  employed 
him,  called  it  Cabo  Mendocino.  Having  proceed- 
ed to  the  forty  fourth  degree,  he  was  compelled  by 
the  sickness  of  his  crew,  the  want  of  provisions,  the 

I    Herrera,  v.  351 — 354.     Vega,  520. 

a  See  A.  D.  1539.  ^e  reached  Mavilla  (a  town  enclosed  with  wood- 
en walls)  in  1541.  The  engagement  there  was  in  October  of  that  year  ; 
and  in  it  2000  poor  natives  were  slain,  and  48  Spaniards.  A  considerable 
number  of  Spaniards  died  afterward  of  their  wounds  ;  so  that  their  en- 
tire loss  was  83.  They  lost  also  45  horses.  The  town  was  burnt,  in  the 
action.  Chicaga  was  an  Indian  village  of  20  houses. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  391.     See  A.  D.  1543*. 

4  Herrera,  vi.  8. 

5  Herrera,  vi.  9.  Pnrchas,  v.  1552.  Belkn.ap.  Biog.  i.  192.   Univ.  Hist, 
xli.  392.    To  prevent  the  Indians  from  obtaining  knowledge  of  his  death, 
his  body  was  put  into  an  oak,  hollowed  for  that  purpose,  and  sunk  in  tHe 
river.     Belknap  Biog.  i.  192.  Harris  Voy.  i.  809.  Herrera,  vi.  9.     Herrera, 
xvho  mentions  the  hollowed  oak,  defines  the  place  in  the  river  where  it 
was  sunk,  by  saying  it  was  where  the  river  was  a  quarter  of  a  league  over, 
and  19  fathoms  deep.     At  his  death  he  was  42  years  of  age,  and  had  ex.- 
pended  100,000  ducats  in  this  expedition.     Kerrera,  vi.  9,  where  there  is 
»  pleasing  account  of  his  character1. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

weakness   of  his  ship,  and  the.  turbulence  of  the 
sea,  to  return. x 

Carrier,  having  waited  in  vain  at  Canada  for  the 

1      arrival    of  flip  v 

France. 


turns  to     Arrival  of  the  viceroy   M.  de  Roberval,  and  con- 


sumed  all  his  provisions  ;  and  now  dreading  an  at- 
tack from  the  savages,  set  out  on  his  return  to 
France.  Roberval,  with  three  ships  and  two  hun- 
dred persons,  coming  to  recruit  the  settlement  in 
Canada,  met  him  at  Newfoundland,  and  would 
have  obliged  him  to  return  to  his  province  ;  but 
he  eluded  him  in  the  night,  and  sailed  for  Bretagne. 
The  viceroy,  proceeding  up  the  river  St.  Lawrence 
winters  in  four  leagues  above  the  island  of  Orleans,  and  find- 
ing here  a  convenient  harbour,  built  a  fort,  and 
remained  over  the  winter.  z 

J543- 

Termina-        The  small  remains  of  Soto's  armjr,  consisting  of 
tion  of  So-  t^ree  hundred  and  eleven  men,   arrived  at  Panuco 

to  s  expedi-  ' 

tion.  on  the  tenth  or  September  ;  and  the  great  expedi- 
tion terminated  in  the  poverty  and  ruin  of  all,  who 
were  concerned  in  it.  Not  a  Spaniard  was  now 
left  in  Florida.  3 


y-        Orellana,  having  -contracted   with  the  king  of 
age  of       Spain  for  the  government  of  as  much  territory  as 

Grellana.         *  &        .  .  .        J. 

he  could  conquer,  in  the  provinces  about  the  river 

Amazon,  by  the  name  of  New  Andeluzia,  sailed 

May  ii.   from  San  Lucar  with  four  ships  and  four  hundred 

men,  and  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  a  river,  which  he 

I  Forster  Voy.  448-     Venegas  California,  i.  161. 

a  Hakluyt,  iii.  240.  Purchas,  i.  750  ;  v.  1605.  Purchas  says,  that  Ro- 
feerval  Built  the  fort  "  faire  and  strong."  Belknap  Biog.  i.  35.  Forster 
Voy.  44^.  Prince  Chron.  Intnd.  93. 

3  Harris  Voy.  Purchas,  v.  1556.  See  an  account  of  Soto's  expedition 
entire  in  Kerrera,  Decad  iv.  book  vi,  chap,  i  ;  book  vii,  chap,  iii,  iv,  v  ; 
book  x,  chap,  i,  ii.  See  also  Harris  Voy.  i.  805  —  Sio,  for  an  account  of  it, 
written  by  a  Portuguese,  who  went  on  the  expedition. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  93 

supposed  to  be  the  Napo,  that  he  had  formerly 
descended.1  Ascending  this  river  about  a  hun- 
dred leagues,  he  built  a  brigantine,  and  staid  here 
about  three  months,  during  which  time  fifty  five  of 
his  men  died.  Proceeding  higher  up,  he  met  with 
various  disasters,  and,  after  much  fruitless  research 
for  the  main  branch  of  the  river,  fell  sick,  and,  re-  His  death. 
linquishing  the  design,  died  of  his  distemper  and 
of  grief.3 

T545- 

The  mines  of  Potosi  were  accidentally  discover-  Mines  of 
ed  by  an  Indian,  named  Hualpa.  Coming  to  a 
steep  place,  while  pursuing  some  wild  goats  up  the 
mountain,  he  laid  hold  of  a  shrub,  which,  yielding 
to  his  weight,  came  up  by  the  roots,  and  discover- 
ed a  large  mass  of  silver.  On  the  disclosure  of  this 
discovery,  the  mines  were  wrought  to  immense  ad- 
vantage. 3 

1546. 

A  pestilence  prevailed  through  the  entire  king- 
dom  of  Peru.     It  began  at  Cuzco  ;  and,  spreading  U1  Pl 
over  the  country,  swept  off  an  immense  number  of 
people. 4 

i  See  A.  D.  1541.  One  of  the  ships,  carrying  70  men  and  ir  horses, 
fumed  back,  on  account  of  contrary  winds,  and  was  heard  of  no  more. 

2-  Vega,  1006.  Herrera,  v.  265.  vi.  81,  8a.  See  an  account  of  Orella- 
na's  two  voyages  ibid.  Decad  iv.  book  vi,  chap,  iii ;  and  Dec.  v.  book  i, 
chap.  iv. 

3  Herrera,  vi.  89.  Vega,  344.  Univ.  HJst.xxxix.  193.  Anderson,  ii.  76. 
Beside  the  mass  of  silver,  Hualpa  observed  large  lumps  of  the  metal  in  the 
earth,  adhering  to  the  roots  of  the  plant.     Hastening  to  his  house  at  Por- 
<co,  he  washed  the  silver,  and  used  it ;  and,  when  it  was  exhausted,  repair- 
ed to  his  treasury.     A  confidential  friend  of  Hualpa  disclosed  the  secret  to 
a  Spaniard,  living  at  Porco,  and  the  mine  was  immediately  wrought.  The 
first  register  of  the  mines  of  Potosi  was  in  April  1545  ;  and  Hualpa's  mine 
was  called,  The  Discoverer^  because  it  marked  the  channel  to  other  mine* 
J5i  that  mountain.     Ibid. 

4  Herrera,  vi.  1 1  *. 


94  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


Civil  dissensions  among  the  Spaniards  in  Peru 
induced  the  Emperor  Charles  V  to  send  to  that 
country  Pedro  de  Gasca,  a  very  respectable  eccle- 
siastic, with  the  commission  of  President.  On  his 
arrival,  he  restored  harmony,  and  established  the 
royal  authority.  * 

1548, 

Newfound-      The  English  fishery  bn  the  American  coast  hact 
land  iishe-  now  become  an  object  of  national  importance,  andl 

ry  encou-     -,       .   ,      .  rrri  •>•  r  *r< 

raged  by  legislative  encouragement.  1  he  parliament  or  Eng- 
ine Eng-  land  passed  an  act  prohibiting  the  exaction  of  mo-. 
*lih'  ney,  fish,  or  other  rewards,  by  any  officer  of  the 
Admiralty,  under  any  pretext  whatever,  from  the 
fet  act  of  English  fishermen  and  manners,  going  on  the  ser- 
pariiament  vice  of  the  fishery  at  Newfoundland.  This  wa& 
Aiveria'  g  the  '^rst  act  °^  Parliament,  relating  to  America,  a 

I549-. 

Roherval  The  civil  war  in  France  had  exceedingly  retard* 
embarks  a-  ec[  t|le  progress  of  colonization,  from  the  time  o£ 
Roberval's  first  enterprise  for  the  settlement  of 
Canada.3  The  same  nobleman,  at  length,  accom- 

?  Vega,  756,  763.  RobertsSn  iii.  book  vi.  He  the  next  year  [1548] 
divided  the  lands  in  Peru.  Herrera,  vi.  216.  "  His  memory,"  says  Ve- 
^a  [776.],  "  ought  forever  to  be  celebrated,  in  regard  that  by  his  good  for- 
tune, excellent  conduct,  prudence,  and  wisdom,  the  new  empire,  contain- 
iirp;  1300  leagues  in  length,  was  recovered,  and  restored  to  the  emperor 
Charles  V,  with  a  vast  treasure  which  he  brought  with  him." 

i  Hakluyt,  i.  521  ;  iii,  131  ,  132,  where  the  Act  is  inserted  entire.  "  By 
this  act,"  says  Hakluyt,  "  it  appeared!  that  the  trade  out  of  England  was 
common  and  frequented  about  the  beginning  of  the  reigne  of  Edward  the 
6,  namely  in  the  year  1548,  and  it  is  much  to  be  marvelled,  that  by  the 
negligence  of  our  men,  the  countrey  in  all  this  time  hath  bene  no  better 
searched."  See  also  Chalmers,  i.  9.  Anderson,  ii.  83.  Forster  Voy.  293. 
The  preamble  of  the  act  says,  "  within  these  few  years  past  there  have 
been  taken  by  certain  officers  of  the  Admiralty  divers  great  exactions,  as 
sums  of  money,  doles,  or  shares  of  fish  &c.  to  the  great  discouragement  of 
those  fisheries  [Newfoundland  and  Iceland],  and  of  damage  to  the  whole 
commonwealth."  There  is  an  apparent  error  in  Prince  [Chron.  Intro:!.  99.], 
\vho  peaces  the  beginning  of  the  fishing  trade  of  the  English  at  Newfound- 
Undin  1560.  3  Sea  A.  D.  1540. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS;  95 

panied  by  his  brother  and  a  numerous  train  of  ad- 
venturers, embarked  again  for  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence ;  but  they  were  never  heard  of  afterward,  and  is  lost; 
This  disastrous  event  discouraged  the  people  and 
the  government  of  France  to  such  a  degree,  that 
for  fifty  years  no  measures  were  taken  for  supply- 
ing the  few  French  settlers,  who  still  remained  in 
Canada. * 

The  Portuguese  built  the  city  St.  Salvador, 
which  was  the  first  European  settlement  in  Brasil ; 3 
and  the  Jesuits  now  introduced  Christianity  into 
the  Brasilian  country. 3 

r550i 

.    The  controversy,  that  gave  rise  to  the  Separa-  ./Era  oftk« 
tion  from  the   Church   of  England,   began   about 
this  time  ;    and  now  commenced  the  ./Era  of  the 
English  Puritans.4 

The  plough  was  introduced  into  Peru.4 

1  Charlevoix,  Nouv.  France,  i.  22.     "  Avec  eux  tomberent  toutes  les 
iterances,  qu''on  avoit  congues  de  faire  un  Etablissement  en  Amerique." 
Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  408.     Forster  Voy.  443. 

2  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  a  1 7.     It  became  afterward  populous,  magnificent, 
arid  incomparably  the  most  gay  and  opulent  city  in  all  Brasii.     Ibid.  223. 

3  Histoire  Impartiale  des  Jesuites,  i.  385^ — 387. 

4  The  controversy  was  "  on  occasion  of  bishop  Hooper's  refusing  to  bfe 
consecrated  in  the  Popish  habits."  Neal  Hist.  Puritans,  vol.  i.  Preface,  and 
p.  61 — 65.     See  Prince  Chron.  215.    Burnet  Hist.  Reformation,  1^.199— 
203.    Hooper  was  a  zealous,  a  pious,  and  a  learned  man,  who  had  gone 
but  of  England  in  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VIII,  and  resided 
at  Zurich.     Ibid.     Peirce  [Vindication  of  the  Dissenters,  p.  29.]  hence 
observes,  "  that  the  habits  have,  from  the  very  infancy  of  our  Reforma- 
tion, been  an  offence  to  very  learned  and  pious  men"      The    archbishop   of 
Canterbury,  with  other  bishops  and  divines,  having  concluded  on  an  or- 
der of  divine  worship,  an  act,  confirming  that  new  liturgy,  had  passed 
both  houses  of  parliament    15  January  1549.      It  was  -protested  against 
however  by  the  bishops  of  London,  Durham,    Norwich,  Carlisle,  Here- 
ford, Worcester,  Westminster,  and  Chichester.     The  parliament  enacted, 
that  all  divine  offices  should  be  performed  according  to  the  new  liturgy, 
and  subjected  such  of  the  clergy,  as  should  refuse  the  service,  or  officiate  in 
any  other  manner,  to  forfeitures  and  imprisonment ;  and,  for  the  third  of- 
fence, to  imprisonment  for  life.     Whoever  should  write  or  print  against 
the  book  were  to  be  fined  jTio  for  the  first  offence  ;  £20  for  the  second  ; 
and  to  be  imprisoned  for  life  for  the  third.     The  Council  immediately  ap- 
pointed Visitors,  to  see  that   the  Liturgy  was  received  throughout  Eng- 
land.    Neal  Hist.  Puritans,  i.  50,  51.     See  Note  III  at  the  end  of  the  vol. 

5  Vega,  578.    This  historian  of  Peru  was  carried  that  year  t»  see  »x- 


96  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

'551- 

Bartholomew  de  las  Casas,  having  zealously  la- 
boured fifty  years  for  the  liberty,  comfort,  and  sal- 
vation of  the  Natives  of  Americi,  returned  dis* 
couraged  to  Spain,  at  the  age  of  seventy^  seven 
years. l 


The  rich  mines  of  New  Spain  were  discovered.  * 
The  Portuguese  about  this  time  put   cattle  and 
swine  for  breed  on  the  Isle  of  Sable. 3 

'555- 

The  culture  of  grapes  had  already  succeeded  hi 
Chili.4 


1558. 


The  Inca  of  Peru  and  his  wife  were  baptized  at 
Cuzco.     The  inhabitants  of  the  city  honoured  the 

en  at  plough  in  the  valley  of  Cuzco,  and  great  numbers  of  Indians  flock- 
ed from  all  parts,  with  astonishment,  to  behold  "  this  prodigious  novel- 
ty." Ibid. 

I  Encyclop.  Methodique,  Art.  CASAS.  He  wrote  his  Narrative  of  the 
destruction  of  the  Indians  by  the  Spaniards,  in  the  year  1542  [Purchas  v. 
1569,  where  the  substance  of  it  is  inserted],  at  which  time  he  affirmed, "  that 
of  three  millions  of  people,  which  were  in  Hispaniola  of  the  natural  in- 
habitants, there  scarce  remain  300  ;"  "  and  now,"  adds  Purchas  [i.  913.], 
"  as  Alexaudro  Ursino  reporteth,  none  at  all  :  only  two  and  twenty  thou- 
sand negroes  and  some  Spaniards  reside  there."  Las  Casas  died  A.  D; 
1366,  JEtat.  xcii.  Encyc.  Method,  ibid. 

3  Robertson,  ii.  388. 

3  Hakluyt,  iii.  155.     I  rely  on  this  account,  which  is  taken  from  a  Re- 
port of  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert's  voyage  in  1583,  written  by  M.  Edward 
Haies,  a  gentleman  who  accompanied  Gilbert,  who  says,  "  Sablon  lieth 
to  the  seaward  of  Cape  Breton  about  25  leagues,  whither  we  were  deter- 
mined to  goe  upon  intelligence  we  had  of  a  Portugal,  during  our  abode  in 
6.  John's,  who  was  himselfe  present,  when  the    Portugals  (about  thirty 
yeeres  past)  did  put  into  the  same  Island  both  Neat  and  Swine  to  breede, 
which  were  since  exceedingly  multiplied."     See  a  French  account,  p.  68, 
note  2,  of  these  Annals. 

4  Vega,  388.     Bartholomew  de  Terrazas,  one  of  the  first   conqueror* 
of  Peru,  first  planted  them  in  the  city  of  Chili.     This  year  from  a  vine- 
yard in  the  country  he    sent   30  Indians,   "  laden  with  fair  and  goodly 
grapes,"  to  his  friend  Garcilasso  de  la  Vega,  father  of  the  historian.     "  For 
my  part,"  says  Vega,  "  I  did  partake  of  those  grapes  ;  for  my  father  hav- 
ing made  me  the  messenger  to  carry  them,  attended  with  two  pages,  I  dcr 
Jivered  to  every  priccipai  house  two  large  buc&es  tf  theaj.'*    Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  97 

eay  of  the  baptism  with  the  sport  of  bulls,  and 
throwing  of  darts,  and  other  signals  of  joy.1 

1560. 

l)on  Antonio  de  Ribera  carried  from  Seville  se-  olives 
verai  olive  plants,  and  planted  them  in  los  Reyes, 
whence  one  of  them  wras  conveyed  by  stealth  to 
Chili  ;  and  from  this  time  the  olive  flourished  in 
Chili  and  Peru. z 

1562, 

During  the  civil  war  between  the  Protestant  and  Voyage  of 
Catholic  parties  in  France,  the  illustrious  but  unfortu-  j^SJ.^ 
nate  statesman,  admiral  Coligny,3  formed  a  project  Florida* 
for  carrying  a  colony  of  Protestants  to  America,  to  Se- 
cure for  them  an  asylum,  and  at  the  same  time  pro- 
mote the  interest  of  his  country* 4   Having  obtained 
permission  of  Charles  IX  of  France,  who  was  anxious 
to  get  rid  of  his  Huguenots,  he  fitted  out  two  ships, 
and  giving  the  command  of  them  to  John  Ribault, 

I  They  appeared  "  in  rich  attire  and  costly  liveries,"  says  Vega  the 
historian,  who  was  present  at  this  Christian  exhibition.  Commentaries 
of  Peru,  999. 

3  Vega,  391. 

3  He  is  sometimes  called    GJyaiillon,  from  the  place  of  his  residence* 
"  £,a  maison  de  Coligny  possedoit  Chatillon-sur  Loing,  et  en  a  quelfefois 
yris  le  nom  de  Chatillon."     Encyc.  Methodique,  Histoire,  Art.  CHATIL- 
LON.     This  distinguished  leader  of  the  French  Protestants  was  assassinat- 
ed in  the  beginning   of  the  massacre   of  Paris  24  August,  1571.     In  that 
horrible  massacre  of  Chatillon  and  the  Huguenots  (ordered  by  Charles  IX 
of  France),  upwards  of.  70,000  persons  were  killed.     It  is  commonly  cal- 
led the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew.  Du  Fresnoy  Chronol.  Tables,  ii.  161. 

4  PurchaS)  v.  1603.     Chalmers,  1^513.     Chalmers  [ibid,] says,  "it  was 
hot  till  this  .year,  that  Coligny  sent  a  colsny  to  Florida;"  and  with  him, 
historians  unitedly  agree.     Mezeray  however  [Hist.  France,  p.  700.]  says, 
that^he  had  previously  attempted  a  settlement  in  that  country  ;   but  does 
not  mention  the  year.     His  words  are  :    "  One  of  the  admiral's  principal 
cares  was  to  increase  the  navigation  and  the  trade  of  France,  chiefly  ia 
those  countries  of  the  other  hemisphere  [America],  as  well  for  the  credit 
of  his  office,  as.  to  plant  colonies  there  of  his  own  religion.     He  had  sent 
the  Chevalier  de  Villegagnon  to  Florida,  as  believing  him  fixed  in  the 
new  opinions  ;  but  this  man  failed  him  in  his  promises,  and  rudely  hand- 
led those  of  that  profession.     Afterward,  in  the  year  1562,  he  dispatched 
John  Ribaud  thither  with  two  ships,  who  sailing  a  quite  different  course 
than  the  Spaniards  had  wont  to  do,  most  happily  landed  at  Florida.'* 

O 


95  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1562.  sent  him  over  with  a  colony  of  Protestants  to  Flo* 
Feb.  18.    rida.     Ribault  sailed  from  France  in  February,  and 
sails  from   the  first  land,   that  he  discovered  on  the  coast  of 
Prance.      fion^  was  jn  the  thirtieth  degree  north  latitude, 
which  he  called  Cape  Frar^ois.   Coasting  thence  to- 
ward the  north,  he  discovered  "  a  very  fair  and  great 
May  T     river,"  which  he  entered  on  the  first  of  May,  and 
Discovers    from  this  circumstance  called  it  the  River  of  May.  *• 
the  r=vereof  Here  ne  was  welcomed  by  a  great  number  of  the 
May.        natives,  and  erected  a  pillar  of  hard  stone,  on  which 
he  caused  the  arms  of  France  to  be  engraved.  Pro- 
ceeding to  the  northward,  he  discovered  nine  other 
rivers,3  one  of  which,  in  the  latitude  of  thirty  two 

i  Denominated  afterward  by  the  Spaniards  St.  Matheo  [Chalmers, !. 
513.]  ;  but  now  cnllecl  St.  John's  river.  Some  suppose  this  to  have  been 
what  is  now  called  St.  Mary's  river,  which  forms  part  of  the  southern 
boundary  line  of  the  United  States  ;  but  from  Laudonniere's  account 
[Hakluyt,  iii.  308,  309.]  we  should  conclude,  it  was  the  St.  John's.  "  Hee 
"  [Ribault]  arrived  in  Florida,  landing  near  a  Cape  or  Promontorie,  which 
"  he  called  St.  Frangois  in  honour  of  our  France.  This  Cape  is  distant 
from  the  equator  thirtie  degrees.  Coasting  from  this  place  towards  the 
North,  he  discovered  a  very  faire  and  great  river,  which  gave  him  oc- 
casion to  cast  anker,  that  he  might  search  the  same.  The  day  follow- 
ing he  caused  a  piilrr  of  hard  stone  to  be  planted  within  the  sayde  river, 
and  not  farre  from  the  mouth  of  the  same  upon  a  little  sandie  knappe, 
in  which  pillar  the  Armes  of  France  were  carved  and  engraved.  We 
"  called  this  river  Tie  River  of  May,  because  we  discovered  it  the  first 
tc  d;.y  of  the  sayde  month."  In  coasting  nartlivardly  from  lat.  30,  Ribault 
could  hardly  have  passed  by  St.  John's  river,  a  broad  navigable  stream, 
without  noticing  it.  Hawkins,  who  visited  the  French  settlement  on  the 
river  of  May  [See  pn^e  103,  nota  3.],  found  it  "standing  in  thirtie  de- 
grees and  better"  [Hakluyt,  i.  539.],  which  latitude  perfectly  agrees  with 
that  of  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John's. 

2  Named  Ity  the  French  «  English  names 

•   The  Seine  St.  Mary's 

The  Somme  Satilla 

The  Loire  Alatamaha 

The  Charente  .c  £  Newport 

The  Garonne  Ogeechee 

The  Glronde  j=L,  **  Savannah 

The  Belle  May  River  [in  South  Carolina) 

The  Grande  Broad  River 

Port  Royale  Port  Royal. 

I  know  that  Charlevoix's  map  of  French  Florida  puts  the  Alatamaha  for 
the  Seine  ;  the  Ogeechee  for  the  Charente ;  and  the  Savannah  for  the 
Garonne.  It  may  be  correct ;  but  a  map,  though  it  contain  some  rare  and 
curious  matter,  and  aid  the  solution  of  some  historical  problems,  cannot 
claim  entire  confidence,  while  it  presents  us  Powhatan  or  James  River  as 
in  South  Carolina,  with  James  Town  in  Virginia  on  its  banks,  and  Charles- 


-AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

degrees,  "  because  of  its  largeness  and  excellent    1562. 
faireness,"  he  called  Port  Royal.  *     Sailing  many  Discovers 
leagues  up  this  river,  he  erected  on  an  island  in  the  Port  Royal, 
river  a  pillar  of  stone,  similar  to  that  previously 
erected  on  the  river  of  May  ;    built  a  fort,  which  w]iere  he 
he  called  Charles  Fort ;  and  here  left  a  colony,  pro-  builds  a 
mising  to  return,  as  socn  as  possible,   with   rein- 
forcements and  provisions.3     The   settlers,  whom an(neaves 
he  left  behind,  soon  after  mutinied,  and  killed  Al- a  colony, 
bert,  their  captain,  for  his  seventy.     Reduced  at 
length  to  insupportable  extremity,  they,  by  extra-  which  a- 
ordinary  efforts,  built  and  rigged  out  a  vessel,3  andb,and?ns 

'.         ,     Ji  .          i     •  .,,  bY    •     r  11        the  place, 

"  embarking  their  artillery,  their  forge,  and  other 
munitions  of  war,  and  as  much  mill,  as  they  could 
gather,"  they  put  to  sea.  When  they  had  been 
out  several  weeks,  and  spent  all  their  provisions, 
they  butchered  one  of  their  number,  who  consent-* 

town,  the  Carolinian  capital,  at  its  mouth.  I  pretend  however  to  nothing' 
more  than  conjecture,  with  regard  to  the  several  streams,  corresponding  to 
the  French  names. 

I  Purckas,  v.  1603.  Hakluyt,  iii.  304.  "  The  haven  is  one  of  the  fair-i 
est  of  the  West  Indies."  Ibid.  314.  "Wee  stroke  our  sailes,  and  cast 
anker  at  ten  fathpm  of  water  ;  for  the  depth  is  such  namely  when  the  sea 
beginneth  to  flowe,  that  the  greatest  shippes  of  France,  yea,  the  Arguzes 
of  Venice  may  enter  there."  IbicJ.  309-  Ehr«  Belknap  erroneously  suppos- 
ed Port  Royal  river  to  be  the  same  as  the  river  of  May  :  "  Ribalt  named 
the  River  May,  and  the  entrance  he  culled  fort  Royal"  American  Biogra- 
phy, i.  36.  He  accordingly  fixed  Ribault's  colony  and  Fort  Charles  at  the 
river  of  May.  Ibid.  But  the  accounts  of  this  voyage  of  Ribault,  and  of 
the  voyage  of  Laudonniere  in  1564  [See  note  3  in  that  year],  prove,  that 
they  were  two  distinct  rivers,  and  widely  distant  from  each  other.  The 
French  settlement  on  the  river  of  May  was  in  about  30  degrees  north 
latitude  [Hakluyt  i.  539.]  ;  but  Fort  Charles,  built  by  Ribault  pn  Port 
Royal  river,  was  in  lat.  32  degrees.  Ibid.  iii.  309. 

a  See  Note  IV  at  the  end  of  the  volume. 

3  They  procured  turpentine  from  the  pine  trees ;  and  "  gathered  a 
Icind  of  mosse,  which  groweth  on  the  trees  of  this  country,"  to  calk  their 
vessel ;  and  made  sails  of  their  own  shirts  and  sheets.  The  moss,  men- 
tioned by  Laudonniere,fgrows  several  feet  in  length  on  the  trees  along  the 
Southern  sea  coast ;  and  is  a  great  curiosity  to  a  person  born  in  New  Eng- 
land. I  never  saw  so  perfect  natural  arbours,  as  those  on  the  islands  of 
St.  Helena  and  Port  Royal,  formed  by  trees  of  the  forest,  covered  with 
this  species  of  moss.  The  trees  appear  exceedingly  venerable  ;  and,  im- 
pervious to  the  rays  of  the  sun,  form  a  most  grateful  shade  in  that  burn- 
ing climate. 


ioc  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

ed  to  be  made  a  victim,  to  save  his  comrades,^ 
Soon  after  they  were  taken  up  by  an  English  ship, 
and  carried  into  England, 3 

1563, 

The  first  slave  trade  of  the  English  was  opened 
on  the  coast  of  Guinea.  John  Hawkins,  in  the 
prospect  of  great  gain,  resolved  to  make  trial  of  this 
nefarious  and  inhuman  traffic.3  Several  gentle- 
men in  London,  to  whom  he  communicated  the  de- 
sign, became  liberal  contributors  and  adventurers 
for  its  execution.  Three  good  ships  were  immedi- 
ately provided,  and  with  these  and  one  hun- 

I  After  sailing  a  third  part  of  the  voyage,  they  were  so  becalmed^ 
that  in  three  weeks  they  sailed  not  above  25  leagues.  During  this  time, 
their  provisions  were  so  far  spent,  "  that  every  man  was  constrained  to 
eate  not  past  twelve  graines  of  mill  by  the  day,  which  may  be  in  value  as 
much  as  twelve  person"  (pease).  When  the  mill  was  spent,  they  ate  their 
shoes  and  leather  jerkins.  "  Touching  their  beverage,"  says  Laudonniere, 
"  some  of  them  drank  the  sea  water,  others  did  drink  their  own  urine." 
This  extreme  famine  continued  so  long,  that  several  of  them  died  with 
hunger.  A  boisterous  head  wind  now  springing  up,  and  their  vessel  be- 
coming suddenly  half  filled  with  water  ;  "  as  men  resolved  to  die,  every 
one  fell  downe  backwarde,  and  gave  themselves  over  altogether  unto  the 
•will  of  the  waves."  One  of  their  number,  at  this  juncture,  encouraging 
them  with  the  hope  of  seeing  land  in  three  days,  they  threw  the  water 
out  of  the  pinnace,  and,  remained  three  days  without  eating  or  drinking, 
excepting  the  sea  water.  No  land  appearing  at  the  end  of  the  three  days, 
they  became  absolutely  desperate.  In  this  extreme  despair,  it  was  suggest- 
ed, that  it  were  better  that  one  man  should  die,  than  that  so  many  men 
should  perish.  The  direful  expedient  was  adopted  \  and  executed  on  Le 
Chere  (or  Lachau),  "  whose  flesh  was  divided  equally  among  his  fellowes : 
a  thing  so  pitiful  to  recite,"  says  Laudonniere,  "  that  my  pen  is  loth  to 
write  it."  Hakiuyt,  iii.  318.  Charlevoix  [Nouv.  France,  i.  35.]  says,  that 
I^achau  voluntarily  proposed  to  become  a  victim,  and  adds  :  "II  fut  pris 
au  mot,  et  on  1'  egorgea  sur  le  champ,  san  qu'il  fit  la  moindre  resistance.  II 
ne  fut  pas  perdu  une  goute  de  son  sang,  tous  en  burent  avec  avidite,  le  corps 
fut  mis  en  pieces,  et  chacun  en  cut  sa  part." 

a,  Hakiuyt,  iii.  303 — 319.  Purchas,  i.  769,  770;  v.  1603.  Charlevoix 
Nouv.  France,  i.  24 — 35.  Pastes  Chron.  [ibid.]  p.  24.  Mezeray  Hist.  France, 
700.  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  393 — 395.  Hewet  S.  Carolina  and  Georgia,  i.  18. 
Prince  Chron.  Initod.  ()<),  Harris  Voy.  i.  810.  Anderson,  Hist.  Com.  ii.  117. 

3  He  had  made  several  voyages  to  the  Canary  Islands,  "  and  there  by 
his  good  and  upright  dealing  being  growen  in  love  and  favour  with  the 
people,  informed  himselfe  amongst  them  by  diligent  inquisition  of  the 
state  of  the  West  India,  whereof  he  had  received  some  knowledge  by  the 
instructions  of  his  father,  but  increased  the  same  by  the  advertisements 
and  reports  of  that  people.  And  being  amongst  other  particulars  assured 
that  NEGROES  were  very  good  merchandise  in  Hispaniola,  and'that  store  of 
negroes  might  easily  be  had  upon  the  coast  of  Guinea,  resolved  with  him- 
make  trial  thereof,"  Ha.kjuyt,  iii.  jog. 


. 
AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

<Jred  men  Hawkins  sailed  to  the  coast  of  Guinea,1 
where,  by  money,  treachery  and  force,  he  procured 
at  least  three  hundred  negroes,  and  sold  them  at 
Hispaniola. z 

1564. 

The  civil  wars   in  France,  among  other  causes,  Voyage  of 
liad  prevented  the  conveyance  of  the  promised  sue-  J^f  to" 
cour  to  the  French  colony  at  Fort  Royal.      Peace  Honda. 
being  now  concluded,  and  admiral  Coligny  inform- 
ing the  king,  that  he  had  received  no  intelligence  of 
the  men,  whom   Ribault  had  left  in  Florida,  ex- 
pressing concern  at  the  same  time,  that  they  should 
be  left  there  to  perish  ;  the  king  consented,  that  he 
should  cause  three  ships  to  be  furnished  and  sent 
out  to  their  relief.     M.  Rene  Laudonniere,  appoint- 
ed by  the  king,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  ad-  April  w, 
miral,  to  the  command  of  the  ships,  sailed  in  April     Sails? 
for  Florida,  and  arrived  on  the  twenty  fifth  of  June 
at   the  river  of  May.      After  sailing  northward 
about  ten  leagues  and  holding  intercourse  with  the 
natives,  stopping  short  of  Port  Royal,3  where  Ri- 

V 

I  He  sailed  from  England  in  October  1.562  ;  touched  at  Teneriffe,  and 
proceeded  to  Sierra  Leona. 

1  Hakluyt,  i.  521,  52.2,  where  there  Is  an  entire  account  of  this  voyage. 
Hawkins  sold  his  negroes  at  three  places  in  Hispaniola ;  the  port  of  Isa- 
bella ;  port  de  Plata ;  and  Monte  Christi ;  and  received  in  exchange,  "  such 
quantity  of  merchandise,  that  he  did  not  only  lade  his  owne  3  shippts 
•with  hi des,ginger,  sugers,  and  some  quantity  of  pearles,  but  hefraightedalso 
2  other  hulkes  with  hides,  and  other  like  commodities,  which  he  sent  into 
Spain."  Ibid.  Anderson  [Hist.  Com.  ii.  117.]  says,  f'this  seems  to  have 
been  the  very  first  attempt  from  England  for  any  negro  trade."  [See  p. 
37,  45,  of  these  Annals.]  Purchas,  v.  11/9.  Biog.  Britann.  Art.  HAWKINS. 
Joselyn  Voy.  233.  Keith  Hist.  Virginia,  31.  Stow  [Chron.  807.]  informs 
us,  that  Hawkins  in  his  youth  had  studied  the  mathematics  ;  and  that 
"  he  went  to  Guinea  and  Hispaniola,  which  then  was  most  strange  and 
wonderfull,  by  reason  he  was  the  first  Englishman  that  discovered  and 
taught  the  way  into  those  parts." 

3  Much  error  and  confusion  had  been  avoided  by  historians,  had  they 
but  carefully  observed  the  traverse  sailing  of  Jjaudonniere.  "  Wee  sayled 
{from  the  river  of  May]  toward  the  river  oi  Seine,  distant  from  the  river  of 
May  aboiit  foure  leagues :  and  there  continuing  our  course  towarde  the 
North,  wee  arrived  at  the  mouth  of  Somme,  which  is  not  past  sii'e  leagues 
distant  from  the  river  of  Seine,  where  wee  cart:  .jiiker,  aud  \vi.",:t  on  shoare." 
Here  the  company  consulted  together  respecting  the  place,  which  thty 
iJio.uld  choose  for  "  planting  their  habitation  ;"  whether  toward  the  Cav<fe 


Joi  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

bault's  company  had  been  left,  he  sailed  back  t6 
Builds  Fort  the  river  of  May,  where  he  built  a  fort,  which,  in 
Caroline  at  honour  cf  Charles,  the  French  king,  he  called  Ca- 

the  river  of      ,.  -  .  o' 

May.       rolme.1     His  ships  returned  in  July  to  r ranee.* 

1565, 

R^ni*a«t     Ribault,  who  had  been  appointed  governor  tct 
rives  at      supersede  Laudonniere,  arriving  at  Florida  with  SG-. 
from**      ven  Sl1^  °f  vessels>  took  all  the  best  of  the  men  at 
France,      Fort  Caroline  for  an  expedition  against  a  Spanish 
fleet,  and  left  Laudonniere  with  the  charge  of  the 
Fort,  without   the  means  of  defence.3      At  this 
juncture  Pedro  Melendez  was  on  his  way  to  Flori- 
da, in  execution  of  an  enterprise  in  the  service  of 
Philip  II  of  Spain,  who  had  given  him  command  of 
a  fleet  and  army,  with  full  power  to  drive  the  Hu- 
guenots out  of  Florida,  and  settle  it  with  good  Ca- 

of  Florida,or  at  Pert  Royal.  "  If  wee  passed farther  toward  the  North  to  seeke 
cut  Port  Royall,  it  would  Le  neither  very  profitable  nor  convenient  ;  al- 
though the  haven  were  one  of  the  fairest  of  the  West  Indies  :  but  that  in 
this  case  the  question  was  not  so  much  of  the  beautie  of  the  place,  as  of 
things  necessary  to  sustaine  life.  And  that  for  our  inhabiting  it  was  more 
Reedefull  for  us  to  plant  in  places  plentifull  of  victual!,  than  in  goodly 
H.wens,  faire,  deepe,  and  pleasant  to  the  view."  The  conclusion  was, 
*'  That  it  was  expedient  to  seate  themselves  rather  on  the  River  of  May* 
than  on  any  other,  until!  they  might  hear  cevves  out  of  France."  Hak-. 
luyt,  iii.  323,  324. 

i  It  stood  not  above  two  leagues  distance  from  the  rnouth  of  the  ri-. 
•vcr.  Hakluyt,  iii.  336. 

2,  Hakluyt,  iii.  319,  325,  329,  Purchas,  i.  770;  v.  1603,  1604.  Char- 
levoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  35 — 40.  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  395,  396.  Europ.  Settle- 
ments, ii.  235.  The  English  writers  in  general  mistake  in  supposing  Fort 
Caroline  to  have  been  built  in  the  English  Carolina.  It  was  built  in  the 
French  and  Spanish  Florida.  [Univ.  Hist.  xl.  419.]  It  has  been  confound- 
ed probably  with  Fort  Clarks.  See  A.  D.  5562.  Du  Pratz  egregiously 
<^rrs,  when  he  affirms,  that  the  ruins  of  Fort  Caroline  are  visible  near  P:n-^ 
sacola.  Hist.  L,ouisiane,  i.  3.  See  next  pag;,  note  4. 

3  Hakluyt,  iii.  354«  On  mustering  his  men,  this  is  the  account  he 
crjves  of  them  :  u  I  found  nine  or  ten  of  them  whereof  not  past  two  or 
three  had  ever  drawen  sword  out  of  a  scabbard,  as  I  thinke.  Of  the  nine 
there  were  foure  but  young  striplings,  which  served  capfcaine  Ribault  and 
kept  his  dogs.  The  fifte  was  a  cooke.  Among  those  that  were  without 
the  fort,  and  which  were  of  the  foresaid  company  of  captaine  Ribault 
there  was  a  Carpenter  of  three  score  yeeres  olde,  one  a  Beere-brewer,  one 
olde  Crosse-bowe  maker,  two  Shoemakers,  and  four  or  five  men  that  had 
their  wives,  a  pkyer  on  the  Virginals,  two  servants  of  Monsieur  du 
Lvs,  one  of  Monsieur  de  Beauhaire,  one  of  Monsieur  de  la  Grange, 
and  about  foure  score  and  five  or  *ixe  in  all,  counting  a*  wel 


AMERICAN  ANNALS;.  ioj 

tholics.*     Arriving  at  Florida,  he  massacred  Ri-    1565. 
bault*  and  all  the  company,  excepting  Laudonniere  Septembe*. 
and  a  few  others,  who  escaped  to  France. s     Me- 
lendez  now  built  three  forts  on  the  river  of  May,4 
and  strongly  garrisoned  them  with  Spanish  soldiers. s 

Lackeys  as  women  and  children.  Those  that  were  left  me  of  mine  owne 
company  were  aboute  sixteene  or  seventeene  that  could  beare  arines,  and 
&11  of  them  poore  and  leane  :  the  rest  Wf  re  sicke  and  maymed."  Ibid. 

I  The  Spaniards  "  pretended  those  territories  belonged  to  them,  affirm^ 
ing  they  were  the  first  discoverers."  Mezeray. 

2,  Ribault,  at  the  first  assault,  was  not  far  distant,  and"  is  said  to  have 
*'  parled  with  the  Spaniards."  He  set  sail  with  Laudonniere  for  France 
45  September,  but  was  separated  from  him  the  next  day,  and  immediately 
after  overtaken  with  a  tempest, "  which  in  fine  wrackt  him  upon  the  coast 
where  all  his  shippes  were  east  away,  and  he  with  much  adoe  escaped 
drowning,  to  fall  into  their  hands  which  cruelly  massacred  him  and  all  his 
company."  Hakluyt,  iii.  355.  How  many  were  killed  noiv,  does  not  ap- 
pear ;  but  of  Laudonniere's  wretched  company  about  60  appear  to  have 
been  previously  massacred.  There  were,  he  informs  us,  85  or  86  in  ail.  At 
his  first  escape  from  the  fort,  he  found  "  three  or  foure"  of  his  men,  who 
had  also  escaped.  When  a  boat  arrived  from  the  ships,  to  take  him  oiT. 
he  went  "  with  the  boat  along  the  reeds  to  seeke  out  the  poor  sculec 
which  were  scattered  abroad,  where  (he  says)  we  gathered  up  18  or  20  of 
them."  Ibid:  , 

3  Laudonniere  had  "  fortified  and  inhabited"  in  Florida  "  two  summers 
and  one  whole  winter,"  or  "  a  year  and  a  quarter,   as  the  French  king''; 
lieutenant."     Hakluyt,  iii.  301,  319.     John  Hawkins,  the  slave  merchant, 
was  at  fort  Caroline  in  August ;  but  it  must  have  been  previously  to  Ri- 
Tjault's  arrival.     He  had  made  a  second  voyage  to  the  coast  of  Guinea  the 
preceding  year ;  and  having  sold  his  slaves  in  the  W.  Indies,  stopped  r.t 
the  River  of  May,  on  his  return  home,  to  water  his  ships.  Laudonniere  had 
been  at  war  with  the  natives,  and  had  "  not  above  40  soldiers  left  unhurt," 
norabove  ten  dap  pro  vision.  The  soldiers  had  been  obliged  to  live  on  acorns 
and  roots,  and  some  of  them  had  served  a  Fioridian  king  against  his  ene- 
mies, "  for  mill  and  other  victualles."     Hawkins  spared  them  20  barrels 
of  meal  and  other  necessaries,  "  to  helpe  them  the  better  homewards,"  ar.d 
a  bark  of  50  tons  ;    for  they  had  already  determined  to  return  to  France. 
On  the  arrival  of  Ribault  a  few  days  afterward,  they  changed  their  pur- 
pose ;  and  stopped  to  be  massacred.     See  Hakluyt,  i.  539,  540  ;  iii.  347, 
348.     Purchas,  v.  1604. 

4  The  authors  of  Encyclopedic  Methodique  [Geog.  Art.  FLORIDE]  say, 
that  Melendez  now  made  settlements  (forma  des  etablissemens)  at  St.  Au- 
jgustine  and  Pensacola.  If  he  now  built  a  fort  at  Pensacola,  Du  Pratz  may 
have  mistaken  the  ruins  of  tfjis,  for  the  ruins  of  Fort  Caroline.     An  ac- 
count in  Hakluyt  [ii.  469.]   confirms  that  of  the  French  Encyclcpedie  : 
"  The  Spaniards  [in  1572]  have  two  forts  there  [Florida],  chiefly  to  keepe 
out  the  Frenchmen  from  planting  there." 

5  Hakluyt,  iii.  355.  Purchas,  i.  770  ;  v.  1604.  Chalmers,!.  513.  Hew- 
et  S.  Carol.  &  Georg.i.  19.    Prince  Chron.  Introd.   100.    Mezeray  Hist. 
France,  700.     Melendez,  for  this  act  of  cruelty,  became  infamous  even  a- 
mong  his  own  countrymen.     Disappointed  in  a  naval  project  ten  years 
afterward,  he  killed  himself.    "  Eadem  tcmpestate  [1575]  Petrus  Melen- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 
Is68. 

v/ 

rflie  chevalier  Dominique  de  Gourgues,  a  sol- 

fcf  Gour-         ,.  r      n  r  i     r        M        -        ^i 

fnes  to  rio-  dier  of  fortune,  of  a  good  family  m  Gascony, 
rida-  hearing  of  the  massacre  of  his  countrymen  in  Flori- 
da, determined  to  revenge  their  death,  and  repair 
the  honour  of  his  nation,  by  driving  their  murderers 
out  of  that  country.  On  this  vindictive  enterprise  he 
sailed  from  France,  at  his  own  expense,  and  with- 
out orders,,  with  three  frigates  and  one  hundred 
and  fifty  soldiers  and  volunteers,  and  eighty  chosen 
mariners,  to  Florida.  *  The  Spaniards,  to  the  num- 
ber of  four  hundred,  were  well  fortified  on  the  ri- 
ver of  Mayj  principally  at  the  great  fort,  begun  by 
the  French,  and  afterward  repaired  by  themselves; 
Two  leagues  lower  toward  the  river's  mouth1; 
they  had  made  two  smaller  forts*  which  were 
defended  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  soldiers, 
well  supplied  with  artillery  and  ammunition.* 
Gourgues,  though  informed  of  their  strength, 
/•prii  proceeded  resolutely  forward,  arid  with  the  assist- 
Assmis  the  2nc£  0f  tke  natives,  made  a  vigorous  and  desperate 

Spanish  r±r     •  r<  •         *      P.       1          r  r  i 

forts  at  the  assault.     Of  sixty  Spaniards  in  the  first. fort,  there 

rfver  of      escaped  but  fifteen  ;  and  all  in  the  second  fort  were 

slain.     After  sixty  Spaniards,  sallying  out  from  the 

third  fort,  had  been  intercepted,  and  killed  on  the 

spot,  this  last  fortress  was  easily  taken.      All  the 

des  Cantaber,  Floridje  victor,  sed  insigni  in  Gallos  perfidia,  apud  suos  etiam. 
infamis,  cum  res  Americanas  Batavicis  parum  sapienter  comparet,  Bri- 
lam  se  aliosque  portus  obsequio  redditurum  jactabat ;  et  jam  parata  classe 
jmissa  in  Angliam  legatio,  qua:  littus  et  hospitium,  si  eo  venti  adigerent, 
oraret  impetraretque.  Sed  subita  morbi  lu^s  nautas  disjecit,  et  dux  ipse 
edoctus  pollicitationes  vanitatem,  pudore  ut  creditum,  aut  metu  vitanx 
finiit."  Grotii  Annales,  63,  64  &  index. 

I  His  equipment,  according  to  Mezeray  (who  says  he  had  200  sol- 
diers and  too  seamen),  was  made  with  part  of  his  own  estate,  which  he 
sold,  and  with  what  his  brother,  President  of  the  Generality  of  Guyenne, 
lent  him.  The  reason,  assigned  by  this  historian,  why  the  Government  of- 
Frunce  did  not  revenge  the  massacre,  is,  that  the  king's  Council  was  half 
"Spanish.  Gourgues  had  recently  returned  from  Africa.  Losing  no  time, 
he  sailed  from  France  in  August  1567  to  the  West  Indies,  whence,  after 
delays  by  storms,  he  proceeded  to  Florida  in  the,  spring  of  1568. 

i  One  of  these  lower  forts  must  have  been  on  one  side  of  the  rivert 
and  the  other  oo  the  other  side  ;  for  tke  river  "  passed  betweejo  them." 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  105 

Surviving  Spaniards  were  led  away  prisoners,  with  1568. 
the  fifteen  who  escaped  the  massacre  at  the  first 
fort  ;  and,  after  having  been  shown  the  injury, 
that  they  had  done  to  the  French  nation,  were 
hung  on  the  boughs  of  the  same  trees,  on  which 
the  Frenchmen  had  been  previously  hung.  O- 
ver  those  devoted  Frenchmen,  Melendez  had 
suspended  a  Spanish  label,  signifying,  "  I  do  not 
this  as  to  Frenchmen,  but  as  to  Lutherans.55  Gour- 
gues,  in  retaliation,  caused  to  be  imprinted  with  a 
searing  iron  in  a  tablet  of  fir  wood,  "  I  do  not  this 
as  to  Spaniards,  nor  as  to  Mariners,  but  as  to  Trai- 
tors, Robbers,  and  Murderers.'51  Having  razed 
the  three  forts, a  he  hastened  his  preparation  to  re- 

I  Charlevoix  [Nouv.  France,  i.  103,  104.]  justly  condemns  this  barba- 
rous retaliation  :  "  Je  ne  crains  pas  de  dire  que  1'  expedition  du  Cheva-* 
Her  de  Gourgues,  jusques-la  si  glorieuse'pour  lui,  et  si  honnorable  pour  la 
Nation,  auroit  et<§  infiniment  plus  relevee  par  une  conduite,  ou  sa  mcd- 
€ration,  et  la  generosite  Fransoise  eut  fait  un  beau  contraste  avec  1'  inhu- 
manite  des  Espagnols,  qu'  en  la  terminant  avec  la  mcme  fureur,  qu'  il 
detestoit  en  eux."  He  pertinently  cites  the  reply,  made  by  Pausanias,  king 
of  Sparta,  to  a  citizen  of  JEgina,  who  had  proposed  to  him,  as  what  would 
immortalize  his  name,  to  hang  the  dead  body  of  Mardonius  on  a  gallows, 
in  revenge  for  the  like  indignity,  shown  to  Leonidas  by  Mardonius  and 
Xerxes  :  "  Thou  must  have  a  very  wrong  notion  of  true  glory,  to  imag- 
ine, that  the  way  for  me  to  acquire  it  is  to  resemble  the  Barbarians."  The 
observation  of  the  Catholic  historian  may  have  been  as  sincere  and  disinter- 
ested, as  it  is  just  and  generous  ;  it  is  difficult  however  to  forget,  that  they 
were  Huguenots,  whose  massacre  Gourgues  revenged  ;  and  that  P.  De 
Charlevoix  was  "  de  la  Compagnie  de  JESUS"  [a  Jesuit],  one  of  whose  avow- 
ed tenets  is,  That  faith  is  not  to  be  kept  with  heretics. 

2,  "  Considering  he  had  not  men  inough  to  keepe  his  fortes  which  he 
had  wonne,  much  lesse  to  store  them,  fearing  also  lest  the  Spaniard  which 
hath  dominions  neere  adjoining  should  renew  his  forces,  or  the  Savages 
should  prevail  against  the  French  men,  unlesse  his  Majestic  would  send 
thither,  hee  resolved  to  raze  them.  And  indeede,  after  he  had  assembled, 
and  in  the  ende  perswaded  all  the  Savage  kings  so  to  doe,  they  caused  their 
subjects  to  runne  thither  with  such  affection,  that  they  overthrew  all  the 
three  Forts  flatte  even  with  the  ground  in  one  day."  Hakluyt,  iii.  359, 
360.  Du  Pratz  [Hist.  Louisiane,  i.  4.]  says,  that  Gourgues  established  a 
new  post  before  his  return  to  France  ;  but  that  the  disorders  in  that  king- 
dom did  not  permit  its  support.  The  account  in  Hakluyt,  on  which  I  re- 
ly, makes  no  mention  of  it.  "  Finding  his  ships  set  in  order,  and  every 
thing  ready  to  set  sayle,  hee  counselled  the  kings  to  contiriue  in  the  amitio 
and  ancient  league  which  they  had  made  with  the  king  of  France,  which 
would  defend  them  against  all  nations  ;  which  they  all  promised,  shedding- 
teares  because  of  his  departure,  Olocatara  especially  ;  for  appeasing  of  whom 
he  promised  them  to  returne  within  twelve  moons,  (so  they  count  the 
P 


io6 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1568 

French 


Solomon 


turn  ;  and  on  the  third  of  May  embarked  fof 
France.  *  His  sovereign  not  avowing  the  enterprise, 
k*s  countrymen  now  bade  Florida  a  final  adieu.  z  If 
the  settlement  of  Ribault  at  Port  Royal,  or  that  of 
Laudonniere  at  the  river  of  May,-  had  been  suppor- 
ted by  the  Parent  State,  long  possession  mi,*  IK  have 
furnished  a  stronger  claim  to  the  country,  than  pri- 
or discovery,  and  France  might  have  had  an  empire 
in  America,  before  Britain  had  sent  a  single  colony 
into  this  New  World. 

The  Licenciate  Castro,  governor  of  Peru,  todis- 
cover  certain  islands  in  the  South  Sea  on  the  Pe- 
ruvian coast,  sent  out  from  Lima  a  fleet,  which,  '!• 
ing  eight  hundred  leagues  westward  of  the  co.istj 
found  a  cluster  of  islands  in  eleven  degrees  soiuh 
latitude,  to  which  the  governor  gave  the  name  of 
Solomon  Islands.  3 


South  A- 
merica. 


First  voy-  Francis  Drake,  the  celebrated  English  navigator, 
Francis  made  his  first  voyage  to  South  America.  Entering 
Drake  to  the  port  of  Nombre  de  Dios  with  four  pinnaces,  he 
landed  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  men,  seventy  of 
whom  he  left  in  a  fort,  that  was  there  j  and  with 

yeeres)  and  that  his  king  would  send  them  an  army,  and  store  of  knive* 
for  presents,  and  all  other  things  necessary." 

1  Hakluyt,  iii.  356 — 360;  and  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  95 — 106  ; 
where  there  are  entire  accounts  of  this  voyage.     Mezeray  Hist.  France, 
701.     Chalmers,  i.  513.     Purchas,  v.  1604,  1605.     Univ.  Hist.  xl.  413— 
417.     Anderson,  ii.  127.     He  arrived  at  Rochel  6  June,  with  the  loss  but 
of  a  small  pinnace  and  8  men  in  it,  with  a  few  gentlemen  and  others,  who 
were  slain  in  assaulting  the  forts.  Kakluyt.     When  Gourgues  went  to  Pa- 
ris to  present  himself  to  the  king,  to  infoirm  him  of  the  success  of  his  voy- 
age, and  to  offer  him  "  his  life  and  all  his  goods"  toward  subduing  thi« 
whole  country  to  his  obedience,  he  met  with  an  ill  reception,  and  was  con- 
strained to  hide  himself  a  long  time  in  the  court  of  Roan,  "  about  the  year 
1570."     He  died  in  1582,  "  to  the  great  grief  of  such  as  knew  him."' 
Hakluyt,  iii.  360.     Purchas,  v.  1605. 

2  Chalmers,  i.  513. 

3  Hakluyt,  iii.  467.     Purchas,  v.  1447.    This  name  was  given,  that  the 
Spaniards,  supposing  them  to  be  those  islands,  from  which  Solomon  fetch- 
ed gold  to  adorn  the  temple  at  Jerusalem,  might  be  the  more  desirous  t» 
go  and  inhabit  them.     Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  ioy 

tiie  remaining  eighty  surprised  the  town,  but  was 
soon  repelled  by  the  Spaniards.  He  next  sailed  in- 
to Darien  harbour,  where  he  landed,  and  intercept- 
ed two  companies  of  mules,  laden  with  gold  and  sil- 
ver, on  the  way  from  Panama  to  Nombre  de  Dios  ^ 
took  off  the  gold  ;  and  soon  after  reembarked.  ' 

The  king  of  Spain  gave  the  islands  of  Bermudas 
to  one  of  his  subjects  ;  but  the  Spaniards  never 
took  possession  of  them.  a 


T 


575 


John  Oxenham,  an  Englishman,  hearing  what  ^ 
spoil  captain  Drake  had  brought  from  South  Amer- 


ica,  made  a  voyage,  accompanied  by  seventy  persons,  man,  to 
in  a  ship  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  tons.  Land- 
ing  his  men  at  Darien,  where  he  hauled  his  ship  to 
the  shore,  and  covered  it  with  boughs  of  trees,  he 
travelled  twelye  leagues  into  the  main  land,  and 
built  a  pinnace  on  a  river,  by  which  he  passed  into. 
the  South  Sea.  After  taking  some  Spanish  prizes, 
he  and  his  company  were  made  prisoners  by  the 
Spaniards,  and  executed.3 


All  attempts  to  find  a  North  East  passage  to  In-  F«-stv 
xlia  having  been  unsuccessful,  queen  Elizabeth  sent  Martin 
out  Martin  Erobisher  with  three  small  ships,  for  the 
discovery  of  a  North  West  passage.  Arriving  at 

i  Hakluyt,  iii.  525,  526,  778,  779.  He  took  away  the  gold  only,  "  for 
they  were  not  able  to  carrie  the  silver  through  the  mountaines."  Ibid. 
Two  days  after  this  spoliation,  he  came  to  the  house  of  Crosses,  and  burnt 
above  200,000  ducats  in  merchandize.  Purchas,  v.  1180. 

a  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  339. 

3  Hakluyt,  iii.  526  —  528  ;  779  —  781.  The  Justice  asked  the  English 
captain,  Whether  he  had  the  Queen's  licence,  or  the  licence  of  any  Prince 
or  Lord.  He  answered,  That  he  had  none,  but  that  he  came  of  his  own 
proper,  motion.  On  this  acknowledgment,  the  captain  and  his  company 
were  condemned,  and  were  all  put  to  death  at  Panama,  excepting  th<? 
Captain,  the  Master,  and  the  Pilot,  and  five  boys,  who  were  carried  tp 
Lima,  and  there  the  three  men  were  executed,  but  the  beys  were  spared. 
Ibid  and  Purchas,  V.  ii8o,  1446. 


I08  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Discovers  ^he  northerly  coast  of  America,  he  discovered  a  cape, 

Fordand!''  which  he  called    Elizabeth's  Foreland  ;    and  the 

and  Fro-    Strait,  which  still  bears  his  name.     This  strait  be- 

strait/     ing  impassable,  on  account  of  fixed  ice,  he  entered 

a  bay  in  north  latitude  sixty  three  degrees  ;  sailed 

sixty  leagues  ;  landed,  and  took  one  of  the  natives  ;  I/ 

but  the  ice  obliged  him  to  relinquish  his  enterprise^ 

and  return  to  Enland.  *  . 


'577- 

Second  Yjjg  discovery  of  supposed  gold  ore  by  Frobish- 

voyage  of  .  11  i    i       o       •  " 

Frobisher.  er  in  his  voyage  the  last  year3  encouraged  the  Soci- 
ety of  adventurers  to  send  him  out  with  three  oth- 
er ships,  to  explore  farther  the  coast  of  Labrador 
and  Greenland,  with  an  ultimate  view  to  the  discov- 
ery of  a  passage  to  India  ;  but  he  again  returned 
without  success.4 

i  Frobisher,  having  made  presents  to  the  inhabitants  (supposed  north- 
ward of  Labrador),  they  came  on  board  his  ship.  Five  sailors,  sent  to  take 
ashore  one  of  these  visitants,  went,  contrary  to  orders,  to  the  natives,  and 
neither  they  nor  the  boat  were  ever  seen  afterward.  This  was  therefore 
called,  The  five  men's  Sound.  The  English,  upon  this,  enticed  one  of 
the  natives  to  the  ship's  side,  with  a  bell,  and  in  giving  it  to  him,  took 
him  and  his  boat.  Finding  himself  now  in  captivity,  "  for  very  choler 
and  disdaine  he  bit  his  tongue  in  twaine  within  his  mouth."  He  died 
soon  after  his  arrival  in  England.  Hakluyt. 

1  Hakluyt,  iii.  29  —  32;  57  —  60.  Purchas,  i.  739.  Prince  Chron.  In- 
trod.  101.  Smith  Gen.  Hist.  Virginia,  I.  Stow  Chron.  680.  Belknap.  Bi- 
og.  i.  37.  Europ.  Settlements,  ii.  286.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  100.  Harris  Voy. 
i.  575.  Forster  Voy.  274.  Anderson  [ii.  126.]  places  this  voyage  in  1567  ; 
but  the  accounts  in  Hakluyt  prove  it  to  have  been  made  in  1576.  After 
several  attempts  to  land  with  the  boat,  which.were  baffled  by  the  ice,  Fro- 
bisher commanded  his  people,  if  they  could  possibly  get  ashore,"  to  bring' 
him  whatsoever  thing  they  could  first  find,  whether  it  were  living  or  dead, 
stocke  or  stone,  in  token  of  Christian  possession."  Some  of  his  company 
brought  flowers  ;  some,  green  grass  ;  and  one  brought  a  piece  of  black 
stone,  "  much  like  to  a  sea  cole  in  colour,  which  by  the  waight  seemed  to 
be  some  kinde  of  metall  or  minerall."  Hakluyt.  This  stone  was  tried  by 
the  London  goldsmiths  ;  and  was  pronounced  to  be  richly  impregnated 
with  gold  ;  but  while  it  incited  adventurers  to  new  enterprises,  it  totally 
baffled  their  hopes.  Ibid.  Anderson,  ii.  127,  I43t 

3  See  the  preceding  note. 

4  Hakluyt,  iii.  32—39  ;  60—73.    Harris  Voy.  i.  575—577.     Forster 
Voy.  274.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  101.     He  sailed  30  May  from  Harwich  with 
one  ship  of  200  tons,  belonging  to  the  queen,  two  small  barks,  and  120 
«ien.    With  the  professed  object  of  the  voyage  in  our  view,  we 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  109 

On  the  Newfoundland  fishery  there  were  this  state  of 
year  one  hundred  ships  from  Spain,  fifty  from  For-  J^Jland 
tugal,  one  hundred  and  fifty  from  France,  and  fif-  fishery. 
ty  from  England.     The  English  had  the  best  ships, 
and  therefore  gave  law  to  the  rest,  being  in  the  bays 
the  protectors  of  others. '   The  fishery  of  the  Eng- 
glish  at  Iceland  is  assigned  as  the  reason,  why  they 
had  not  a  greater  number  of  ships  at  Newfoundland. 
There  were  now  at  that  island  twenty  or  thirty  ships 
from  Biscay,  to  kill  whales  for  train  oil. a 

1578-  •"."„.'- '; 

Frobisher,  with  fifteen  sail  of  ships,  made  anoth-  Third  voy~ 
er  voyage  to  the  northernmost  parts  of  the  conti-  £f Fro" 
tinent  of  America,  with  the  design  of  forming  a  set- 
tlement in  the  country.     The  adventurers  carried 
with  them  the  frame  of  a  strong  house,  to  be  set 
up  there  j    but,  on  their  arrival,  they  found  it  ne- 
cessary to  relinquish  the  design.  Leaving  that  inhos-  AUP-.  $i, 
pitable  region,  their  fleet  was  separated  by  a  furious 
Storm  on  the  very  night  after  their  embarkation  ; 

with  the  style  of  the  voyager  :  "  Ahoard  the  Ayde  we  received  all  the 
Communion  by  the  minister  of  Gravesend,  and  prepared  us  as  good  Chris- 
tians towards  God,  and  resolute  men  for  all  fortunes"  Near  Frobisher's  Strait 
Frobisher  found  abundance  of  glittering  stones  and  sand,  that  he  had  seen 
in  the  last  voyage,  and  put  nearly  200  tons  of  them  on  board  his  vessels. 
With  the  ore  he  carried  to  England  a  man,  a  woman,  and  child  of  the  na- 
tives ;  "  but  neither  the  man,  woman,  nor  childe  lived  long  ;  nor  his  gold 
proved  ore,  but  drosse."  Stow  Chron.  In  this  voyage  he  searched  for  the 
five  men,  left  behind  the  last  year,  and  promised  rewards  for  their  restor- 
ation ;  but  he  received  no  intelligence  concerning  them. 

I  "  For  which  it  was  then,  and  had  been  of  old,  a  custom  to  make 
them  some  sort  of  acknowledgment  as  admirals ;  such  as,  a  boat  load  of  salt 
for  guarding  them  from  pirates,  and  other  violent  intruders,  who  often 
drive  them  from  a  good  harbour."  Anderson,  ii.  144.  See  Hakl.  iii.  133. 

a  Anderson,  ii.  144,  from  Hakluyt.  But  he  errs  in  saying,  the  English 
had  but  15  sail  in  the  fishery.  A.  Parkhurst,  from  whom  Anderson's  ac- 
count is  derived,  says,  the  English  "  since  my  first  travell,  being  but  4 
yeeres,  are  increased  from  30  sayle  to  50.'  See  Hakluyt,  i.  674  ;  iii.  132. 
Parkhurst  (ibid.)  expresses  a  wish  to  Hakluyt,  his  correspondent,  that 
the  island  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  Canada  might  be  inhabited,  and 
the  river  searched  ;  "  for  that  there  are  many  things  that  may  arise 
thereof.'  * 


AMERICAN  ANNALS* 


1578. 

Voyage  of 
Francis 
Drake 
round  the 

world. 


Plunders 
the  Span- 
iards of 
ftouth  A- 
niprica. 


Discovers 

Drake's 

Port, 


but  every  ship  at  length  arrived  in  England,     For* 
ty  persons  died  on  the  voyage. * 

Francis  Drake,  on  an  enterprising  voyage, a  hav- 
ing gone  through  the  Straits  of  Magellan,  rifled 
the  town  of  St.  Jago  in  Chili,3  and  other  places  on 
the  western  coast  of  South  America.  In  some  of 
the  harbours  of  this  coast,  he  seized  on  ships,  which 
had  not  a  single  person  on  board,  so  unsuspicious 
were  the  Spaniards  of  an  enemy  there.  Having  at 
length  taken  an  immensely  rich  prize,  and  all  his 
treasure  being  embarked  in  one  vessel ;  to  avoid  the 
danger  of  being  intercepted  by  the  Spaniards  in  an 
attempt  to  return  by  the  Magellannic  Straits,  he 
determined  to  sail  to  the  Moluccas,  and  return 
home  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  Sailing  first  to 
the  north  to  obtain  a  good  wind,  he  discovered  a 
harbour,  which  he  called  Drake's  Port.  He  alsot 
took  possession  of  the  circumjacent  country,  be- 
tween thirty  eight:  and  forty  two  degrees  north  lat-. 

1  Hakluytjiii.  39 — 44;  74— -93-     Harris  Voy.  i.  578,  579.  Anderson, 
ij.  143.      It  was  the  plan  of  the  voyage,  that  all  the  ships  should  return' 
at  the  close  of  the  summer,  laden  with  gold  ore,  excepting  three,  the  three 
captains  of  which,  with  40  mariners,  30  miners,  and  30  soldiers  were  to 
"  tarry  in  the  country."     "  They  fraught  their  shippes  with  the  like  pre- 
tended gold  ore  out  of  the  mines,"  as  on  the  last  voyage,"  but  after  great 
charges,  it  proved  worse  than  good  stone,  whereby  many  men  were  de- 
ceived, to  their  utter  undoings."     Stow  Chron.  685. 

2  He  sailed  from  Plymouth  in  England   13   December  1577,  with  a 
fleet  of  5  ships  and  barks,  and  164  men,"  gentlemen  and  sailers  ;"  and 
completed  his  voyage  round  the  world  3  November  1580.     This  was  the 
second  circumnavigation  of  the  globe.  Purchas  [v.  1180.]  A.  D.  1625  says, 
"  The  reliques  of  the  shippe,"  in  which  this  voyage  was  made,  "  or  some 
bones  at  least  of  that  glorious  carkasse,  yet  remayne  at  Deptford  consecra- 
ted to  Fame  and  Posteritie."     At. a  feast  on  board  this  ship  queen  Eliza- 
beth knighted  "  this  noble  mariner,"  after  his  arrival  in    England.       I- 
clem,   ibid.       The    first  circumnavigation    of    the    earth    was  made  by 
the  ship  of  Magellan  nearly  60  years  before.  See  A.  D.  1520,  p. 59.     Af- 
ter Magellan  entered  the  Pacific  Ocean,  he  sailed   northwesterly   3000 
leagues,  and  13  March  1521  discovered  the  Philippine  Islands,  in  one  of 
which  he  was  killed  by  the  natives.     John  Sebastian  del  Cano,  afterward 
chosen  captain,  conducted  the  remainder  of  the  voyage,  which  was  finish- 
ed 6  September  1521.  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  85.     The  famous  ship,  called 
the  Victory,  was  the  only  one  of  Magellan's  squadron,  that  returned  to 
Spain.     Charlevoix  Paraguay,  i.  30. 

3  Harris  Voy.  i.  2O.     Hakluyt,  iii.  735.     The  inhabitants,  consisting  of 
pot  more  than  9  housholds,  abandoned  the  town  on  the  approach  of  tha 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

rtude,  and  called  it  New  Albion.1     "  This  posse's-  1578. 
sion  was  taken  with  the  best  right  in  the  world,  New  Albi- 
the  principal  king  formally  investing  him  with  his  on. 
principality."3 

Queen  Elizabeth  granted  letters  patent  toJSirHum-  J^J££ 
phrey  Gilbert?  authorising  him  to  discover  and  take  beth's  pa- 
possession  of  all  remote  and  barbarous  lands,  unoccu-  ^  *°  sir 

r.     ,  ,  Oj     .     .  1        01  i  H.  Gilbert;1 

pied  by  any  Christian  prince  or.  people.  She  vested 
in  him,  his  heirs,  and  assigns  forever,  the  full  right  of 
property  in  the  soil  of  those  countries,  of  which  he 
should  take  possession,  to  hold  of  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land by  homage,  on  payment  of  the  fifth  part  of 
the  gold  or  silver  ore,  found  there  ;  conferred  com- 
plete jurisdiction  within  the  said  lands,  and  seas  ad- 
joining them  ;  declared  that  all,  who  should  settle 
there,  should  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of  free  citi- 
zens and  natives  of  England,  any  law,  custom,  or  Whjchj9 
usage  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding  ;  and  pro-  the  first 
hibited  all  persons  from  attempting  to  settle  within  f^0enrfop 
two  hundred  leagues  of  any  place,  which  Sir  Hum-  from  the 
phrey  Gilbert,  or  his  associates,  should  have  occupi- 

English.  Ibid.  Spanish  plunder  was  in  fact,  according-  to  Anderson,  the 
principal  object  of  the  voyage.  Queen  Elizabeth  however,  on  the  com- 
plaint of  the  Spanish  ambassador,  caused  this  spoil,  or  at  least  a  great  part 
of  it,  to  be  sequestered  for  the  use  of  the  king  of  Spain  ;  but,  at  the  same 
time,  asserted  the  absolute  freedom  of  her  subjects  to  navigate  the  Indian 
seas,  equally  with  the  subjects  of  that  king.  Anderson,  ii.  150.  The  con- 
duct of  Drake  still  gave  great  umbrage,  and  had  influence  toward  a  rup- 
ture between  England  and  Spain.  "  Nee  minora  belli  semina  tentatusAn- 
glis  novus  orbis,  et  in  patriam  perlatae  quas  eripuerant  Hispanis  opes." 
Grotii  Annales,  p.  99.  See  Camden  Eliz.  254. 

I  Harris  Voy.  i.  19 — 23.  Hakluyt,  iii.  440 — 442,  730 — 742.  Purchas, 
i.779-  Belknap  Biog.  i.  37.  Forster  Voy.  452;  Prince  Chron.  Inlrodi. 
101.  Biblioth.  Americ.  53.  Two  reasons  are  assigned  for  his  giving  it 
this  name ;  one,  on  account  of  the  white  banks  and  cliffs,  which  lie  tow* 
ard  the  sea  ;  the  other,  that  it  might  have  some  affinity,  in  name,  with 
England,  "  which  sometime  was  so  called."  Hakluyt,  ut  supra. 

1  European  Settlements,  i.  244.  "  At  our  departure  hence  our  Gene- 
rall  set  up  a  monument  of  our  being  there,  as  also  of  her  Majesties  right 
and  title  to  the  same,  namely  a  plate,  nailed  upon  a  faire  greate  poste, 
whereupon  was  ingraven  her  Majesties  name,  the  day  andyeere  of  our  ar- 
rival there,  with  the  free  giving  up  of  the  province  and  people  into  her 
Majesties  hands,  together  with  her  highnesse  picture  and  armes,  in  a  peice 
of  sixe  pence  of  current  English  money  under  the  plate,  whereunder  was 
also  written  the  name  of  our  GeneralL"  Hakluyt,  ui  sttfra. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

ed  during  the  space  of  six  years.  This  is  the  first 
charter  to  a  colony,  granted  by  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land. ' 


0  Cotton,  a  merchant  of  South  Hampton  in 
e  to  England,  employed.  captain  Whitburn  in  a  ship  of 
three  hundred  tons,  to  fish  for  cods  on  the  great 
L  bank  at  Newfoundland  ;  but  the  excess  of  cold  ob- 
liged him  to  put  into  Trinity  harbour,  at  that  island, 
where,  by  fish  and  other  commodities,  he  cleared 
the  expense  of  the  voyage.  * 

1580. 

New  Mex-      ISfew  Mexico,  between  twenty  eight  and  twenty 
nine  degrees  north  latitude,  was  discovered  by  Au- 


ico  discov- 
ered. 


gustin  Ruys,  a  Spanish  Franciscan  missionary. 


The  French  trade  to  Canada  was  renewed  after 
an  interruption  of  nearly  fifty  years.  4 

I  Hakluyt,  i.  677  —  679;  la.  135  —  137  ;  Hazard  Collect,  i.  24  —  2$  ; 
Brit.  Emp.  IntroiL  p.  viii  —  xiv  ;  where  this  patent  is  inserted  entire.  Smith 
Virginia,  p.  4.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  198.  Forster  Voy.  389.  Biog.  Britann. 
Art,  GILBERT.  Robertson,  book  ix.  p.  36.  Anderson,  ii.  167. 

a  Univ.  Hist.xxxix.  248.  Whitburn  repeated  the  voyage,  and  was  at 
Newfoundland  when  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  arrived  there  in  1583.  Ibid. 

3  Encyclop.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  MEXIQUE  (nouveau).     Charlevoix 
Nouv.  France,  i.  p.  xxv.     Pastes  Chron.     Charlevoix  (ibid.)  says,  that  An- 
toine  de  Espejo,  a  Spaniard,  in  1581  made  discoveries  to  the  north  of 
New  Spain,  additional  to  those  of  Ruys,  and  gave  to  all  that  grand  country 
the  name  of  New  Mexico. 

4  Hakluyt,  iii.  187.     The  cause  of  this  interruption  was  the  outrage  of 
Carder  and  his  company,  in  carrying  off  an  Indian  king  in  1535.  [See  note 
2  ia  that  year.]     "  This  outrage  and  injurious  dealing  did  put  the  whole 
countrev  people  into  such  dislike  with  the  French,  as  never  since  they 
would  admit  any  conversation  or  familiaritie  with  them,  untill  of  late  yeeres, 
the  okle  matter  beginning  to  grow  out  of  minde,  and  being  the  rather 
drawen  on  by  gifts  of  many  trifling  things,  which  were  of  great  value  with 
them,  they  are  within  these  two  or  three  yeeres  content  againe  to  admit 
a  traffique,  which  two  yeeres  since  [i.  e.  1581]  was  begunne  with  a  small 
barke  of  thirtie  tunnes,  whose  returne  was  found  so  profitable,  as  the  next 
yeere  following  by  those  Marchants  who  meant  to  have  kept  the  trade  se- 
cret unto  themselves  from  any  others  of  their  owne  countrey  men,  there 
was  hired  a  shippe  of  four  score  tunnes  out  of  the  Isle  of  Jersey,  but  not 
any  one  mariner  of  that  place,  saving  a  shipboy."     Halduyt,  ui,  187.    Sec 
A.  0.1583. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  413 

1582. 

fidward  Fenton,  an  Englishman,  with  a  fleet  of 
Four  sail,  embarked  for  the  East  Indies  and  China 
by  the  west  ;  but  proceeded  no  farther  than  to  the 
coast  of  Brasil,  to  the  thirty  third  degree  south  lat- 
itude.1 

1583- 

Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  in  virtue  of  his  letters  pa-  Voyage  op 
tent  from  queen  Elizabeth,  had  already  attempted  SJtto 
a  voyage  to  America,  which,  through  various  un-  New- 
propitious   circumstances,   was   frustrated.2     This foundlandi 
worthy  knight,  with  his   characteristic  resolution 
and  perseverance,   now   resuming   the  enterprise, 
sailed  from  England  for  Newfoundland  with  two  June  **• 
ships  and  three  barks, 3  carrying  about  two  hundred  Sa 
and  sixty  men. 4    On  the  discovery  of  land  in  about 

i  Hakluyt,  iii.  757-*-768,  where  there  is  an  account  of  this  Voyage.  C^" 
1  Some  writer  [Biog.  Britan.  if  I  rightly  remember]  says,  that  Gilbert 
in  this  frst  attempt,  reached  Newfoundland.  [See  Coll.  Hist,  Soc.  ix.  52.]  E. 
Hales  in  Hakluyt  [iii.  146.]  does  not  mention  his  arrival  at  any  land.  By 
his  account  it  appears,  that  the  dispositions  of  the  numerous  volunteers, 
\vho  offered  to  accompany  Gilbert  in  that  voyage,  were  so  various,  that 
dissensions  arose,  "  and  the  greater  number  were  dispersed,  leaving  the 
Generall  with  few  of  his  assured  friends)  with  whom  he  adventured  to  sea  : 
where  having  tasted  of  no  lesse  misfortune  he  was  shortly  driven  to  retire 
home  with  the  losse  of  a  tall  ship,  and  (more  to  his  griefe)  of  a  valiant 
gentleman  Miles  Morgan"  Oldys  thinks,  he  has  not  only  reason  to  be- 
lieve, that  this  misfortune  "  was  by  a  sharp  encounter  they  had  with  the 
Spaniards,  however  tenderly  touched  at  that  time  by  this  author  (Hales), 
perhaps  to  avoid  their  triumph  ;  but  that  Ralegh  was  in  this  very  en- 
gagement, and  his  life  in  great  danger  thereby."  Life  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
legh, prefixed  to  his  History  of  the  World,  p.  xiii. 

3  One  of  them,  a  bark  of  200  tons,  was  built,  victualled  and  manned  by 
Sir  W.  Raleigh,  who,  according  to  Oldys,  set  out  in  it  to  accompany  his 
brother,  in  the  quality  of  vice  admiral ;  but  in  two  or  three  days  (13  June) 
this  bark,  on  account  of  a  contagious  sickness,  which  infected  the  whole 
ship's  company,  returned  to  Plymouth.     Hakluyt,  iii.  149. 

4  "  Among  whom,"  says  Haies,  "  we  had  of  every  faculty  good  choice, 
as  shipwrights,  masons,  carpenters,  smithes,  and  such  like,  requisit  to  such 
an  action  :  also  minerall  men  and  refiners.     Besides,  for*  solace  of  our  peo- 
ple, and  allurement  of  the  Savages,  we  were  provided  of  Musike  in  good 
varietie  :  not  omitting  the  least  toyes,  as  Morris  dancers,  hobby  horsse,  and 
Maylike   conceits  to  delight  the  Savage  people,  whom  we  intended  to 
xvinne  by  all  faire  meanes  possible.    And  to  that  end  we  were  indifferently 
furnished  of  all  pettie  haberdashrie  wares  to  barter  with  those  »imple  peo- 
gle."   Hakluyt,  iii.  149. 

Q 


M4  AMERICAN  ANNAlA 

1583.  fifty  one  degrees  north  latitude,  finding  nothing  but 
bare  rocks,  he  shaped  his  course  to  the  southwafd, 
^U5;3;  r  came  in  sight  of  Penguin  island, x  and  proceeded  td 
dta*1  the  bay  of  St.  John.        At    St.    John's   harbour 
hai  bour-     (Newfoundland)  he  found  thirty  six  vessels  of  va- 
rious nations,  which  refused  him  entrance.     On  his 
information  however  of  his  commission  from   the 
Tai?es5pos-  queen  d  England,  they  submitted  ;  and  he  took 
session  of    possession  of  the  harbour  of  St.  John,   and  two 
tl.y/°       hundred  leagues  every  way  around  it,  for  the  crown 
of  England.     He  then  published  three  laws  for  the 
government  of  the  territory.     By  the  first,  public 
worship  was  established  according  to  the  church  of 
England  ;    by  the  second,  the  attempting  of  any 
thing  prejudicial  to  her  majesty's  title  was  declared 
treason  according  to  the  laws  of  England  ;  by  the 
third,  the  uttering  of  words  to  the  dishonour  of  her 
majesty,  was  to  be  punished  with  the  loss  of  ears, 
and  the  confiscation  of  property.  *  This  formal  pos- 
session, in  consequence  of  the  discovery  by  the  Ca- 
bots,  is  considered  by  the  English,  as  the  founda- 
tion  of  the  right  and  title  of  the  Crown  of  Eng- 
land to  the  territory  of  Newfoundland,  and  to  the 
fishery  on  its  banks.' 

Gilbert,  intending  to  bring  the  southern  parts  of 
the  country  within  the  compass  of  his  patent,  the 
date  of  which  was  now  nearly  expired,  hastened  his 

i  Not  the  island  of  that  name,  seen  by  Hore  in  1536.  That  is  on  the 
southern  coast  of  Newfoundland  ;  this,  on  the  eastern,  and  is  now  called  Fo- 
go.  Forster  Voy.  Note,  p.  293. 

7,  Obedience  was  promised  to  the  laws,  now  proclaimed,  "  by  generall 
voyce  and  consent  of  the  multitude  as  well  6f  Englishmen  as  strangers, 
praying  for  continuance  of  this  possession  and  governement  begun."  Thd 
assembly  was  then  dismissed  ;  "  and  afterward  were  erected  not  farre 
from  that  place  the  Armes  of  England  ingraven  in  lead,  and  infixed  upon 
a  pillar  of  wood."  For  the  farther  establishment  of  this  possession  the 
general  granted  "  in  fee  farme"  several  parcels  of  land,  lying  by  the  water 
side,  both  in  the  harbour  of  St.  John,  and  elsewhere  :  "  For  which  grounds 
they  did  covenant  to  pay  a  certaine  rent  and  service  unto  Sir  Humphrey 
Gilbert,  his  heires  or  assignes  forever,  arid  yeerely  to  maintaine  possessiok 
of  the  aame,  by  thejnielves  or  their  assignes.1*  Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  115 

preparations  to  return  to  England.    Intending  how-    1583 
ever,  previously  to  his  departure,  to  make  farther 
discoveries  on  the  coast  toward  the  south,  he  em- 
barked from  St.  John's  harbour  with  his  little  fleet, 
and  sailed  for  the  Isle  of  Sable  by  the  way  of  Cape 

V*  *    r  i  •  •      1  1  •  1  • 

Breton.     After  spending  eight  days  m  the  naviga- 
tion  from  Cape  Race  toward  Cape   Breton,1  the  ble- 
ship  Admiral  was  cast  away  on  some  shoals,  before  Aug.  29. 
any  discovery  of  land,  and  nearly  one  hundred  souls 
perished.     Of  this  number  was  Stephen  Parmenius 
Budeius,  a  learned  Hungarian,  who  had  accompa- 
nied the  adventurers,  to  record  their  discoveries  and 
exploits.3     Two  days  after  this   disaster,  no  land 
yet  appearing,  the  waters  being  shallow,  the  coast 
pnknown,  the  navigation  obviously  dangerous,  and 
the  provisions  scanty,  it  was  concluded  by  the  gen- 
eral and  the  company  to  return  to  Englancl.  phang-  Aug.  31. 
ing  their  course  accordingly,  they  passed  in  sight  ^'ll*  fof 

r  ^  T»  i      r*  o  i  i  England. 

or  Cape  Race  on  the  second  or  September,  and  on 
the  ninth,  when  they  had  sailed  more  than  three 
hundred  leagues  on  their  way  home,  the  frigate,  on 
board  of  which  was  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert,  foun-  sept.  9. 
dered  in  a  violent  storm  at  midnight,  and  all  the  Is  lost  a£ 
souls  on  board  perished. 3 

i  The  distance  between  Cape  Race  and  Cape  Breton  is  87  leagues. 
Hakluyt,  iii.  155. 

1  Haies  says,  it  was  the  intention  of  Parmenius  "  to  record  in  the  Lat- 
ine  tongue  the  gests  [exploits,  from  the  Latin  word  gesta]  and  things  wor- 
thy of  remembrance,  happening  in  this  discoverie,  to  the  honour  of  our 
nation,  the  same  being  adorned  with  the  eloquent  stile  of  this  Orator  and 
rare  Poet  pf  o»r  time."  Hakluyt,  iii.  1 56.  See  an  account  of  this  learned 
Hungarian,  with  a  Poem,  which  he  wrote  in  England  in  celebration  of 
the  projected  Voyage,  in  the  Collections  of  Mass.  Hist.  Society,  ix.  49 — 75. 
In  that  account  there  is  a  small  error.  Parmenius  is  there  said  to  have 
been  lost  with  Gilbert  ;  but  he  was  lost  in  the  ship  Admiral  several  dnys 
fa/ore.  It  was  natural  to  suppose,  that  Gilbert  was  on  board  the  Admiral ; 
but,  on  careful  inspection,  it  appears  that  he  was  not.  "  The  General! 
made  choise  to  goe  in  his  frigate  the  Squirrcll,  the  same  being  most  con- 
venient to  discover  upon  the  coast,  and  to  search  into  every  harbor  or 
creeke,  which  a  great  ship  could  not  doe."  Hakluyt,  iii.  153. 

3  Hakluyt,  i.  679 — 699  ;  iii.  143 — 166.  Harris  Voy.  i,  .583 — 586,869. 
Forster  Voy.  292,  293.  Hazard  Coll.  i.  32.  Prince  Chron.  Intrcd.  100, 
Belknap  Biog.  i.  37.  Stith  Virg.  6.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  86.  Biog.  BritanB. 
Art,  GILBERT. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Patent  of        Sir  Adrian  Gilbert  obtained  from  queen  Eliza- 
G1~  keth  a  Patent  f°r  tiie  discovery  of  a  Northwest  pas- 
sage to  China,  to  remain  in  force  five  years,  by  the 
title  of,  The  Colleagues  of  the  Fellowship  for  the 
Discovery  of  the  Northwest  Passage.  * 

The  renewal  of  the  French  trade  with  Canada, 
two  years  since,  was  so  auspicious,  that  the  French 
had  now  three  ships,  one  of  a  hundred  and  eighty 
tons,  one  of  a  hundred  tons,  and  one  of  eighty,  em» 
ployed  in  that  trade.  a 


. 

Q.  Eliza-        Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  observing  that  the  Spaniards 
beth's  Pa-  j^  onj    sett}ecj  on  t|le  middle  and  southern  parts 

tent  to  air  V.  111  £ 

w.Raiegh  of  America,  and  that  there  was  a  vast  extent  of  ter- 
for  discov-  rjtorv  north  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico,  that  was  yet  un- 
known, after  mature  deliberation,  resolved  on  its 
discovery.  Having  digested  a  plan  for  prosecuting 
the  design,  he  laid  it  before  the  queen  aud  council, 
to  whom  it  appeared  a  rational,  practicable  and  gen- 
erous  undertaking.  The  queen  accordingly  gave 
him  a  patent,  granting  him  free  liberty  to  discover 
such  remote,  heathen  and  barbarous  lands,  not  ac- 
tually possessed  by  any  Christian  prince,  nor  inhab- 
ited by  Christian  people,  as  to  him  should  seem 
good  ;  with  prerogatives  and  jurisdictions  as  ample, 
as  had  been  granted  to  his  brother,  Sir  Humphrey 
Gilbert.3 

Voyage  of       On  the  reception  of  this  patent,  Ralegh  sent  Phi- 

Amadas&  \\p  Amadas  and  Arthur  Barlow,  two  experienced 

commanders,  to  explore  the  country,  called  by  the 

1  Hakluyt,  i.  774  —  776  ;  iiL  96  —  98,  where  are  entire  copies  of  the  pa- 
tent.    Belknap  Biog.  i.  38.    Anderson  [ii.  157.]  says,  this  «  scheme  ended 
in  nothing  at  all." 

2  Hakluyt,  iii.  187.     See  A.  D.  1581. 

3  After  the  death  of  Sir  H.  Gilbert's  father,  his  mother  married  Walter 
Ralegh,  Esq.  of  Fardel  ;  and  by  him  was  the  mother  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
legh.     An  entire  copy  of  Ralegh's  patent  is  in  Hakluyt,  iii.  243  —  245  ; 

Coll.  i.  33  —  38  ;  and  Brit.  Emp.  InfroJ.  i.  p.^v  —  xis.     It  was  "  t* 
spac.e  of.  6  yeeres,  3fl4 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

Spaniards  Florida.  Sailing  from  the  west  of  Eag-  158.4. 
land  on  the  twenty  seventh  of  April,  they  arrived 
at  the  West  Indies  on  the  tenth  of  June.  Proceed- 
ing soon  after  to  the  continent,  they  arrived  at  the 
American  coast  on  the  fourth  of  July,  and  sailed 
along  the  shore  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles,  be- 

fore  they  could  find  an  entrance  by  any  river,  issu-  coastof  N 
J  i  s~.  111         America. 

irig  into  the  sea.     Coming  to  one  at  length,  they 
entered  it  ;  and  having  manned  their,  boats,  and 
viewed  the  adjoining  land,  they  took  formal  posses-  juiy  13. 
sion  of  the  country  for  the  queen  of  England,  deliv-  Takepos^ 

i  r     r>'      TTT   i  T»     i'     ^      session  of 

enng  it  over  to  the  use  or  oir  Walter  Ralegh.  tiie 
This  proved  to  be  the  island  of  Wocokon,  on  th^  tJ7 
borders  of  which  they  remained  two  days  without 
seeing  any  people  of  the  country.  On  the  third 
day  three  of  the  natives  came  in  a  boat  to  the  side 
of  the  island  near  the  English,  who  persuaded  one 
of  them  to  go  onboard  their  ships,  where  they  gave 
him  a  shirt,  and  various  toys.  The  next  day  there 
came  to  them  several  boats,  in  one  of  which  was 
Granganimeo,  a  brother  of  the  king  of  the  country, 
•with  about  forty  men;1  and  to  this  princely  per- 
sonage, whom  his  attendants  treated  with  profound 
respect,  they  made  presents  of  such  things,  as  pleas- 
ed  him.  z  A  day  or  two  after  they  trafficked  with 


coullT 


with  th'e 
natives. 


i  "  The  maner  of  his  comming  was  in  this  sort  :  hee  left  his  boates  al- 
together as  the  first  man  did  a  little  from  the  shippes  by  the  chore,  and 
tame  along  to  the  place  over 'against  the  ships  followed  with  fortie  HH-.I!. 
\Vhen  he  came  to  the  place,  his  servants  spread  a  long  matte  upon  die 
ground,  on  which  he  sate  downe,  and  at  the  ether  ende  of  the  matte  foure 
others  of  his  compame  did  the  like,  the  rest  of  his  men  stood  round  about 
him  somewhat  a  farre  off  :  when  we  came  to  the  shore  to  him  with  our 
weapons,  hee  never  mooved  from  his  place,  nor  any 'of  the  other  foure,  nor 
never  mistrusted  any  harme  to  be  ofirtd  from  us,  but  sitting  still  he  bec- 
koned us  to  come  and  sit  by  him,  which  we  performed  :  and  being  set  hee 
made  all  signed  of  joy  and  welcome."  Hakluyt,  iii.  247. 

1  "  When  we  sheAved  him  all  our  packet  of  merchandize,  of  all  things 
that  he  sawe,  a  bright  tinne  dish  most  pleased  him,  which  he  presently 
tooke  up  and  clapt  it  before  his  breast,  and  after  made  a  hole  in  the  brimme 
thereof  and  hung  it  about  his  necke,  making  signes  that  it  would  defends 
him  against  his  enemies  arrowes. — We  exchanged  our  tinne  dish  for  twen- 
tie  skinnes,  woorth  twentie  crownes,  or  twentie  nobles  ;  and  a  copp 
•tie  for  fiftie  gkiag  woortk  fiftie  grownes."  lialduyt,  iii.  247. 


ji8  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

$584.  the  natives.  The  king's  brother  afterward  went 
on  board  the  ships,  accompanied  by  his  wife  and 
children.  After  this  friendly  intercourse.  Barlow 
and  seven  of  his  men  went  twenty  miles  through 
Poanoke  ^am^co  sound  to  Roanoke,  an  island  near  the  mouth 
of  Albemarle  Sound,  where  they  found  a  village, 
consisting  of  nine  houses,  built  with  cedar,  and  for- 
tified with  sharp  trees.  In  the  absence  of  Granga- 
nimeo,  who  lived  here,  they  were  entertained  with 
peculiar  kindness  by  his  wife.  While  partaking  of 
the  refreshment,  that  she  prepared  for  them,  they 
were  so  alarmed  by  two  or  three  of  the  natives,  who 
came  in  from  hunting,  as  to  be  ready  to  take  up 
their  arms,  to  repel  them ;  but  she  instantly  caused 
some  of  her  men  to  go  out,  and  take  away1  their 
bows  and  arrows,  and  break  them,  and  beat  those 
Indians  out  of  the  gate.  This  generous  woman, 
concerned  to  see  the  English  in  the  evening  putting 
off  from  the  shore,  carried  a  supper,  half  dressed, 
and  delivered  it  at  the  boat  side,  with  the  pots  in 
which  it  was  cooked.  Perceiving  their  continu- 
ed distrust,  she  ordered  several  men,  and  thirty  wo- 
men, to  sit  on  the  bank,  as  a  guard  to  them  through 
the  night,  and  sent  several  fine  mats,  to  screen  them 
from  the  weather.  The  ships,  the  fire  arms,  th^ 
clothes,  and  especially  the  complexions,  of  the  Eng- 
lish excited  the  admiration  of  these  tawny  aborigin- 
als, and  produced  a  sort  of  magical  influence,  which 
procured  from  them  these  extraordinary  tokens  of 
respect  and  hospitality.  After  spending  a  few 
weeks  in  trafficking  with  the  people,  and  in  visiting 
Se  >temher.  some  parts  of  the  continent,  the  adventurers  return- 
fietum  to  ed  to  England,  carrying  with  them  two  of  the  na- 
England.  tjveS-  Qn  their  arrival,  they  gave  such  splendid 
descriptions  of  the  beauty  and  fertility  of  the  coun- 
try, and  of  the  mildness  of  the  climate,  that  Eliza- 
beth, delighted  with  the  idea  of  occupying  so  fine 


AMERICAN  ANNALS; 

a  territory,  bestowed  on  it  the  name  of  Virginia, *  The  coun- 
as  a  memorial  that  this  happy  discovery  was  made  *~ 
under  a  virgin  queen. z 

1585- 

Sir  Walter  Ralegh  sent    out  from  England  -a 
fleet  of  seven  sail,  with  people  to  form  a  settlement  viihtto'1 
in  Virginia  ;  deputing  Sir  Richard  Grenville  to  be  Virginia. 
general  of  the  expedition,  and  Mr.  Ralph  Lane  to 
be  governor  of  the  colony.     Sailing  from  Plymouth 
on  the  ninth  of  April,  they  proceeded  ta  Virginia 
by  the  way  of  the  West  Indies,  and  anchored  at 
Wocokon  the  twenty  sixth  of  June*     From  this  isl*  Anchors' ai 
and  Grenville  went  to  the  continent,  accompanied  Wocokon, 
by  several  gentlemen  j  was  absent  from  the  fleet 
eight  days  ;  and  in  that  time  discovered  several  In- 
dian towns.     He   then  sailed  to    Cape  Hatteras,  |^£  ^ 
where  he  was  visited  by  Granganimeo,  the  prince,  Cape  Hat- 
seen  by  Amadas  and  Barlow  the  preceding  year. 3  teras* 
He  next  sailed  to  the  island  of  Roanoke,  where  he  Au 
remained-  a  short  time,  and  then  embarked  for  Eng-  Leaves  at 
land,  leaving  one  hundred  and  seven  persons  under  I^oa^oke 

9  r  T.  /r       T  i         •  .the  hrst 

the  government  or  Mr.  Lane  to  begin  a  plantation^  English 
This  was  the  first  English  colony,  ever  planted  in 
America. 4 

1  It  has  since  been  called  North  Carolina ;  and  the  original  name  is 
applied  to  the  adjoining  country  on  the  north  east.     Prince  Chron.  Itttrodt 
ioi. 

2  Hakluyt,  iii.  246 — 251.     Purchas,  i.  755.     Smith  Virg.  2 — 4.     Bev- 
erly, 4.     Stith,  9,  II,  31.     Prince  Chron.  Introd.  102.     Stow  Chron.  1018. 
Brit.  Emp.  iii.  35.     Robertson,  book  ix.  39,  40.     Belknap  Biog.  i.  138. 
Oldys  Life  of  Ralegh,  23—25. 

3  Although  the  short  journal  of  this  voyage  in  Hakluyt  gives  no  ac- 
count of  what  passed  between  Granganimeo  and  Grenville  ;  Oldys  suppo- 
ses, the  settlement  of  the  English  in  the  country  was  then  agreed  on  to  their 
mutual  satisfaction. 

4  Hakluyt,  iii.  251— 255.     Smith  Virg.  5.     Beverly,  6,  n.     Stith,  12. 
Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  237.     Prince  Chron.  Introd.  103.      Robertson,  book  ix. 
42.     Biog.  Britann.  Art.  GREENVILLE.     Brit.  Emp.  Introd.  i.  ao  ;  iii.  36. 
Birch  Life  of  Raleigh*  prefixed  to  his  Works,  p.  xv.  Oldys,  p.  xxviii.  The 
names  of  these  first  colonists  are  in  Hakluyt,  ut  supra  ,•  and  in  Hazard  Coll. 
'•  3&»  39-     This  settlement  of  the  English  was  begun  seventeen  years  after 
the  French  had  abandoned  Florida,  on  the  same  coast,  but  far  to  the  north 
of  the  settlements,  for  which  France  and  Spain  had  contended. 

*  Thus  Bird  and  most  others  -write  this  name  ;  but  I  follow  Oldys ,  iv  &9  saiO 
it  "written  "  by  hit  own  band?' 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Grenville,  at  his  departure  for  England,  sailed 
northeasterly,  and  discovered  the  coast  from  Roan- 
oke  to  the  country  of  the  Chesepeaks,  one  hundred 
and  thirty  miles.1 

The  Eng-       Sir  Bernard  Drake,  a  Devonshire  knight,  with  a 
e  squadron  of  English  ships,  was  now  sent  to  New- 
foundland,  where  he  took  several  Portuguese  ships, 
?Nt'w:,    ,   laden  with  fish,  oil  and  furs,  and  carried  them,  as 

toundland.  •  '  .  ' 

good  and  lawful  prizes,  to  Lnglana. 

voyasreof  Some  merchants  and  gentlemen  of  landed  prop- 
j.  Davis  to  erty  in  England,  with  some  noblemen,  belonging  to 
'  the  court,  formed  an  association,  and  sent  out  two 
barks  for  discovery,  under  the  command  of  John 
l)avis,  ah  experienced  navigator.  Leaving  Dart- 
mouth in  June,  he  sailed  up  to  sixty  six  degrees  for- 
ty minutes  north  latitude,  in  the  strait,  which  bears 
his  name,  and  explored  the  western  coast  of  Green- 
land, and  part  of  the  opposite  coast  of  the  conti- 
nent of  America,  between  which  two  coasts  the 
strait  runs.  Anchoring  here  under  a  large  moun- 
tain, he  named  it  Mount  Ralegh.  He  viewed  Ter- 
ra de  Labrador,  and  the  more  northerly  coasts  j 
and  discovered  Gilbert's  Sound,  and  the  straits, 
which  he  afterward  called  Cumberland  Straits.3 


ex-      Queen  Elizabeth,  now  at  war  with  Spain,  was 

pedition  of 

the  Eng-          x  Ibid.  The  colony,  that  he  left  in  Virginia,  discovered,  from  1  7  August 
lishtothe     1585  to  18  June  1586,  so  far  to  the  south,  as  Secotan,  80  miles  distant 
\T.  Indies.    from  Roanoke,  and  to  the  northwest  so  far,  as  Chawanook,  distant  from, 
Roanoke  about  130  miles.     Hakluyt,  iii.  aj8. 

1  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  248.  Anderson,  ii.  162.  Forster  [294.]  ascribes  ft 
to  the  strength  of  Spain,  Portugal  and  France,  that  the  English  did  not 
venture  before  to  dispute  with  them  the  title  to  this  fishery.  Anderson 
simply  considers  this,  as  an  act  against  a  nation  at  open  war,  "  Portugal 
being  now  united  to  Spain."  Forster  erroneously  says  Sir  Francis,  instead 
of  Sir  Bernard  Drake. 

3  Hakluyt,  iii.  98  —  103,  where  the  writer  of  the  voyage  says,  "  we  an- 
kered  in  a  very  faire  rode  under  a  brave  mount,  the  cliff  es  whereof  were  as 
uiient  as  golde."  Harris  Voy.i.  379,  589.  Purchas,  i.  741.  Forster  Voy. 
498  —  301.  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  103.  Univ.  Hist  xli.  86.  Europ.  Set- 
tlements, ii,  286.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  38. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  121  ' 

advised  to  attack  her  settlements  in  America,  and  1586. 
to  surprise  the  Spanish  galeons.  In  prosecution  of 
this  scheme,  private  adventurers  in  England  fitted 
out  a  fleet  of  twenty  sail,  with  two  thousand  three 
hundred  soldiers  and  mariners,  under  the  command 
of  Sir  Francis  Drake.  *  This  distinguished  naval  com- 
mander, on  his  arrival  at  the  West  Indies,  captured 
and  pillaged  the  city  of  St.  Domingo  ;  and,  sailing 
over  to  the  continent,  took  the  city  of  Carthagena, 
and  obliged  the  inhabitants  to  ransom  it.  Leaving 
Carthagena,  and  sailing  by  the  coast  of  Florida,  he 
sacked  St.  John's  fort,  near  St.  Augustine*  He  next 
sailed  for  Virginia,  to  visit  the  English  colony,  recent- 
ly planted  there,  and  arrived  off  the  coast  on  the  June  9;  s 

-.   r,        P  T  7.~.  .  ,.  ~  t  F.  Drake 

ninth  of  June.  Discovering  a  distant  fire,  he  sent  arrives  at 
his  skiff  ashore  with  some  of  his  men,  who  found  Virginia. 
several  of  their  countrymen  of  that  colony,  and 
took  them  on  board  their  ships.  By  their  direction, 
the  fleet  proceeded  the  next  day  to  the  place,  which 
the  English  colonists  made  their  port  j  but  some  of 
the  ships,  being  of  too  great  draught  to  enter,  an- 
chored about  two  miles  from  the  shore.3  From 
this  place  Drake,  who  had  been  told,  that  the  col- 
ony was  in  distress  for  want  of  provision,  wrote  a  Virginian 
letter  to  governor  Lane,  then  at  his  fort  at  Roan- 
oke,  about  six  leagues  distant,  making  him  an  offer 
of  supplies.  The  next  day  Mr.  Lane  and  some  of 
his  company  going  on  board  the  fleet,  Drake  made 
them  two  proposals  :  Either  to  leave  them  a  ship, 
a  pinnace,  and  several  boats,  with  sufficient  masters 
and  mariners,  furnished  with  a  month's  provisions, 
to  stay  and  make  farther  discovery  of  the  country 
and  coasts,  and  so  much  additional  provision,  as 
would  be  sufficient  to  carry  them  all  into  England; 
or,  to  give  them  a  passage  home  in  his  fleet.  3 


I  The  fleet  sailed  12  September  1585  ;  stopped  at  the  islands  of  Cape 
de  Verd;  and  arrived  at  Hispaniola  I  January  1386.     Hakluyt.  Prince. 
•z  "  Without  the  harbour  in  a  wilde  roade  at  sea."  Hakluyt. 
3  The  whole  colony  now  consisted  of  105  persons.     Ibid, 
K, 


122  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1586.  first  proposal  was  gratefully  accepted.  A  ship  was  ac- 
cordingly selected  by  Drake,  and  delivered  to  the  col- 
onists ;  but  before  the  provisions  were  entirely  re- 
A  great      ceivcd  on  board,  there  arose  a  great  storm,,  that  con- 
srorm.        tinned  three  days,  and  endangered  the  whole  fleet. 
Many  cables  were  broken,  and  many  anchors  lost  ; 
and  some  of  the  ships,  of  which  number  was  that, 
destined  for  the  use  of  the  colonists,  were  compelled 
to  put  to  sea.     Drake  now  generously  making  the 
colony  an  offer  of  another  ship  with  provisions,  or 
of  a  passage  home  ;  governor  Lane  and  the  princi- 
pal persons  with  him,  having  considered  what  was 
expedient,  requested  the  general,  under  their  hands, 
that  they  might  have  a  passage  to  England.     The 
rest  of  their  company  were  now  sent  for  ;  the  whole 
June  18.     colony  was  taken  on  board  ;  and  the  fleet,  sailing 
Takes  the    from  the  coast  of  Virginia  on  the  eighteenth  of  June, 
ony7oC°l"  arrived  on  the  twenty  eighth  of  July  at  the  Eng* 
England,     lish  harbour  of  Portsmouth. x 

Occurren-       The  Virginian  colonists  had  been  in  great  danger 
cies  during  from  the  machinations  of  the  Indians,  who  at  first 
denc^of     intended  to  starve  them  by  abandoning  them,  and 
the  first      leaving  the  island  unsown.     The  submission  of  O- 
vtg£ia!    kisko>  kin£  of  Weopomeok  (in  March),  by  which  he 
and  his  people  became  tributaries  to  the  queen  of 
England,  had  great  influence  in  defeating  that  de- 
sign ;  for  Pemisapan,  who  projected  it,  was,  on  that 
occasion,  persuaded  by  his  aged  father  Ensenore, 
an  Indian  king,  to  plant  a  large  quantity  of  ground 
on  the  island  and  main  land.     Ensenore  dying  on 
the  twentieth  of  April,  Pemisapan,  who  succeeded 

I  Hakluyt,  iii.  263,  264,  528,  534 — 548,  781.  Purchas,  I  755,  757. 
Beverly,  9.  Stith,  47.  Prince  Chron.  Introd.  103.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix. 
11.7.  Brit.  Emp.  IntroJ.  \.  21.  Of  the  discoveries  of  this  colony,  during 
its  year's  residence  in  Virginia,  we  might  perhaps  have  had  accurate  ac- 
counts, but  for  the  loss  of-its  papers.  The  narrator  in  Hakluyt  [iii.  264.] 
say*,  when  Drake  sent  his  vessels  to  Roanoke,  to  fetch  away  a  few  per- 
sons, who  were  left  there  with  the  baggage,  "  the  weather  was  so  boiste- 
rous, and  the  pinnesses  so  often  on  ground,  that  the  most  of  all  we  had, 
wiih  all  our  Curds,  Books  and  writing1}  were  by  the  Sailors  cast  overboord." 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  123 

him  in  the  government,  next  formed  a  conspiracy  1586. 
for  the  general  massacre  of  the  colonists.  This  how- 
ever was  frustrated  by  the  vigilance  of  the  English 
governor,  who  contrived  a  counterplot;  in  execution 
of  which  Pemisapan  was  slain  on  the  first  of  June, 
ten  days  only  before  the  arrival  of  Sir  Francis  Drake. 
The  fears  of  the  colonists  appear  now  to  have  sub- 
sided. But  the  hope  of  finding  a  rich  mine  in  the 
interior  part  of  the  country,  which  they  had  already 
made  one  attempt  to  discover,  seems  to  have  great- 
ly influenced  their  wishes  to  continue  longer  in  Vir- 
ginia. *  Little  did  they  know  the  true  sources  of 
wealth.  Little  did  they  imagine,  that  a  despicable 
plant  would,  at  a  future  period,  enrich  the  inhabi- 
tants of  this  very  teritory,  which  they  were  ready  to 
pronounce  unfit  to  be  inhabited,  unless  it  were  found 
to  contain  latent  treasures  of  the  pretious  metals. 

Had  the  Virginian  adventurers  remained  but  a  Supplies 

i  •     i        •          t  t     •'        t  •  t  ij  too  late  for 

little  time  longer  at,  their  plantation,  they  would  the C0i0ny. 
have  received  supplies  from  home  ;  for  immediate- 
ly after  their  departure,  a  ship,  sent  by  Sir  Walter 
Ralegh  to  their  relief,  arrived  at  Hatteras,  and  made 
diligent  search  for  them  ;  but,  not  finding  them, 
returned  to  England.  Wkhin  fourteen  or  fifteen 
days  after  this  ship  had  left  the  coast,  Sir  Richard 
Grenville  arrived  at  Virginia  with  three  ships  with 
provisions  ;  but  searched  in  vain  for  the  colony, 
that  he  had  planted.  Unwilling  to  lose  possession 
of  the  country,  so  long  holden  by  Englishmen,  he  . 
left  fifteen  of  his  crew,  to  keep  possession  of  the  isl- 
and  of  Roanoke,  and  returned  to  England.  * 

I  Hakluyt,  iii.  255 — 263.  The  mine  is  said  to  be  "  notorious"  among 
the  Indians,  and  to  lie  up  the  river  of  Maratoc.  The  narrator  in  Hakluyt 
calls  it "  a  marvellous  and  most  strange  minerall ;"  a»d  adds,  "  there  want- 
ed no  great  good  will  from  the  most  to  the  least  amongst  us,  to  have  per- 
fitted  this  discoverie  of  the  Mine  :  for  that  the  discovery  of  a  good  Mbe 
by  the  goodnesse  of  God,  or  a  passage  to  the  South  Sea,  or  some  y.ay  to 
it,  and  nothing  else  can  bring  this  Countrey  in  request  to  be  inhabited  by 
our  nation." 

a  Hakluyt,  iii.  265.    Purchas,  1.755,    Smith  Vir*.  13.    Beverly,  u. 


124  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 


Tobacco1  was  now  carried  into  England  by  Mr. 
-  Lane  ;  and  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  a  man  of  gaiety 
into  and  fashion,  adopting  the  Indian  usage  of  smoking 
it,  and  by  his  interest  and  example  introducing  it 
at  court,  the  pipe  soon  became  fashionable.  z 


April  a6.        Sir  Vv  alter  Ralegh,  intent  on  planting  the  terri- 

sendsSa  se-  *OIT  w^hin  his  patent,  equipped  three  vessels,  and 

cond  colony  sent  another  company   of  one  hundred  and  fifty 

to  virgi-     adventurers  to  Virginia.     He  incorporated  them  by 

the  name  of,  The  Borough  of  Ralegh  in  Virginia  ; 

vernor  Sd  an^  constituted  John  White  governor,  in  whom, 

Council.      with   a  council   of  twelve  persons,  the  legislative 

power   was  vested  ;    and  they    were  directed  to 

plant  at  the  Bay  of  Chesepeak,  and  to  erect  a  fort 

Belknap  Bieg.  i.  216,  217.  Robertson,  book  ix.  46.  Sir  R.  Grenville  was 
mortally  wounded  five  years  afterward  (1591)  in  an  engagement  with  a 
Spanish  fleet,  and  died  on  board  the  admiral's  ship,  where  he  was  a  prison- 
er, "  highly  admired  by  the  very  enemy  for  his  extraordinary  courage  and 
resolution."  Stith,  29. 

i  Mr.  Thomas  Hariot,  a  man  of  science  and  observation,  who  was 
•with  Lane  in  Virginia,  after  describing  the  tobacco  plant,  says,  "  the  In- 
dians use  to  take  the  fume  or  smoke  thereof  by  sucking  it  through  pipes 
made  of  cb.y.  We  ourselves,  during  the  time  we  were  there,  used  to 
sucke  it  after  their  maner,  as  also  since  our  return."  Camden  [Eliz.  324.] 
cays,  that  these  colonists  were  the  first  that  he  knows  of,  who  brought  to- 
bacco into  England  ;  and  adds  :  "  Certainly  from  that  time  forward  it 
began  to  grow  into  great  request,  and  to  be  sold  at  a,n  high  rate."  Oldys 
[Life  Ral.  p.  31.]  says,  the  colonists  under  Lane  carried  over  tobacco 
«'  doubtless  according  to  the  instructions  they  had  received  of  their. 
proprietor  ;  for  the  introduction  among  us  of  that  commodity 
is  generally  ascribed  to  Ralegh  himself."  I  do  not  call  thia 
the  introduction  of  tobacco  into  England  ;  because  in  Stow's  Chroni- 
cle, [p.  1038.]  it  is  asserted,  that  Sir  John  Hawkins  carried  it  thi- 
ther first  in  the  year  I  ^65.  But  it  was  then  considered  as  a  mere  drug, 
and  that  Chronicle  tells  us,  "  all  men  wondered  what  it  meant."  The 
description  of  the  use  of  tobacco  in  Florida  in  Hawkins'  voyage  of  1565 
[Hakluyt,  i.  541.  1  confirms  the  account  of  its  introduction  into  England 
that  year  :  "  The  Floridians  when  they  travele  have  a  kinde  of  herbe  dryed, 
•which  with  a  cane,  and  an  earthen  cup  in  the  end,  with  fire,  and  the  dried 
herbs  put  together,  do  sucke  thorow  the  cane  the  smoke  thereof,  which 
emoke  satisfieth  their  hunger."  After  this  particular  notice  of  tobacco  in 
Florida,  Hawkins  probably  carried  a  specimen  of  it  to  England,  as  a  curiosi- 
ty. This  singular  plant  appears  to  have  been  used  by  the  natives  in  all  parts 
of  America.  In  the  account  of  Cartier's  voyage  in  1535,  we  find  it  used  in 
(panada.  "  There  growth  a  certaine  kind  of  herbe,  whereof  in  Sottuner 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  125 

there.  Arriving  at  Hatteras  on  the  twenty  second  1587, 
of  July,  the  governor  with  forty  of  his  best  men 
went  on  board  the  pinnace,  intending  to  pass  up 
to  Roanoke,  in  the  hope  of  finding  the  fifteen  Eng- 
lishmen, whom  Sir  Richard  Grenville  had  left  there 
the  year  before ;  and,  after  a  conference  with  them 
concerning  the  state  of  the  country  and  of  the  Indians, 
to  return  to  the  fleet,  and,  proceed  along  the  coast 
to  the  Bay  of  Chesepeak,  according  to  the  orders, 
of  Ralegh.  But,  no  sooner  had  the  pinnace  left 
the  ship,  than  a  gentleman,  instructed  by  Fernando 
the  principal  naval  commander,  who  was  destined 
to  return  soon  to  England,  called  to  the  sailors  on 
board  the  pinnace,  and  charged  them  not  to  bring 
back  any  of  the  planters,  excepting  the  governor 
and  two  or  three  others,  whom  he  approved,  but 
to  leave  them  in  the  island  ;  for  the  summer,  he 
observed,  was  far  spent,  and  therefore  he  would 
land  all  the  planters  in  no  other  place.  The  sai- 
lors on  board  the  pinnace,  as  well  as  those  on 
board  the  ship,  having  been  persuaded  by  the  mas- 
ter to  this  measure,  the  governor,  judging  it  best 
not  to  contend  with  them,  proceeded  to  Roanoak.  juiy  21. 
At  sunset  he  landed  with  his  men  at  that  place  in  Land  at 
the  island,  where  the  fifteen  men  were  left  ;  but 

they  make  great  provision  for  all  the  yeere,  making  great  account  of  it,  and 
onely  men  use  of  it,  and  first  they  cause  it  to  be  dried  in  the  sunne,  then  weare 
it  about  their  neckes  wrapped  in  a  little  beastesskinne  made  like  a  little  bagge, 
with  a  hollow  peece  of  stone  or  wood  like  a  pipe:  then  when  they  please  they 
make  pouder  of  it,  and  then  put  it  in  one  of  the  ends  of  the  said  cornet 
or  pipe,  and  laying  a  cole  of  fire  upon  it,  at  the  other  ende  sucke  so  long, 
that  they  fill  their  bodies  full  of  smoke,  till  that  it  commeth  out  of  their 
mouth  and  nostrils,  even  as  out  of  the  tonnell  of  a  chimney."  Hakluyt, 
iii.  224.  It  was  used  copiously  in  Mexico,  where  the  natives  took  it,  not 
only  in  smoke  at  the  mouth,  but  also  in  snuff  at  the  nose.  "  In  order  to 
smoke  it,  they  put  the  leaves  with  the  gum  of  liquid  amber,  and  other  hot 
and  odorous  herbs,  into  a  little  pipe  of  wood  or  reed,  or  some  other  more 
valuable  substance.  They  received  the  smoke  by  sucking  the  pipe  and 
shutting  the  nostrils  with  their  fingers,  so  that  it  might  pass  by  the  breath 
more  easily  towards  the  lungs."  It  was  such  a  luxury,  that  the  lords  of 
Mexico  were  accustomed  to  compose  themselves  to  sleep  with  it.  Clavi- 
gero,  i.  439.  [See  p.  48,  note  2,  of  these  Annals.]  Clavigero  says,  "  Tc- 
faco  is  a  name  taken  from  the  Haitine  language." 


Jt6  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 


discovered  no  signs  of  them,  excepting  the  bones 
of  one  man,  who  had  been  slain  by  the  savages. 
The  next  day  the  governor  and  several  of  his  com- 
pany went  to  the  north  end  of  the  island,  where 
governor  Lane  had  erected  his  fort,  and  his  men 
had  built  several  decent  dwelling  houses,  the  pre- 
ceding year  ;  hoping  to  find  here  some  signs,  if  not 
the  certain  knowledge,  of  the  fifteen  men.  But, 
coming  to  the  place,  and  finding  the  fort  rased, 
all  the  houses,  though  standing  unhurt,  over- 
place  deso-  grown  with  weeds  and  vines,  and  deer  feeding 
*&  within  them  ;  they  returned,  in  despair  of  ever 
seeing  their  looked  for  countrymen  alive.  x  Orders 
were  given  the  same  day  for  the  repair  of  the  hous- 
es, and  for  the  erection  of  new  cottages.  All  the 
colony,  consisting  of  one  hundred  and  seventeen 
persons,  soon  after  landed,  and  commenced  a  se- 
cond plantation.  On  the  thirteenth  of  August 
Manteo,  a  friendly  Indian,  who  had  been  to  Eng- 
*3»  land,  was  baptized  in  Roanoke,  according  to  a  pre- 
vi°us  order  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh  ;  and,  in  reward 
of  his  faithful  service  to  the  English,  was  called 
jor(j  o£  Roanoak?  anc[  of  Desamonguepeuk.  On 
the  eighteenth  Mrs.  Dare,  a  daughter  of  the  go- 
vernor, and  wife  of  Ananias  Dare  (one  of  the  As- 
sistants),  was  delivered  of  a  daughter  in  Roanoak, 
-  who  was  baptized  the  next  Lord's  day  by  the  name 
0£  Virginia  ;  because  she  was  the  first  English 
America,  child,  born  in  the  country.  On  the  twenty  seventh 

i  About  a  week  afterward  some  of  the  English  people  going  to  Croa- 
tan  were  told  by  the  Indians,  that  the  15  Englishmen,  left  by  Grenville,  were 
surprised  by  30  Indians,  who,  having  treacherously  slain  one  of  them, 
compelled  the  rest  to  repair  to  the  house,  containing  their  provisions  and 
weapons,  which  the  Indians  instantly  set  on  fire  ;  that  the  English,  leav- 
ing the  house,  skirmished  with  them  above  an  hour  ;  that  in  this  skir- 
mish, another  of  their  number  was  shot  into  the  mouth  with  an  arrow, 
and  died  ;  that  they  retired  fighting  to  the  water  side,  where  lay  their 
boat,  with  which  they  fled  toward  Hatteras  ;  that  they  landed  on  a  little 
island  on  the  right  hand  of  the  entrance  into  the  harbour  of  Hatteras, 
where  they  remained  awhile,  and  afterward  departed*  whither  thty 
not.  HakJuyt,  iii.  383,  2,84. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

of  August,  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  the  whole    1587* 
colony,  the  governor  sailed  for  England  to  procure  Aus-  *?~ 

,/  7  r  ,  .  ,      \    r    .        Governor 

supplies  ;  but  of  his  countrymen,  whom  he  left  be-  white  re- 
hind,  nothing  \vas  ever  afterward  known, x      Thus  tums  to 
terminated  the  exertions  of  Ralegh  for  colonizing  ^  M 
Virginia,  which  proved  unsuccessful,  says  Chalmers, 
"  because  the  enterprise  had  been  undertaken  with* 
out  sufficient  information,  because  the  project  was 
new,  and  the  means  employed  were  not  equal  to 
the  end."4 

John  Davis,  having  sailed  the  last  year  to  Labra-  Second 
dor, 3  now  made  a  third  and  very  important  voyage.  ^ird  7T 

•!•  1-v  1-11  i  ages  of  J. 

Sailing  from  Dartmouth  with  three  vessels,4    one  Davis, 
only  of  which  was  destined  for  discovery,  the  other  Ma>f  X9- 
two  for  fishing,  he  proceeded  again  to  that  northern 
region  ;    and  on  the  thirtieth  of  June  was  in  se-  June  30. 
venty  two   degrees  and  twelve  minutes  north  lati- 
tude,  where  the  sun  was  five  degrees  above  the  ho- 
rizon at  midnight,  and  the  needle  varied  twenty 
eight  degrees  toward  the  west.     The  whole  of  that  _ 

i  11     i  T         i        r^  r«    -T          •          t  Discovers 

coast  he  called  London  Coast.  Sailing  sixty  leagues  London 
up  Cumberland  S  traits  j  he  discovered  a  cluster  of  ^^L 
islands,  which  he  called  Cumberland  Islands.   Hav-  iandis- 
ing,  on  his  passage  back  from  the  northern   seas,  Iands*»  , 
discovered  and  named  Lumley's  Inlet,  he  returned 

I  Hakluyt,  Hi.  280 — ^8 7,  where  there  is  an  entire  account  of  this 
Voyage,  with  the  names  of  all  the  117  settlers  ;  of  whom  91  were  men, 
17  women,  and  9  children.  The  two  natives  (Manteoand  Towaye),  who 
went  to  England  with  Amadas  and  Barlow  in  1584,  returned  with  this 
colony  to  Virginia.  See  Smith  Virg.  13,  14.  Beverly,  13,  15.  Stith, 
47 — 50.  Purchas,  i.  755.  Prince  Chron.  Introd,  103.  Belknap.  Biog.  i. 
39.  Stow  Chron.  1018.  Brit.  Emp.  iii.  38.  Harris  Voy.  i.  815.  Haz.  1.40,  41. 

a  Political  Annals,  i.  515. 

3  This  voyage,  like  the  other,  was  for  the  discovery  of  a  Northwest 
passage  ;  but  Davis  proceeded  no  farther  than  to  66  dcg.  20  min. north  lat. 
For  an  account  of  this  second  voyage,  see  Hakluyt,  iii.  103 — in.    Hani* 
Voy.  580 — 582.  Forster  Voy.  302 — 308.  Purchas,  i.  741.    Univ.  Hist,  xli* 
86,  xoi,  CamdenEliz.  3*4,  325.  Belkaap  Biog.  i.  38.     Forster  considered 
this  second  voyage  of  Davis  highly  important  ;    but  "  the  great  fault  of 
it  is,  that  in  consequence  of  his  not  having  named  the  countries  he  savr, 
it  is  very  unintelligible." 

4  «  Two  Barkes  and  a  Clincher."     Hakluyt. 


*23  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

in  September  to  England. '  The  Spanish  fleet,  and 
the  untimely  death  of  secretary  Walsingharn,  hin- 
dered the  prosecution  of  these  discoveries.  * 


Removal  ^  Nombre  de  Dios  was  about  this 

of  Nombre  time  removed  to   Porto  Bello,  by  order  of  Philip 
of  Spain.3 

Thomas  Cavendish,  an  Englishman,  completed 
ish  the  circumnavigation  of  the  earth.     On  this  voyage 
round  the   he  passed  through  the  Straits   of  Magellan  ;    and 
pillaged,  and  burned  several  of  the  Spanish  settle-* 
merits  in  Chili,  Peru,  and  New  Spain.4     This  was 

1  Hakluyt,     ill.    in — 118.      Forster   Voy.     308 — 310.       Purchas, 
I.    742.      Univ.   Hist.   xli.    101.    Brit.  Emp.  i.   2.      Forster   says,  that 
Davis  went  farther  to  the  north  than   any  of  his   predecessors  ;     and 
that,  if  the  ice  had  not  prevented  him,  he  would  certainly  then   have 
made  the  discovery  which  was  afterward  happily  effected  in   1616,  by 
Baffin. 

2  Purchas,  i.  742,  where  "  Master  Secretary  Walsingham"  is  styled 
"  The  epitome  and  summarie  of  human  worthinesse." 

3  Some  historians  place  this  event  in  1584.     See   Univ.  Hist,   xxxix^ 
156.  Ulloa's  Voyage  to  South  America,  i.  86.     But,  as  it  clearly   appears 
from  H-ikluyt,  iii.  553,  that  the  measure  was  only  recommended 'to  the  king 
of  Spain  in  1587  by  his  surveyor  Baptista  Antonio,  I  presume  its  accom- 
plishment cannot  have  been   earlier  than  the  succeeding  year.    "   If  it 
would  please  your  majestic,  it  were  good  that   the   citie  of  Nombre  de 
Dios  might  be  brought  and  builded  in  this  harbour  [Porto  Bello]."  Nom- 
bre de  Dios  (built  in  1509)   was  entirely  destroyed  in  its  infancy  by  the 
Indians  of  Darien  ;    but  some  time  afterward  it  was  repaired,  arid  the  in- 
habitants maintained  their  ground  until  this  removal.  Ulloa,  i.  86.     The 
expediency  of  this  measure  sufficiently  appears  from  the  account  given  to 
the  king  by  his  surveyor  :  "  Puerto  Bello  lieth  five  leagues  from   Nom- 
bre Dios  westward  ;    it  is  a  very  good  harbeur,  and  sufficient  to  receive 
great  store  of  ships.     Within  this  harbour  there  lieth  a  small  creeke  safe 
ironl  all  winds  that  can  blow."  [See  p.  29  of  these  Annals.]     "  The  fleete 
shall  not.  passe  so  many  dangers  as  they  dayly  doe  in  Nombre  de  Dios  : 
neither  will  there  so  many  people  die  as  there  dayly  doe  in  Nombre  de 
Dios  :  and  the  cause  thereof  is,  that  those  labouring  men  which   doe  use 
to  unlade  those  merchandize,  are  all  the  whole  day  wading  in  the  water 
no  to  the  armepits   to  bring  the  packs  of  cloth  and  other  commodities 
aland  ;  for  there  is  no  landing  place  where  there  can  come  any  boates  to 
land  any  goods  close  to  the  shore,  so  this  wading  and  the  parching  of  the 
siuu'ie  is   the  cause  why  so  many  doe   dye  of  a  burning  fever.    There  are 
tut  60  dwelling  houses  in   Nombre  de  Dios,  and  but  thirtie  dwellers 
-which  doe  continually  dwell  there,  and  the  rest  doe  goe  to  Panama  after 
the  fleete  is  gone,  and  then  this  towne  doeth  remayne  desolate,  every  man 
forsaking  it  because  it  is  so  full  of  diseases."     Hakluyt,  iii.  553,  553. 

4  Hakluyt,  iii.  803 — 809,  where  this  eminent  navigator  is  called  Caridhf^ 
Churchill  Voy.  iii,  4.ox.    Camdeu  EJiz.  397.      It  -was  begun  at  hi*  owa 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

the  second  English  voyage  round  the  world.  These 
warlike  circumnavigations  were  from  this  time  dis- 
continued by  the  English  nation  until  the  reign  of 
queen  Anne*  * 

Governor  White,  though  detained  in   England,  supplies 
so  importunately  solicited  Ralegh  and  Grenville  for  ^viS« 
the  relief  of  the  Virginian  colony,  as  to  obtain  two  ma  fail, 
small  pinnaces,  in  which  fifteen  planters  with  suita- 
ble supplies  of  provision  sailed  for  Virginia.  More 
intent  however  on  a  profitable  voyage,  than  on  the 
relief  of  the  colony,  they  went  in  chase  of  prizes  ; 
until  at  length  two  men  of  war  from  Rochelle,  fal- 
ling in  with  them,   disabled  and  rifled  them,  and 
obliged  them  to  put  back  for  England* a 

1589* 

Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  having  expended  forty  thou-  March  »-. 
fand  pounds  in  attempting  the  colonization  of  Vir-  ^fj^5" 
ginia,  without  realizing  the  expected  gain,  made  an  patent  to 
assignment  of  his  patent  to  Thomas  Smith,   and  Jh.omas  . 

,0  t  r,       ,  .  ,  ,  Smith  and 

other  merchants  and  adventurers,  with  a  donation  others, 
of  one  hundred  pounds  for  the  propagation  of  the 
Christian  religion  among  the  natives,  and  for  the 
general  benefit  of  the  Virginian  colony  i, 3 

1590. 

The  English  nation  i,  at  the  juncture  of  governor 
White's  arrival  in  England,  being  still  at  war  with 

expense  with  three  ships  21  July  1586,  and  effected  in  two  years  and  two 
months.  Two  of  his  ships  were  lost  iii  the  voyage.  Ibid. 

i  Anderson  ii.  164  ;  who  there  says,  "neither  this  nor  Drake's  circum- 
navigations were  intended  for  making  any  useful  settlements  in  those  re- 
mote parts  for  the  benefit  of  our  commerce,  as  most  certainly  they  might 
easily  have  done  ;  but  their  principal  aim  was  privateering  against  and 
pillaging  the  Spaniards,  together  with  some  transient  commerce.'* 

a  OldysLife  Ral.  p.  41.  Naval  Hist.  G.  Brit.  i.  £40.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  219. 

3  Hakluyt,  i.  815 — 817  ;  Hazard  Coll.  i.  425  ;  where  are  entire  copies 
of  this  assignment.  Birch  Life  Ral.  p.  ai.  Stith,  35.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  MO. 
Robertson,  book  ix.  48,  where  the  date  is  erroneous.  Oldys  Life  Ral.  p. 
49.  Ralegh  was  a  generous  benefactor  to  the  colony,  of  which  he  was  the 
parent.  Mr.  Hariot  assures  us,  the  least  that  he  had  granted  had  been  500 
kcres  of  land  to  a  man  only  for  the  adventure  of  his  person.  Hakltiyt, 
iii.  280, 

i 


/30  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

i  590.  Spain,  and  apprehending  an  invasion  by  thelnvincibltf 
Armada  ;  the  governor,  who  was  one  of  the  queen's 
Council  of  war,  was  obliged  to  remain  there  until 
the  spring  of  this  year.  Finding  himself  at  liberty 
March  ao.  to  return  to  ^is  colony,  he  sailed  from  Plymouth 
with  three  ships,  and,  having  passed  through  the 
West  Indies  in  quest  of  Spanish  prizes,  arrived  on 
the  fifteenth  of  August  at  Hatteras.  In  attempting 
to  go  on  shore  on  the  seventeenth,  one  of  the  beats 
was  overset,  and  seven  men  were  drowned.  This 
disaster  discouraged  the  other  sailors  to  such  a  de- 
gree>  that  they  all  seemed  resolved  to  abandon  the 
research  ;  but,  by  the  persuasion  and  authority  of 
the  governor  and  one  of  their  captains,  they  resum- 
ed it.  The  governor  accordingly,  taking  with  him 
nineteen  men  in  two  boats,  went  toward  the  place 
where  he  had  left  the  English  colony,  and  found  on  a 


he  had  left  m  an  letters.  This  he  knew  to  be  intended  to  mark 
1-}^  place?  where  the  planters  might  be  found  ;  for 
they  had  secretly  agreed  with  him  at  his  departure 
for  England,  to  write  or  carve  on  the  trees  or  posts 
of  the  doors  the  name  of  the  place  where  they  should 
be  seated,  because  they  were  at  that  time  preparing 
to  remove  Fifty  miles  from  Roanoke  into  the  main 
land.  It  had  also  been  agreed,  that,  in  case  of  their 
distress,  they  should  carve  over  the  letters  a  cross  ; 
but,  to  the  great  comfort  and  encouragement  of 
their  English  friends,  they  found  not  this  sign. 
Coming  to  the  spot,  where  the  colony  had  been 
left,  they  found  the  houses  taken  down,  and  the 
place  very  strongly  inclosed  with  a  high  palisado 
of  trees,  in  the  form  of  a  fort.  At  the  right  side 
of  the  entrance,  on  one  of  the  chief  trees  or  posts, 
the  bark  of  which  had  been  taken  off  five  feet  from 
the  ground,  was  carved,  in  fair  capital  letters, 
CROATOAN,  without  the  sign  of  distress.1 

x  Within  the  palisado  they  found  many  bars  of  iron,  a  pigs  of  lead,  4 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  131 

Concluding  that  the  colony  was  safe  at  the  place, 
thus  designated,  they  determined  the  next  morning 
to  sail  for  Croatoan.  l  The  ship  however  parting 
her  cables,  the  weather  being  tempestuous,  their 
provisions  and  fresh  water  scanty,  they  concluded 
to  sail  to  the  West  Indies  for  supplies,  remain  there 
through  the  winter,  and,  on  their  return,  visit  their  Return* 
countrymen  in  Virginia  ;  but  the  violence  of  the 
$to.rm  obliged  them  to  relinquish  that  design,  aad  it. 
return  to  England.  * 


A  fleet  of  ships  sailed  from  St.  Malo  in  France  French 
for  Canada  ;  the  French  at  that  time  being  accus- 
tomed  to  fish  at  the  islands  about  the  bay  of  St. 
Lawrence  for  morses,  whose  teeth  were  then  sold 
jnuch  dearer  than  ivory.  J 

Thomas  Cavendish,  distinguished  by  his  circmn*  Cavendish 

attempts  to 

iron  fowlers,  iron  sack  shot,  and  "  such  like  heavie  things  throwen  here  Pll>ss  tne 
and  there  almost  overgrowen  with  grasse  -and  weedes."     In  the  end  of  an  Straits  °A 
old  trench  they  found  five  chests,  that  had  been  carefully  hidden  by  the  Magellan, 
planters,  three  of  which  Governor  White  says  were  his  own  ;  and  adds, 
"  about  the  place  we  found  many  of  my  things  spoyled  and  broken,  an<l  my 
bookes  torne  from  the  covers,  the  frames  of  some  of  my  pictures  and 
mappes  rotten  and  spoyled  with  rayue,  and  my  armour  almost  eaten 
.through  with  rust."     Hakluyt. 

I  An  Indian  town  on  the  nojrth  sio^e  of  Cape  Lookout  [Marshall  Life  of 
Washington,  i.  20.],  southward  of  Ha'tteras.  Bclknap  Biog.  i.  11  I.  Here 
Manteo  was  born,  and  the  natives  of  the  island  were  the  friends  of  the 
English.  By  the  account  in  Hakluyt  it  was  near  Qcrecock  Inlet. 

1  Hakluyt,  iii.  287  —  295.     Smith  Virg.  15,  16.     -Beverly,  1.4. 

3  Hakluyt,  iii.  189.  Anderson,  ii.  180.  They  also  made  much  oil 
/rom  these  animals,  whict  the  English  call  Sea  horses,  the  Dutch  and 
French  Sea  cows.  They  are  called  in  Latin  Bovet  Merini,  or  V-accg  M$- 
fivte,  and  in  the  Russian  tongue  Morsses,  Hakluyt,  iii.  191.  AnJe-rson, 
ibid.  184.  Hakluyt  [ibid.]  says,  "  I  have  scene  the  hide  of  one  as  'bi^  as 
any  oxe  hide,  and  being  dressed  I  have  yet  a  piece  of  one  thicker  then  any 
two  o*e  or  buls  hides  in  England.  The  leatherdressers  take  them  to  be 
excellent  good  to  make  light  targets  against  the  arrow  es  of  the  Sa-vag^s  ; 
and  J  hoJ4  them  farre  better  then  the  light  leather  targets,  which  t.h  » 
Moores  use  in  .Barbaric  against  arrowcs  and  lances.  The  te<eth  of  the  suyd 
fish.es,  wh-ereof  I  have  se^ne  a  dry  fat  full  at  once,  are  a  foote  and  sometimes 
more  in  length  ;  and  have  been  sold  in  England  to  tke  combe  and  knife 
makers,  at  8  groats  and  3  shillings  the  pound  weight,  whereas  the  best  !•» 
vory  is  sold  for  halfe  the  money."  An  English  voyagsr  [ibid.  192.]  tays, 
there  were  1500  killed  thi»  year  (iS^lj  by  946  *aiail  fctf&ftt  JRwtttfc. 


rp  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

navigation  of  the  earth,  undertook  a  voyage  writh 
five  ships  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan  ;  but,  unable 
to  pass  them  on  account  of  bad  weather  and  contra-* 
ry  winds,  he  was  driven  back  to  the  coast  of  Bra* 
pies.  sil,  where  he  died, x 

1592. 

Expedition       Christopher  Newport,  with  three  ships  and  a 

s^SardT  sma^  bark,  conducted  an  expedition    against  the 

in  the  w.    Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies  ;     and  took   several 

Indies,       prizes.     On  the  coast  of  Hispaniola,  in  the  Bay  of 

Honduras,  and    other   places,   he  plundered  and 

burnt   several   towns,   and   obtained  considerable 

booty.2 

Juan  de  Fuca,  a  Greek,  In  the,  service  of  Spain, 

Juan  de  .         .  «-'**•  "  *•  -*T       T 

Fuca.  sent  by  the  viceroy  or  Mexico,  to  discover  a  North- 
west passage  by  exploring  the  western  side  of  the 
American  continent,  discovered  a  strait,  which  bears 
his  name,  in  the  forty  eighth  degree  of  north  lati? 
tude. 3 

I593- 

Voyage  of       George  Drake,  an  Englishman,  made  a  voyage 

£'s.Law-  up  the  gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  to  the  isle  of  Ramea,< 

fence.       and  carried  home  intelligence  of  the  profitable  trade 

of  the  French  and  others  in  these  parts  of  America.* 

i  Camden  Eliz.  457,  there  called  an  untimely  death, 
a  Hakluyt,  iii.  567 — 569,  where  there  is  an  entire  account  of  this 
voyage.     Stith,  42.  Josselyn  Voy.  240. 

3  Belknap  Biog.  i.  39,  224 — 230,  from  Purchas.  Fuca  supposed  it  to  te 
the  long  sought  passage. 

4  Lying  within  the  Straits  of  St.  Peter,  back  of  Newfoundland  to  the 
southwest  in  47  deg.  N.  lat.  Hakluyt. 

5  Hakluyt,  iii.  193.     This  diligent  author  notices  three  voyages   "  of 
pur  owne  men,  the  first  of  Mr.  George  Drake,  the  second  of  M.  Silvester 
Wyet,  the  third  of  M.  Charles  Leigh  ;  because  (he  says)  they  are  the  first, 
for  ought  that  has  hitherto  come  to  my  knowledge,  of  our  owne  Nation, 
that  have  conducted  English  ships  so  farre  within  this  gulfe  of  S.  Laurence, 
and  have  brought  us  true  relation  of  the  manifold  gaine  which  the  French, 
Britaynes,  Baskes  and  Biskaines  do  yerely  return  from  the  sayd  partes  5 
while  wee  this  long  time  have  stood  still  and  have  bene  idle  lookers  on, 
making  courtisie  who  should  give  the  first  adventure,  or  once  being  giv-n 
jSiywho  should  continue  or  prosecute  the  same."  Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  133 

Other  English  ships  went  this  year  to  Cape  Bre-    1593* 
ton  ;  some  for  morse  fishing,  and  others  for  whale  j^ 
fishing.     This  is  the  first  mention,  that  we  find,  of  th 
the  whale  fishery  by  the'  English.     Although  they  lish- 
found  no  whales  in  this  instance,  yet  they  discover- 
ed on  an  island  eight  hundred  whale  fins,  where  a 

_,»  i.-ti  -i  i  i  ir  i   A  heir  nrat 

Biscay   ship  had  been  lost  three  years  before  ;  and  use  Of 
this  is  the  first  account,  that  we  have,  of  whale  fins,  whalebone* 
or  whale  bone,  by  the  English, z 

Henry  May,   a  worthy  mariner,  returning  from  Dec.  17. 
the  East  Indies  in  a  French  ship,  was  wrecked  on  ^j^jLj^ 
one  of  the  islands  of  Bermudas,  and  was  the  first  man  is 
Englishman,   who  set  foot  on  this  island.     The  £recke,d  oa' 

fe  i       ••  ,T  ,  11-1     Bermudas, 

company,  having  saved  the  carpenter  s  tools,  built 
of  cedar  a  bark  of  about  eighteen  tons  5  caulked  it, 
and  payed  the  seams  with  lime,  mixed  with  turtles' 
fat  ;  procured  the  shrowds  from  the  ship  for  rig- 
ging ;  put  in  thirteen  live  turtles  for  provisions  ; 
and,  after  remaining  on  the  island  nearly  five  months, 
sailed  to  Newfoundland,  whence  they  procured  a 
passage  for  England. 2 

George  Weymouth  with  two  ships,  fitted  out  voyage  of 
from  England  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  two  com-  G.wey- 

r    -r»  i     rn       i  i  r  ^       mouth  to 

panics  or   Russia  and    Turkey   merchants  for  the  Lubiuckr, 
discovery  of  a  Northwest  passage,  visited  the  coast 

I  Anderson,  H.  184.  How  ladies'  stays  were  previously  made,  does  not 
appear  ;  but  Anderson  thinks  it  probable,  that  slit  pieces  of  cane,  or  of 
some  tough  and  pliant  wood,  might  have  been  used. 

1  Hakluyt,  iii.  573,  574,  where  is  Henry  May's  account  of  this  voyage 
entire.  The  company  did  not  leave  the  island  until  II  May  1594,  and 
on  the  2Cth  fell  in  with  the  land  near  Cape  Breton,  where  they  took  in 
water  and  provision,  and  then  proceeded  to  Newfoundland.  Ibid.  Gorge^ 
New  Eng.  3.  Smith  Virg.  173.  Harris  Voy.  848.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  39.  Sir 
William  Monfon  says,  he  knew  of  this  shipwreck,  and  of  the  preservation 
of  Henry  May,  who  belonged  to  one  of  the  French  ships  that  "  captain 
Ryman  had,  when  he  was  drowned  returning  from  the  Indies."  Naval 
Tracts  in  Churchill  Collect,  iii.  440.  He  also  says,  that  above  50  years 
before  the  time  when  he  was  writing  [i.  e.  about  1585],  he  "  knew  one  cap- 
tain Russel,  a  Frenchman,  shipwrecked  upon  that  island  [Bermudas]  ;  and 
with  great  industry  of  his  people,  for  few  of  his  men  were  lost,  they  patch-? 
ed  up  a  boat  out  of  the  materials  of  the  perished  ship,  that  carried  them  to 
Newfoundland,  -where  they  fcund  relief  and  passage  into  their  own  coun- 

*:>  ibid, 


134  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

of  Labrador.     In  sixty  one  degrees  forty  minute* 

north  latitude,  he  saw  the  entrance  of  an  inlet  forty 

leagues  broad,  up  which  he  sailed  nearly  a  hundred 

Variation   leagues,  and  returned.    The  variation  of  the  com- 

of  the       pass  here  was  thirty  five  degrees  to  the  west.   Sail- 

cojnpass.    ^  ajong  t^e  coast  Of  America,  he  entered  an  inlet 

in   the  fifty  sixth  degree  of  latitude,  and  had  great 

but   delusive  hope  of  finding  a  passage.      After  $ 

voyage  of  three  months  he  arrived  in  England. * 

J5?4- 

April  4.         Silvester  Wyet  of  Bristol,  in  a  bark  of  thirty 
Voyage  of  gve  tons   made  a  voyage  up  the  bay   of  St.  Law* 

5.  Wyet  to  '  ,        .   /    °r    .  •  r         i      i 

St.  Law-    rence  as  far  as  the  isle  of  Assumption,  for  the  barbs 

rence.       or  £ns  of  whales,  and  train  oil.     Ten  leagues  up 

n  la   t^le  ^ay  °f  Placentia,  he  found  the  fishermen  of  St, 

John  de  Luz,  Sibibero  and  Biscay  to  be  upwards 

of  sixty  sail  ;  of  which  eight  ships  only  were  Span-? 

ish.     At  Farrillon*  he  found  twenty  sail  of  Eng-. 

lishmen  ;  and,  having  in  this   harbour  satisfactori- 

August  24,  ^7  made  up  his  fishing  voyage,  he  returned  to  Eng* 

land. 3 

Voyage  of  James  Lancaster,  sent  out  from  London  with 
j.  Lancasr  three  ships  and  a  galley  frigate,  and  two  hundred 
the  span-St  seventy  five  men  and  boys,  took  twenty  nine  Spanish 
ships,  and,  associating  Venour  an  Englishman, 
and  some  Hollanders  and  Frenchmen,  who  were 
roving  in  the  South  American  seas  for  booty,  sur- 
prised Fernambuck,  the  port  town  of  Olinda,  in 
Brasil.  After  keeping  possession  of  it  thirty  days, 
he  carried  off  the  freight  of  a  rich  East  Indian  car* 
rack,  with  which,  and  sugars,  Brasil  wood,  and 
cotton,  procured  there,  he  loaded  fifteen  sail  of  ves- 
sels, and  returned  home. 4 

I  Forster  Voy.  312 — 317. 

1  To  the  northward  of  Cape  Brace  14  leagues,     Hakluyt. 

3  Hakluyt,  iii.  194,  195- 

4  Haklayt,  iii.  708—715.     Camden  Eliz.  489.  Anderson,  ii.  jf>6. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

J595- 

Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  having  the  preceding  year  Voyage  of 
sent  to  Guiana  captain  Whiddon,  an .  old  and  ex-  f^^; 
perienced  officer,  from  whom  he  received  flattering  Guiana. 
accounts   of  the  opulence  and  grandeur  of  that 
country,  resolved  now  to  visit  it  in  person.1     Fit- 
ting out  a  fleet  at  a  great  expense,  he  sailed  on  the 
sixth  of  February  from  Plymouth.     Arriving  at  March 
Trinidad,  he  spent  a  month  in  coasting  the  island, 
waiting  at  the  same  time  for  the  arrival  of  captain 
Preston.     Learning,  during  this  period.,  the  state 
of  St.  Joseph,    a   small  city,  lately  built  by  the 
Spaniards   on   that  island,   and  knowing  that  the 
search  for  Guiana  must  be   made  in  small  boats, 
and  that  his  ships  must  be  left    several  hundred 
miles  behind  ;    he  perceived  it  would  not  be  safe 
to  leave  at  his  back  a  garrison  of  enemies,  interest* 
ed  in  the  same  enterprise,  and  in  daily  expectation 
of  reinforcement  from   Spain.      Determined  in  his 
purpose,  in  the  dusk  of  the   evening  he  boldly  as- 
sailed the  Corps  du  Garde  ;  and,  having  put  them 
to  the  sword,  advanced  with  one  hundred  men,  and  Takes  tKe. 
by  break  of  day  took  the  city,  which,   at  the,  en-  c'lt?  °,f  SJ- 

r    i_      T     j-  -L  <*  T  -         i  •     Joseph,  & 

treaty  of  the  Indians,  he  set  on  fire* 2     Leaving  his  bums  it. 

i  Guiana  lies  eastward  of  Peru  under  the  equinoctial  [Purchas,  i.  833.], 
between  the  Oronoque  and  the  river  of  Amazons.  Ralegh  says,  the  Oro- 
noque  is  navigable  for  ships  little  less  than  1000  miles,  and  for  smaller 
vessels  near  aooo  ;  later  writers  say,  1800.  The  country,  where  he  was 
led  to  expect  to  find  immense  treasures,  lay  on  this  river,  600  miles  front 
the  sea. 

a  He  took  Antonio  de  Berreo,  the  Spanish  governor,  prisoner,  and  car- 
tied  him,  and  a  companion  who  was  with  him,  on  board  his  ships  ;  but 
the  other  Spaniards  he  dismissed.  Berreo  provoked  Ralegh  to  this  mea- 
sure, by  treacherously  capturing  eight  of  captain  Whiddon's  men  the  year 
before,  after  giving  his  word  that  they  should  take  wood  and  water  safe- 
ly. It  appears  too,  that  he  and  his  Spaniards  had  treated  the  Indians  with 
extreme  cruelty  ;  which  accounts  for  the  attachment  these  oppressed  na- 
tives formed  for  Ralegh  and  the  English  people,  whom  they  considered  a$ 
their  deliverers.  Hakluyt.  Bancroft,  so  lately  as  1766,  says,  The  Charib- 
bees  of  Guiana  retain  a  tradition  of  an  English  Chief,  who  many  years  since 
landed  among  them,  and  encouraged  them  to  persevere  in  enmity  to  the 
Spaniards  ;  promising  to  return  and  settle  among  them,  and  afford  them 
Aiiistance,  It  is  said,  that  they  still  preserve  an  English  Jack,  which  he 


i$6  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1595.  ships  at  Trhiidad,  he  proceeded  with  one  hundred 
men  in  boats  four  hundred  miles  up  the  Oronoque  • 
but  the  rrver  beginning  dangerously  to  swell,  he 
returned,  without  effecting  the  great  discovery.1 
Several  petty  kings  of  the  country  however  resign- 
ed their  sovereignties  into  his  hands,  for  the  use  of 
queen  Elizabeth.  It  was  his  intention  to  seek  for 
his  colony  in  Virginia  on  his  return  to  England  ; 
but  extremity  of  weather  forced  him  from  the  Vir- 
ginian coast.3 

Captain  Amias  Preston,  arriving  after  Ralegh  on 
the*  coast  of  South  America-,  landed  at  the  isle  of 
Coche,  near  Margarita,  where  he  took  a  few  Span- 

May  X9-  iards  with  their  negro  slaves,  and  a  small  quantity 
of  pearls.  Proceeding  to  Cumana,  the  Spanish  in- 
habitants, after  a  parley,  agreed  to  pay  him  a  ran- 
som, to  save  their  town  from  conflagration  and 

jane  3.  plunder.  He  next  took  the  city  St.  Jago  de  Leon, 
which  was  sacked,  and  burnt.  Having  afterward 
^urnt  *he  town  of  Coros,  he  sailed  to  Hispaniola, 

England,     thence  to  Newfoundland,  and  thence  to  England.  3 
Sir  Francis  Drake  and  Sir  John   Hawkins  sailed 

Aug.  as.     from  England  with   six  of  the  queen's  ships,   and 

Voyage  of  .  ,  .  i  i        i 

Drake  and  twenty  cine  private  ships  and  barks,  on  an  expedi- 
Hawkins  tjon  to  t^e  West  Indies.  On  the  way  from  Gua- 
"  daloupe  to  Porto  Rico3  Sir  John  Hawkins  died  ;  4 

left  with  them,  that  they  might  distinguish  his  countrymen.  This,  adds 
Bancroft,  was  undoubtedly  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  who  in  1595  made  a  de- 
scent on  the  coast  of  Guiana,  in  search  of  the  fabulous  golden  city  of  Ma- 
noa  del  Dorado.  Hist.  Guiana,  358,  259. 

i  "  The  fury  of  Orenoque  began  daily  to  threaten  us  with  dangers 
in  our  returne  ;  for  no  halfe  day  passed,  but  the  river  began  to  rage  and 
overflowe  very  fearefully,  and  the  raines  came  downe  in  terrible  showers, 
i:;u  gUbtes  in  great  abundance."  Ralegh,  ibid. 

a  Purchas,  i.  828.  v.  1269.  Hukluyt,  iii.  617  —  662,  where  is  Sir  W. 
Ralegh's  account  entire.  He  seemed  to  believe,  that  what  he  had  writ- 
ten of  Guiana  would  be  sufficient  to  incite  the  "  lady  of  ladies"  [Elizabeth] 
to  possess  it  ;  "  if  not,"  he  adds,  "  I  will  judge  those  men  worthy  to  be 
feints  thereof,  that  by  her  grace  and  leave  will  undertake  it  of  them- 
selves.*' 

3  Hakluyt,iii.  578  —  58;. 

4  Stow  [Chron.  807.]  says,  "  as  it  was  supposed  of  melancholy."     Hi* 
s,  "  embU\3oued  in  memory  cf  his  nyble  atchievemtats,"  preserve 


to 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

and  was  succeeded  in  command  by  Sir  Thomas 
Baskerville.  The  next  day  Drake  made  a  despe- 
rate attack  on  the  shipping  in  the  harbour  of  Porto 
Rico  ;  but,  obtaining  little  advantage,  he  proceeded 
to  the  main,  and  took  the  towns  of  Rio  de  la  Hache,  December. 
Rancheria,  Tapia,  Saint  Martha,  and  Nombre 
de  Dios.'  Sir  Thomas  Baskerville  now  march- 
ed with  seven  hundred  and  fifty  men  for  the  reduction 
of  Panama  ;  but  the  Spaniards,  having  knowledge 
of  the  design,  were  strongly  fortified,  and  he  was 
obliged  to  abandon  the  enterprise. a 

Alvaro  de  Mendana  de  Neyra,  a  Spanish  go-  The 
vernor  in  South  America,  sailing  from  Callao  with 
four  ships  and  four  hundred  people,  with  the  de- 
sign of  making  a  settlement  in  Solomon  Islands, 
discovered  four  islands  in  the  South  Pacific  Ocean, 
which,  in  honour  of  the  marquis  of  Cannete,  vice- 
roy of  Peru,  were  called  Las  Marquesas  de  Men- 
do9a,  and  were  taken  possession  of,  in  the  name  of 
the  king  of  Spain. 3 

1596. 

Sir  Francis  Drake,  proceeding  with  the  English  Death 
fleet  from  Nombre  de  Dios,  died  on  his  passage  be- 
tween  the  island  of  Escudo  and  Porto  Bello.     His  jan.  a«. 

his  appropriate  honours  :  "  Upon  his  helm  a  wreath,  Argent  and  Azure^  a 
Demy  Moore  in  his  proper  colour,  bound  and  captive,  with  amulets  in 
•his  arms  and  ears."  Biog.  Britan.  Art.  HAWKINS.  See  A.  D.  1563. 

I  Hakluyt,  iii.  583 — 590.  Purchas,  v.  1183.  The  pearls,  brought  by 
the  Spaniards  for  the  ransom  of  the  Rancheria  (their  fishing  town  for 
pearl),  were  so  highly  rated,  to  make  up  the  offered  sum  of  24000  ducats, 
that  the  general  sent  them  back,  and  burned  that  town, and  R.  de  la  Hache* 
"  the  churches  and  a  ladies  house  onely  excepted."  The  other  towns 
shared  the  same  fate.  The  people  of  Nombre  de  Dios  fled  on  the  ap- 
proach of  the  English,  excepting  about  100  Spaniards  who  kept  the  fort  ; 
but  after  a  few  discharges  they  also  fled,  leaving  nothing  of  value.  On 
the  last  of  December  the  general  burned  half  of  the  town,  and  I  January 
the  remainder, "  with  all  the  frigates,  barks  and  galiots,  which  were  in  the 
harbour  and  on  the  beach  on  shore,  having  houses  built  over  them  to 
keepe  the  pitch  from  melting.'*  Hakluyt,  ibid. 

a  Ibid,  and  Naval  Hist,  of  G.  Brit.  i.  103  ;  where  it  is  observed  "  grasp- 
ing at  too  many  things  spoiled  all.'*" 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iv.  238,  239.  See  p.  106,  and  vol.  ii.  A.  D.  1791,  of 
these  Annals.  T 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

body,  according  to  naval  custom,  was  sunk  in  the 
sea,  very  near  the  place  where  he  first  laid  the  foun- 
dation of  his  fame  and  fortune.  x  The  fleet  anchor-* 
ed  at  Porto  Bello  on  the  same  day  ;  but  the  inhab- 
itants fled  at  the  approach  of  the  English,  carrying 
away  their  goods.  2 

Second  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  at  his  own  expense,  fitted 
voyage  to  Out  two  vessels  under  Lawrence  Keymis,  who 
ni'dde  farther  discoveries  relating  to  Guiana.  s 


,  J597- 

Third  roy-  Leonard  Berrie,  fitted  out  with  a  pinnace  by  Sir 
Guiana.  Walter  Ralegh,  arriving  in  March  on  the  coast  of 
L.  Berrie.  Guiana,  entered  into  a  friendly  correspondence  with 

the  natives,  and  returned  to  England.4 

Voyage  of      Sir  Anthony  Shirley,  commanding  an  English 

sir  A.       squadron,  landed  at  Jamaica  on  the  twenty  ninth 

1  ey>     of  January,  and  marched  six  miles  into  the  island 

Takes  ja-  to  the  principal  town.  s     The  inhabitants  of  the 

mitica-       town  and  island  submitting  to  his  mercy,  he  resid- 

ed here  about  five  weeks,  and  then  sailed  to  Hon- 

duras }    took  Puerto  de  Cavallos  ;  6    searched  in 

vain  for  a  passage  to  the  South  Sea  ,  and  returned 

by  Newfoundland  to  England.  7 

I  Hakluyt,  iii.  588,  593.  Naval  Hist.  G.  Brit.  f.  104.  Scow  Chron.  808, 
2,  Hakluyt,  ibid.     "  In  Puerto  Bello  were  but  8  or  10  houses,  beside  a. 
^reat  new  house   which  they  were  in  building  for  the   Governour  that 
should  have  bene  for  that  place  :    there  was  also  a  very  strong  fort  all  to 
the  water  side.     There  they  ment  to  have  builded  a  great  towne."     Ibid. 
This  place  was  taken  "  before  the  town  and  fortifications  thereunto  be- 
longing were  one  quarter  finished."     Churchill  Voy.  viii.  762. 
'       3  Hakluyt,  iii.  671  —  692.     Oldys  Life  Ral.  89. 

4  Hakluyt,  iii.  692  —  697.     Oldys  Life  Ral.  108.      This  voyage  was- 
be;j;un  27  December  1596,  and  finished  2?  June  1597. 

5  "  The  people  all  on  horseback  made  shew  of  great  matters,  but  di4 
nothing;."     Hakluyt. 

6  "  The  most  poore  and  miserable  place  of  all  India."     Hakluyt. 

7  Hakluyt,  iii.  598  —  602.      This  voyage  was   begun    23  April  1596. 
Shirley  arrived  at  Dominica  17  October  \    staid  there  till'aj  November  ; 
landed  at  St.  Martha  on  the  Spanish  main  December  ia;   remained  there 
over  Christmas  ;  and  on  New  Year's  day  suited,  for  Jamaica.     Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  139 

The  earl  of  Cumberland,  having  received  a  com-    1597- 
mission  from  queen  Elizabeth,  to  attack  and  destroy  15;xPediJion 

•  r  •  i        i         -i        ,  ~  Y  of  E.  of      • 

tjie  territories  or  her  enemies,  took   the  island  of  cwnber- 
Porto   Rico  in  the  West  Indies,   and  carried  off  fend  to  w. 
nearly  eighty  cast. pieces  of  cannon,  eight  ships,  and 
much  wealth  ;  *  but  the  expedition  was  disastrous, 
for  seven  hundred  men  were  lost  before  its  com- 
pletion. * 

M.  de  Pointis  appeared  with  a  squadron  of  French  pr% 
French  privateers  before  Carthagena,  and  forced  vateers  $!- 
it  to  capitulate  ;  but  his  soldiers,  in  breach  of  the 
capitulation,  pillaged  the  town. 3 

Charles   Leigh,  merchant  of  London,  made  a  Voyage  of 
voyage  with  two  vessejs  to  the  Isle  of  Ramea  and  to'ceifre- 
Cape   Breton.      Having   given  umbrage    to    the  ton. 
French  at   Ramea,4    two  hundred  Frenchmen  and 
Bretons  from  all  the  ships  in  two  harbours  on  the 
island  assembled,  and  planted  three  pieces  of  ord- 
nance on  the  shore  against  the  English,  and  dis- 
charged on  them  one  hundred  small  shot  from  the 
woods.  There  were  also  in  readiness  to  assault  them 
about  three  hundred  Indians.     On   a  parley  how- 
ever the  contest  subsided.     In  this  voyage  Leigh 
obtained  a   considerable   quantity  of  codfish   and 
train  oil,  and  had  some  little  traffick  with  the  na- 
tives. 5 

i  Purchas,  1.903.  Josselyn  Voy.  242.  At  Puerto5  Rico,  the  capital, 
which  gives  name  to  the  island,  there  was  a  bishop's  see,  and  cathedral 
church,  with  a  friery,  400  soldiers  in  pay,  beside  300  others.  "  It  was 
accounted  the  maiden  towne  and  invincible,  and  is  the  Spanish  key,  and 
their  first  towne  in  the  Indies." 

^  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  522.  About  60  men  were  slain  in  fight  at  Porto  Ri- 
co ;  600  died  of  the  bloody  flux  ;  and  about  40  were  ca6t  away  in  their 
return. 

3  Univ.  Hist,  xxxbi.  160. 

4  By  taking  the  powder  and  ammunition  from  a  vessel  (in  one  of  the 
harbours)    supposed  to  belong  to  Spain  ;    but  which  proved  to  belong  to 
the  subjects  of  the  French  king. 

5  Hakluyt,  iii.  195 — 201.     Both  vessels  were  of  London,  the  Hope- 
well  of  120  tons,  and  the  Chancewell  of  70,  and  were   "  set  to  sea  at  the 
sole  and  proper  charge  of  Charles  Leigh  and  Abraham  Van  Herwick  of 
London,  merchants."     They  left  Falmouth  a 8  April,  and  18  May  were 


140 


Jan.  12. 

Commis- 
sion of  La 
Roche  to 
conquer 
Canada. 


Reaves  40 
convicts  on 
^he  Isle  of 


|iis  death. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

I598. 

France,  after  fifty  years  of  internal  commotion, 
having  recovered  her  former  tranquillity,  was  ena* 
bled  to  renew  her  enterprises  for  colonization.1 
The  marquis  de  la  Roche,  receiving  from  Henry  IV 
a  commission  to  conquer  Canada,  and  other  coun- 
tries, not  possessed  by  any  Christian  prince,  sailed 
from  France,  in  quality  of  lord  lieutenant  of  those 
countries,  with  Chetodel  of  Normandy  for  his  pi- 
lot, carrying  a  colony  of  convicts  from  the  prisons. 
Having  landed  forty  of  them  on  the  Isle  of  Sable, 
he  sailed  for  Acadie  ;  made  researches  in  that  re- 
gion ;  and  returned  to  France,  without  attempting 
a  settlement,  or  having  it  in  his  power  to  carry 
back  those  miserable  outcasts,  whom  he  had  set  on 
shore.  He  was  prevented  by  various  misfortunes 
from  returning  to  America,  and  died  of  vexation.  * 


l6oo, 

death  °f  La  Roche,  his  patent  was  re- 
newed in  favour  of  M.  de  Chauvin,  who  now  made 
French       a  VOyap-e  up  the  river  St,  Lawrence  to  Tadouss- 

people  at  *  .  «         r 

Tadousac.  ac>  where  he  left  some  or  his  people  ;  and  return* 
ed,  freighted  with  furs. 3 

on  the  bank  of  Newfoundland.  On  the  23d  the  Chancewell  was  cast 
away  "  upon  the  maine  of  Cape  Breton,  within  a  great  bay  18  leagues 
within  the  Cape,  aud  upon  a  rocke  within  a  mile  of  the  shore."  The 
Hopewell,  having  fished  successfully  at  the  isle  of  Menego  to  the  north  of 
Cape  Breton,  and  at  Brian's  island,  arrived  18  June  at  Ramea.  Ibid. 

I  See  A.  D.  1540,  and  1549. 

Z  Charlevoix  Ncuv.  France,  i.  107 — no.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  408,  409, 
lr orster  Voy.  444.  The  French  king,  hearing  at  length  of  these  convicts, 
$ent  Chetodel  to  take  them  away  ;  and  after  seven  years  the  survivors  of 
that  forlorn  company,  twelve  in  number,  were  taken  off,  and  carried 
home.  On  their  arrival  in  France,  king  Henry  having  at  his  own  desire 
seen  them,  just  as  they  were  when  they  left  the  place,  in  their  seal  skin, 
clothes  and  long  beards,  gave  each  of  them  50  crowns,  as  a  recompence  forvi 
their  sufferings ;  and  remitted  the  punishment  of  their  crimes.  Ibid. 

3  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France, i.  no,  in.  Tadoussac  is  90  leagues  from 
the  mouth  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  The  French  people,  left  there,  would 
tave  perished  by  hunger,  or  disease,  during  the  following  winter,  but  for 
tie  cqmp^ssion  of  the  natives.  Ibid.  Chauvin  the  pext  year  made  a  sen- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  14* 

Sebald  de  Wert,  a  Dutchman,  having  passed  B-  de  Wert 

i       i       ,-,         •  r-*m-         11        •  i       o          T     r.          discovers 

through  the  Straits  of  Magellan  into  the  South  Sea,  the  sebai- 
discovered  without  the  Straits  three  islands,  which  dine  lsi- 
the  company,  in  honour  of  their  captain,  called  thear 
Sebaldine  Islands.  x     He  appears  to  have  been  one 
of  the  company  of  Oliver  Van  Noort,  sent  out  by 
the  Hollanders  with  four  ships,  one  of  which,  after 
the  passage  through  the  Straits,  proceeded  to  the 
East  Indies  ;  and,  having  traded  there  for  pepper, 
returned  home  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  *  This 
was  the  fourth  general  navigation  of  the  globe  ; 
but  the  first,    that  was    ever  performed  by   the 
Dutch.3 

1  60  I. 


William  Parker  sailed  from  Plymouth  in  Eng 
land  with   two  ships,  one  pinnace,  and  two  shal- 
lops, to  Cubagua  ;    and,   having  taken  the  pearl 
fishery  in  that  island,  with  the  governor  of  Cuma-  Ta,tp?  f!ie 
na,  who  was  there  with  a  company  of  soldiers,  he  pearl 
received  five  hundred  pounds  in  pearl  for  the  ran- 
som  of  the  whole.     Proceeding  to  Porto  Bello,  he 

cond  voyage,  with  the  same  good  fortune  as  the  first,  and  sailed  up  the 
St.  Lawrence  as  high  as  Trois  Rivieres  ;  but  while  preparing  for  a  third 
voyage  he  died.  Ibid.  Brit.  Emp.  i.  Introd.  p.  47.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  409, 

I  Harris  Voy.  i.  33.  They  are  laid  down  in  a  map,  ibid,  and  lie  in 
,53  deg.  40  min.  S.  lat.  about  60  miles  from  the  land. 

a  Monson  [Waval  Tracts,  p.  402.]  says,  there  were  five  ships,  that  went 
from  Holland  on  this  voyage  ;  that  several  Englishmen  went  in  them  ; 
that  Mr.  Adams  of  Lymehouse  was  on  board  that  ship,  which  returned 
by  the  East  Indies  ;  and  that,  while  he  was  at  Japan,  he  sent  intelligence 
to  England  of  his  being  there,  informing  the  English  merchants  of  the 
state  of  that  country,  and  expressing  a  desire,  that  they  would  undertake 
the  trade  of  Japan.  Charlevoix  mentions  the  same  Adams,  as  commander 
of  the  entire  Dutch  squadron  :  "  Guiilaume  Adams,  Anglois,  en  qualite  de 
premier  Pilote  de  1'Escadre." 

3  Anderson,  ii.  194.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  [Fustes  Chron.]  i.  2&.  It 
was  begun  in  1598  ;  but  was  impeded  by  adverse  winds.  Historians  do 
pot  perfectly  agree  in  the  names  of  the  Dutch  navigators  ;  but  I  apprehend 
that  several,  who  differ  in  this  respect,  refer  to  the  same  memorable 
voyage.  Grotius  expressly  mentions  it,  witli  his  accustomed  neatness;  : 
•*  Longinquasad  navigati«ues  crescebat  Batavis  audacia,  quippe  et  freturn, 
quod  Magellan!  cum  a  repertore  dicitur,  Draconi  et  Cavendisso  Anglis 
«mensum  postea,  quartus  eorum,  quos  fama  excepit,  Oliverius  Nortius  ll*> 
terodamensis  penetraverat."  Aunales,  p.  593,  A,  D.  1601. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

y  made  himself  master  of  that  rich  town  ;    remained 

plunders    in  it  one  day  ;    plundered  it  without  molestation 
R.rto        from  jts  inhabitants  ;    and  left  it  without  injuring 

its  buildings.1 

i 

1602. 

Although  the  disastrous  issue  of  Ralegh's  at- 

tempts to  effect  a  settlement  in  America,  together 

with  the  war  with  Spain,  checked  the  spirit  of  co- 

lonization in  England,  it  was  now  revived.     Barr 

March  *6.  tholomew  Gosnold  sailed  in  a  small  bark  from  Fal- 

Vopgeof  niotith  with  thirty  two   persons,"  for  the  northern 

B.  Gosnold  r  .     .    J         -II          i      .  r   i         • 

jmd  &      parts  or  Virginia,   with  the  design  of  beginning  a 

iinohsh-     plantation.     Instead  of  making  the  unnecessary  cir- 

northern     cuit  by  the  Canaries  and  West  Indies,  he  steered,  a$ 

parts  of      near  as  the  winds  would  permit,  due  west,  and  was 

the  first  Englishman,  who  came  in  a  direct  course  to 

this  part  of  America.  3      After  a  passage  of  seven 

jttttovar  wee^s'  **e  discovered  ^an^  on  ^ie  American  coast  ; 
(and  in  43  and.  soon  after  met  with  a  shallop  with  sails  and 
*H~-  oars,  having  on  board  eight  Indians,  with  whom 
the  English  had  friendly  intercourse.  4  Sailing  along 


ntervew 


1  Purchas,  i.  901  ;  v.  1143.  Harris  Voy.  i.  747.  Porto  Eellq  was  now  en- 
tirely  finished  [See  p.  1  3  8,  note  a.]  ;  but  Parker  obtained  there  no  more  thaa 
jo,ooo  dollars;    for  within  a  few  days  before  120,000  dollars  were  con- 
veyed thence  to  Carthagena.  Churchill  Voy.  viii.  762,.     Parker,  in  his  de- 
scription of"  the  stately  and  new  builded  town  of  Porto  Bello"  [in  Purchas], 
says,  it  "  had   two  goodly   churches  in  it  fully  finished,  and  six  or  seven 
laire  streets,  whereof  two  were  full  of  all  necessarie  artificers,  and  of  mer- 
chants, with  three  small  forts  on  the  tovvnes  sides,  besides  the  great  fort  of 
Saint  Philip  on  the  other.1' 

2  Of  this  number   8   were  "mariners   and   saylers  ;"    1%  purposed, 
after  the  discovery  of  a  proper  place  for  a  plantation,  to  return  with  the 
ship  to  England  ;  the  rest  were  to  "  remayne  there  for  population."  Pur- 
chas.    At  whose  expense  the  voyage  was  made,  4oes  not  appear  ;    but  it 
was  with  the  consent  of  of  Sir  W.  Ralegh  and  his  associates,     Belknap. 

3  Belknap  Biog.  i.  231  ;  ii-  100.     Robertson,  book  ix.  '51.  Biog.  Britan. 
Art.  GREENVILLE,  ffatff,      Smith  [Hist.  Virg.  16.]  says,  this  course  was 
"  shorter  than  heretofore  by  500  leagues." 

4  These  natives  first  hailed  the  English  ;  who  answered  them.     After 
signs  of  peace,  and  a  long  speech   made  by  one  of  the  Indians,  they  went 
boldly  on  board  the  English  vessel,  "  all  naked,"  saving  loose   deer  skins 
about  their  shoulders,  "  and  neere  their  wastes  seale-skinnes  tyed  fast  like 
to  Irish  DiinmieTrouses."     One  of  them,  who  seemed  to  be  their  Chief, 
wore  a  w-iistcoat,  breaches;  cloth  stocjkings,  shoes,  and  a  hat  ;  one  or  t\va 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  143 

the  shore,  they  the  next  day   discovered   a  head    1602. 
land  in  the  latitude  of  forty  two  degrees,  where  they  May  15. 
came  to  anchor  ;  and,  taking  a  great  number  of  cod  A^Hor  at 
at  this   place,  they  called  it  Cape   Cod.     On  the  wSSthe^ 
day  following  they  coasted  the  land  southerly  ;  and,  call  Cape 
in  attempting  to  double  a  point,  came  suddenly  in- 
to shoal  water,  and  called  the  place  Point  Care'.1  Point  Gare. 
While  at  anchor  here,  they  were  visited  by  the  na- 
tives.     In   surveying  the    coast,  they    discovered 
breakers  off  a  point  of  land,  which  they  named 
Gilbert's  Point  ;  and,  passing  it  on  the  nineteenth  c;ib«!</» 
of  May,  anchored  about  a  league  to  the  westward  Poait- 
of  it*     On  the  twenty  first  they  discovered  an  is- 
land, which  they  called  Martha's  Vineyard*  z   Com-  Martha'* 
ing  to  anchor  j  two  days  afterward,   at  the  north-  viueyar<L 
west  part  of  this  island,  they  were  visited  the  next 
.morning  by  thirteen  of  the  natives,   with  whom 
they  had  a  friendly  traffic.     On  the  twenty  fourth 
they  discovered  another  island,  which  they  called 
Dover  Cliff  ;  3   and  the  next  day  caine  to  anchor,  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  shore,  in  a  largd  bay,, 
which   they   called  Gosnqld's  Hope.4      On    the  G,v,aold»s 
northern   side    of  it  was   the  main  ;    and  on   the  Hope. 
southern,  four  leagues  distant,   was  a  large  island, 
which,  in  honour  of  the  queen,  they  called  Eliza-  Sandi? 
beth.5     A  little  to  the  northward  of  this  island  4*  deg.  a 
was  a  small  one,  which  they  called  Hill's  Hap  ;  and 

tethers  had  a  few  things  of  European  fabric  ;  and  ({  these  with  a  piece  of 
chalke  described  the  coast  thereabouts,  and  could  name  Placentia  of  the 
Newfoundland  ;  they  spake  divers  Christian  words."  Purchas.  Their 
vessel  is  supposed  to  have  belonged  to  some  unfortunate  fishermen  of  Bis- 
cay, wrecked  on  the  coast. 

I  Supposed  by  Dr.  Belknap  to  be  Malebarre,  or  Sandy  Point,  forming 
the  southeastern  extremity  of  the  county  of  Barnstable  in  Massachusetts. 
Belknap  Biog.  ii.  no. 

a  Not  that,  which  now  bears  that  name  ;  but  a  small  island,  now  called 
No-Man's  Land.  Ibid.  in. 

3  Gay  Head.     Belknap, 

4  Buzzard's  Bay.  Belknap.     The  narrator  in  Purchas  says,  it  is  "  one  of 
the  stateliest  sounds  that  ever  I  was  in." 

5  The  westernmost  of  the  islands,  which  now  bear  the  name  of  Eliza- 
beth's Islands;    Its  Indian  name  is  Cuttyhunk.     Bfelknap. 


min" 


144  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1602.  on  the  opposite  northern  shore  a  similar  elevation^ 
which  they  called  Map's  Hill.  On  the  twenty 
eighth  they  consulted  together  upon  a  fit  place  for 
a  plantation  ;  and  concluded  to  settle  on  the  wes- 
tern part  of  Elizabeth  Island.  In  this  island  there 
is  a  pond  of  fresh  water,  two  miles  in  circumference, 
in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  small  rocky  islet  ;  and 
Here  they  here  they  began  to  erect  a  fort  and  store  house. 
Souse!1  While  the  men  were  occupied  in  this  work,  Gos- 
nold  crossed  the  bay  in  his  vessel  ;  went  on  shore  ; 
trafficked  amicably  with  the  natives ;  and,  having 
discovered  the  mouths  of  two  rivers,1  returned  in 
five  days  to  the  island.  In  nineteen  days  the  fort 
and  store  house  were  finished  ;  but  discontents  aris- 
ing among  those  who  were  to  have  remained  in  the 
country, -  it  was  concluded,  after  deliberate  consul- 
June  18.  tation,  to  relinquish  the  design  of  a  settlement; 
anc*  t*16  wh°k  company  returned  to  England. 3 


1  One  was  that,  near  which  lay  Hap's  Hill  ;    and  the  other  that,  on 
the  banks  of  which  the  town  of  New  Bedford  is  now  built.      Coll.  Hist. 
Soc.  iv.  234.  The  two  harbours  of  Apeoneganset  and  Pascamanset.  Belk. 

2  "  The  1 3th  beganne   some  of  our  compauie  that  before  vowed  to 
stay,  to  make  revolt  ;  whereupon  the  planters  diminishing,  all  was  given 
over."  Purchas. 

3  Purchas,  i.  755  ;  v.  1646 — 1653.    Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  p.  9.    Ma- 
ther Magnal.  hook  i.  p.  3.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  100 — 122,  where  the  errors 
ia   his    own   first  account  of    Gosnold  [in   Amer.  Biog.  i.   231 — 239.] 
are  corrected.    Harris  Voy.  i.  816.    Smith  Virg.  16 — 18,    Josselyn  Voy. 
*5*»  J57*  243-    Prince  Chron.    Introd.  104.    Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  269,  270. 
Brit.  Emp.  i.  254.  In  1797  the  Reverend  Dr.  Belknap  with  several  other 
gentlemen  went  to  the  spot,  which  was  selected  by  Gosnold's  company  on 
Elizabeth  Island,  and  "  had  the  supreme  satisfaction  to  find  the  cellar  of  Gos- 
juold's  store  house ;  the  stones  of  which  were  evidently  taken  from  the  neigh- 
bouring beach  ;    the  rocks  of  the  islet  being  less  moveable,  and  lying  in 
ledges."  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  115.  In  a  map,  entitled,  "  The  South  part  of 
New  England,  as  it  is  planted  this  yeare,  1634,"  inserted  in  the  first  edi- 
tion of  Wood's  New  England  Prospect,  I  find  a  place  near  Narraganset 
Bay,  named  Old  Plymouth  ;  and  in  the  same  map  the  Plymouth,  settled  in 
1620,  is  denominated  Netv  Plymouth.     It  heace  appears,  that  Gosnold's 
ephemeral  settlement  (though  not  correctly  placed  in  this  map)  was  kept 
some  time  in  remembrance  in  New  England  ;  for  the  name  of  "  Old  Ply- 
mouth" was  doubtless  intended  to  distinguish  it.    Hutchinson  [Hist.  Mas. 
i.  i.],  speaking  of  Gosnold's  settlement,  observes :  "  This  I  suppose  is  what 
Josselyn,  and  no  other  author,  calls  the  first  colony  of  New  Plymouth,  rot- 
he  says  it  was  begum  in  1602,  aad  near  Narraganset  Bay."     Josselyn '>  ao 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  145 


Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  not  abandoning  all  hope  of 

.        _T.       .    .  rr  r        •       sends  the 

the  Virginian  colony,  made  one  effort  more  for  its  fifth  time 
discovery  and  relief.     Having  purchased  and  fitted  to  search 

,    J  *        ,  t  for  the  Vir- 

out  a  bark,  he  sent,  on  that  benevolent  enterprise,  ginian  co- 
Samuel  Mace,  an  able  mariner  of  Weymouth,  who  lonr  ; 
sailed  from  Weymouth  in  March   ;    fell  on  the  A* 
merican  coast  in  about  the  thirty   fourth  degree  of 
north  latitude  ;  spent  a  month  there  ;    proceeded 
along  the  coast  ;    but  returned  home  without  any 
thorough   attempt    to   effect  the  purpose  of  this 
voyage.  x 

1603, 

The  discovery,  made  by  Gosnold,  was  an  incite-  Voyage  of 
ment  to  farther  adventures.  By  the  persuasion  of 
Mr.  Richard  Hakluyt,  and  with  the  leave  of  Sir  Wal- 
ter Ralegh,  the  mayor  arid  aldermen,  and  some  of  the 
most  considerable  merchants  of  Bristol,  raised  a 
stock  of  a  thousand  pounds,  and  fitted  out  a  ship 
of  about  fifty  tons,  called  the  Speedwell,  and  a 
bark  of  twenty  six  tons,  called  the  Discoverer,  under 
the  command  of  Martin  Pring,  for  the  fuller 
discovery  of  the  northern  parts  of  Virginia. 
The  ship>  carrying  thirty  men  and  boys,  the  April 
bark  thirteeen  men  and  a  boy,  both  victualed  Sails* 
for  eight  months,  sailed  on  the  tenth  of  April 
from  Milford  Haven,  In  the  beginning  of  June 
they  fell  in  with  the  American  coast  between  the 
forty  third  and  forty  fourth  degrees  of  north  lati- 
tude, among  a  multitude  of  islands,  in  the  mouth 
of  Penobscot  Bay.  Ranging  the  coast  to  the  fouth* 
west,  and  passing  the  Saco5  Kennebunk,  York,  and 

count  [Voy.  157]  is  :  "At  the  further  end  of  Narraganset  Bay  by  the 
mouth  of  the  river  on  the  south  side  thereof,  was  old  Plymouth  planta- 
tion anno  1602." 

I  Purchas,  v.  1653.  This  was  the  fifth  time  that  Ralegh  sent,  at  his 
own  charges,  to  the  succour  of  the  colony,  left  in  Virginia  in  1587.  "  At 
this  last  time,  to  avoid  all  excuse,  hee  bought  a  barke,  and  hired  all  the 
companie  for  wages  by  the  moneth  ;"  but  they  "fell  fortie  leagues  to  the 
southwestward  of  Hataraske,  in  34  degrees  or  thereabout  ;  and  having  there 
cpent  a  moneth,  when  they  came  along  the  coast  to  seeke  the  people,,  they 

tf 


546  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1603.    Piscataqua  rivers,   they  proceeded  into  the  Bay*  of 

Massachusetts.     Going  on  shore,1  but  not  finding 

any  sassafras,  the  collection  of  which  was  the  chief 

object  of  their  voyage,   they  sailed  into  a  large 

sound,2  and  coasted    along  the  north  side  of  it  ; 

but,  no  I  satisfied  in  their  expectation,  they  sailed 

over  it,  and  came  to  anchor  on  the  north  side. 

Lands  his   Here  they  landed  at  an  excellent  harbour3  in  a  bay, 

harbour,     which,  in  honour  of  the  Mayor  of  Bristol,   they 

which  they  called  Whitson  Bay.     Having  built  a  hut,  and  en* 

call  Whit-       ,  ,    •  .   r          -i  •        i  r     i 

son  Bay  ;  closed  it  with  a  barricade,  some  or  them  kept  con* 
stant  guard  in  it,  while  others  were  employed  in 
where  they  collecting  sassafras  in  the  woods.  They  were  vi~ 
site(l  by  the  natives,  whom  they  treated  with  kind- 
ness.4  After  remaining  here  seven  weeks,  the 
bark  was  dispatched,  well  freighted  with  sassafras, 
for  England.  Some  alarming  appearances  of  hos- 
tility on  the  part  of  the  Indians,  soon  after  the  de- 
parture of  the  bark,  accelerated  the  lading  and  de- 
parture of  the  ship,  which  sailed  from  the  coast  on 
the  ninth  of  August. s 

May  10.         While  Pring  was  employed  in  this  voyage,  Bar- 

B.  Gilbert  tholomew  Gilbert  went  on  a  farther  discovery  to* 

Virginia,    the  southern  part   of  Virginia  ;    intending  also  to 

search  for  the  lost  English   colony.     Sailing  front 

Plymouth  on  the  tenth  of  May   in  a  bark  of  fifty 

tons  by  the  way   of  the  West  Indies,  he  on  the 

twenty  third  of  July  saw  land  in  about  the  fortieth 

did  it  not,  pretending  that  the  extremitie  of  weather,  and  losse  of  some 
principal  ground-tackle,  forced  and  feared  them  from  searching  the  Port 
of  Hataraske,  to  which  they  were  sent."  Ibid. 

I  At  a  place,  named  the  year  before,  by  Gosnold's  men,  Savage  RocJi. 

1  It  is  called  in  Purchas  a  "  great  gulf ;"  which,  according  to  Belknap, 
•was  the  Vineyard  Sound. 

3  The  haven,  described  in  the  journal  inserted  in  Purchas,"  must  have 
been  that  of  Edgar-Town,  generally  called  Old-Town."     Note  of   Peleg 
Coffin,  Esq.  in  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  r^S.     The  place  where  the  voyagers  cast 
anchor  is  said  in  Purchas  to  be  "  in  the  latitude  of  41  degrees  and  odde 
m  invites." 

4  One  of  their  birch  canoes  was  carried  home  to  Eristol,  as  a  curious 
specimen  of  their  ingenuity. 

5  Purchas,  v.  1654 — 1656.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  123 — 133.    Smith  Virg.. 
1 8.     Beverly,  17.  Stith,  33.    Prince  6.    Brit.  Emp.i.  Introd,  21. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

degree  of  latitude.  Adverse  winds  preventing  him  1603. 
from  reaching  Chesepeak  Bay,  at  which  he  aimed, 
}ie  came  to  anchor  on  the  twenty  ninth  about  a 
mile  from  the  shore,  and  landed  with  four  of  his 
principal  men  ;  nut  every  one  of  them  was  killed 
by  the  natives.  The  rest  of  the  crew,  intimidated 
by  this  disaster,  weighed  anchor,  ancj.  returned  to 
England. * 

Henry  IV  of  France  granted  to  Pierre  du  Cast,  ^nt3<of 
Sieur  de  Monts,  a  gentleman  of  his  bed  chamber,  DC  Mom« 
a  patent  of  the  American  territory  from  the  fortieth  for  theter 
to  the  forty  sixth  degree  of  north  latitude,  constitute  "0°tro  ™ 
ing  him  lieutenant  general  of  that  portion  of  tlie^eg.  N.ia* 
country,  with  power  to  colonize  and  to  rule  it,  and 
to  subdue  and  Christianize  its  native  inhabitants. a 
The  king  soon  after  granted  him  and  his  associates, 
an  exclusive  right  to  the  commerce  of  peltry,  ia. 
Acadie  and  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence. 3 

Samuel  Champlain  of  Brouage  in  France  sailed 
up  the  St.  Lawrence  ;  anchored  at  Tadoussac  ; 
and  made  discoveries  in  the  neighbouring  territory. 4 

Two  hundred  ships  were  at  this  period  annually  state  of 
engaged  in  the  Newfoundland  fishery,  and  employ- 
ed at  least  ten  thousand  men. s 


Newfound? 


I  Purchas,v.  1656 — 1658.  Prince,  10.  Stith,  33. 

a  Hazard  Coll.  i.  45 — 48,  where  the  patent  is  inserted  entire,  in  the 
original  French.  An  English  translation  of  it  is  in  Purchas,  v.  1619, 1620; 
in  Harris  Voy.  i.  813  ;  and  in  Churchill  Voy.  viii.  796 — 798.  In  the  last 
of  these  places  it  is  introductory  to  L'Escarbot's  Description  of  New  France, 
an  English  translation  of  which  is  inserted  ibid.  796 — 917.  De  Monts 
was  a  Calvinist  ;  but  the  king  allowed  him  and  his  people  the  exercise  of 
his  religion  in  America.  On  his  part  he  engaged  to  people  the  country,, 
and  to  establish  the  Catholic  religion  among  the  natives.  Charlevoix 
Nouv.  France,  i.  in,  jia.  The  country,  described  in  the  patent  of  De 
Monts,  is  there  called  Acadie ;  but  this  name  was  afterward  restricted  t? 
what  is  now  called  Nova  Scotia.  "  Cadia,  pars  Continentis,  triangularis 
est  forma  -  -  -  qui  duo  sinus  exiguo  terrae  spatio  disjuncti,  hanc  Provin- 
ciam  pene  Insulam  efficiunt."  Laet,  cited  by  Charlevoix,  ibid.  "Acadie, 
depuis  le  Cap  le  Sable  juscju*  a  Camceaux,  &  c'  est  ce  que  les  Anglois  ont 
«T  abord  nommc  Nouvelie  Ecosse"  Ibid. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  8a,  from  L'Escarbot. 

4  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  in.    Harris  Voy.  i.  8u.   Univ.  His^. 
sxxix.  410.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  41,  322. 

$  Biog,  B.-itan.  Art.  GILBERT,  from  Josiah  Child's  Discourse  on  Trade, 


34$  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 604. 

Voyage  of       The  Sicur  cic  Monts,   taking  Champlain  as  his 
StoA?.8'  P^ot>    anc*  attended   by  M.   Poutrincourt  with  a 
number  of  volunteer  adventurers, *  embarked  with 
Confiscates two  vesse*s  ^or  America.     Arriving  at  Acadie,  he 
a  vessel  at  confiscated  an  interloping  vessel  in  one  of  its  liar- 
hours,   which   was  now   called  Port   Rossignol.* 
Coasting  thence  he  arrived  at  another  port,  which 
Port  Mut-  his  people  named  Port  Mutton. 3     From  this  port 
they  coasted  the  peninsula  to  the  southwest  ;  dou- 
bled Cape  Sable  ;    and  came  to  anchor  in  the  bay 
of  St.  Mary.     After  sixteen  days,  they  proceeded 
to  examine  an  extensive  bay  on  the  west  of  the  pe- 
ninsula,  to  which  they  eave  the  name  of  La  Bayc 

.pave.  Fran-  _-,  .  r    \  .  .  J 

rrancoise.4  On  the  eastern  side  or  this  bay  they 
discovered  a  narrow  strait,  into  which  they  entered, 
and  soon  found  themselves  in  a  spacious  bason,  en- 
vironed with  hills,  and  bordered  with  fertile  mea- 
dows. Poutrincourt  was  so  delighted  with  this, 
place,  that  he  determined  to  take  his  residence 
Port  Royal  here  ;  and,  having  received  a  grant  of  it  from  De 
Monts,  he  called  it  Port  Royal. s  From  Port  Roy- 

This  estimate  includes  seamen,  fishermen*  and  shoremen.  They  were  ac- 
customed to  sail  in  March,  and  to  return  in  September  ;  and  to  spend 
every  winter  at  home  what  they  acquired  in  their  summer  fishery,  that 
is,  upwards  of  _£  1 00,000.  Ibid. 

i  Some  were  Protestants  and  some  Catholics.  "  II  assembla  nombre  de 
Gentils-hommes,  et  de  toutes  sortes  d'  artisans,  soldats  et  autres,  tant  d' 
tzne  que  d'  autre  religion,  Prestres  et  Ministres."  Champlain,  43,  who 
says  (ibid.)  that  they  were  one  month  only  in  the  voyage  to  Cap  de  la 
Heve,  which  lies  several  leagues  to  the  eastward  of  Port  Rossignol,  in  44 
deg.  5  min.  After  they  left  this  cape,  it  appears,  that  Champlain  parted 
from  De  Monts  and  went  by  his  order  in  quest  of  a  place  for  settle- 
ment. Ibid.  44,  57,  60. 

2.  From  Rossignol,  one  of  his  countrymen,  who  was  trading  there 
with  the  Indians  without  licence;  for  which  reason  his  ship  and  cargo 
were  seized.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  115.  The  harbour  is  on  the 
southeast  side  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  is  now  called  Liverpool.  Belknap 
Eiog.  i.  324. 

3  Because  a  sheep  leaped  overboard  there,  and  was  drowned.  L'Escarbot. 

4  Now  called  The  Bay  of  Fundy.     Belknap. 

5  Now  called  Annapolis.  Belknap.     "In  this  pert  (says  Escarbot)  we 
dwelt  three  yeeres  after  this  voyage."     Henry  IV  confirmed  this  gift  to 
Poutrincourt  :  "en  1'  an  1607  le  feu  Roy  Henry  le  grand  luy  ratificaet 
confirm?,  ce  don. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  14$ 

a!  De  Monts  sailed  farther  into  the  great  bay,   to    1 604, 
visit  a  copper  mine.1       Champlain    in   the  mean 
time,  in    examining  this  bay   pursuant  to  the  in- 
structions of  De  Monts,  came  to  a  great  river,  which 
he  called  St.  John.     From  this  river  he  coasted  the  st.  John's, 
bay  southwesterly   twenty   leagues, 3    and  came  to  river* 
an  island,  in  the  middle  of  a  river.     De  Monts, 
on  his  arrival,  built  a  fort,  and  passed  the  winter  Bullds 
on  this  island,  which  he  called  St.   Croix. 3      This  fort  at  st. 
situation  proving  very  inconvenient,  he,  the  ensuincr  Croix'  »n<i, 

j 11  •  1  i.      T>  I-  winters 

spring,  removed  his  settlement  over  the  Baye  r  ran-  t],ere> 
coise  to  Port  Royal. 4     This  was  the  first  settlement 

I  It  was  a  high  rock,  en  a  promontory,  between  two  bays  [Merir.l. 
Belknap. 

•2,  This  was  along  the  coast  of  the  Etechemins  :  "  The  people  that  he 
from  Saint  John's  river  to  Kinnibeki  (wherein  are  comprised  the  rivers  of 
St.  Croix  and  Norombega)  are  called  Etechemins."  Escarbot.  The  river 
St.  John  was  called  by  the  natives  Ouygondy.  Champlain.  The  French 
did  not  notv  sail  50  leagues  up  this  river  (as  Dr.  Belknap  seems  to  liavx- 
supposed),  but  in  1608.  Purchas,  v.  1622. 

3  The  river,  named  by  the  natives  Scoodick,  in  which  this  Island  lies, 
is  also  called  St.  Croix  ;  and,  being  part  of  the  boundary  between  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  United  States  and  the  British  Province  of  New  Brunswick,  it 
has  become  a  stream  of  great  importance.     After  the  treaty  of  1783,  by 
which  the  river    St.  Croix  was  made  a  boundary,  it  became   a  question, 

which  was  the  real  St.  Croix  ;  whether  the  river,  known  by  the  name  of  ; 

Scoodick,  or  that,  known  by  the  name  of  Magaguadavick.  It  has  how- 
ever been  satisfactorily  determined,  by  Commissioners  appointed  for  that 
purpose,  that  the  Scoodick  is  the  river,  originally  named  St.  Crcix  ;  and  the 
line  has  been  settled  accordingly.  Professor  Webber,  who  accompanied 
the  Commissioners  in  1/98,  informs  me,  that  they  found  an  island  in  this 
river,  corresponding  to  the  French  descriptions  of  the  island  St.  Croix, 
and,  near  the  upper  end  of  it,  the  remains  of  a  very  ancient  fortification, 
overgrown  with  large  trees  ;  that  the  foundation  stones  were  traced  to  a 
considerable  extent ;  and  that  bricks  (a  specimen  of  which  he  showed 
me)  were  found  there.  There  is  no  doubt,  but  that  these  were  the  re- 
liques  of  De  Monts'  fortification. 

4  Escarbot,  in  Churchill  Vpy.  iii.  798 — 815.     Purchas,  i.  751,  752. 
y.  1620 — 1626.    Champlain,  42 — 44.    Chaiievoix,  Nouv.   France,  i.  115, 
and  Pastes  Chron.  28.    Harris  Voy.  i.  813 — ^815.    Belknap  Biog.  i.  324 — 
330.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  41  i.  Minot  Mass.  i.  127.     The  stores,  which  had 
been  deposited  at  St.  Croix,  were  removed  across  the  bay,  but  the  build- 
ings were  left  standing.     New  houses  were  erected  at  the  mouth  of  the 
river  L'Equille,  which  runs  into  the  bason  of  Port  Royal  ;    and  here  the 
people  and  stores  were  lodged.     The  winter  had  been  severe  ;  all  the  peo- 
ple had  been  sick  ;  36  had  died,  and  40  only  were  left  alive.     As  soon  as 
these  were  recovered,  De  Monts  sought  a  comfortable  station  in  a  warm- 
er climate.     He  sailed  along  the  coast  to  Penobscot,  Kennebeck,  Casio, 
Saco,  and  ultimately  to  Malebarre,  which  was  st  that  time  the  French 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1604.  in  Acadie  [Nova  Scotia]  ;  and  was  begun  four 
years  after  the  temporary  residence  of  Pontgrave's 
company  in  Canada. r 

Two  Jesuits,  introduced  by  Poutrincourt  into 
Port  Royal,  leaving  that  place  soon  after  on  account 
of  some  controversy,  went  to  Mount  Desert,  and 
began  a  plantation  there. z 


G.  VA-y- 

JKOUtll. 


1605. 

King  James  having  recently   made   peace  with 
Spain,  and  the  passion  for  the  discovery  of  a  North 
West  passage  being  now  in  its  full  vigour,  a  ship 
was  sent  out  with  a  view  to  this  discovery,  by  the 
earl  of  Southampton  and  lord  Arundel,  under  the 
command  of  George  Weymouth.     He  sailed  from 
the  Downs  with  twenty  eight  persons  on  the  last  of 
31-  March  ;  and  on  the  fourteenth  of  May  .discovered 
land  in   about  forty  one  degrees,  thirty  minutes, 
1 3     north  latitude.  Being  entangled  here  among  shoals, 
he  quitted  this  land,  and  about  fifty  leagues  distant 
an  island,   jjscoverec[  several  islands,  on  one  of  which  he  land- 

wnicrx  lie 

calls  St.     ed,  and  called  it  St.  George.     Within  three  leagues 

George.     of  j.]^  'IS\^^  he  came  into  a  harbour,  which   he 

called  Pentecost  harbour  ;    then  sailed  up   a  great 

Pentecost  .,  .,  .  t     i 

karbour.     river3  forty  miles ;  set  up  crosses  m  several  places ; 

name  of  Cape  Cod  5  but  the  natives  appearing  numerous  and  unfriendly, 
and  his  company  being  small,  he  returned  to  St.  Croix,  and  then  to  Port 
Royal,  where  he  found  Dupont,  in  a  ship  from  France,  with  supplies  and, 
a  reinforcement  of  40  men.  Having  put  his  affairs  into  good  order,  he 
embarked  for  France  in  September  1605,  leaving  Dupont  as  his  lieute-r 
nant,  with  Champlain  and  Champdore,  to  perfect  the  settlement,  and  ex- 
plore the  country.  Escarbot.  Belknap,  M.  de  Poutrincourt  returned  ta 
.France  with  De  Monts,  if  he  had  not  indeed  previously  returned  ;  for  he 
"  made  the  voyage  into  these  parts  with  some  men  of  good  sort,  not  to 
winter  there,  but  as  it  were  to  seeke  out  his  seate,  and  find  out  a  land 
that  might  like  him.  Which  he  having  done,  had  no  need  to  sojourn 
there  any  longer.  So  then  the  ships  being  ready, for  the  returne,  he  ship- 
red  himselfe,  and  those  of  his  companie,  in  one  of  them."  Purch.  v.  1622. 
I  "  Ce  fut  en  1604  que  les  Frangois  s'  etablirent  en  Acadie,  quatre  an* 
*  \\int  d'avoir  eleve  la  plus  petite  cabune  dans  ie  Canada."  Precis  sur  1* 
Amerique,  56. 

1  Belknap  Eiog.  i.  41.     Purchas,  v.  1807,  1808. 

3  "The  discovery  of  which  they  seem  to  be  proudest  was  that  of  a  river, 
\vhich  they  tlo  upon  mar.y  account*  prefer  to  any  known  American  river.*' 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  i  ;|t 

and  had  some  traffic  with  the  natives.  In  July  he 
returned  to  England,  carrying  with  him  five  In- 
dians ;  one,  a  Sagamore,  and  three  others  of 
thenij  persons  of  distinction.  x 


Although  one  hundred  and  nine  years  had  elaps- 
fed  since  the  discovery  of  the  continent  of  Ame- 
rica  by  the  Cabots,  in  the  service  of  Henry  VII  of 
England  ;  yet  the  English  had  made  no  effectual 
settlement  in  any  part  of  the  New  World.  *  Twen- 
ty years  had  passed  since  the  first  attempt  of  Sir 
Walter  Ralegh  to  establish  a  colony  in  Virginia  i 
but  not  an  Englishman  was  now  to  be  found  in  al) 
the  Virginian  territory.  The  period  however  of 
English  colonization  at  length  arrived.  The  grant., 
made  to  Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  being  void  by  his  at- 
tainder,3 several  gentlemen,  by  the  incitement  of 
Mr.  Richard  Hakluyt,4  petitioned  king  James,  to 

J)r.  Belknap,  in  his  first  volume  of  American  Biography,  says,  this  great 
river  is  supposed  to  be  either  Penobscot,  or  Kennebeck  ;  but,  before  the 
publication  of  his  second  volume,  he  had  satisfied  himself,  after  careful  ex- 
amination and  inquiry,  that  it  was  the  Penobscot.  Americ.  Biog.  i.  4  i  ; 
ii.  149.  Purchas  [i.  755.]  says,  Weymouth  "discovered  three  score  milt-j 
up  a  most  excellent  river."  See  Harris  Voy.  i.  817. 

i  Rosier  's  account  of  this  voyage  is  in  Purchas  v.  1659  —  1676  ;  and  IH 
Smitty  Virg.  18—  20.  See  also  Harris  Voy.  i.  817,  81  8.  Keith,  51.  Priix-' 
14,  Stith,  34. 

•j,  Three  years  before,  at  the  time  of  queen  Elizabeth's  death  (1603), 
which  was  no  years  after  the  discovery  of  America  by  Columbus,  neith- 
er the  French,  Dutch,  nor  English,  nor  any  other  nation,  excepting  thf 
Spanish,  had  made  any  permanent  settlement  in  this  New  World.  IM 
North  America  not  a  single  .European  family  couM  be  found.  The  French 
had  notv  (1606)  just  begun  to  make  settlements  in  Canada  and  Acadie  ; 
and  these,  with  the  Spanish  soldiers,  maintained  at  two  or  three  posts  in. 
¥iorida,  appear  to  have  been  all  the  Europeans  in  North  America. 

3  He  had  been  arraigned  for  high  treason,  and  declared  guilty  ;    b'.;:; 
was  reprieved,  and  committed  to  the  Tower  of  London.      Oidys  JLiie  of 
Ralegh,  152  —  1.57. 

4  Mr.  Hakluyt,   at  that  time  prebendary  of  Westminster,  was  "  the 
most  active  and  efficacious  promoter"  of  the  English  settlements  in  Ame- 
rica ;  and  to  him  "  England  is  more  indebted  for  its  American  possess- 
ions than  to  any  man  of  that  age."     Robertson,  book  ix,  55,  where  there 
is  a  sketch  of  his  character.  He  published  his  first  volume  of  Voyages  cuuJ 
Discoveries  of  the  English  Nation  in  1,589,  ;-.nd  the  thud,  in   ,rCcrv 


15-:  AMERICAN  ANNAL& 

i  606.  grant  them  a  patent  for  the  settling  of  two  plantations 

KPTame3'    on  ^  m*m  coasts  °^  America.     The  king  accord- 
bypSnt    ingly,  by  a  patent,   dated  the  tenth  day  of  April, 
vk-^n^     divided  that  portion   of  North   America,    which 
int?two     stretches  from   the  thirty  fourth  to  the  forty  fifth 
colonies,    degree  of  latitude,  into  two  districts,  nearly  equal. x 
The  First  T he  Southern,  called  the  First  Colony,  he  granted 
Sotted'to  to  t^le  Condon  Company  ;  the  Northern,  called  the 
the  London  Second  Colony,  he  granted  to  the  Plymouth  Com- 
panyr      fje  authorized    Sir  Thomas    Gates,    Sir 
George  Somers,  Richard  Hakluyt,  Edward  Maria 
Wingfield,  and  their  associates,  chiefly  resident  in 
London,  to  settle  any  part,  that  they  should  choose^ 
of  the  Southern  district  ;   and  vested  in   them  a 
right  of  property  to  the  land,  extending  along  the 
coast  fifty  miles  on  each  side  of  the  place  of  their 
fir^t  habitation,  and  reaching  into  the  interior  coun- 
the  Second,  try  a  hundred  miles.     The  Northern  district  he  al- 
monfh.Ply~  lotted?  as  a  place  of  settlement,  to  several  knights, 
Company,  gentlemen,  and  merchants    of  Bristol,  Plymouth, 
and  other  parts  of  the  west  of  England,  with  a  si- 
milar grant  of  territory. a 

Colonial         The  supreme  government  of  the  colonies,  that 
risl?.11'      were  to  ^e  sealed,   was  vested  in  a  Council,  resi- 
dent in  England,  to  be  named  by  the  king,  accord- 
ing to  such  laws  and  ordinances,  as  should  be  giv- 
en under  his  sign  manual ;  and  the  subordinate  ju- 

work}  which  will  perpetuate  the  praise,  due  to  his  learning,  diligence, 
and  fidelity  ;  and  which  will  always  furnish  some  of  the  best  materials 
for  Americ?.n  history. 

1  "  That  vast  country,  being  found  upon  experience  and  tryal  too  large 
to  be  moulded  upon  one  entire  government,  it  was  thought  meet  should 
be  divided  into  a  first  and  second  colony."     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  29. 

2  The  Southern  Colony  was  desirous  of   "  beginning  their  Plantation 
and  Habitr^tion  in  some  fit  and  convenient  place"  between  34  and  41  de- 
grees north  latitude,  along  the  coasts  of  Virginia  ;    the  Northern  Colony 
was  desirous  of  planting  between  38  and  45  degrees  ;  and  the    Charter 
gave  liberty  accordingly  :  5'  Provided  that  the  Plantation  and  Habitation 
of  such  of  the  said  Colonies,  as   shall  last  plant  themselves  shall  not  be 
made  within  one  hundred  English  miles  of  the  other  of  them,  that  first 
fcegan  to  make  their  Plantation."     Charter. 


AMEkiCAN  ANNALS. 

Vi'sdiction  was  committed  to  a  council,  resident  in  1606. 
America,  which  was  also  to  be  nominated  by  the 
king,  and  to  act  conformably  to  his  instructions. 
Jfhe  charter,  while  it  thus  restricted  the  emigrants  Privileges 
in  the  important  article  of  internal  regulation,  se- 
cured to  them  and  their  descendants  all  the  rights 
of  denizens-,  in  the  same  manner,  as  if  they  had 
remained  or  had  been  born  in  England  ;  and  grant- 
ed them  the  privilege  of  holding  their  lands  in 
America  by  the  freest  and  least  burdensome  tenure. 
The  king  permitted  whatever  was  necessary  for  the 
sustenance  or  commerce  of  the  new  colonies  to  be 
exported  from  England,  during  the  space  of  seven 
years,  without  paying  any  duty  ;  and,  as  a  farther 
incitement  to  industry,  he  granted  them  liberty  of 
trade  with  other  nations  ;  and  appropriated  the 
duty,  to  be  levied  on  foreign  commodities,  for  twen- 
ty one  years,  as  a  fund  for  the  benefit  of  the  colo- 
nies. He  also  granted  them  liberty  of  coining  for 
their  own  use  ;  of  repelling  enemies  ;  and  of  stay- 
ing ships,  that  should  trade  there  without  leave.  * 

King  James,  on  the  twentieth  of  November,  issu-  Nov.  20. 
cd  "  orders  and  instructions  for  the  colonies,'5  un-  ^rllLued 
der  the  privy  seal  of  England.     He  invested  the  for  the  co* 
general  superintendence  of  the  colonies  in  a  coun- lonics* 
cil  in  England,  composed  of  a  few  persons  of  con- 
sideration  and   talents,  who  were  empowered  to 
make  laws,  and  to  constitute  officers  for  their  go- 
vernment,  with   a  proviso,  that  such  ordinances 
should  not  touch  any  man's  life  or  member ;  should 
only  continue  in  force  until  made  void  by  the  king, 
or  his  council  ;  and  should  be,  in  substance,  con- 
sonant to  the  laws  of  England.* 

Lord  chief  justice  Popham,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gor-  £uff-  '*• 
ges,  and  some  others  of  the  Plymouth  Company,  H?chai- 

lons. 

I  Stith  Virg.  Appendix,  No.  I,  and  Hazard  Coll.  i.   50 — 58,  contain 
^ntire  copies  of  this  Patent.     Purchas,  v.  1683,  1684.    Harris  Voy.  i.  818. 
$mith  Virg.  303.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xv.      Brit.  Emp.  Introd.  i, 
stz.  Robertson,  book  ix,  56.        a  Chalmers,  i.  ij,  16. 
W 


154  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

sent  Henry  Challons,  in  a  ship  of  fifty  tons,   fof 
make  farther  discovery  of  the  coasts  of  North  Vir- 
ginia ;  and,  if  it  should  appear  expedient,  to  leave 
as  many  men,  as  he  could  spare,  in  the  country. 
On  his  passage  however  from  the  Weft  India  isl- 
ands toward  the  American  coast,  he  and  his  crew, 
NOV.  12.    consisting  of  about  thirty  persons,  were  taken  by  a 
is  tuk-n     Spanish  fleet,  and  carried  into  Spain,  where  his  ves- 

and  curried      r.  ~ 

into  Spain,  scl  was  confiscated. 

Although  this  misfortune  considerably  damped 
the  courage  of  the  first  adventurers  ;  yet  the  lord 
chief  justice  Popham  having  immediately  after  the 
departure  of  Challons  sent  out  another  ship,  un- 
der the  command  of  Thomas  Hanam,  whose  busi- 
ness was  not  so  much  to  plant,  as  to  make  discove- 
ry in  order  to  planting  ;  the  account,  given  of  the 
country  on  the  return  of  this  ship,  was  so  favour* 
able,  that  the  people  of  England  were  encouraged, 
and  the  year  after  came  more  "boldly  Torward,  as 
adventurers.  * 

1607* 

This  is  the  remarkable  n?ra  of  the  arrival  of 
the  first  permanent  colony  on  the  Virginian  coast. 
On  the  reception  of  the  patent  from  king  James$ 
several  persons  of  consequence  in  the  English  na- 
tion undertook  the  arduous  task  of  planting  the 
Southern  Colony.  Having  chosen  a  treasurer,  and 
appointed  other  officers,  they  provided  a  fleet  of 
three  ships,  to  transport  the  emigrants,  one  hun- 
dred in  number, 3  to  Virginia.  The  charge  of  this 

i  Purchas,  v.  1827, 1832 — 18.^7,  where  there  is  an  entire  account  of 
this  voyage.  See  also  Prince,  1 8.  Chalmers,  it  79.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix, 
270.  Jossdyn  Voy.  244.  Harris  Voy.  i.  851.  Brit.  Emp.i.  255. 

1  Purchas,  v.  1827.  Harris  Voy.  1.851.  Prince  [19]  says,  that  Mar- 
tin Prinn  was  in  this  voyage  with  Hanam  ;  that  they  had  supplies  for 
Challons,  hut,  not  finding  him,  returned  to  England  ;  and  that  Sir  F. 
Gorges  said,  Prinn  brought  the  most  exact  account  of  the  Virginian  coast,' 
that  ever  came  to  his  hand.  He  is  generally  named  Pring.  See  A?  D.  1603', 

3  Mos^  of  their  names  are  preserved  in  Smith  Virjj.  43,  44, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS-  155 

Embarkation  was  committed  to  Christopher  New-  1607. 
port,  already  famous  for  his  skill  in  the  western 
navigation,  who  sailed  from  the  Thames  on  the 
twentieth  of  December  the  preceding  year,  carrying 
•with  him  the  royal  instructions,  and  the  names  of 
the  intended  colonial  council,  carefully  concealed  in 
•a  box.  "  To  this  singular  policy,"  says  Chalmers, 
<c  may  be  attributed  the  dissensions  which  soon 
commenced  among  the  leaders,  and  which  continu- 
ed to  distract  them  during  a  voyage  long  and  dis- 


astrous." z 


It  was  the  intention  of  Newport  to  land  at  Roa-  Apr;i  ^ 
noke  ;  but,  being  driven  by  a  violent  storm  to  the  Newport 
northward  of  that  place,  he  stood  directly  into  the  chesepeak 
spacious  Bay  of  Chesepeak,  which  seemed  to  invite  Bay  with 
his  entrance.     The  promontory  on  the  south  of  the  jtmiMent 
bay  he  named  Cape  Henry,  in  honour  of  the  Prince  Virginian. 
of  Wales  ;   and  that  on  the  north,  Cape  Charles, colon?' 
in  honour  of  the  Duke  of  York,  afterward  king 
Charles  First  of  England.     Thirty  men,  going  on 
shore,  at  Cape  Henry  for  recreation,  were  suddenly 
assaulted  by  five  Indians,  who  wounded  two  of 
them  very  dangerously,      At  night  the  bo$  wassoxcon* 
opened,  and  the  orders  were  read,  in  which  Bar-  taming  the 
tholomew   Gosnold,   John  Smith,  Edward  Wing-  Auction*1 
field,  Christopher  Newport,  John  Ratcliffe,  John  opened, 
Martin,  and  George  Kendall,  were  named  to  be  of 
the  council,  and  to  choose  from  their  number  a 
president  for  a  year,  who,  with  the  council,  should 
govern  the  colony.     The  adventurers  were  employ- 
ed in  seeking  a  place  for  settlement '  until   the  thir- 
teenth of  May,  when  they  took  possession  of  a  pe-  May  13. 
ninsula  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  Powhatan,^^^ 
called  by  the  English  James  River,  about  forty  peninsula 

on  Powha* 

I  Chalmers,  i.  17.    Smith  Virg,  41.     Purchas,  1.756;  v.  1685.     He  tan 
followed  the  ol<}  course  by  the  West  Indies  ;  which  accounts  for  the  in- 
terval of  four  months  from  his  embarkation  to  his  arrival  off  the  Amen-* 
can  coast;    Robertson,  book  be.  60, 


1 56  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1607.  miles  from  its  mouth.     To,  make  room  for  then* 
projected  town,  they  here  began  to  cut  down  the 
where  they  trees'of  the  forest,  which  had  for  centuries  afforded 
tuiua6  °  shelter  and  food  to  the  natives..     The  code  of  laws, 
town.        hitherto  cautiously  concealed,  was.  at  length  pro- 
mulgated.    Affairs  of  moment  were  to  be  examin- 

Laws  pro       ,  ,  °         .  ,    .  ~ 

ed  by  a  jury,  but  determined  by  the  major  part  of 
the  council,  in  which  the  president  was.  to  have  two 
voices.  The  council  was  sworn  ;  Wingfield  was 
chosen  chosen  president ;  and  "  now  commenced  the  rule 
of  the  most  ancient  administration  of  Virginia,  con- 
sisting of  seven  persons,  and  forming  a  pure  aris- 
tocracy." *  The  members  of  the  council,  while  they 
adhered  to  their  orders  in  the  choice  of  their  pre- 
sident, on  the  most  frivolous  pretences  excluded 
from  a  seat  among  them,  Smith,  famous  in  colonial 
annals,  though  nominated  by  the  same  instrument, 
from  which  they  derived  their  authority.  Animosi- 
ties arose*  Appeased  in  a  degree  at  length  by  the 
prudent  exhortations  of  Mr.  Hunt,  their  chaplain, 
Smith  was  admitted  into  the  council ;  and,  receiving 
the  communion  the  next  day,  they  all  turned  their 
undivided  attention  to  the  government  of  a  colony, 
"  feeble  in  numbers  and  enterprise,  which  was  thus 
planted  in  discord,  and  grew  up  in  misery." *  In 
Townna-  ^onour  of  king  James,  they  called  the  town,  which 
med  jame&  they  now  built,  James  Town.  This  was  the  first 
Town.  permanent  habitation  of  the  English  iu  America,. 
Newport  and  Smith,  sent  with  twenty  men,  to 
discover  the  head  of  the  river  Powhatan,  arrived  in 
six  days  at  a  town  of  the  same  name,3  consisting  of 
about  twelve  houses,  the  principal  and  hereditary 
seat  of  Powhatan,  emperor  of  the  country.  Al- 
though they  received  kind  treatment  throughout 
this  excursion  ;  yet,  on  their  return  to  James  Town, 
they  found  seventeen  men  hurt,  and  a  boy  slain,  by 

I  Chalmers.       a  Ibid.  i.  17 — 19. 

3  Pleasantly  situated  on  a  hill,  a  little  bejow  the  «pot  where  Ridimoi>4 
i$  BOW  tuilt.    BelkfiAp  Biog.  i.  256. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

the  Indkins.     To  guard  against  frequent  and  sudr    1607. 
den  assaults  and  ambuscades,  the  fort  was  now  pa- 
lisadoed  ;  the  ordnance  was  mounted  ;  and  the  men 
were  armed  and  exercised.      On  the  fifteenth  ofjunes^ 
June  the  Indians  voluntarily  sued  for  peace  ;    and  Indians  sue 
Newport  set  sail  for  England,  leaving  one  hundred  for  peace* 
men,  with  provisions,  arms,  ammunition,  and  other 
necessaries  for  a  settlement.1 

On  the  prayer  of  the  colonists,  king  James  is-  Ma^ch- 

,  -.    '  c  i         •  i  t  i  Ordinance^ 

sued  an  ordinance  for  enlarging  the  number  and  for  eniarg- 
authority  of  his  commissioners  for  directing  the  af-  ins  the 
fairs  of  the  colonies.      Encouraged  by  favourable  anTautho- 
reports,  and  invigorated  by  this  increase  of  power,  «ty  of 
the   Virginian   treasurer    and   council  in   England  on™ls! 
exerted  themselves  with  laudable  diligence,  to  trans- 
mit proper  supplies  to   the  plantation.      Captain 
Nelson  was  sent  to  James  Town  with  an  additional 
supply  of  men  ;  and,  before  the  close  of  the  year, 
Newrport  arrived  with  seventy  more,  making  two  Virginian 
hundred  in  all  the  colony.     These  accessions  con-  ;°3ori7 
sis  ted  of  many  gentlemen,  a  few  labourers,   several  m 
refiners,  goldsmiths  and  jewellers.     "  The  various 
denominations  of  these  men,"  says  Chalmers,  "  e- 
vince  the  views  of  the  whole."      The  ships  were 
at  length  sent  back  ;  the  one,  loaded  by  the  min- 
ers with  a  glittering  earth,  which,  they  vainly  hop- 
ed, contained  golden  metal  ;  the  other,  loaded  with 
cedar.     These  are  recorded  as   the  first  Virginian 
products,  as  constituting  the  first  remittance,  and 
as  indicating  the   earliest   pursuits   of   an  infant  England. 
people.2 

Smith,  while  attempting  to  discover  the  head  of 
Chickahominy  river,   was   taken   prisoner  twenty 
miles  in  the  desert,  by  a  party  of  two  hundred  In-  Indians, 
dians,  who  tied  him  to  a  tree  with  the  intention  of 

I  Stith,  46,  47.     Other  authorities  for  this  and  the  preceding  articles 
are,  Purchas,  i.  756,  757  ;    v.  1796,  1707  ;  Smith  Virg.  43 — 45  ;  Keith, 
59  ;  Neal  N.  Eng.  i.  18. 
'   £  Smith  Virg.  54.     Purchas,  v.  1709.    Chalmers,  i.  21.  Prince,  24,  ;& 


153  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 607,  shooting  him  to  death,  Already  had  they  assem* 
bled  around  him  with  their  deadly  weapons  ;  but 
Opechancanough,  a  brother  of  Powhatan,  and  com* 
mander  of  the  party,  holding  up  a  compass,  that 
Smith  had  given  him,  they  all  instantly  laid  down 
their  bows  and  arrows.  Having  conducted  their 
prisoner  in  triumph  to  numerous  Indian  tribes,* 
Brought  they  at  length  brought  him  to  Werowocomoco. 

beforePow-          '          r»        i  -1°  •  j     i     •      i        i        • 

hatan  the    where  rowhatan  then  resided  m  barbarian  state, 

Indian        \vith  a  strong  guard  of  Indians  around  him.  *   When 

the  prisoner  entered  the  apartment  of  the  sovereign, 

all  the  people  gave  a  shout.      The  queen  of  Appa- 

matuck  was  appointed  to  bring  him  water,  to  wash 

his  hands  ;  and  another  person  brought  a  bunch  of 

feathers,  instead  of  a  towel,  to  dry  them.      Having 

feasted  him  in  their  best  manner, 3  they  held  a  long 

consultation,  at  the  conclusion  of  which,  two  great 

stones  were  brought  before  Powhatan.  As  many  of 

.the  Indians,  as  could,  laying  hands  on  the  devoted 

prisoner,  dragged  him  to  the  stones,  and  placed  his 

head  on  them,  with  the  intention  of  beating  out  his 

His  life      brains  with  clubs.     At  this  moment  Pocahontas, 

saved  by 

Pocahonfas 

the  kind's         x  "  Their  order  was  this  :    drawing  thamselves  all  in  file,  the  King  m 

daughter.  the  ml(ist  haci  a11  t^ieir  Peeces  anci  swords  borne  before  him  :  Captaine 
Smith  was  led  after  him  by  three  great  lubbers,  holding  him  fast  ;  on 
each  side  went  six  in  file,  with  their  arrows  nocked."  Smith  Virg.  47« 
Purchas,  v.  1708, 

2  Above  200  of  "  his  courtiers  stood  wondering"  at  the  prisoner,  «  until 
Powhatan  and  his  train  had  put  themselves  in  their  greatest  bravery.    Be- 
fore a  fire  he  sat  on  a  seate  like  a  bedsted,  covered  with  a  great  robe  of 
Rarowcun  [racoon]  skinnes,  all  the  tailes  hanging  by  :    on  each  hand  did 
sit  a  young  wench  of  sixteene  or  eighteene  yeeres  of  age  ;    along  on  each 
side  the  house  two  rowesof  men,  and  behind  them  as  many  women,  with 
all  their  heads  and  shoulders  painted  red,  many  of  their  heads  bedecked 
with  the  white  downe  of  birds,  every  one  adorned  with  something  ;  a 
great  chaine  also  of  white  beades  about  their  neckes."  Purchas.     Powha- 
tan was  ordinarily  attended  by  a  guard  of  40  or  50  of  the  tallest  men  in 
his  country.     "  Every  night  upon  the  foure  quarters  of  his  house  (says 
Smith)  are  four  sentinels,'  each  standing  from  other  a  flight  shoot,  and  at 
every  halfe  houre  one  from  the  corps  du  guard  doth  hollow,  shaking  his 
tips  with  his  finger  betweene  them,  unto  whom  every  sentinel  doth  an- 
swer round  from  his  stand  :  if  any  fails,  theytpresently  send  forth  an  o8i-. 
cer  that  beateth  him  extreamely."     General  Hist.  Virg.  37. 

3  Smith  "  thought,  they  intended  to  fat  and  eat 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

the  king's  favourite  daughter,  her  entreaties  and  1607* 
tears  not  availing  to  rescue  the  captive  from  execu- 
tion, rushed  in  between  him  and  the  executioner, 
took  his  head  into  her  arms,  and  laid  her  own  up- 
on it,  to  ward  off  the  blow.  The  father  was  sub- 
dued ;  and  the  victim  was  spared.  Two  d^s  af- 
terward Powhatan  sent  Smith,  acccmpank  --by He  is  wn* 

.  T  —,  *x         J  to  James 

twelve  guides,  to  James  iown.1  ^         Town. 

Beside  the  personal  misfortune  of  Smith,  $..  ..-_- 
fant  colony  met  with  various  calamities  in  the  course 
of  the  year.  The  store  house  at  James  Town  tak-  James 
ing  fire  by  accident,  the  town,  thatched  with  reeds, 
burned  \vith  such  violence,  that  the  fortifications) 
arms,  apparel,  bedding,  and  much  of  private  goods 
and  provision,  were  consumed.1  From  May  to 
September,  fifty  of  the  colonists  died  ; 3  of  which 
number  was  Bartholomew  Gosnold.4  The  suc- 
ceeding winter  was  extremely  cold,  and  this  rigour 
of  the  season  was  the  cause  of  additional  mortality.  * 

There  were  judged  to  be  at  this  time,  within 
sixty  miles  of  James  Town,  about  seven  thousand  Oi 

i  Smith  Vifg.  46 — 49.  Stith,  50,  56.  Purchas,  I.  757;  Smith  had 
been  a  prisoner  seven  weeks. 

a  Stith,  59.  Smith  Virg.  52,  who  says,  that  Mr.  Hunt,  the  preacher, 
lost  all  his  library,  and  all  that  he  had,  yet  none  ever  saw  him  repine. 

3  This  mortality  was  ascribed  to  excessive  toil"  in  the  extremity  of  the 
heat,"  wretched  lodgings,  and  scanty,  unwholesome  food.  "  Had  we  been 
as  free   from  all  sinnes  as  gluttony  and  drunkennesse   (says  Smith),  we 
might  have  been  canonized  for  saints."  Ibid.  44.    Purchas,  v.  1706,  1707 

4  Purchas,  v.  1690.     He  died  22.  August,  and,  being  one  of  the  Coun- 
cil, was  honourably  buried,  "  having  all  the  ordnance  in  the  fort  shot  off, 
with  many  volleys  of  small  shot."  Ibid.      This  is  the  same  distinguished 
person,  who  made  the  memorable  voyage  to  the  northern  part  of  Virgi- 
nia (now  New  England)  five  years  before.     Belknap  Eiog.  i.  239.    See' 
A.  D.  1600. 

5  "  By  the  bitterness  of  that  great  frost,  above  half  the  Virginian  colo- 
ny took  their  deaths."     This  severe  frost  "  was  recompensed  with  asrniM 
a  winter  with  them  the  next  year."     Purchas,  i.  757,  760.     This  extreme 
severity  of  cold  was  felt  in  the  most  northern  regions  of  America.    JL'Es- 
carbot,  who  was  in  Canada  about  this  time,  remarks,  that  "  these  L.v 
winters  of  1607,  1608,  have  been  the  hardest  that  ever  "was  seene.  Many 
savages  died  through  the  rigour  of  the  weather  ;  in  these  our  parts  many 
poore  people  and  travellers  have  bene  killed  through  the  same  h 

of  winter  weather."     PurcKasj  v,  1637. 


i6o  AMERICAN  ANNALS^ 

Indians,  nearly  txvo  thousand  of  whom  were 

riors;  * 

Settlement;      On  the  recent  encouragement  for  settling  North 
»f  .uiEng-  Virginia,  Sir  John  Popham  and  others  sent  out  twc» 

hsli  colony     ,  .  P  r        ,       r   _  _,       . 

jit  sagada-  ships  under  the  command  or  George  Popham  and 
b<jcki  RaLeih  Gilbert/  with  a  hundred  men,  with  ord- 
iiai?c$-  and  all  provisions  necessary  until  they  might 
receive  farther  supplies*  They  sailed  from  Ply- 
moutrt  the  last  of  May  ;  and,  falling  in  with  the 
island  of  Monahigon  on  the  eleventh  of  August, 
landed  on  a  peninsula*  at  the  mouth  of  Sagadahockj 
or  Kenebeck  river* 3  Here,  after  a  sermon  was  de- 
livered, and  their  patent  and  laws  were  read,  they 
Built  a  store  house,  and  fortified  it,  and  gave  it  the 
name  of  Fort  St.  George. 4  On  the  fifth  of  Decent 
ber  the  two  ships  sailed  for"  England,  leaving  a  lit- 
tle colony  of  forty  five  persons  ;  Popham  being 
president,  and  Gilbert  admiraL s 

1608. 

Vo  -a<re  of       The  summer  of  this  year  is  remarkable,  in  the 
smith  to-    Virginian  annals,  for"   the  first  voyage  toward  the 

ward  the 

*?m™  *  Smith  in  Purc.has,  v.  1697.    The  most,  seen  together  by  the  English, 

Ae  Chese-  were  sevea  Or  eight  hundred.  Ibid, 
peak.  ^  ^  nephew  of  Sir  Walter  Ralegh.  Bio<?>  Britan.  [Art.  GILBERT.]  says,  he 

made  a  voyage  to  Virginia  this  year  in  behalf  of  his  uncle  ;    in  reference 

perhaps  to  this  voyage. 

3  Purchas,  i.  756.  Smith  [Virg.  203*]  says,  "  a  faire  navigable   river, 
but  the  coast  ull  thereabouts  moat  extreme  story   and  rocky."  Josselya 
Voy.  244.    Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  p.  9. 

4  Belknap  Biog.  i.  350.     What  Dr.  Bclknap  calls  a  peninsula,  is  called 
in  the  Collections  of  the  Historical  Society  [i.  aja.]  Parker's  Island  ;    and 
is  there  said  to  be  formed  by  the  waters  of  Kenebeck  on  the  west,  by  the 
sea  on  the  south;  by  the  waters  called  Jeremysquam  Bay  on  the  east,  and 
by  a  small  strait  of  waters,  which  divides  it  from  Arrowsick  Island,  on 
the  north.     "  The  island  is  now*  called   Parker's  Island,  because  it  was 
purchased  of  the  natives  in  the  year  1650,  by  one  John  Parker,  who  waj 
the  first  occupant  after  the  year  1608."    Ibid. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  30.   Purchas,  756.    Brit.  Emp.  Lifrc-tf.  I.  24. 
Purchas,  v.  1828.  Harris  Voy.  i.   851.    I.  Matker   N.  Eng.  Brit.  Emp.  ii. 
10.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  aji,  2Ji.    "  All  the  fruit  of  this  their  expedition 
during  the  long  winter,  and  the  after  time  of  their  abode  there,  was  build- 
ing a  barne,  which  afforded  then;  some  advantage  in  their  return" 

bard  MS.  N«  Eng.  p.  31, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  *      t6l 

Source  of  the  Chesepeak.  Captain  John  Smith  in  1608 
an  open  barge,  with  fourteen  persons,  and  a  very 
scanty  stock  of  provisions,  explored  the  whole  of 
that  great  extent  of  water,  from  Cape  Henry,  where 
it  meets  with  the  ocean,  to  the  river  Susquehannah ; 
trading  with  some  tribes  of  Indians,  and  fighting 
with  others.  He  discovered  and  named  many  small 
islands,  creeks,  and  inlets  :  sailed  up  many  of  the 
great  rivers ; *  and  explored  the  inland  parts  of  the 
country.  During  this  enterprise  sixty  Sufquehan-  Is  vi,:tecl 
nah  Indians  visited  him,  and  made  him  presents,  by  the 
At  this  early  period  they  had  hatchets,  and  utensils 
of  iron  and  brass,  which,  by  their  own  account, 
originally  came  from  the  French  of  Canada.  The 
Sufquehannah  nation  at  this  time  could  raise  about 
six  hundred  fighting  men.  Smith,  after  sailing  about 
three  thousand  miles,  returned  to  Janies  Town. 
Having  made  careful  observations  during  this  ex- 
cursion of  discovery,  he  drew  a  map  of  Chesepeak 
Bay  and  of  the  rivers,  annexing  to  it  a  description 
of  the  countries,  and  of  the  nations  inhabiting  them, 
and  sent  it  to  the  council  in  England  ;  and  this  map 
was  made  with  such  admirable  exactness,  that  it  is 
the  original  from  which  all  subsequent  maps  and 
descriptions  of  Virginia  have  beeii  chiefly  copied. ~ 
His  superior  abilities  obtained  the  ascendency  over 
envy  and  faction.  Although  he  had  lately  been  re- 
fused a  seat  at  the  council  board,  he  was  now,  by 
the  election  of  the  council  and  the  request  of  the 
settlers,  invested  with  the  government ;  and  receiv- 
ed letters  patent  to  be  president  of  the  colony.  The 
wisdom  of  his  administration  infused  confidence  ;  sidem  of 
its  vigour  commanded  obedience.  The  military  ex-  the  colon>r- 

1  Pamaunk  [now  York],  Toppahanock  [Rappahanock],  Patowmek  [Po- 
towmac],  Sasquesahanough  [Susquehannah].  Smith's  map,  compared  with 
later  maps. 

2  Smith  Virg.  21,  25,55 — 65;  Purchas,  v.  1690,  1715  ;  in  each  of 
which  volumes  a  copy  of  Smith's  original  map  is  inserted.   Stith,  83,  84, 
Purchas,  i.  767.     Keith*  78,  79.    Chalmers,  i,   21,22,     Rebertson,  book 
ix.  66 j  $7, 

X 


1 62  AMERICAN  ANNALS* 

1608.  ercises,  which  he  obliged  all  to  perform,  struck  the 
Indians  with  astonishment,  and  inspired  them  with 
awe. r 

Newport  Newport  arrived  at  Virginia  with  a  second  sup* 
arrives  pjy  for  the  colony,  bringing  over  seventy  passen- 
piies.i>Up"  gers,  many  of  whom  were  persons  of  distinction** 
Eight  Dutchmen  and  Poles  came  over  at  this  time, 
First  mar  to  mtroc^uce  tne  making  of  tar,  glass,  and  potashes.  * 
riage  in  John  Laydoii  was  soon  after  married  to  Ann  Bur* 
Virginia.  nls  .  ancj  ^g  was  t|le  £rst  marriage  in  Virginia.4 

Fresh  instructions,  now  transmitted,  expressly  re- 
quired the  president  and  council  of  the  colony  to 
explore  the  western  country,  in  order  to  procure 
certain  intelligence  of  the  South  Sea  ;  to  transmit, 
as  a  token  of  success,  a  lump  of  gold  ;  and  to  find 
one  of  the  lost  company,  sent  out  by  Ralegh. 
"  These  orders  demonstrate,"  says  Chalmers, 
"  that  the  chief  object  of  the  most  active  project- 
ors was,  at  this  time,  rather  discovery,  than  colo- 
nizatidfa."  The  punishment,  threatened  in  case 
of  disobedience,  struck  the  colonists  with  horror  : 
"  They  shall  be  allowed  to  remain,  as  banished 
men,  in  Virginia."5  On  the  return  of  Newport  to 
England,  he  left  about  two  hundred  persons  in  the 
colony. 6 

The  colony  Ships,  now  arriving  with  supplies  for  the  colony 
noct?e-a~  at  Sagadahock,  brought  intelligence  of  the  death 
mrns  dis-  of  Sir  John  Popham,  and  Sir  John  Gilbert.  These 

couragedto 

England.  x   Chalmers,  i.  ^^. 

1  Smith  Virg.  72,  73  ;  where  the  principal  names  of  the  passengers 
are  preserved.  Mrs.  Forrest  and  Ann  Burras,  her  maid,  who  were  among 
these  passengers,  are  said  by  some  historians  to  have  been  the  first  English 
women,  ever  'T  this  country.  They  -were,  with  the  exception  of  the  de- 
voted colony  of  1587,  which  contained  19  women.  The  marriage,  just 
mentioned,  as  the  first  in  Virginia,  must  be  understood  with  the  same  ex- 
ception ;  though  no  .mention  is  made  by  the  early  writers  of  any  marriage 
in  that  first  colony  20  years  before.  Stith,  if  we  may  rely  on  Smith's  au- 
thority, errs,  in  omitting  the  name  of  Mrs.  Forrest,  and  putting  Ann  Bur- 
ras into  the  rank  of  a  lady,  in  Ler  place,  attended  by  a  maid. 

3  Smith  Virg.   73.  Chalmers,  i.  23. 

4  Smith  Virg.  ibid.  Keith,  80.        5  Chalmers,  i.  a». 
6  Smith  Virg.  70. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  163 

misfortunes,  -with  the  death  of  captain  George  Pop-  1608. 
ham,  in  whom  very  great  confidence  was  reposed, 
together  with  the  loss  of  the  stores  the  preceding 
winter  by  fire,  so  dispirited  the  whole  plantation, 
that  the  colony  unanimously  resolved  to  return  in 
these  ships  to  England. x  The  patrons  of  the  co- 
lony, offended  at  this  unexpected  return,  desisted 
several  years  from  any  farther  attempt  toward  ef- 
fecting a  settlement.  Meanwhile,  the  English  thus 
seeming  to  relinquish  their  pretensions  to  this  coun- 
try,  the  French  availed  themselves  of  the  occasion,  plan 
and  planted  colonies  in  various  places  within  the 
English  limits. *  limits, 

Poutrincourt  having  returned  from  Canada  to 
France  the  last  year,  and  presented  to  the  king  the 
fruits  of  the  country  ;  the  king  now  confirmed  to 
M.  de  Monts  the  privilege  for  the  trade  of  beavers 
xvith  the  natives,  for  the  purpose  of  enabling  him 
to  establish  his  colonies  in  New  France. 3  De  Monts 
accordingly  sent  over  three  ships  with  families,  to 
commence  a  permanent  settlement.4  Champlain, 
who  took  the  charge  of  conducting  this  colony,  af- 
ter examining  all  the  most  eligible  places  for  settle- 
ment in  Acadie,  and  on  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  se- 
lected a  spot  at  the  confluence  of  this  river  and  St. 
Charles,  about  three  hundred  and  twenty  miles 
from  the  sea.  Here  he  erected  barracks  ;  cleared 
the  ground  ;  sowed  wheat  and  rye  ;  and  on  this  juiy  3. 
spot  laid  the  foundation  of  Quebec,  the  capital  of  Foundutioa. 

A         j      -  of  Quebec, 

Canada.  * 

I  Smith  [Virg.  204]  says,  that  the  country  was  esteemed  as  a  cold,  bar- 
ren, mountainous,  rocky  desert  ;  and  that  this  colony  "  found  nothing  but 
extreme  extremities." 

a  Gorges  N.  Eng.  19.  Purclvas,  v.  1828.  Harris  Voy.  j.  851.  Hubbard 
MS.  N.  Eng.  30.  Prince,  25.  See  also  the  authorities  in  note  jf,  p,  160. 

3  Purchas,  v.  1640,  1641. 

4  "  There,"  says  JL'  Escarbot,  "  to  beginne  Chriftian  and  French  Com- 
monwealths." Ibid. 

j  Champlain,  115.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  1 21,  and  Faftes  Chron, 
Chalmers,  i.  8 2.  Unir.  Hist,  xxxix.  41 Z.  Brit.  Emp.  Intrad.  i.  47.  Miuot 


.164  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1609. 

May  23.        The  company  of  South  Virginia,  not  realizing 
second       the  expected  profit  from  its  colony,  obtained  from, 

charter  ot     ,  .          T  i  •  i  i  •    • 

Virginia/  king  James  a  new  charter,  with  more  ample  privi- 
leges. x  This  measure  served  to  increase  the  num- 
ber of  proprietors,  among  whom  we  find  the  most 
respectable  names  in  the  nation.  With  this  aug- 
mented wealth  and  reputation,  they  pressed  forward 
with  bolder  steps.  The  council  of  the  Virginia 
company  now  appointed  Thomas  West,  lord 
Delaware,  governor  of  Virginia  for  life ;  Sir  Thom- 
as Gates,  his  lieutenant  -,  Sir  George  Somers,  ad- 
miral -9  and  Christopher  Newport,  vice  admiral ; 
and  fitted  out  seven  ships,  attended  by  two  small 

jiiqe  ves-   vessels,  with  five  hundred  people  for  that  colony. 

*eis  with    Lord  Delaware  remained  in  England.     The  ship, 

500  people   .  .  .  •_  -Y.  -111  • 

•aiiforvir-in  which  the  three  other  olncers a  sailed,  becoming 
ginia.        separated  from  the  reft  of  the  fleet  in  a  violent  storm, 
was  wrecked  on  the  island  of  Bermudas,  where  all 
jniy  34-     the  company,  consisting  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
n  Persons?   were   providentially    saved.      One  small 
ketch  was  lost  in  the  storm  j  the  other  ships,  much 

Mass.  i.  127.  Quebec  was  the  Indian  name  of  the  place.  "  Trouvant  un 
lieu  le  plus  estroit  de  riviere,  que  les  habitans  du  pays  appellent  Quebec, 
V  y  bastir  et  edifier  une  habitation,  et  defricher  des  terres,  et  faire  «[uel- 
tjues  jardinages."  Champlain.  It  was  "  some  fortie  leagues  above  the  riv- 
er of  Saguenay."  Purchas,  v.  1642. 

i  Copies  of  this  second  charter,  containing  the  names  of  the  proprie- 
tors, are  preserved  in  Stith  Virg.  Appendix,  No.  ii ;  and  in  Hazard  Coll.  i. 
58 — 72.  By  this  charter  the  Company  was  made  "  one  Body  or  "Com- 
monalty perpetual/*  and  incorporated  by  the  name  of  The  Treasurer  and 
Company  of  Adventurers  and  Planters  of  the  City  of 'London, for  the  First  Colony 
in  Virginia.  Charter.  To  them  were  now  granted  in  absolute  property, 
what  seem  formerly  to  have  been  conveyed  only  in  trust,  the  lands  extend- 
ing from  Cape  Comfort  along  the  sea  coast  Southward  two  hundred 
miles ;  from  the  same  promontory  two  hundred  miles  Northward  ;  and 
from  the  Atlantic  Westward  to  the  South  Sea.  Chalmers. 

3  Each  of  these  gentlemen  had  a  commission  ;  and  he,  who  should  fh>t 
arrive,  was  authorized  to  recall  the  commission,  that  had  been  previously 
given  for  the  government  of  the  colony  ;  but  "  because  they  could  not  a- 
"  gree  for  place,  it  w-&  «c£fc}ttded  they  should  go  all  in  one  ship."  Smit& 
Tirg.  89. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  165 

damaged  and  distressed,  arrived  about  the  middle    1609., 
pf  August  at  James  river. * 

The  infant  colony  was  still  destined  to  calamity  \ 
and  the  very  accession  to  its  numbers,  which  should 
have  added  to  its  security,  heightened  its  danger. 3 
President  Smith  having  detached  t\vo  hundred  of 
these  newly  arrived  adventurers  to  the  falls  of  James 
River,  and  to  Nansamond,3   they  imprudently  of-  Nans*.. 
fended  the  neighbouring  Indians,  who  cut  off  many  mond- 
of  them  ;  and  the  few,  who  escaped,  returned  in 
despair,  to  beg  the  protection  of  that  authority, 
which  they  had  lately  contemned. 4 

A  systematic  design  was  now  meditated  against  Plot  of  ti 
the  whole  colony  by  the  sovereign  of  the  country  ;  JJJ^*^ 
but  it  was  providentially  discovered  and  frustrated.  English. 
Pocahontas,  the  tutelary  friend  of  Virginia,  though 
but  a  child  of  twelve  or  thirteen  years  of  age,  went 
in  a  very  dark  and  dreary  night   to  James  Town, 
and,  at  the  hazard  of  her  life,  disclosed  to  the  pre-  Disclosed 

by  Poca- 

i  Smith  Virg.  89, 164,  174.  Keith,  115,  116.  Purchas,  I.  758  ;  v.  nontas' 
1729 — 1733.  Chalmers,  i.  27,  28.  StowChron.  1019, 1020.  Belknap  Biog. 
ii.  23 — 2  jr.  This  storm  came  from  the  north  cast,  and  began  on  Monday 
24  July.  After  it  had  blown  twenty  four  hours  with  extreme  violence, 
the  ship  sprung  aleak  ;  and  three  days  and  four  nights  the  whole  company 
(tb.out  140,  exclusive  of  women)  laboured  incessantly  at  the  pump.  On 
Friday  the  fourth  morning  "  it  wanted  but  little,"  says  the  narrator  of 
the  voyage,  "  but  that  there  had  bin  a  general  determination  to  have  shut 
up  hatches,  and  commending  our  sinfull  souls  to  God,  committed  th« 
shippe  to  the  mercy  of  the  sea  ;"  but,  in  this  desperate  extremity,  Sir 
George  Somers,  who  during  the  whole  time  had  not  once  left  the  quarter 
deck,  discovered  land.  Not  expecting  to  save  the  ship  by  coming  to  an- 
chor, they  ran  her  aground  within  three  quarters  cf  a  mile  of  the  shore, 
whence  all  the  company  (about  150  in  number)  by  the  help  of  their  boats 
arrived  safely  at  the  island.  Purchas,  v.  1735 — 1737.  This  perilous  and 
distressing  scene  appears  to  have  occurred  in  the  Gulf  Stream  [Belknap 
Biog.  ii.  25.],  the  course  of  which,  off  the  coast  of  the  Southern  States,  is 
from  southwest  to  noitheast.  A  gale  from  the  northeast,  in  direct  opposi- 
tion to  the  current,  makes  a  great  sea  in  that  stream  ;  a  fact,  which  I  have 
had  repeated  opportunities  to  observe. 

a  Smith  [Virg.  90.]  calls  the  people,  who  last  arrived, "  a  lewd  compa- 
"  ny,"  containing  "  many  unruly  gallants,  packed  hither  by  their  friends, 
cc  to  escape  ill  destinies."  To  them  he  a;cribes  the  anarchy  and  confusion, 
that  soon  pervaded  the  colony.  See  also  Stith,  103. 

3  Nansamond  was  the  most  southern  settlement  in  Virginia,  under  the 
3  6th  degree  of  north  latitude.     Chalmers,  i.  ji8. 

4  Smith  Virg.  90.    Stith,  103. 
" 


1 66  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1609.  sident  a  plot  of  her  father  to  kill  him  and  the  Eng- 
lish people. x  This  timely  notice  put  the  colony  oi> 
its  guard  ;  and  some  accidents  soon  after  contri- 
buted still  farther  toward  its  preservation.  An  In- 
dian, apparently  dead  through  the  effect  of  a  char- 
coal fire  in  a  close  room,  was,  on  the  application  of 
vinegar  and  aqua  vitas  by  the  president,  reanimated. 
This  supposed  miracle,  with  an  explosion  of  pow- 
der, which  killed  two  or  three  Indians,  and  scorch- 
ed and  wounded  others,  excited  such  astonishment, 
mingled  with  such  admiration  of  the  power  and  art 
peace  with  of  the  English,  that  Powhatan  and  his  people  came 
^€lndians- to  them  with  presents  of  peace;  and  the.  whole 
country,  during  the  remainder  of  Smith's  adminis- 
tration, was  entirely  open  to  the  unmolested  use  of 
the  English.2 

Progress  of  The  colony  now  pursued  its  business  with  sue* 
the  colony.  ctss^  jt  m^G  tar  ancj  pjtch,  and  an  experiment  of 
glass  -9  dug  a  well  of  excellent  water  in  the  fort  j 
built  about  twenty  houses  ;3  new  covered  the 
church  ;  provided  nets  and  weirs  for  fishing  ;  built 
a  block  house,  to  receive  the  trade  of  the  Indians  ; 
and  broke  up  and  planted  thirty  or  forty  acres  of 
ground. 4 

Smith- re-         President  Smith,  enfeebled  by  an  accident  to  his 
SlTia'd     Person  from  an  explosion  of  powder,  and  disgust* 
ed  with  distractions  in  his  colony,  returned  to  Eng- 
land toward  the  close  of  the  year  ;  leaving  three 
ships,  seven  boats,  upwards  of  four  hundred  and 
state  of     ninety  persons,  twenty   four   pieces  of  ordnance, 
eke.  colony,  three  hundred  muskets,  with  other  arms  and  am- 
munition, one  hundred  well  trained  and  expert  sol- 
diers, a  competent  supply  of  working  tools,  live 
stock,  and   ten  weeks  provisions. 5      James  Town 
was  strongly  palisadoed,  and  contained  fifty  or  six* 

1  Smith  Virg.  77,  121,  122. 

2  Smith  Virg.  8.5.     Stith,  97. 

3  It  appears,  that  30  or  40  houses  were  built  before. 

4  Stith,  97. 

5  Stith,  107, 108.  Smith  Virg.  93, 164.  Purchas,i.758,  Chalmeri,i.  2£ 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  167 

ly  houses.      There  were  five  or  six  other  forts  and    1609, 
plantations  in  Virginia. x 

Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman,  in  the  service  of  Voyages* 
the  Dutch/  left  the  Texel  in  the  beginning  of  this 
year,  with  a  design  of  penetrating  to  the  East  Indies 
by  sailing  a  northwestward  course.  Having  attempt- 
ed in  vain  to  accomplish  this  purpose,  he  followed  the 
track,  which  the  Cabots  had  marked  for  him  above 
a  century  before.   He  coasted  along  the  foggy  shores 
of  Newfoundland  ;    shaped  his  course  for  Cape 
Cod  ;  looked  into  the  Chesepeak,  where  the  Eng» 
lish  were  settled  ;  anchored  off  the  Delaware  ;  sail- 
ed into  the  river  Manhattan  ; 3  and  departed  in  Oc-  Enters 
tober  for  England. 4       The  Dutch  sent  ships  the  Manhattan 
next  year  to  Manhattan,  to  open  a  trade  with  the riven 
natives. 5 

After  several  attempts  of  Englishmen  to  discov-  New  at- 
er  the  country  of  Guiana,  and  about  the  river  of  l*™ 
the  Amazons,  Robert  Harcote  undertook  to  settle  ana, 
a  plantation  in  this  region.      Leaving  his  brother 
Michael  Harcote  with   sixty  persons  at  the  river 

I  Smith  Virg.  93.  Smith's  description  of  the  Virginian  colonists  at 
that  time,  is  too  curious  to  he  omitted.  There  was  "  hut  one  carpenter 
in  the  country  ;  two  blacksmiths  ;  two  saylers."  Those,  described  as 
*'  labourers,"  were  for  the  most  part  footmen,  and  gentlemen's  attendants, 
"  who  never  did  know  what  a  dayes  work  was."  Excepting  the  Dutch*- 
men  and  Poles,  and  about  a  dozen  others,  "  all  the  rest  were  poore  gentle- 
men, tradesmen,  serving-men,  libertines,  and  such  like,  ten  times  more  fit. 
to  spoyle  a  commonwealth,  than  either  to  begin  one  or  but  help  to  main- 
tain one."  Ibid.  94. 

a  Charlevoix,  Forster  and  others  affirm,  that  Hudson  undertook  this 
voyage  in  behalf  of  the  Dutch  ;  yet  some  historians  say  that  he  sold  to  the 
Dutch  whatever  right  he  may  have  acquired  to  the  country  by  his  discov- 
ery. It  is  said  in  Biog.  Britan.  Art.  HUDSON,  that  he  was  fitted  out  by 
the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  which  furnished  him  with  a  fly  boat,  «• 
quipped  with  all  necessaries,  and  with  20  men,  English  arid  Dutch. 

3  He  did  not  land  at    Manhattan  without  opposition ;  he  did  not,  likr 
Cabot,  take  formal  possession.     Chalmers. 

4  Purchas,  i.  743.     Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  143.     Chalmers,  i.  567, 
568.     Forster  Voy.  33 a,   333,  411,422.     Harris   Voy.  1.566.      Europ. 
Settlements,  ii.  486.      Prince,  49.      Brit.  Emp.  i.  2.      Smith  N.  York,  2. 
"  Third  Voyage  of  Henry  Hudson  towards  Nova  Zembla,  and,  at  his  re- 
turn, to  Newfoundland  and  Cape  Cod."      Title  of  a  book  in  Bibliotheca 
Americ.  p.  76,  under  A.  D.  1609. 

5  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  142.     "  Des  1'annce  suivante  quelques 
Marchaads  d'  Amsterdam  envoyerent  des  Nurires  dans  cette  Riviere 


AMERICAN  ANNAL& 


Weapoco, '  he  returned  to  England,  where  by  the 
favour  of  prince  Henry,  he  obtained  a  patent  for 
all  the  coast  of  Guiana,  together  with  the  river 
of  Amazons.  The  projected  settlement  however 
did  not  succeed,  for  want  of  due  support  from 
home.  * 


Indians  in 

Virginia 

become 


famine. 


May  15. 
The  Eng- 
lish, wrec- 
ked on  Ber 
mudas,  ar- 
ri  ve  at  Vir- 
ginia. 


1610. 

Nothing  could  have  been  more  inauspicious  to 
the  colony,  than  the  departure  of  Smith.  The  In- 
dians, finding  that  the  person,  whose  vigour  they 
had  often  felt,  no.  longer  ruled  the  English  people, 
generally  revolted,  and  destroyed  them  wherever 
they  were  found.  Captain  RatclifF,  in  a  small  ship 
with  thirty  men,  going  to  trade,  and  trusting  him- 
self indiscreetly  to  Powhatan,  he  and  all  his  people 
were  slain.3  The  provisions  of  the  colony  being 
imprudently  wasted,  a  dreadful  famine  ensued,  and 
prevailed  to  such  extremity,  that  this  period  was 
many  years  distinguished  by  the  name  of  The  starv- 
ing time.  Of  nearly  five  hundred  persons,  left  in 
the  colony  by  the  late  president,  sixty  only  remain- 
ed, at  the  expiration  of  six  months.4 

The  company  $  wrecked  at  Bermudas,  having 
built  two  small  vessels,  and  paid  the  seams  with 
lime  and  tortoise  oil,  put  to  sea  on  the  tenth  of  May, 

[Manhattan],  pour  y  faire  la  traitte."  Hudson  can  scarcely  be  called  the 
first  discoverer  of  a  coast,  which  had  been  often  explored  before,  from  the 
days  of  the  Cabots  to  the  present.  As  he  had  never  occupied  the  land, 
he  could  not  transfer  what  he  never  possessed.  The  sovereign  of  France 
in  1603,  and  the  king  of  England  in  1606,  had  formally  declared  their  in- 
tention to  appropriate  the  same  region,  which  their  subjects  immediately 
planted.  Chalmers,  i.  568. 

i  Here  captain  Ley  settled  with  some  Englishmen  in  1605  ;  but,  sup- 
vlii."  miscarrying}  they  were  forced  to  abandon  that  settlement.  Ander- 
son, ii..2.i5» 

a  Smith  Virg.  continued,  chap.  xxiv.  Anderson,  ii.  234.  Unexpected 
difficulties  occurring,  Harcote  merely  sent  over  a  few  passengers,  "  with 
certain  Dutchmen,"  and  the  country  lay  neglected  several  years.  See  A.  D. 
:  ''•  i  7.  Henry,  prince  of  Wales,  mentioned  above,  died  in  1612,  JEt.  19. 

3  Keith,  120.     Stith,  116. 

4  Smith  Virg.  105,  106.     Stith,  no.  Beverly,  34.    Chalmers,  i.  39. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  169 

and  on  the  twenty  third  arrived  at  Virginia. x  Find-    1610. 
ing  the  small  remains  of  the  colony  in  a  famishing 
Condition,  and  seeing  no  other  means  to  preserve 
them,  than  by  abandoning  the  country,  they  took 
them  all  on  board  with  the  intention  of  returning  to 
England.       "  None  dropped  a  tear,  because  none 
had  enjoyed  one  day  of  happiness.."     Lord  Dela-  Lord 
ware,  arriving  at  this  juncture  with  three  ships,  one  ^ 
hundred  and  fifty  men,  and  plentiful  provisions,  and  supplies, 
meeting   his  forlorn   countrymen   in   James  river, 
caused  them  all  to  return  to  James  Town,  where  he 
resettled  the  colony.* 

Having  published  his  commission,  which  invested 
him  with  the  sole  command,  he  appointed  a  council 
of  six  persons,  to  assist  him  in  the  administration. 
A  very  essential  change  now  took  place  in  the  form  change  ;n 
of  the  ancient  Virginian  constitution  ;  for  the  orig- the  govern 
inal  aristocracy  was  converted  into  a  rule  of  one,  o- ment< 
ver  whose  deliberations  the  people  had  no  controul. 
Under  the  auspices    of  this  intelligent  and  distin- 
guished nobleman,  the  affairs  of  the  colony  were  soon 
reestablished.     He  allotted  to  every  one  his  partic- 
ular business.     The  French  he  commanded  to  plant 
the  vine 3  ;  the  English,  to  labour  in  the  woodlands  ; 
and  appointed  officers,  to  see  his  orders  obeyed.  All 
patiently  submitted  to  an  authority,  which  experi- 
ence had  taught   them  to  be  wise  and   necessary  -9 
and  peace,  industry,  and  order  now  succeeded  tu- 

I  "  The  three  and  twentieth  of  May,"  says  the  narrator  'in  Purchas 
[v.  1748.],  "  we  cast  anchor  before  James  Towne  where  we  landed,  and 
our  much  grieved  Governour  first  visiting  the  Church  caused  the  bell  to 
be  rung,  at  which  all  such  as  were  able  to  come  forth  of  their  houses  re- 
wayred  to  Church  where  our  Minister  Master  Bucke  made  a  zealous  and 
f-orrowfull  prayer,  finding  all  things  so  contrary  to  cur  expectations,  so 
full  of  misery  and  misgovernment.  After  service  our  Governour  caused 
mee  to  reade  his  Commission,  and  captaine  Percie  (then  President)  deliv- 
ered up  unto  him  his  Commission,  the  old  Patent,  and  the  Councell  Scale." 
See  also  Stow  Chron.  loso. 

a  Smith  Virg.  106.  Stith,  nj.  Beverly,  34, 35.  Prince,  31.  Chal- 
mers, i.  39.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  25 — 32. 

3  A  number  of  Frenchmen  had  been  imported  for  the  culture  of  vujes. 
£  elknap. 

y 


3  7°  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 6 1  o.   rnult,  idleness,  and  anarchy.  *     Lord  Delaware  prd- 
ceeded  to  build  two  forts  at  Kecoughtan,  and  called 
the  one  Fort  Henry,  the  other,  Fort  Charles. 2 
June  19.          On  the  report  of  his  deputy  governors  of  the 

So'if-s^6  ^ent}r?  ^lat  t^ley  k'ac*  found  in   Bermudas,  he  dis- 
^oeVto'Bcr.  patched  Sir  George  Somers  to  that  island  for  pro- 
inud,as;for    visi°ns5  accompanied  by  captain  Samuel   Argal  in 
another    vessel.3       They   sailed  together  until  by 
contrary  winds  they  were  driven  toward  Cape  Cod  ; 
whence  Argal,  after  attempting,  pursuant  to   in- 
structions, to  reach  Sagadahock,  found  his  way  back 

to    Virginia.4     He  was   next    sent  for  provisions 

» 

I   Smith  Virg.  107.     Chalmers,  i.  30,  31. 

1  Smith  Virg.  168  no.  Stith,  120.  They  were  built  near  Southampton 
river.     Ibid. 

3  Smith  Virg.  108.      Somers  went  in  the  Patience,  the   same  vessel, 
that  had  brought  him  from  Bermudas  to  Virginia.       It  had  not  one  ounce 
of  iron  about  it,  excepting  one  bolt  in  its  keel.     Univ.  rfist.  xli.  340.  Ber- 
mudas was  full  of  hogs  ;   and  it  was  the  object  of  this  voyage  to  kill  aitd 
salt  them  for  provisions.     The  English  peeple,  who  were  wrecked  on  tkis 
island,  found  them  in  abundance,  and   most  historians    suppose,  they  had 
escaped  from  some  vessel,  previously  wrecked  on  the  island.     Sir  William 
Monson    [Naval  Tracts,  Churchill,  iii.  439.]  gives  z  different  account  ot 
them.     "  This  Island  [Bermudas]  at  the  beginning  was  discovered  by  the 
Portuguese  nation,  and  inhabited  by  them,  till  (hey  found  little  profit  ac- 
crued from  it,  and  then  they  abandoned  ir,  and  left  behind  them  such  foocf, 
<\  racially  hogs,  as  they  could  not  carry  with  them  ;    and  thus  it  lay  waste 
for  matt 7  years."     We  regret,  that  this  respectable  author  does  not  men- 
tifonthetime  when  the  Portuguese  discovered  Bermudas.     H* hisaccount  be 
correct,  the  account  of  the  discovery  of  that  island  by  Bermudez  in  1522, 
and  that  of  its  discovery  by  Oviedus  in  i  "15,  it  seems,  must  be  erroneous. 
This  last  account  was  inserted  in  these  Annals  under  A.  D.  1515,  in  reli- 
ance on  the  accuracy  of    Mr.  Prince,  who  is  distinguished  for  correctness, 
and  on  Purchas,  who  is  there  mentioned  as  Mr.  Prince's  authority.      But 
the  passage  in    Purchas,  which   I  have  since  found,  convinces  me,  that 

'ttus  did  not  discover  B.-rmndas  in  1515.  .Some  facts,  incidentally  men-" 
tioned  there  by  Oviedus,  relating  t*>  Charles  V,  do  not  possibly  admit  that 
date,  [Compare  Purchas  v.  1728  with  Pvobertson's  Charles*  V,  vol.  ii.]  1 
suspect,  that  there  is  an  error  in  tlizjigures,  and  that  it  was  originally  1525  ; 
a  year,  which  agrees  with  the  facts,  incidentally  mentioned  by  Oviedun. 
If  this  correction  be  admitted,  JOHN  BERMUDEZ  may  yet  claim  the  hon- 
our of  making  the  discovery  in  1522,  three  years  before  the  voyage  of 
Oviedus,  until  Sir  W.  Monson 's  account  of  its  discovery  by  the  Portuguese 
be  more  clearly  established.  An  extract  from  Oviedus,  in  the  margin  of  Pur- 
chas (ibid.),  appears  to  me  to  imply,  that  John  Bermudez  had  made  the 
voyage  before  him,  and  that  the  island  was  already  called  by  his  name. 

4  Purchas,  1758 — 1762.  Argal,  before  he  left  the  coast  of  what  is  now 
New  England,  landed  at  an  island  "  halfe  a  mile  about,  and  nothing  but  a 
rocke,  which  seemed  to  be  very  rich  marble  stone."     It  lay  in  43  deg. 
min.  N.  lat, ;  and,  on  account  of  numerous  seals  taken   there^ 

Seal -Hock.  Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  171 

to  the  Potowmac,  where  he  found  Henry  Spelman,  1610. 
an  English  youth,  \vho  had  been  preserved  from 
the  fury  of  Powhatan  by  Pocahontas  ;  and  by  his 
assistance  procured  a  supply  of  corn.  Somers,  af- 
ter struggling  long  with  contrary  winds,  was  driven 
to  the  northeastern  shore  of  America,  where  he  re- 
freshed his  men * ;  and  at  length  he  arrived  safely 
at  Bermudas.  Here  he  began  to  execute  the  pur- 
pose of  his  voyage  ;  but,  exhausted  with  fatigues, 
to  which  his  advanced  age  was  inadequate,  he  soon 
after  expired.  Previously  to  his  death  he  had  His  death-, 
charged  his  nephew,  Matthew  Somers,  who  com- 
manded under  him,  to  return  with  the  provisions  to 
Virginia  ;  but,  instead  of  obeying  the  charge,  he  re-, 
turned  to  England,  carrying  the  body  of  his  deceas-. 
ed  uncle  for  interment  in  his  native  country.  A 
town,  built  in  the  very  place  where  this  worthy 
Jcnight  died,  was  named,  in  honour  of  him,  St. 
George.  * 

It  is  not  unworthy  of  notice,  that  Somers,  when 
coming  to  America,  being  a  member  of  parliament, 
the  commons  declared  his  seat  vacant,  because,  by 
accepting  a  colonial  office,  he  was  rendered  incapa- 
ble of  executing  his  trust.  This  appears  to  be  the 
first  time  that  Virginia  was  noticed  by  the  English 
parliament- 3 

I  According  to  Prince  [34.],  it  was  at  Sagadahock,  the  place  to  which 
Somers  had  instructed  Argal  to  repair. 

Z  Smith  Virg.  176.  Stith,  119.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  35.  Stow  Chron. 
1018.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  340.  Sir  George  Somers  was  above  60  ye^rs  of 
age,  at  the  time  of  his  death.  His  body  was  buried  at  Whitchurch  in 
Dorsetshire,  but  his  heart  and  entrails  were  buried  at  Bermudas.  It  ap- 
pears by  his  epitaph,  that  his  death  <^id  not  tal^e  place  until  161 1.  In  1620 
Nathaniel  Butler,  Esq.  then  governor  of  Bermudas,  caused  a  large  marble 
$tone,  handsomely  wrought,  to  be  laid  over  the  place  where  his  remains 
•were  partially  interred  ;  and  enclosed  the  spot  with  a  square  wall  of  hewn 
stone.  The  epitaph,  composed  by  the  governor,  and  inscribed  on  tjae 
marble,  begins,  in  the  style  of  that  ago, 
**  In  theyeere  1611, 

"  Noble  Sir  George  Summers  went  to  heaven  ;'*- 
and,  after  four  encomiastic  lines,  thus  concludes  : 

"  At  last  his  soule  and  body  being  to  part, 
"  He  here  bequeath'd  his  entrails  and  his  heart." 
Srn-ith  Virg.  193.     Purchas,  v.  1733. 
3  Chalmers,  i.  27. 


'*72  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

The  spirit  of  adventure  was  at  this  time  so  prev- 
alent in  England,  that  even  the  barren  and  inhospi- 
table island  of  Newfoundland  was  represented  as 
proper  for  plantation.     This  representation  induced 
the  earl  of  Northampton,  the  lord  chief  baron  Tan- 
field,  Sir  Francis  Bacon,  then  solicitor  general,  and 
other  gentlemen  of  distinction,   to  join  with  a  num- 
ber of  Bristol  merchants,  for  obtaining  from  king 
James  a  grant  of  part  of  Newfoundland.     A  patent 
April  27.    Was  accordingly  granted  to  the  earl  of  Northamp- 
N^wfound- ton  and  forty  four   other  persons,   by  the  name  of 
land.         the   Treasurer  and  Company  of  Adventurers  and 
Planters  of  the  cities  of  London  and  Bristol,  for  the 
Colony  or  Plantation  in  Newfoundland,  from  north 
latitude  forty  six  to  fifty  two  degrees,  together  with 
the  seas  and  islands  lying  within  ten  leagues  of  the 
coast.     The  proprietors  soon  after  sent  Mr.  John 
June.      Guy  of  Bristol,  as  conductor  and  governor  of  a  col-. 
sen^tothat  ony  °^  tnirty  nme  persons,  who  accompanied  him  to 
island.       Newfoundland,  and  began  a  settlement  at  Concep^ 
tion  Bay,  where  they  wintered,  * 

1 6 1 1 . 

March.  The  health  of  lord  Delaware  not  permitting  him 
ware  2-h~  to  remain  in  his  office  of  captain  general  of  the  Vir- 
tums  to  ginian  colony,  he  departed  for  England  ;  leaving  a- 
England.  kove  twQ  hundred  people  in  health  and  tranquillity.  * 
Ma  I0  Not  long  after  his  departure,  Sir  Thomas  Dale  arriv- 
Arrival  of  ed  at  Virginia  with  three  ships,  three  hundred  people, 
afiSe^'  twelye  cows,  twenty  goats,  and  all  things  needful 
with  colo-  for  the  colony.  In  August  Sir  Thomas  Gates  ar^ 

nists  and 

supplies.  j  Anderson,  ii.  242, 143.     Prince,  30.      The  patent  states,  that  "  di- 

vers" of  the  kings  "  subjects  were  desirous  to  plant  in  the  southern  and 
eastern  parts  of  ^Newfoundland,  whither  the  subjects  of  this  realm  have 
for  upwards  of  50  years  been  used  annually,  in  no  small  numbers,  to  resort 
to  fish."  Harris  Voy.  i.  860,  86 1,  where  the  patent  is  entire. 

3  Purchas,  i.  258,  759  ;  v.  1762 — 1764,  where  is  lord  Delaware's  own 
relation.  SmithVirg.no.  Chalmers,  i.  31.  Beverly,  36.  Prince,  35. 
Eeljknap  Biog.  ii.  37. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  173 

rived  with  six  ships,  two  hundred  and  eighty  men,  161 1* 
and  twenty  women,  one  hundred  cattle,  two  hun-. 
dred  he^.  military  stores,  and  other  necessaries  ; 
and  assumed  the  government.1  Finding  the  peo^ 
pie  occupied  by  mere  amusements,  and  verging  to 
their  former  state  of  penury,  he  took  care  to  employ 
them  in  necessary  works. z  The  colony  now  be- 
gan to  extend  itself  up  James  river,  and  several  new 
settlements  were  made. 3  Virginia  at  tljis  time  con- 
tai  :c-  seven  hundred  men,  of  various  arts  and  pnx 
fessions.4 

Sir  Thomas   Dale,   furnished  by    Sir   Thomas  Henrico 
Gates  with   three  hundred  and  fifty  chosen  men,  built* 
built  a  town  on   James  river  ;    inclosed   it  with  a 
palisade  ;  and,  in  honour  of  prince  Henry,  called  it 
Hem-ico.* 

To  revenge  some  injuries  of  the  Appamatuck  In- 
dians, Sir  Thomas  Dale  assaulted  and  took  their 
tovvii,  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  of  their  name  about 
fr  miles  from  Henrico  ;  kept  possession  of  it  ; 
called  it  New  Bermudas ;  and  annexed  to  its  corpo-  New  0er^ 
ration  many  miles  of  champaign  and  woodland muda^ 
ground,  in  several  hundreds.  In  the  nether  hun- 
dred he  began  to  plant,  and  with  a  pale  of  two 
miles  secured  eight  English  miles  in  compass.  On 
this  circuit  there  were  soon  built  nearly  fifty  hand-, 
some  houses. 6 

Henry  Hudson,  having  sailed  from  the  Thames  Last  v°y- 
in  the  beginning  of  the  preceding  year,  on  discover-  ^n°  m" 

•which 
I  Smith  Virg.  109 — -in.     Purchas,  i.  759.      Keith,  124.      Stith,  123.  Hudson's 

Prince,  34.     Chalmers,  i.  33.     Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  245.     Brit.  Emp.  iii.  6l.  Bay  is 

Lqrd  Delaware  had  left  the  government  in  the  hands  of  captain  George  discovered. 

Piercy  until  Dale  should  arrive. 

a  Smith  Virg.  no.      Most  of  the  company  at  James  Town  "  were  a,t 

their  daily  and  usual  works,  bowling  in  the  streets."   Ibid* 

3  Marshall  Life  of  Washington,  i.  51. 

4  Purchas,  i.  759. 

5  Purchas,  v.  1767.  Smith  Virg.  in.    Beverly,  37,  "  The  ruins  of  this 
town,"  says  President  Stith  in  1746,"  are  still  plainly  to  be  traced." 

6  Smith  Virg.  in.     Purchas,  v.  1768.     The  pale'of  two  miles  is  said 
fey  the  historian  to  be  "  cut  over  from  river  t«  river." 


i?4  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

i6u.  ies  in  behalf  of  private  adventurers,1  is  supposed 
now  to  have  perished  in  the  icy  seas  of  Greenland.  * 
Having  entered  the  straits,  which  bear  his  name,3 
he  penetrated  to  eighty  degrees  twenty  three  min^ 
utes,  into  the  heart  of  the  frozen  zone,  one  hun- 
dred leagues  farther  in  this  direction,  than  any  one 
had  previously  sailed. 4  While  preparing  to  push, 
forward  his  discoveries,,  his  crew  mutinied  ;  and, 
Seizing  on  him,  and  seven  of  those,  who  were  most 
faithful  to  him,  committed  them  to  the  fury  of  thq 
seas  in  an  open  boat.  Most  of  the  mutineers  soon 
came  to  a  miserable  end.  Going  on  shore  at  Diggea 
Island,  Henry  Green,  their  ringleader,  was  shot 

i  Sir  Thomas  Smith,  Sir  Dudley  Digges,  and  Mr.  John  Wostenholme, 
M  with  other  their  friends."     Purchas,  i.  744. 
a  Chalmers,  i.  568, 

3  Biog.  Britun.     Sir  W.  Monson,  a  contemporary,  who  received  his  in-, 
telligence."  from  the  mouth  of  the  master  that  came  home  from  Hudson,'' 
says,  that  "  the  entrance  was  in  63   degrees  ;"    that   "  they  ran  in  that 
height  200  leagues,  and  finding  the  Str eight,  which  was  40  leagues  over,  to 
run  south,   they  followed  that  southerly  course,  making  account  it  would 
bring  them  into  the  South  Sea  ;"  that   "  here  they  ran  aoo  leagues  more,^ 
till  they  found  the  water  too  shallow  and  unpassable  ;"  that  "  they  win- 
tered in  an  island  in  5 a  degrees,  where  in  the  whole  winter  they  saw  but 
one  man,  who  came  to  them  but  twice  ;"  that   "this  Savage  was  cloathed 
in  skins,   and  his  arrows   forked   with  iron  ;"   and  that  "  this  attempt  of 
Hudson  has  given  u?   knowledge  of  400  leagues   further   than  was  ever 
Jtnown  before."      The  same  author  was/of  opinion,  that  the  iron  of  the 
dart  of  the  Indian,  who  visited  Hudson,   "  shewed  manifestly,  he  used  to 
trade  with  Christians."     Naval  Tracts  in  Churchill,  iii.  430,  433. 

4  Harris  Voy.  i.  634.      Within  the  straits   he  gave  names,  to    several 
places,   Desire  Provokes,   The  Isle  of  God's  mercy,   Prince  Henry's  Cape, 
King  James'  Cape,   Queen  Ann's  Cape  &c.     Ibid.      He  sailed  three  hun- 
dred leagues   west  in  those  straits,  and  on  the  second  of   August     (i6iq) 
came  to  a  narrower  passage,  having  two  headlands  ;  that  on  the  south  he 
called   Cape  Wostenholme,  the  opposite  one  on   the  northwest,   Digges's 
Island.     Through  this  narrow  passage  he  passed  into  the  Bay,  which  has 
ever  since  borne  his  name.     Having  sailed  above  a  hundred  leagues  south 
into  this  bay,  he  imprudently  resolved  to  winter  in  the  most  southern  part 
pf  it,  with  the  intention  of  pursuing  his  discoveries  in  the  spring.     Qn  the, 
third  of  November  his  ship  was  drawn  up  in  a  small  creek,  where  he  provi- 
dentially found  a  supply  of  provisions.      When  the  spring  arrived,  he  was 
unable  to  induce  the  natives  to  come  to  "him,  and  was  therefore  necessitated 
to  abandon  the  enterprise.       With  tears  in  his  eyes  he    distributed  to  his 
men  all  the  bread  he  had  left.     In    this  extremity  he  had  let  fall  threaten- 
ing words  of  setting  some  of  his  men  on  shore  ;   and  now  a  few  of  the 
sturdiest  of  them,  who  had  before  been  mutinous,  entered  his  cabin  in  the 
night,  and  tying  his  arms  behind  him,  put  him  into  the  boat.    Biog.  Brit- 
an.  Art.  HUDSON. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS* 


'75 


through  the  heart,   and  several  of  his  companions    1611. 
were   mortally  wounded.       The  remnant    of  the 
\vretched  company  hastily  embarked  for  England.  * 

Champlain,  when  commencing  the  settlement 
Canada,  found  the  Adirondacks  engaged  in  an  im- 
placable  war  with  the  Iroquois  or  Five  Nations  ;  z  <*acks. 
and  being  now  settled  on  the  lands  of  the  Adiron- 
dacks, he  espoused  their  cause,   and  accompanied 
them  in  an  expedition  against  their  enemies.     He 
now  first  penetrated  into  the  country  of  the  Iroquois 
by  the  river  of  their  name,  and  discovered  a  lake, 
which  he  called  Lake  Champlain  ;  3    a  name  which 
it  retains  to  this  day* 


l6l2. 

For  the  encouragement  of  the   adventurers   to  March  12* 
Virginia,  the  king  issued  a  new  charter,  by  which  ™^er  Of 
he  not  only  confirmed  all  their  former  privileges,  and  Virginia, 
prolonged  their  term  of  exemption  from  payment 
of  duties  on  the  commodities  exported  by  them,  biit 
granted  them  more  extensive  property,    and  more 
ample  jurisdiction.3    By  this  charter  all  the  islands, 

I  Purchas,  i,  744,  745.  Harris  Voy,  i.  567-^572.  Univ.  Mist.  xli.  86, 
Europ.  Settlements,  ii.  a86.  Their  best  sustenance  left,  while  on  their 
voyage,  was  seaweeds,  fried  with  candles'  ends,  and  the  skins  of  .fowls,  which 
they  had  eaten.  Some  of  them  were  starved  ;  the  rest  were  so  weak,  that 
one  only  could  lie  on  the  helm,  and  steer.  Meeting;  at  length  (6  Septem* 
ber)  a  fisherman  of  Foy,  they  with  his  aid  reached  England.  Ibid. 

a  These  nations  of  aboriginals,  under  the  names  of  Mohawks,  OneycUs 
t)noridagas,Cayugas,  and  Senekas,  had  been  confederated  from  ancient  times. 
They  had  already  been  driven  from  their  possessions  aroundMontreal,and  had 
found  an  asylum  on  the  south  eastern  borders  of  lake  Ontario.  The  Adi- 
rondacks had,  in  their  turn,  been  constrained  to  abandon  their  lands  situat- 
fcd  above  the  Three  Rivers,  and  to  look  for  safety  behind  the  strait  of  Que- 
bec. The  alliance  of  the  French  turned  the  tide  of  success.  The  Five 
Nations  were  defeated  in  several  battles,  and  reduced  to  extreme  distress  ; 
but  at  length  procuring  fire  arms  from  a  Dutch  ship,  that  arrived  high  up 
the  Manhattan  river,  they  became  formidable  to  their  enemies,  and  the 
Adirondacks  were  soon  annihilated.  Chalmers,  i.  586. 

3  Charlevoix,  N.France,  i.  144-  —  146.  &  F.Chron.  Champlain  Voy.  152.  A 
battle  was  fought  here,  and  a  victory  gained  over  the  Iroquois.     "  Ce  lieu 
oii  se  fit  ceste  charge  est  paries  43  degrez  &  quelques  minutes  de  latitude, 
&  le  riommay  le  lac  de  Champlain."     Ibid. 

4  A  copy  of  this  third  charter  is  preserved  in  Stith  Hist.  Virg.  Appen- 
dix, No.  hi  j  and  in  Haaard  Coll.  i.  72  —  81, 


r;6  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1612.  lying  within  three  hundred  leagues  of  the  coastj 

were  annexed  to  the  Province  of  Virginia. 

Bermudas        ^le  Bermudas,   lying  within  these  limits,   were 

sold.         sold  by  the  company  to  one  hundred  and  twenty  of 

its  own  members,  who,   in  honour  of  Sir  George 

•Named  So-  Somers,  named  them  theSomer  Islands.     To  these 

Wr  i&iahds.  jsjan(js  they  now  sent  the  first  colony  of  sixty  per- 

sons, with  Mr.  Richard  Moor,   as  their  governor. 

«nt  to       These  colonists,having  landed  in  June  on  the  principal 


iem  uner  san,  'm  August  subscribed  six  articles  of  govern- 
ment ;  x  and  in  the  course  of  the  year  received  an  ac- 
cession of  thirty  persons.  The  Virginia  company  at 
the  same  time  took  possession  of  other  small  islands, 
discovered  by  Gates  and  Somers  ;  and  prepared  to 
send  out  a  considerable  reinforcement  to  James 
Town.  The  expense  of  these  extraordinary  efforts 
was  defrayed  by  the  profits  of  a  lottery,  authorized 
by  the  new  charter,  which  amounted  nearly  to  thir- 
ty thousand  pounds*  z 

Early    in  the  year  two  ships,    with  a  supply  of 

provisions  and  eighty  men,  arrived  at  Virginia.3 

Voyage  of       Henry,   prince  of  Wales,  sent  out  Sir  Thomas 

sir  r.JBut-  Button  with  two  ships,  partly  to  ascertain,  wheth- 

er there  were  a  passage  to  the  western  ocean  through 

Hudson's  Bay  :  and  partly  to  rescue  Hudson  and 

his  companions,  if  they  might  be  found  alive,  from 

the  extreme  misery,  to  which  they  must  be  subject* 

I  These  articles  are  inserted  in  Purcha?,  v.  1795. 

O-  Purchas,  v.  1801.  Smith  Virg.  177.  Josseiyn  Voy.  246.  Encyc. 
Mfetliodique,  Geog.  Art.  BERMUDES.  Robertson,  book  ix.  77,  78.  Prince  . 
35.  Harris  Vey.  i.  848  —  850.  Robertson  and  other  historians  remark, 
that  this  is  the  first  instance  in  the  English  history  of  any  public  counte- 
nance given  to  this  pernicious  mode  of  levying  money.  A  great  lottery 
however,  for  some  purpose,  was  "  holden  tit  London  in  Paules  Church. 
Yard,"  in  1569,  which"  was  begun  to  be  drawne  the  II  of  January,  and 
Continued  day  and  night  till  the  6th  of  May."  Stow  Chron.  663.  Stow 
gives  this  account  of  the  Virginian  Lottery  :  "  The  King's  majesty,  in  sptr- 
i'livoiir  for  the  present  plantation  of  English  collonies  in  Virginia, 
jrraunted  a  liberal  lottery,  in  whica  was  contained  5000  pound  in  prizes 
rertaine,  besides  rewards  of  casualty,  and  began  to  be  drawne  in  a  new 
built  house  at  the  west  end  of  Paul's,  the  29  of  June  1613."  Ibid.  1002. 
.Beverly,  ^  7.  Brit.  limn,  iii,  61, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  177 

ed.     He  wintered  at  a  river,  which,  after  the  name  1612. 
of  the  captain  of  one  of  the  ships,  who  died  there,  he 
called  Nelson's  River.     A  small  creek  on  the  north 
side  of  the  river  he  named  Port  Nelson.      He  and  Winter8  at 
his  mariners   wintered   on  board   the  ships  ;    and  Port  Nei- 
though   they  constantly  kept  three  fires,    and  took  $on" 
the  utmost  care,   many  of  them  died.     In  June,  he 
explored  the  whole  western  coast  of  the  bay,  which, 
after  his  own  name,  was  called  Button's  Bay.      To 
the  south  and  west  of  that  bay  he  discovered  a  great  Bay. 
continent,    to  which   he  gave   the  names  of  New 
North  Wales,  and  New  South  Wales  ;   and  hereof* 
he  erected  a  cross  with  the  arms  of  England.     The  Wales. 
highest  land,  to  which  his  researches  extended,  was 
about  sixty  degrees.      Between  Cape  Chidley  and 
the   coast    of    Labrador    he   discovered   a   strait, 
through  which  he  sailed  ;  and  sixteen  days  after- 
ward arrived  in  England. x 

Peter  Easton,  a  noted  pirate,  went  to  Newfound-  New- 
land  with  several  ships,  and  took  a  hundred  men  out 
of  the   fishing  vessels  in  Conception  Bay.  *      The 
English  colony  at  that  island  now  consisted  of  fifty 
four  men,  six  women,  and  two  children. 3 

The  French  attacked  the  Portuguese  island  Ma-  island  Ma- 
ragnan  in  Brasil,  and  became  masters  of  it.    To  se«  rasnan- 
cure  their  conquest,  they  erected  the  city  and  forti- 
fication of  St.  Lewis  de  Maragnan  ;   of  which  how., 
ever  they  were  soon  deprived  by  the  Portuguese. 4 

1613. 

This  year  is  memorable  for  the  first  hostilities  be-  Destruct. 
tween  the  English  and  French  colonists  in  America,  ion  of  the 
Madame  de   Guercheville,   a  pious  lady  in  France, 
who  was  zealous  for  the  conversion  of  the  Ameri- 

i  Forster  Voy.  344 — 347.  Anderson,  ii.  244. ;  but  he  puts  the  voy- 
age in  1611.  Forster  says,  that  Button  was  after-ward  created  a  knight ; 
and  that  Nelson  was  his  mate  in  this  voyage. 

1  Prince,  35.          3  Purchas,  i.  748. 

4  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix,  aai.     Encyc.  Methodique,  Art.  MARAGNAN. 
Y        « 


i;3  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1613.  cm  natives,  having  procured  from  De  Monts  a  sur- 
render of  his  patent,  and  obtained  a  charter  from 
the  reigning  king  for  all  the  lands  of  New  France 
from  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Florida,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  Port  Royal.,  sent  out  Saussaye  with  two  Je- 
suits, father  Quentin,  and  father  Gilbert  du  Thet, 
as  missionaries.  Saussaye  sailed  from  Honfleur  on 
the  twelfth  of  March,  in  a  vessel  of  one  hundred 
tons,  and  on  the  sixteenth  of  May  arrived  at  le  Heve 
in  Acadie,  where  he  set  up  the  arms  of  Madame  de 
Guercheville,  in  token  of  possession.  Proceeding 
thence  to  Port  Royal,  he  found  there  five  persons 
only,  two  of  whom  were  Jesuit  missionaries,  who 
had  been  previously1  sent  over.,  but  who  had  fallen 
under  the  displeasure  of  M.  Biencourt,  at  that  time 
governor  of  Port  Royal.  On  producing  the  cre- 
dentials, by  which  he  was  authorized  to  take  these 
fathers  into  the  service  of  the  new  mission,  as  well 
as  to  take  possession  of  the  Acadian  territory,  the 
two  Jesuits  were  permitted  to  go  where  they  pleased. 
They  accordingly  left  Port  Royal,  and  went  with 
Saussaye  to  Mont's  Deserts,  an  island,  that  had  been 
thus  named  by  Champlain,  lying  at  the  entrance  of 
the  river  Pentagoet.  The  pilot  conducted  the  ves- 
sel to  the  east  end  of  the  island,  where  the  Jesuits 
fixed  their  settlement  ;  and,  setting  up  a  cross,,  cele- 
brated mass,  and  called  the  place  St  Saviour.* 
-\r<*'ii  cao-  Scarcely  had  they  begun  to  provide  themselves 
tmresthe  with  accommodations  in  this  retreat,  before  they 
French  at  surprised  by  an  enemy.  Captain  Samuel  Ar- 

i>t.  baviour.  f     t    f        J     m    m  '.-..•..-*  ~,    ,       .   , 

gal  or  Virginia,  arriving  at  this  juncture  on  the  isl- 
and of  Monts  Deserts  for  the  purpose  of  fishing., 
was  cast  ashore  in  a  storm  at  Pentagoet,  where  he 

I  It  appears  by  Champlain  [Voy.  101.],  \vith  whom  agrees  Charlevoix 
[Nouv.  France,  i.  123.],  that  these  two  Jesuits,  Biart  and  Masse,  arrived  at 
Port  Royal  on  the  lath  of  June,  1611.  Had  Dr.  Belknap  seen  Champlain, 
he  would  not  have  placed  their  arrival  in  1604.  The  reader  may  observ**, 
that  this  anachronism  has  been  copied  into  these  Annals  (p.  150).  Had  1 
seen  the  original  French  author  in  season,  that  error  would  have  been  pre- 
vented. 2  It  was  in  44  deg.  and  30  min.  lat.  Champlain. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  179 

received  notice  from  the  natives,  that  the  French  1613. 
were  at  St.  Saviour.  Such  was  the  account  of  their 
number  and  state,  that  he  resolved  to  attack  them 
without  hesitation  or  delay.  The  French  made 
some  resistance  ;  but  were  soon  obliged  to  yield  to 
the  superipr  force  of  the  English. x  In  this  action 
Gilbert  de  Thet,  one  of  the  Jesuit  fathers,  was  kil- 
led by  a  musket  shot  ;  some  others  were  wounded  ; 
and  the  rest,  .excepting  four  or  five,  were  taken  pris- 
oners. The  English  seized  the  French  vessel,  which 
lay  there,  and  pillaged  it.  The  French  people,  be- 
ing furnished  with  a  fishing  vessel  by  the  English^ 
principally  returned  to  France  ;  but  Argal  took  fif- 
teen of  them,  beside  the  Jesuits,  to  Virginia. 

The  Virginian  governor,  after  advising  with  his  Completes 
council,  resolved  to  dispatch  an  armed  force  to  the  ^eir"ettit 
coast  of  Acadie,   and  to  rase  all  the  settlements  and  ments  in 
forts  to  the  forty  sixth  degree  of  latitude.     No  time  Acudl£t 
was  lost.      An  armament  of  three  vessels  was  im- 
mediately committed  to   Argal,   who  sailed  to  St. 
Saviour,   where,   on  his  arrival,   he  broke  in  pieces 
the  cross,  which  the  Jesuits  had  erected,  and  set  up 
another,   inscribed   witli   the   name  of  the  king  of 
Great  Britain,  for  whom  possession  was  now  taken. 
He  next  sailed  to  St.  Croix,   and  destroyed  all  the 
remains  of  De  Monts  settlement.      He  then  sailed 
to  Port  Royal,3  where  he  found  not  a  single  per- 
son,  and  in  two  hours  he  reduced  that  entire  settle: 

I  The  French  had  a  small  entrenchment,  but  no  cannon.  Charlevoix  N. 
France,!.  131.  Argal  had  60  soldiers, and  14  pieces  of  cannon  ;  the  num- 
ber of  his  vessels  was  n.  Champlain,  106.  The  equipment  of  these  fish- 
ing vessels  might  give  occasion  to  the  belief,  that  they  were  "  sent  ostensi- 
bly on  a  trading  and  fishing  voyage,  but  with,  orders  to  seek  for  and  dis- 
possess intuiders."  Sec  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  5 5.  It  is  certain  however,  that 
this  very  respectable  writer,  in  common  with  Prince  and  other  Eng- 
lish historians,  has  confounded  the  t\vp  voyages  of  Argul,  made  to  Acadie 
this  year. 

2,  It  has  been  said,  that  father  Biart,  to  be  revenged  on  Biencourt,  offer- 
ed to  pilot  the  vessel  to  Port  Royal ;  but  Champlain  says,  the  French  refus- 
ed that  service,  and  that  the  English  obliged  an  Indian  to  pilot  them  : 
<*  Conduit  d'un  Sauyage  t]u'il  print  par  fovce,  les  Francois  ne  le  voulani 
enseigner."  p.  109, 


l8o  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1613.  ment  to  ashes.1       Having  thus  effectually  executed 
Novemb.9.  fae  business  of  his  commission,   he  returned  to  Vir- 
ginia.a 

Remarks.  The  only  pretext  for  the  hostile  expedition  of  Ar- 
gal,  in  a  time  of  profound  peace,  was,  an  encroach- 
ment of  the  French  on  the  rights  of  the  English, 
founded  on  the  discovery  by  the  Gabots.  The  Vir- 
ginian charter  of  1 606,  unless  considered  as  founded, 
on  that  discovery,  was  not  trespassed  by  the  French 
settlements  in  Acadie,  That  charter  granted  indeed 
to  the  Plymouth  company  fo  far  north,  as  to  the 
forty  fifth  degree  of  north  latitude  ;  but  De  Monts 
had  previously 3  received  a  patent  of  the  territory 
from  the  fortieth  to  the  forty  sixth  degree  of  lati- 
tude, by  virtue  of  which  the  French  had  actually 
commenced  settlements  below  the  forty  fifth  degree, 
in  the  year  1604.  Neither  England,  nor  any 
European  nation,  appears  so  early  to  have  asserted 
or  allowed  a  right,  derived  from  occupancy.*  Had 
that  right  been  settled  by  the  lav/  of  nations,  the 
act  of  Argal  would  have  furnished  just  ground  of 
war. 

It  does  not  appear,  that  this  transaction  was  ei- 
ther approved  by  the  court  of  England,  or  resented 
by  the  crown  of  France  ;  it  prepared  the  way  how- 
ever for  a  patent  of  the  territory  of  Acadie,  which 
was  granted  eight  years  afterward  by  king  James.5 
Dutch  sub-  Argal,  on  his  return  to  Virginia,  visited  the  Dutch 
6  settlement  at  Hudson's  river  >6  and,  alleging  that 

i  This  settlement  had  cost  the  French  more  than  100,000  crowns. 
Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  137. 

•Z  Champlain  les  Voyages  de  la  Nouv.  France,  103 — 109.  English  au- 
thorities relative  to  this  subject  are,Purchas,  v.  1764 — 1768,  1808  ;  Smith 
Virg.  115  ;  Beverly,  51 — 55  ;  Stith,  133  ;  Hubbard  Ind.  War.  aoi ;  Prince, 
94  ;  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  255. ;  Stow  Chron.  1018  ;  Chalmers,  i.  82. ;  Brit. 
Emp.  i.  165,  166  ;  ii.  10  ;  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  51 — 55. 

3  See  p.  147  of  these  Annals,  A.  D.  1603. 

4  See  p.  10  of  these  Anmals. 

5  Purchas,v.  i8a8.  Brit.  Dominions  in  N.  America,  hook  xiv.  246.  Bel- 
knap  Biog.  ii.  55.  Stith,  133. 

£  Dr.  Belknap  [Amer.  Biog.  ii.  55.]  says,  the  settlement,  which  Argal 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  181 

Hudson,  an  English  subject,  could  not  alienate  from  1615 
the  English  crown  what  was  properly  a  part  of  Vir- 
ginia, demanded  possession.  The  Dutch  governor, 
Hendrick  Christiaens,  incapable  of  resistance,  peace- 
ably submitted  himself  and  his  colony  to  the  king  of 
England  ;  and,  under  him,  to  the  governor  of  Vir- 
ginia. * 

These  conquests  abroad  were  succeeded  by  pro-  Mr. 
portionate  successes  at  home.  John  Rolfe,  an  En- 
glishman,  married  Pocahontas,  the  celebrated  daugh- 
ter of  Powhatan  ;  and  this  alliance  secured  peace 
to  Virginia  many  years.  Having  been  carefully  in- 
structed in  the  Christian  religion,  she  not  long  after 
Openly  renounced  the  idolatry  of  her  country,  made 
profession  of  Christianity,  and  was  baptized  by  the 
name  of  Rebecca. z 

Sir  Thomas  Dale,  accompanied  by  captain  Argal  Treaty 
and  fifty  men,  went  to  Chickahominy,   and  held  a  with  the 
treaty  with  an  Indian   tribe  of  that  name,   a  bold  h' 
and  free  people,    who  now  voluntarily  relinquished  di 
their  name,   for  that  of  Tassantessus,    or  English- 
men ;    and  solemnly  engaged  to  be  faithful  subjects 
to  king  James. 3 

To  prevent  idleness,  and  other  evils,  resulting  Policy  t 
from  the  prohibition  of  private  property,    and  from  F°m?te 

then  visited,  was  "  near  the  spot  where  Albany  is  now  built ;'.'  and  it  appears 
to  have  been  the  principal  establishment  of  the  Dutch  on  Hudson's  river, 
at  that  time.  They  had  however  taken  possession  of  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  and  it  seems  to  have  been  here  (where  New  York  now  stands),  that 
their  governor  resided.  Smith  says,  that  Argal  "  found  at  Manhattas  isle, 
4  houses  built,  and  a  pretended  Dutch  governor.".  [Hist.  N.  Jersey  26.] ; 
but  according  to  Chalmers  [i.  568.]  there  was  nothing  more  than  "  a  trad- 
ing house,"  which  the  Hollanders  had  built  near  the  confluence  of  the  ri- 
ver Manhattan. 

i  Stith,  133.     Chalmers,  1.568. 

a  Smith  Virg.ii3, 122.  Stith,  136.  Beverly,  39.  Brit.  Emp.  iii.  61,  62. 
3  Stith,  130.  They  had  no  werowance,  or  single  ruler,  but  were  gov- 
erned in  a  republican  form  by  their  elders,  consisting  of  their  priests,  and 
some  of  the  wisest  of  their  old  men,  as  assistants.  Smith  [Virg.  114.]  says, 
that  they  submitted  to  the  English,  "  for  feare,"  lest  Powhatan  and  the 
English  united  would  bring  them  again  to  his  subjection.  "  They  did  rath- 
er chuse  to  be  protected  by  us,  than  tormented  by  him,  whom  they  held  a 
tyrant."  Keith  [1-27]  puts  this  submission  in  1612. 


« 62  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

the  subsistence  of  the  Virginian  people  on  a  pub- 
lic store.  Dale  now  allotted  to  each  man  three 
acres  of  cleared  ground,  in  the  nature  of  farms  ;  re- 
quiring him  to  work  eleven  months  for  the  store, 
out  of  which  he  was  to  have  two  bushels  of  corn  j 
and  allowing  him  one  month,  to  make  the  rest  of 
his  provisions. l 

Bermudas.       In  the  course  of  the  year  five  hundred  and  fo 
persons  arrived  from  England  at  Bermudas  ;    an 
the  island  now  became  settled,  * 

1614, 

Early  in  this  year  Sir  Thomas  Gates  returned  to 
England,  leaving  in  Virginia  scarcely  four  hundred 
men. 3  The  administration  of  the  government  of 
the  colony  again  devolved  on  Sir  Thomas  Dale, 
who,  "  by  war  upon  enemies  and  kindness  to  friends, 
brought  the  affairs  of  the  settlement  into  good  or- 
der."'4 

p«ti.h  A  new  governor  from  Amsterdam,  arriving  at  the 

settlement  on  Hudson's  river  with  a  reinforcement, 
asserted  the  right  of  Holland  to  the  country  ;  refu- 
sed the  tribute  and  acknowledgment,  stipulated  with 
the  English  by  his  predecessor  ;  and  put  himself  in- 
to a  posture  of  defence. 5  He  built  a  fort  on  the 
south  .end  of  the  island  Manhattan,  where  the  city 
pf  New  York  now  stands  ;  and  held  the  country 
many  years,  under  a  grant  from  the  States  General, 
by  the  nam£  of  the  New  Netherlands,6 

i  Stith,  1,32.         a  Prince,  37.     See  A.  D.  1612, 

3  Stow  Chron.  1018.     Encyc.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  VIRGINIA. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  36.         5  Stith,  133. 

6  Jcsselyn  Voy.  153.  Smith  N.  York,  2.  Smith  N.  Jersey,  19.  Belle- 
nap  Kiog.  ii.  56.  It  is  affirmed  [Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  346.],  that  the  Dutch 
now  applied  to  king  James  for  a  confirmation  of  Hudson's  conveyance;  but 
that  v.il,  which  they  could  obtain,  was  leave  to  build  some  cottages  for  the 
convenience  of  their  ships,  touching  for  xvater  on  their  way  to  Brasil.  A  writ- 
er in  1656  [Hazard  Coll.  i.  604,  605,  from  Thurloe.]  says,  that  the  planta- 
tions,then  by  the  Dutch  called  the  Nether  lauds,  were  "until  of  very  late  years 
better  known  and  commonly  called  by  them  the  New  Virginia,  as  a  place 
dependent  upon  or  a  relative  to  the  Old  Virginia  ;"  and  that  this  appella- 
tion renders  still  more  credible  the  common  report,  that  "  by  the  pernris- 
"on  of  king  James  they  h.id  ^rar.tfd  from  him  to  their  States,  only  a  cer- 


son  s  river. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  iSj 

John  Smith,  distinguished  in  Virginian  history,     1614; 
\vas  now  sent  out  with  two  ships  from  England  to  Fi»^vnv- 
North  Virginia,   at  the  charge  of  four  Englishmen,  smith  to 
with  instructions  to  remain  in  the  country,   and  to  1V(>rth    . 
keep  possession. *     Leaving  the  Downs  on  the  third 
of  March,  he  arrived  on  the  last  of  April  at  the  isl- 
and of  Monahigon  in  latitude  forty  three  degrees 
four  minutes.      After  building  seven  boats,  he  in 
one  of  them,  with  eight  men,2  ranged  the  coast  east 
and  west  from  Penobscot  to  Cape  Cod,  and  barter- 
ed with  the  natives  for  beaver  and  other  furs.      By 
this  voyage  he  made  a  profit  of  nearly  fifteen  hun- 
dred pounds.      From  the  observations,   which  he 
now  made  on  shores,  islands,  harbours,  and  head- 
lands, he,  on  his  return  home,  formed  a  map,  and 
presented  it  to  prince  Charles,  who,  in  the  warmth 
of  admiration,  declared,  that  the  country  should  be  New  EnS- 
called  New  England.3 

Smith,,  in  his  late  voyage  to  this  country,  made  Discover 
several  discoveries,  and  distinguished  them  by  pecu-  of^'mithi 
liar  names.      The  northern  promontory  of  Mass  a-  ^j"2" 
chusetts  Bay,,  forming  the  eastern  entrance  into  the 
bay,  he  named  Tragabigzancla,  in  honour  of  a  Turk- 
ish lady,   to  whom  he  had  been  formerly  a  slave  at 
Constantinople.      Prince  Charles  however,  in  filial 
respect  to  his  mother,  called  it  Cape  Ann  ;  a  name,  cap*  Aon, 
which  it  still  retains.     The  three  small  islands,  lying 
at  the  head  of  the   promontory,   Smith  called  the 

tain  island,  called  therefore  by  them  Statss  Island  [Staten  Island],  as  a  wa- 
tery place  for  their  West  India  fleets  ;  although    as  they  have  incroacbe<I 

upon,  so  they  have  given  it  a  new  Dutch  name, . . wiping  out  the,  ol  J 

English  names  in  those  parts  in  America  in  their  old  Sea  Charts,  and  have 
new  Dutchified  them." 

1  "  I  was  to  have  staied  there,"  says  Smith  [Virg.  221],  «  with  but  six- 
teen men." 

2  His  whole  company  consisted  of  45  men  and  boys ;   "  37  of  the  com- 
pany fished."     Purchas,  v.  1838. 

3  Smith  Virg.  205.     Purchas,  v.  18;, 8.    I.  Mather  N.  Eng.  i.   Hubbard 
MS.  N.  Eng,  9.  ;  and  Ind.  War,  aoi.     father  Magnal.  book  i.  4-     Harris 
Voy.  i.  850.     Chalmers,  i.  80.     Belknap  Bir;;.  i.  505.     Robertson,  book  x. 
131.     I.  Mather  says,  it  had  been  known  *:\  r.u  years  before  by  the  name 
*f  the  Northern  Plantation*. 


184  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1614.  Three  Turks  Heads,  in  memory  of  his  victory  over 

?**       three  Turkish  champions  ;   but  this  name  was  also 

Head!      changed. x      Another  cluster  of  islands,  to  which  the 

discoverer  gave  his  own  name,    Smith's  Isles,   was 

i.  of  shoals,  afterward  denominated  the  Isle  of  Shoals.2 

Hunt  car-       The  base  and  perfidious  action  of  one  man  sub- 

J  24  jected  English  adventurers  to  present  inconvenience, 

tivei! a  "  and  to  future  dangers.     Smith  had  left  behind  hirri 

one  of  his  ship?,  to  complete  her  lading,  with  orders 

to  Thomas  Hunt,  the  master,   to  sail  with  the  fish, 

that  he  should  procure  on  the   coast,    directly  for 

Malaga. 3      Hunt  however,  under  pretence  of  trade, 

having  enticed  twenty  four  of  the  natives  on  board 

his  ship,  piit  them  under  hatches,  and  carried  them 

to  Malaga,  where  he  sold  them  to  the  Spaniards. 4 

indi?n3  dis- This   flagrant  outrage  disposed  the  natives   in  that 

PevedMv!     Part  °f  ^e  country  where  it  was  committed,   to  re- 

the  injury,  vcnge  the  injury  on  the  countrymen  of  the  offender  ; 

and  the  English  were  hence  constrained  to  suspend 

their  trade,  and  their  projected  settlement  in  New 

England. s 

An  opportunity  was  soon  offered  to  the  Indians, 

1  "  Neither  of  them  glorying  in  these  Mahometan  titles."      Hubbard 
MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.     The  name,   which  they  received  in  exchange,  is 
lost. 

2  Belknap  Biog.  i.  306.     This  name  is  still  retained. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  32.     Belknap  Biog.  i.  306. 

4  Hubbard  [Ibid.  32,  34.]  says,  that  Hunt,  "  like  a  wicked  varlet,"  de- 
coyed them  ;   and  that  he  took  20  Indians  from  Patuxet  [now  Plymouth], 
and  7  from  Nauset  [Easthum ').      I.  Mather  says  the  same  thing.      But,  as 
Hubbard  and  the  best  authoritiesf  give  the  aggregate  number  of  24,  it  is 
probable,   that  4  only   were  taken  from   Nauset,  and  that   this  figure  ha* 
been  mistaken  for  7.     Mather  also  says,  that  Hunt  carried  these  Indians  to 
Gibraltar,  and  there  sold  as  many  of  them,  as  he  could,  for  £20  a  man,  un- 
til it  was  known  whence  they  came  ;   "  for  then  the  friars  in  those  parts 
took  away  the  rest  of  them,  that  so  they  might  nurture  them  in  the  Chris- 
tian religion."      •]•  Mourt  is  an  exception.     See  Purcbas,  \.  1849- 

5  I.  Mather  N.  Eng.  2.      "  This  barbarous  fact  was  the  unhappy  occa- 
sion of  the  loss  of  many  a  man's  estate,    and  life,  which  the  barbarians  did 
from  thence  seek  to  destroy."    Ibid.     Other  authorities  for  this  article  are, 
Hubbard  Ind.  War,  201  ;  Smith  Virg.  205  ;  Brit.  Emp.  i.  256.  Univ.  Hist. 
xxxix.  271  ;  Harris  Voy.  i.  851.      The  two  last  authorities  circumstantially 
vary  from  the  others;  the  one,  by  giving  an  increased  number  of  kidnap- 
ped Indians  ;  the  other,  by  making;  the  voyages  of  Smith  and  Hunt  entire- 
ly disconnected. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  1 85 

to  show  Resentment,  if  not  to  inflict  revenge.  tn  1614* 
the  course  of  the  year  the  English  adventured  to 
dispatch  to  the  same  coast  another  vessel,  command- 
ed by  captain  Hobson,  for  the  purpose  of  erecting 
a  plantation^  and  establishing  a  trade  with  the  na- 
tives ;  but  it  was  found  next  to  impracticable  to  set- 
tle any  where  within  their  territories. x  Two  In- 
dians, Epenow  and  Manowet,  who  had  been  Carried 
by  Hunt  to  England,  were  brought  back  in  Hob- 
son's  vessel,  to  be  serviceable  toward  the  design  of 
a  plantation  ;  but  they  united  with  their  country- 
men in  contriving  means,  by  which  they  might  be 
revenged  on  the  English.  Manowet  died  soon  af- 
ter their  arrival.  Epenow,  not  allowed  to  go  on 
shore,  engaged  his  old  friends,  who  visited  the  ves- 
sel, to  come  again,  under  pretext  of  trade.  On  their 
approach  at  me  appointed  time  with  twenty  canoes, 
he  leaped  overboard,  and  instantly  a  shower  of  ar- 
rows was  sent  into  the  ship.  The  Indians,  with  des- 
perate courage,  drew  nigh,  aiid,  in  spite  of  the  Eng- 
lish muskets,  carried  off  their  countrymen.  Several 
Indians  were  killed  in  the  skirmish.  The  master  of 
the  ship  and  several  of  the  company  were  wounded. 
Discouraged  by  this  occurrence,  they  returned  to 
England* a 

The  treasurer  and  company  of  Virginia,  having 
expended  immense  sums  of  money  in  attempting  the 
settlement  of  a  colony,  without  any  adequate  profit, 
applied  to  the  commons  of  England  for  assistance  iri  dm 
the  prosecution  of  that  enterprise.  The  attention 
to  their  petition  is  said  to  have  been  "  solemn  and 
unusual,"  but  nothing  appears  to  have  been  resolv- 
ed on.  Thus  early  were  the  affairs  of  the  colonies 
brought  before  the  parliament ;  and  it  is  noticed  by 
an  English  historian  of  distinction,  as  "  extremely 

I  I.  Mather  [N.  Eng.  a,  3.]  expressly  says,  it  was  because  Hunt's  scan- 
dalous conduct  had  excited  "  such  a  mortal  hatred  of  all  men  of  the  English 
Sation." 

%  I.  Mather  N.  Eng.  3.    Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  33.  Brit.  Emp.  i.  z$7« 
Zz 


1  86  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

remarkable,  that  before  the  colonists  had  acquired 
property,  or  a  participation  in  a  provincial  legisla- 
ture, the  commons  exercised  jurisdiction."1 


Landed  property  was  now  introduced  into  Vir- 
landed  ro.  Sm'a  »  anc^  for  this  important  privilege  the  colony 
pertyinto  was  indebted  to  governor  Dale.  Not  only  the  lands 
Virginia,  generally,  that  had  been  granted  by  the  Virginia 
company  for  the  encouragement  of  adventurers,  but 
the  farms,  that  had  been  allotted  to  the  settlers, 
were  holden  by  an  unstable  claim.  "  The  farmers 
did  not  possess  the  lands  that  were  assigned  them 
by  a  tenure  of  common  soccage  ;  but  enjoyed  them 
as  tenants  at  will."  To  every  adventurer  into  the 
colony,  and  to  his  heirs,  were  now  granted  fifty  acres 
of  land  ;  and  the  same  quantity  for  every  person, 
imported  by  others.  3  An  humiliating  tenure^  un- 
worthy of  freemen,  was  thus  changed  into  that  of 
common  soccage  ;  and  "  with  this  advantageous  al- 
teration, freedom  first  rooted  in  colonial  soil."* 

Smith.,  since  his  last  voyage,  had  become  intent 
on  settling  a  plantation  in  New  England.4       The 

i  Chalmers,  i.  35.  It  ws  objected  Jn  parliament,  that,  were  this  enter- 
prise undertaken  by  the  house  and  king,  it  might  prove  the  cause  of  a  war. 
.Lord  -Delaware  answered,  that  this  were  no  just  ground  of  offence  :  for, 
said  his  lordship,  the  country  was  named  by  the  queen  :  the  Spaniards  de- 
fend the  West  Indies  ;  the  Portuguese,  the  East  ;  the  French,  the  river  St 
Lawrence  ;  the  Hollanders,  the  Moluccas.  Ibid. 

^  A  greater  number  of  acres  had  been  previously  given  to  each  adven- 
turer ;  but  this  reduction  was  made  on  account  of  the  prosperous  condition 
of  the  colony.  Stith,  139. 

3  Chalmers,  34,  36.    The  author  of  a  Tract,  entitled,  The  Trade's  In- 
crease, published  in  1615,  remarks  :  "  As  for  the  Bermudas,  we  know  not 
yet  what  they  will  do  ;  and  for  Virginia,  we  know  not  what  to  do  with  it  : 
The  present  profit  of  those  two  colonies  not  employing  any  store  of  ship- 
ping.    The  great  expence  that  the  nobility  and  gentry  have  been  at  in 
planting  Virginia  is  no  way  recompensed  by  the  poor  returns  from  thence." 

Anderson,  ii.  266. 

4  "  Of  all  the  four  parts  of  the  world  1  have  yet  seen,  not  inhabited," 
says  Smith,  "  could  I  have  but  means  to  transport  a  colony,  I  would  rather 
live  here  than  any  where,  and  if  it  did  not  maintaine  itselfe,  were  we  but 
once  indifferently  well  fitted,   let  us  starve."     Hi»t.  Virg.  209.     This  ver  y 
intelligent  and  penetrating  objerrer  thus  early  formed  a  high  and  just  esti-« 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  187 

Plymouth  company,,  though  much  discouraged  by  1615. 
the  ill  success  of  Hobson's  voyage  the  last  year, 
ivas  incited  by  Smith's  account  of  the  country,  and 
by  the  spirit  of  emulation  with  the  London  compa- 
ny, to  attempt  a  settlement.  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges, 
in  concert  with  Dr.  Sutliffe,    dean  of  Exeter,  and 
several  others,   equipped  two  vessels,    one  of  two 
hundred  tons,  the  other  of  fifty,  on  board  of  which, 
beside  seamen,  were  sixteen  men,  who  were  destined 
to  begin  a  colony  in  New  England.     The  command  March> 
was  given  to  Smith  ;  but,  before  he  had  sailed  one  smith  sails 
hundred  and  twenty  leagues,   he  lost  the  masts  of  [^cf.'^uT 
his  largest  ship,  and  was  obliged  to  return  under  is  obliged 
jury  masts  to  Plymouth.      He  soon  after  sailed  a- to  retunu 
gain  in  a  bark  of  sixty  tons  with  thirty  men,  six*  _ 

r      -L  t.       r  •    j  June  24- 

teen  or  whom  were  the  same,  who  had  accompanied  sails  again; 
him  in  the  last  voyage,  as  settlers  ;    but  he  was  ta-  but  ils  f  F- 

i  T-I  -i  r  •     i    •  tured  by 

ken  by  four  r  rench  men  or  war,  and  carried  into  t 
'Jlochelle.  The  vessel  of  fifty  tons,  that  had  been 
separated  from  him  in  the  first  of  these  voyages, 
was  commanded  by  Thomas  Dernier,  who  pursued 
liis  voyage,  and  returned  with  a  good  freight  in  Au- 
gust ;  but  the  main  design  of  the  enterprise  wag 
frustrated,  * 

Captain  Richard  Whitburo,  who  with  other  Eng- 
lishmen  had  made  several  voyages  to  Newfoundland, 
now  arrived  at  that  island,  with  a  commission  from 
the  admiralty  to  empannel  juries,  and  correct  abuses 
arid  disorders,  committed  among  the  fishermen  on 

mate  of  the  healthfulness  and  fertility  of  this  portion  of  the  country.  He 
had  the  highest  expectations  from  the  fishery  of,  this  const  ;  and  time  has 
proved  the  exactness  of  his  judgment.  Before  settlements  were  formed 
here,  he  made  tliis  remarkable  discrimination  :  "  The  country  of  the  Ma*- 
sachusits  is  the  paradice  of  all  those  parts."  Ibid.  2l,o,  215. 

i  Smith  Virg.  iai — 233.  Purchas,  v.  1838.  Harris  Voy.  1,851.  Univ. 
Hist,  xxxix.  171.  iiclknap  Diog.i.3ii,3ia,  359,  360.  The  London  com- 
pany in  January  sent  out  4  ships  for  New  England.  The  voyagers,  arriv- 
ing oft"  the  coast  in  March,  fished  until  the  middle  of  June,  and  then 
freighted  a  ship  of  300  tons  for  Spain.  That  ship  was  taken  by  the  Turks ; 
'  o;ic  went  to  Virginia  to  relieve  that  colonie,  and  two  came  for  Eugland 
with  the  greene  fish,  trains  oyle  and  furres,  within  wx  moncths."  Pu» 
Ciu.s}  v.  1838. 


1 89  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

the  coast.  On  his  arrival,  he  immediately  held  a 
court  of  admiralty,  and  received  complaints  from 
one  hundred  and  seventy  masters  of  English  vessels 
pf  injuries,  done  in  trade  and  navigation  ;  a  fact, 
which  shews  the  flourishing  state  of  the  English 
cod  fishery,  at  that  early  period.  *  Many  thousands 
of  English,  French,  Portuguese,  and  others,  were 
already  settled  at  Newfoundland.  * 

Sir  Richard  Hawkins,  by  commission  from  the 
°f  -Plymouth  company,  of  which  he  was  this  year  the 
Hawkins,  president,  made  a  voyage  to  New  England,  to  search 
the  country  and  its  commodities  ;  but,  finding  the 
natives  at  war  among  themselves,  he  passed  along 
to  Virginia,  and  returned  home,  without  making  a« 
»y  new  observations. 3 

1616. 

Virginia.  Sir  George  Yeardley,  to  whom  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Virginian  colony  was  now  committed, 
having  sent  to  the  Chickahominies  for  the  tribute 
corn,  and  received  an  insolent  answer,  proceeded 
with  one  hundred  men  to  their  principal  town,  where 
he  was  received  with  contempt  and  scorn.  Per- 
ceiving the  Indians  to  be  in  a  hostile  and  menacing 
posture,  he  ordered  his  men  to  fire  on  them  ;  and 
twelve  were  killed  on  the  spot,  Twelve  also  were 
taken  prisoners,  two  of  whom  were  senators,  or  el- 
ders ;  but  they  paid  one  hundred  bushels  of  corn 
for  their  ransom,  and,  as  the  price  pf  peace,  loaded 
three  English  boats  with  corn.4 

Tobacco.  Tobacco  was  about  this  time  first  cultivated  by 
the  English  in  Virginia. 5 

Four  ships  sailed  from  London,  and  four  from 
p}ymouth,  to  New  England,  whence  they  carried 

I  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  249. 
a  Prince,  43. 

3  Gorges  N.  Eng.  aa.     Prince,  43.     Belknap  Biog.  i.  360. 

4  Stith,  141.     Gov.  Dale  sailed  for  England  early  this  ye.vr, 

5  Chalmers,  i.  36.    Rob<jits»n,  book  he.  83. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  185 

great  quantities  offish  and  oil,  which  were  sold  ad-    1616. 
vantageously  in  Spain  and  the  Canary  islands.1 

The  Edwin,  a  vessel  from  one  of  the  West  India 
islands,  coming  into  Bermudas  with  figs,  pines,  su- 
gar canes,  plantanes,  papanes,  and  various  other 
plants,  they  were  immediately  replanted  there,  and 
cultivated  with  success. 3 

Sir  Thomas  Smith  and  other  gentlemen  in  Eng-  Voyage  ot 
land  sent  out  the  ship  Discovery  the  fifth  time,  un-  B* Byio^ 
der  the  command  of  Robert  Bylot.     After  passing 
Davis's  Straits,  he  came  to  some  islands,  in  seventy 
two  degrees  forty  five  minutes  north  latitude,  where 
he  found  women  only,  whom  he  treated  with  kind- 
ness, making  them  presents  of  iron.     These  islands 
he  called  Women5 s  Isles.      Proceeding  one  degree  Women's 
farther  north,  he  put  into  a  harbour,  and  was  visit- Isle3' 
ed  by  the  inhabitants,  whq  brought  him  seal  skins 
ana  horns,   in  exchange  for  iron.      He  named  the  Horn 
place  Horn  Sound.     On  this  voyage  he  also  discov-  ot°henr  >an 
ered  and  named  Cape  Dudley  Digges,  Wolsten-  sounds  and 
holme's  Sound,   Whale  Sound,  Hakluyt's  Island, isj 
Gary's  Islands,  Alderman  Jones's  Sound,  and  James 
Lancas  ter  *  s  S ountl .  * 

"William  Baffin,  on  a  voyage  for  the  discovery  df  Voyage «f 
a  northwest  passage  to  China,  sailed  to  the  seventy  Batlin* 
eighth  degree  of  north  latitude,  where  he  discovered 
a  bay,  which  he  called  by  his  own  name  ;   but  he 
returned,  without  finding  the  desired  passage. 4 

1  Smith  Virg.  228.     Purchas,  v.  1839*    Harris  Voy.  I.  851.    Andeison, 
ii,  269.     A  quarto  volume,  published  this  year  at  London,  shows  the  pro- 
gressive attention  of  the  English  to  the  northern  parts  of  this  country.     It 
was  entitled  :    "  A  Description  of  NK>V  ENGLAND,  Or,  the  Observation* 
and  Discoveries  of  Capt.  John  Smith  (Admiral  of  that  country)    in  1614, 
with  the  success  of  6  ships  that  went  the  next  year  1615, and  the  acd -.ler^ 
befel  him  among  the  French  men  of  War  ;   with  the  proof  of  the  pre-en; 
benefit  this  country  affords,  whither,  this  year  1616,  eight  voluntary  slr.rt, 
are  gone,  to  make,  further  trial."     Prince,  145, 

2  Smith  Virg.  184. 

3  Forster  Voy.  352 — 357.     Whale  Sound  is  in  77  deg.  30  min, 

4  Brit.  Emp.  i.  3.     Anderson,  ii.  268.     Baffin,  in  a  letter  to  J.  Wolstt-su 
Jiolme  Esq.  writes  :     "  In  Sir  Thomas  Smith's  Sound  in  78  deg.  by  divers 
good  observations  I  found  the  compass  varied  above  5  points,  or  56  degree* 
to  the  westward ;  so  that  a  N.  £.  by  E.  is  true  north,  a  thing  incredible^and 


199  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1616.       The  States  General  of  Holland  having,  in  favour 

$towLm  °^  t*le*r  ^ast  *nc**a  comPanv>  prohibited  all  others- 
from  going  to  India,  either  by  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope  eastward,  or  through  the  Straits  of  Magellan 
westward  5  it  was  projected  to  attempt  the  discovery 
of  a  new  western  passage  into  the  South  Sea,  south- 
ward of  those  straits.      Isaac  le  Maire,  a  merchant 
of  Amsterdam,  the  first  projector  of  the  design,  and 
William  Gornclitz  Schouten,  a  merchant  of  Hoorn, 
fitted  out  two  ships,  on  this  enterprise,  of  which 
Schouten  took  the  command.      Having  sailed  from 
the  T exel  in  June  the  preceding^year,  he  in  January, 
three  degrees  to  the  southward  of  the  Magellannic 
January.    Straits,1  discovered  land,  the  east  part  of  which  he 
j^Mair™*  namec^  States  Land,  and  the  west,  Maurice  Land, 
strait.       between  which  he  found  a  new  strait,  which  he  nam- 
ed after  his  partner,  Le  Maire.      Passing  through 
this  strait,  he  doubled  a  cape,  which  he  called  Cape 
€ape         Hoorn.     Crossing  the  Southern  ocean,  he  proceed- 
Hoorn.      ^  to  faG  £ast  indies,  and  thence  to  Holland.  This 
was  the  sixth  circumnavigation  of  the  globe.  *      In 
'  this  voyage  Schouten  took  formal  possession  of  sev- 
eral islands  in  the  southern  hemisphere,  in  the  name 
of  the  States  General. 3 


matchless  in  all  the  world  besides."  Harris  Voy.  i.  593.  After  this  voy- 
age, the  English  made  no  attempts  to  discover  the  Northwest  passage  ua- 
til  the  year  1631.  Ibid.  634. 

I  Monson  Nav.  Tracts  Churchill  Voy.  iii.  403. 

a  Harris  Voy.i.  37 — 45.  Anderson,  ii.  268.  One  of  the  two  ships  was  lost 
lay,  fire.  The  other,  op  its  arrival  at  Jacatra  (novy  Batavia),  was  seized,  to- 
gether with  the  goods  on  board,  by  the  president  of  the  Dutch  East  India 
company  ;  and  Schouten  and  his  men  took  passage  home  in  one  of  that 
company's  ships,  completing  their  navigation  in  two  years  and  eighteen 
days.  Ibid.  In  Bjbliotheea  Americ.  [8i]  there  is  this  title  of  a  book  : 
"  Diarium  vel  Descriptio  laboriosissimi  et  molestissimi  Itineris  facti,  a  Gu- 
iielmo  Cornelii  Schoutenio  Hcrnano  annis  1615,  1616,  et  1617*.  Cum  Fig. 
Quarto.  Amst.  1619."  Purchas[v.  1391.]  says, "  the  Hollanders  challenge 
the  discovery  of  new  straits  by  Mayre  and  Schouten  before  twice  sailed  a- 
bout  by  Sir  F.Drake;"  but  I  have  found  no  satisfactory  evidence  to  set 
aside  the  Dutch  claim,  the  justness  of  which  is  conceded  bj  the  be$t  Eng- 
lish historians. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  595.    See  Harris  Voy.  ii.  805, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1617. 

Captain  Argal,  arriving  at  Virginia  as  governor,  state  o? 
found  all  the  public  works  and  buildings  in  James  vkginw*. 
Town  fallen  to  decay  ;    five  or  six  private  houses 
only,  fit  to  be  inhabited  ;    the  store  house  used  for 
a  church  ;   the  market  place,  streets,  and  all  other 
spare  places,  planted  with  tobacco  ;   the  people  of 
the  colony  dispersed,  according  to  every  man's  con- 
venience for  planting  ; '  and  their  entire  number  re- 
duced nearly  to  four   hiindred, a  riot  more  than  two 
hundred  of  whom  were  fit  for  husbandry  and  tillage. 5 

Pocahontas,  having  accompanied  her  English  hus- r»eath  of 
band,  Mr.  Rolfe,  to  England,  was  taken  sick  at  Poci^* 
Gravesend,  while  waiting  to  embark  for  Virginia, 
and  died,  at  the  age  of  about  twenty  two  year" & 4 

Unsuccessful  as  repeated  attempts  had  been,  for  NEn,iand. 
settling  New  England,  the  hope  of  success  was  not 
abandoned.  Captain  John  Smith  was  provided  at 
Plymouth  with  three  ships  for  a  voyage  to  this 
country,  where  he  was  to  remain  with  fifteen  men  ; 
but  he  was  wind  bound  for  three  months  ;  and  lost 
the  season.  The  ships  went  to  Newfoundland  5 
and  the  projected  voyage  was  frustrated.  * 

Sir  Walter  Ralegh,  having  been  liberated  from  L5ls£ 
the  tower,6   obtained  a  royal  commission  to  settle  w 
Guiana. 7     Several  knights  and  gentlemen  of  quality  to 
furnished  a  number  of  ships,  and  accompanied  him 
in  the  enterprise.      They  left  Plymouth  about  the 
last  of  June,  with  a  fleet  of  fourteen  sail,  but  were 
obliged,  through  stress  of  weather,  to  put  in  at  Cork 
in  Ireland.      Arriving  at   Guiana  on  the  twelfth  of 
November,  they  soon  after  assaulted  the  new  Span* 

I  Smith  Virg.  133.  Stith,  146.     a  Beverly,  p.  50.    3  Smith  Virg.  123. 

4  Smith  Virg.  113.      Stith  [146]  says,  that  conformably  to  her  life,  she 
died  "  a  most  sincere  and  pious  Christian."     She  left  one  son  only,  Thom- 
as Rolfe  ;  \vhose  posterity  was  respectable,  and  inherited  lands  in  Virginia 
by  descent  from  her.     Keith,  129. 

5  Purchas,  v.  1839. 

6  See  p.  151,  note  3.     He  was  confined  in  the  tower  akov? 
$  This  commission  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i,  82 — 85. 


192  AMERICAN 

ish.  city  of  St.  Thome,  which  they  sacked,  plunder'-* 
ed,  and  burned. *  Having  staid  at  the  river  Calia- 
na  until  the  fourth  of  December,  Ralegh  deputed 
captain  Keymis  to  the  service  of  the  discovery  of  the 
mines^  with  five  vessels,  on  board  of  which  were 
five  companies  of  fifty  men  each,  who,  after  repeat- 
ed skirmishes  with  the  Spaniards,-  returned  in  Feb- 
ruary without  success.  Disappointed  again  in  his 
sanguine  expectations,  he  abandoned  the  enterprise* 
and  sailed  back  to  England.  The  hostile  assault, 
made  on  St.  Thome,  having  given  umbrage,  king 
James  had  issued  a  proclamation3  against  Ralegh^ 
who,  on  his  arrival,  was  again  committed  to  the  tow- 
er ;  and  not  long  after  was  beheaded. 3  He  was  one 
of  the  greatest  and  most  accomplished  persons  of 
the  age,  in  which  he  lived.  He  was  the  first  Eng- 
lishman, who  projected  settlements  in  America  ;  and 
is  justly  considered  as  the  Founder  of  Virginia. 4  To1 

i  Tli's  is  said  to  have  been  the  only  town  in  Guiana,  then  possessed  b/ 
the  Spaniards  [Josselyn  Voy.  247.]  ;  though  the  English  adventurers  found 
many  fortifications  there,  "  which  were  not  formerly."  St.  Thome  consist* 
ed  of  140  houses,  though  lightly  built,  with  a  chapel,  a  convent  of  Francis- 
can friars,  and  a  garrison,  erected  on  the  main  channel  of  the  Oronoque^ 
about  20  miles  distant  from  the  place  where  Antonio  Berreo,  the  govern- 
or, ta^en  by  Ralegh  in  his  first  discovery  and  conquest  here,  attempted  to 
plant.  Heyliri  Cosniog.  1086.  See  A.  D.  1595.  Stow  Chron.  1030. 
Walter  Ralegh,  a  soil  of  the  knight,  having  accompanied  his  father,  was 
slain  in  the  assault.  Ibid. 

2,  It  was  dated  n  June,  and  entitled,  "  Proclamatio  concernens  Walte- 
rum  Rawleigh  Militem  &  Viagium  suum  n.d  Guianam."  It  is  in  Rymer'g 
Fcedera,  xvii.  92;  and  Hazard  ColL  i.  85,  86, 

3  Birch  Life  Raleigh,  67,  79.  Stow  Chron.  1039.  Josselyn  Voy;  247. 
Oldys  Life  Ral.  195 — 232.  Anderson,  ii.  272.  Prince,  59.  Gondemar, 
the  Spanish  ambassador  at  the  court  of  Icing  James,  having  gained  the  ear- 
liest intelligence  of  the  transaction  at  Guiana,  complained  of  it  to  that 
king,  "  as  what  tended  not  only  to  the  infringement  of  his  majesty's  prom- 
ise, but  of  that  happy  union"  from  the  projected  match  between  young 
Charles,  prince  of  Wales,  and  the  Infanta  of  Spain,  "  now  in  a  hopeful  de- 
gree of  maturity."  Oldys.  Ralegh  returned  from  Guiana  in  July  1618  ;  wafc 
committed  to  the  tower  10  August  ;  brought  to  trial  at  king's  bench  28 
October,  and  condemned  to  suffer  death  on  his  sentence  of  1603  ;  and  be- 
headed the  next  morning  at  the  age  of  sixty  six  years.  The  sentence  of 
1603  was  on  a  charge  of  conspiracy,  for  dethroning  king  James,  in  favouc 
of  the  king's  cousin,  Lady  Arabella  Stuart.  Burnet  [Hist.  Own  Time,  i* 
T2.J  says,  the  execution  of  Ralegh  "  was  Qounte4  a  barbarous,  sacrific-1 
»ng  him  to  the  Spaniards." 
4  Stith,  J2 $.  CoJi  Hist.  Soc.  J*.  $3* 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  193 

him  arid  Sir  Humphrey  Gilbert  is  ascribed  the  hon- 
our of  laying  the  foundation  of  the  trade  and  naval 
power  of  Great  Britain.  * 


On  the  solicitation  of  the  Virginian  colonists  for  Lord  Deta« 
a  supply  of  husbandmen  and  implements  of  agricul- 
ture,  the  treasurer  and  council  sent  out  lord  Dela- 
ware,  the  captain  general,  with  abundant  supplies. 
He  sailed  from  England  in  a  ship  of  two  hundred 
and  fifty  tons,  with  two  hundred  people  ;    but  died 
on  the  voyage,  in  or  near  the  bay,  which  bears  his  His  death, 
name.      His  ship  safely  arrived  at  Virginia  ;   and, 
soon  after,  another  ship  arrived  with  forty  passen- 
gers.1 

On  the  death  of  lord  Delaware,  the  administra-  Tyranny  of 
tionof  Argal,  deputy  governor  of  Virginia,  became  s°v-Arsa1' 
unusually  rigorous.  Martial  law,  which  had  been-pro- 
claimed  and  executed  during  the  turbulence  of  form- 
er times,   was  now,   in  a  season  of  peace,  made  the 
common  law  of  the  land.     By  this  law  a  gentleman 
was  tried  for  contemptuous  words,    that   he  had 
spoken  of  the  governor,  found  guilty,  and  condemn- 
ed ;  but  his  sentence  was  respited,  and  he  appealed 
to  the  treasurer  and  council,  who  reversed  the  judg-  Kr>ta  ^ 
ment  of  the  court  martial.     This  is  the  first  instance  peaifrom 
of  an  appeal,  carried  from  an  American  colony  to^?ric,at* 

T.       i        j    ,  *          England. 

England.  3 

Argal  published  several  edicts,  which  "  mark  the  Edicts  of 
severity  of  his  rule,  but  some  of  them  evince  an  at- 

i  Biog.Britan.^rf.  GILBERT. 

1  Purchas,  v.  1774.  Beverly,  51.  Stith,  148.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  20. 
Prince,  54.  Chalmers,  i.  37.  Brit.  Emp.  iii.  65.  Stow  [Chron.  1029.] 
uys,  that  lord  Delaware  "  could  not  recover  his  perfect  health"  after  his 
return  about  six  years  since  from  Virginia,  "  until  the  last  yeare,  in  which 
he  builded  a  very  faire  ship,  and  went  now  in  it  himselfe  with  about  eight 
score  (persons,  to  make  good  tha  plantation.*'  Ha  was  a  person  of  a  noble 
and  generous  disposition,  and  expended  much  in  promoting  the  coloniza- 
tion of  Virginia. 

.3  Chalmer?ji.  38, 


194  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1618.  tendon  to  the  public  safety."1  He  ordered,  that 
all  goods  should  be  sold  at  an  advance  of  twenty 
five  per  centum,  and  tobacco  taken  in  payment  at 
three  shillings  per  pound>  and  not  more  nor  less,  on 
the  penalty  of  three  years  servitude  to  the  colony  ; 
that  there  should  be  no  private  trade  or  familiarity 
with  the  Indians  ;  that  no  Indian  should  be  taught 
to  shoot  with  guns,  on  pain  of  death  to  the  teacher 
and  learner  ;  that  no. man  should  shoot,  excepting 
in  his  own  necessary  defence  against  an  enemy,  until 
a  new  supply  of  ammunition  were  received,  on  pain 
of  a  year's  servitude  ;  and  that  every  person  should 
go  to  church  on  Sundays  and  holidays,  or  be  kept 
confined  the  night  succeeding  the  offence,  and  be  a 
slave  to  the  colony  the  following  week  ;  for  the  se- 
cond offence,  a  slave  for  a  month ;  and  for  the  third* 
a  year  and  a  day. z 

state  of  Twelve  years  had  elapsed  since  the  settlement  of 
Virginia,  the  colony  ;  yet,  after  an  expense  of  more  than 
eighty  thousand  pounds  of  the  public  stock,  beside 
other  sums  of  private  planters  and  adventurers,  there 
•were  remaining  in  the  colony  about  six  hundred 
persons  only,  men,  women  and  children,  and  about 
three  hundred  cattle  ;  and  the  Virginia  company 
was  left  in  debt  nearly  five  thousand  pounds. 3 

The  only  commodities,  now  exported  from  Vir- 
ginia, were  tobacco  and  sassafras4  ;  but  the  labour 
of  the  planter  was  diminished,  and  the  agricultural 
interest  advanced,by  the  introduction  of  the  plough. s 
Powhatan,  the  great  Virginian  king,  died  this 
year,6 

i    Marshall  Life  of  Washington,  i.  60. 

a  Stith,  147-         3  Stith,  i59>  2§I- 

4  Stith,  281.         5  Ibid.  149-     Chalmers,  I  37. 

6  Smith  Virg.  125.  He  was  a  prince  of  eminent  sense  and  abilities, 
rrnd  deeply  versed  in  all  the  savage  arts  of  government  and  policy.  Pene- 
trating, crafty,  insidious,  it  was  as  difficult  to  deceive  him,  as  to  elude  hi* 
own  stratagems.  But  he  was  cruel  in  his  temper,  and  showed  little  regard 
to  truth  or  integrity.  Beverly,  51.  Keith,  132.  Stith,  154.  Belknap 
Biog.  ii.  63. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  195 

The  Somer  Isles,  by  direction  of  the  council  and    1618. 
company  of  Virginia,  were  divided   by    lot   into  ^mer 
tribes  ;    and  a  share  was  assigned  to  every  adven- 
turer. *     This  measure  essentially  promoted  the  in- 
terests of  the  infant  colony  settled  in  those  islands.* 

1619, 

This  is  the  memorable  tera  in  the  history  of  Vir- 
ginia of  the  introduction  of  a  provincial  legislature, 
in  which  the  colonists  were  represented.  Yeardley, 
appointed  governor  general  of  the  colony,  arriving 
in  April  with  instructions  favourable  to  freedom, 
convoked  a  colonial  assembly,  which  met  at  James  June  19. 
Town  on  the  nineteenth  of  June.  Tlie  people  were  ^^n  ^} 
now  so  increased  in  their  numbers,  and  so  dispersed 
in  their  settlements,  that  eleven  corporations  appear- 
ed by  their  representatives  in  this  convention,  where 
they  exercised  the  noblest  function  of  freemen,  the 
power  of  legislation.  They  sat  in  the  same  house 
with  the  governor  and  council,  in  the  manner  of  the 
Scotch  parliament,3 

The  king  of  England  having  formerly  issued  his  College  at 
letters  to  the  several  bishops  of  the  kingdom  for  Hl 
collecting  money,  to  erect  a  college  in  Virginia  for 
the  education  of  Indian  children,4  fifteen  hundred 
pounds  had  been  already  paid  toward  this  benevo- 
lent and  pious  design,  and  Henrico  had  been  select- 
ed, as  a  suitable  place  for  the  seminary.  The  Vir- 
ginia company,  on  the  recommendation  of  Sir  Ed- 
win Sandys,  its  treasurer,  now  granted  ten  thousand 
3.cres  of  land,  to  be  laid  off  for  the  projected  univer- 
sity, This  donation,  while  it  embraced  the  origin- 

i  The  names  of  the  adventurers,  and  the  number  of  the  several  shares 
are  in  Smith  Virg.  188,  189. 

a  Ibid.  187.  It  had  previously  been  «  but  as  an  unsettled  and  confused 
chaos  ;  now  it  begins  to  receive  a  disposition,  form,  and  order,  and  becomes 
.  indeed  a  plantation."  Jbt/j. 

3  Stith,  160.  Of  the  n  corporations  4  had  recently  been  set  off.  Ib.  161, 

4  "  For  educating  Infidel  children  in  the   true   knowledge   of   God," 
,  Stith,  163. 


196  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1619.  al  object,  was  intended  -also  for  the  foundation  of  a 

seminary  of  learning  for  the  English. 

Tobacco.  King  James,  by  proclamation,  prohibited  the  sale 
of  tobacco  in  gross  or  retail,  either  in  England  or 
Ireland,  until  the  custom  should  be  paid,  and  the 
royal  seal  affixed.  Twenty  thousand  pounds  of  to- 
bacco were,  exported  this  year  from  Virginia  to  Eng-* 
land,  the  whole  crop  of  the  preceding  year.  J 

A  great  mortality  prevailed  among  the  people  of 
Virginia,  not  less  than  three  hundred  of  whom  died.  * 
Voyage  of        Thomas  Dermer,  employed  by  Sir  Ferdinando 
to'NJEng-  Gorges  on  a  fishing  voyage  to  New  England,  load- 
land      '   ed  a  ship  of  two  hundred  tons  with  fish  and  furs 
at  Monahigan,   and  dispatched  it  for   England.3 
Proceeding  in  a  small  bark  for  Virginia,  he  sailed 
Passes       between  the  main  land  and  Long  Island  ;   and  was 

through  JU    -        r  -11-1  -i 

Wand  the  first  person,  who  ascertained  this  to  be  an  isU 
and.4 

Retrospect  The  sera  of  the  English  Puritans  has  been  notio 
ed-  s  Passing  by  the  first  half  century  of  their  his- 
tory,  v/e  will  resume  it  at  that  period,  where  it  be- 
comes essential  to  our  subject.  The  Puritan  or  Re- 
formed church  in  the  north  of  England  had,  in  the 
year  1606,  on  account  of  its  dispersed  state,  become 
divided  into  two  distinct  churches,  to  one  of  which 
belonged  Mr.  John  Robinson,  afterward  its  minis- 

i  Chalmers,  i.  47.     The  reason,  assigned  for  the  Icing's  proclamation,  is 
that  "  divers  conceal  and  utter  tobacco  without  paying  any  impost."  Ibid. 
a  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  65. 

3  Smith  [Vitg.  239,]  says,  every  sailor  had  £16  10  for  his  seven  month's 
work  ;  and  Harris  [Voy.  i.  851.],  that  every  sailor  had,  beside  his  charges, 
£17  clear  money  in  his  pocket." 

4  Smith  Virg.  127,229.     Prince,  63.      Purchas,  v.  1777,  1778.     Der- 
nier (whose  account  of  this  passage  is  in  Purchas,  ibid.)  says,  "  Wee  found 
u  most  dangerous  catwract  amongst  small  rockie  ilands,  occasioned  by  two 
•unequall  tydes,  the  one  ebbing  and  flowing  two  honres  before  the  other." 
This  was  doubtless  what  is  now  well  known  by  the  name  of  Hell  Gate.*1 
Dermer  sailed  again  to  N.  England  the  next  year  (1620),  and,  arriving  at 
Capawick   [Martha's  Vineyard],  ke  was  suddenly  assaulted  by  Epenow  and 
other  Indians,  and  received  fourteen  wounds.      Returning  to  Virginia,  he 
soon    after   died.     Harris  Voy.  i.  852.      Purchas,  v.   1830,   1831,  1839. 

*  From  the  Dutch:  "quern  nostri  infernl  or,  Tutgo  ket  11  tile-gat  ^ 
Laet,  7».  ,5   See  A.  D,  1550. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  197 

ier,  and  Mr.  William  Brewster,  afterward  its  ruling  1619. 
elder.1  This  church,  in  common  with  other  dis- 
senting churches  throughout  England,  being  ex- 
tremely harassed  for  its  nonconformity,  sought  at 
length  an  asylum  in  Holland,  where  religious  toler- 
ation was  sanctioned  by  the  laws.  Mr.  Robinson 
and  as  many  of  his  congregation,  as  found  it  in  their 
power,  left  England  in  the  years  1607  and  1608, 
and  settled  in  Amsterdam  ;  whence  in  1609  they 
removed  to  Leyden. 3  After  residing  several  years 
in  that  city,  various  causes  influenced  them  to  en- 
tertain serious  thoughts  of  a  removal  to  America. 
These  causes  were,  the  unhealthiness  of  the  low 
country  where  they  lived  ;  the  hard  labours,  to ' 
which  they  were  subjected  ;  the  dissipated  manners 
of  the  Hollanders,  especially  their  lax  observance  of 
the  Lord's  day  ;  the  apprehension  of  war  at  the 
conclusion  of  the  truce  between  Spain  and  Holland, 
which  was  then  near  its  close  ;  the  fear,  lest  their 
young  men  would  enter  into  the  military  and  naval 
service  ;  the  tendency  of  their  little  community  to 
become  absorbed  and  lost  in  a  foreign  nation  ;  the 
natural  and  pious  desire  of  perpetuating  a  church, 
which  they  believed  to  be  constituted  after  the  sim- 
ple and  pure  model  of  the  primitive  church  of  Christ ; 
and  a  commendable  zeal  to  propagate  the  gospel 
in  the  regions  of  the  New  World.5  In  1617,  ha- 
ving concluded  to  go  to  Virginia,  and  settle  in  a 
distinct  body  under  the  general  government  of 
that  colony,  they  sent  Mr.  Robert  Cushman  and 
Mr.  John  Carver  to  England,  to  treat  with  the 
Virginia  company,  and  to  ascertain,  whether  the 
king  would  grant  them  liberty  of  conscience  in  that 

I  Prince,  19,  20. 

z  Prince,  33,  34,  *6,  37,  from  governor  Bradford's  MS.  History  ;  by 
which  "  it  seems  as  if  they  fagan  to  remove  to  Leyden  at  the  end  of  1608." 
Ibid. 

3  For  illustrations  and  proofs  on  this  subject,  and  on  the  character  and 
principles  of  Mr.  RobinsoH  ani  his  Society,  se^  Note  V  at  the  end  o(  the 
volume. 


19$  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1619.  distant  country.'  Though  these  agents  found  the 
Virginia  company  very  desirous  of  the  projected  set- 
tlement in  their  American  territory,  and  willing  to 
grant  them  a  patent  with  as  ample  privileges,  as 
they  had  power  to  convey  ;  yet  they  could  prevail 
v/ith  the  king  no  farther,  than  to  engage,  that  he 
would  connive  at  them,  and  not  molest  them,  pro- 
vided they  should  conduct  peaceably.  Toleration 
in  religious  liberty,  by  his  public  authority.,  under 
his  seal,  was  denied.  The  agents  returned  to  Ley- 
den  the  year  following  (1618),  to  the  great  discour- 
agement of  the  congregation.2 

February.        Resolved  however  to  make  another  trial,   they 

scntfrom    sent  two  other  agents  to  England  in  February  of 

Holland     this  year  (i  6  19),  to  agree  with  the  Virginia  company  ; 

f  J°d£ng"  but,  dissensions  then  arising  in  that  body,  the  busi- 

ness was  necessai^y  procrastinated.     After  long  at- 

Patent       tendance,  the  agents  obtained  a  patent,  granted  and 

obtained,    confirmecl  under  the  seal  of  the  Virginia  company  ; 

but,  though  procured  with  much  charge  and  labour, 

it  was  never  used,  because  it  was  taken  out  in  the 

name  of  a  gentleman,  3  who,  though  at  that  time  de- 

signing to  accompany  the  Ley  den  congregation,  was 

providentially  prevented.     This  patent  however  ber 

ing  carried  to  Leyden  for  the  consideration  of  the 

people,   with  several  proposals  from  En  dish  mer* 

?repara-       *,      r  i     c  •        i       r          -i     •  •  i 

tions  fcr     chants  and  friends  for  their  transportation,  they 
removing   were  reqUested  to  prepare  immediately  for  the  voy*» 

to  Anieri- 


1620, 

It  was  agreed  by  the  English  Congregation  at 
Leyden,  that  some  of  their  number  should  go  to  A- 
merica,  to  make  preparation  for  the  rest.  Mr.  Rob- 
inson, their  minister,  was  prevailed  on  to  stay  with 

1  Hubbard  MS.  New  Eng.sS. 

2  Prince,  56,  57.     Hazard  Coll.  i.  361. 

3  Mr.  John  Wincob,  "  a  religious  gentleman,  belonging  to  the  counteis 
c*f  Lincoln."     Prince,  65. 

4  Piince,  65.    Hazard  Coll.  i.  87—89. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

the  greater  part  at  Ley  den  ;  Mr.  Brews  ter,  their  el-  1620. 
der,  was  to  accompany  the  first  adventurers ;  but 
these,  and  their  brethren  remaining  in  Holland, 
were  to  continue  to  be  one  church,  and  to  re- 
ceive each  other  to  Christian  communion,  without  a 
formal  dismission,  or  testimonial.  Several  of  the 
congregation  sold  their  estates,  and  made  a  common 
bank,  which,  together  with  money  received  from 
other  adventurers,  enabled  them  to  purchase  the 
Speedwell,  a  ship  of  sixty  tons,  and  to  hire  in  Eng- 
land the  Mayflower,  a  ship  of  one  hundred  and  eighty 
tons,  for  the  intended  enterprise. 

Preparation  being  thus  made,  the  adventurers  English 
having  left  Ley  den  for  England  in  July,  sailed  on 
the  fifth  of  August  from  Southampton  for  America  ;  den. 
but,  on  account  of  the  leakinesr  of  the  small  ship, 
they  were  twice  obliged  to  return*     Dismissing  this 
ship,  as  unfit  for  the  service,  they  sailed  from  Ply- 
mouth on  the  sixth  of  September  in  the  Mayfl6wer.  gept.  6. 
After  a  boisterous  passage,  they  at  break  of  day  on  Saii/°r", 
the  ninth  of  November  discovered  the  land  of  Cape  A 
Cod.     Perceiving  that  they  had  been  carried  to  the 
northward  of  the  place  of  their  destination,  they 
stood  to  the  southward,  intending  to  find  some  place 
near  Hudson's  river,  for  settlement.     Falling  how- 
ever among  shoals,1   they  were  induced  from  this 
incident,  together  with  the  consideration  of  the  ad- 
vanced season  of  the  year,  and  the  weakness  of  their 
condition,  to  relinquish  that  part  of  their  original 
design.     The  master  of  the  ship,  availing  himself  of 
the  fears  of  the  passengers,  and  of  their  extreme  so- 
licitude to  be  set  on  shore,  gladly  shifted  his  course 
to  the  northward  ;   for  he  Had  been  clandestinely 
promised  a  reward  in  Holland,  if  he  would  not  carry 
the  English  to  Hudson's  river. *       Steering  again 

i  The  same,  which  Gosnold  called  Point  Care  and  Tucker's  Terror  ; 
hut  which  the  French  and  Dutch  call  Malebar.  Prince,  73.  See  A.  D.  1602. 

a  Some  historians  represent  this  bribery  of  Jones,  the  master  of  the  ship, 
as  what  was  suspected  merely ;  but  Morton  [N.'Eng.  Memorial,  13.]  says,  "  Qf 


AMMlCAN  ANisfALS, 

1620.  therefore  for  the  cape,  the  ship  was  clear  of  the 
danger  before  night  ;  and  the  next  day,  a  storm 
com*n£  OI1'  t^ley  Cropped  anchor  in  Cape  Cod  har- 
Cod.  bour,  where  they  were  secure  from  winds  and  shoals. 
Finding  the  harbour  to  be  in  the  forty  second  de- 
gree of  north  latitude,  and  therefore  beyond  the  ter- 
ritory of  the  South  Virginia  company,  they  perceiv- 
ed that  their  charter,  received  from  that  company, 
had  become  useless*  Symptoms  of  faction  at  the 
same  time  appearing  among  the  servants  on  board, 
who  imagined,  that,  when  on  shore,  they  should  be 
under  no  government  ,  it  was  judged  expedient^ 
that,  before  disembarkation,  they  should  combine 
themselves  into  a  body  politic,  to  be  governed  by 
the  majority.  After  solemn  prayer  and  thanksgiv- 
ing, a  written  instrument,  drawn  for  that  purpose, 
was  accordingly  subscribed  oil  board  the  ship,  on 
NOV.  it.  the  eleventh  day  of  November.  This  solemn  con-* 

Sign  a  con-  J.  ,        ~  r    ,  .  , 

tract  for     tract  was  signed  by  forty  one  or  their  number  ;  and 
civil  go-     they,  with  their  families,  amounted  to  One  hundred 

vefiunent.  t  ,     i\  /r       T    i        ^ 

and  one  persons.  Mr.  John  Carver  was  now  unan- 
imously chosen  their  governor  for  one  year.  Thus 
did  these  intelligent  colonjsts  find  means  to  erect 
themselves  into  a  republic,  even  though  they  had 
commenced  their  enterprise  under  the  sanction  of  a 
royal  charter  ;  "  a  case,  that  is  rare  in  history,  and 
can  be  effected  only  by  that  perseverance,  which  the 
true  spirit  of  liberty  inspires."3 

Various  Government  being  thus  established,  sixteen  men, 
well  armed,  with  a  few  others,  were  sent  on  shore 
the  same  day,  to  fetch  wood,  and  make  discoveries  ; 
but  they  returned  at  night,  without  having  found  a- 
ny  person,  or  habitation.  The  company,  having 
rested  on  the  Lord's  day,  disembarked  on  Monday, 

this  plot,  betwixt  the  Dutch  and  Mr.  Jones,  I  have  had  late  and  certain 
intelligence." 

1  This  contract,  with  the  names  of  its  subscribers,  is  in  Morton's  Me- 
morial, 16,  17  ;  Purchas,  v.  1843  5  Prince,  84,  $J  ;  and  Hazard  Coll  i.  119* 

3  Univ,  Hist,  xxxix,  275, 


occurren- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

the  thirteenth  of  November  ;  and  soon  after  pro-  1620, 
ceeded  to  make  farther  discovery  of  the  country. 
On  Wednesday  the  fifteenth,  Miles  Standish  and 
sixteen  armed  men,  in  searching  for  a  convenient 
place  for  settlement,  saw  five  or  six  Indians,  whom 
they  folloXved  several  miles,  until  night  ;  but,  not 
overtaking  them,  were  constrained  to  lodge  in  the 
woods.  The  next  day  they  discovered  heaps  of 
earth,  one  of  which  they  dug  open  ;  but,  finding 
within  implements  of  war^  they  concluded  these 
were  Indian  graves  ;  and  therefore,  replacing  what 
they  had  taken  out,  they  left  them  inviolate.  In 
different  heaps  of  sand  they  also  found  baskets  of 
corn,  a  large  quantity  of  which  they  carried  away 
in  a  great  kettle,  found  at  the  ruins  of  an  Indian 
house.1  This  providential  discovery  gave  them 
seed  for  a  future  harvest,  and  preserved  the  infant 
colony  from  famine. 

Before  the  close  of  November  Mrs.  Susanna  First  Euro- 
White  was  delivered  of  a  son,  who  was  called  Pere-  P®*°  £j"^ 
grine  ;  and  this  was  the  first  child  of  European  ex-  England.  ' 
traction,  born  in  New  England* 

On  the  sixth  of  December  the  shallop  was  sentTheadven,. 
out  with  several  of  the  principal  men,  Carver,  Brad-  turers  seek 
ford,  Winslow,  Standish  and  others, .  and  eight  or 
ten  seamen ,  to  sail  around  the  bay,  in  search  of  a 
place  for  settlement.  The  next  day  this  company 
was  divided  ;  and,  while  some  travelled  qn  shore, 
others  coasted  in  the  shallop.  Early  in  the  morn- 
ing of  the  eighth,  those  on  the  shore  were  surprised 

i  This  "  had  been  some  ship's  kettle,  and  brought  out  of  Europe." 
Purchas,  v.  1844.  In  a  second  excursion  a  few  days  after,  they  discovered 
irea'r  the  same  place  more  corn,  which,  in  addition  to  what  they  had  taken 
away  before,  made  about  ten  bushels  ;  the  whole  of  which  was  afterward 
paid  for,  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the  natives.  This  place  they  called 
Cornhill  ;  a  name,  which  the  inhabitants  of  Truro  (in  whose  township  it 
lies)  have  lately  consented  to  revive.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  viii.  214.  ^  But  for 
the  first  excursion,  this  very  interesting  discovery  of  the  corn  would  proba- 
bly not  have  been  made  ;  for,  in  the  second  instance,  "  the  ground,"  say  s 
Mourt's  Relation,  "  was  now  covered  with  snow,  and  so  hard  frosen,  that 
we  were  faine  with  our  cnrtlaxes  and  short  swords,  to  hew  and  carve  the 
ground  a  foote  deepe,  and  then  wrevt  it  up  with  leavers."  Purchas,  v. 
Bh 


2.02  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1620.  by  a  flight  of  arrows  from  a  party  of  Indians  ;  but5 
on  the  discharge  of  the  English  muskets,  the  Indians 
instantly  disappeared.1  The  shallop,  after  immi- 
nent hazard  from  the  loss  of  its  rudder  and  mast  in  a 
storm,  and  from  shoals,  which  it  narrowly  escaped, 
reached  a  small  island  on  the  night  of  the  eighth  ; 
and  here  the  company  the  next  day,  which  was  the 
last  day  of  the  week,  reposed  themselves,  with  pious 
gratitude  for  their  preservation.  On  this  island* 
they  the  next  day  kept  the  Christian  sabbath.  The 
Dec.  ir.  day  following  they  sounded  the  harbour,  and  found 

^"atPiy-4*  ^t  ^or  shipping  9    went  on  shore,3  and  explored 
mouth.      the  adjacent  land,  where  they  saw  various  cornfields 
and  brooks  ;   and,  judging  the  situation  to  be  con- 
venient for  a  settlement,  they  returned  with  the  wel- 
come intelligence  to  the  ship. 

for  tw?*  ^n  t^ie  frfteentn  they  weighed  anchor,  and  pro- 
port,  ceeded  with  the  ship  for  this  newly  discovered  port, 
where  they  arrived  on  the  following  day.  On  the 
eighteenth  and  nineteenth  they  went  on  shore  for 
discovery,  but  returned  at  night  to  the  ship.  On 
the  morning  of  the  twentieth,  after  imploring  divine 
guidance,  they  went,  on  shore  again,  to  fix  on  some 
place  for  immediate  settlement.  After  viewing  the 
country,  they  concluded  to  settle  on  a  high  ground, 
facing  the  bay,  where  the  land  was  cleared,  and  the 
water  was  excellent. 
Dec.  23.  Qn  Saturday  the  twenty  third,  as  many  of  the 

Company  11-1  •  •      i 

KO  on       company,  as  could  with  convenience,  went  on  shore, 

.store.        an(i  fe]]eci  ancl  carried  timber  to  the  spot,  designated 

for  the  erection  of  a  building  for  common  use.     On 

i  These  were  the  Nauset  Indians.  Purchas,  v.  1849.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc. 
viii.  161,  367. 

z  It  was  afterward  called  Clark's  Island,  because  Mr.  Clark,  the  mas- 
ter's mate,  first  stepped  ashore  thereon"  [Morton,  24.]  ;  and  it  still  retains 
that  name.  It  is  "  by  the  mouth  of  Plymouth  harbour,"  and  in  full  view 
of  the  town.  Morton  (ibid.)  says,  it  lay  between  the  Gurnet's  Nose  and 
Sagaquab  ;  but  the  Hon.  JOHN  DAVIS,  esquire,  informs  me,  that  what  is  now 
rilled  Saquish  (which  he  supposes  to  be  Sagaquab)  lies  between  Clark"* 
Island  and  the  Gurnet's  Nose.  3  See  f.  207,  note  I. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  203 

.Lord's  day  the  twenty  fourth,  the  people  on  shore    1620. 
\vere  alarmed  by  the  cry  of  Indians,    and  expected 
an  assault  ;    but   they  continued  unmolested.     On 
Monday  the  twenty  fifth  they  began  to  build  the  Dec  25 
first  house.  A  platform  for  their  ordnance  demand-  Build  the 
ing  the  earliest  attention,  they  on  the  twenty  eighth  firsc  house* 
began  one  on  a  hill,  which  commanded  an  extensive 
prospect  of  the  plain  beneath,  of  the  expanding  bay, 
and  of  the  distant  ocean. *       In  the  afternoon  they 
divided  their  whole  company  into  nineteen  families  ; 
measured   out  the   ground  ;   and  assigned  to  every 
person  by  lot  half  a  pole  in  breadth,  and  three  poles 
jn  length,  for  houses  and  gardens.      Though  most 
of  the  company  were  on  board  the  ship  on  the  Lord's 
day,  December  thirty  first  j   yet  some  of  them  kept  JEraof  ^ 
sabbath  for  the  first  time  in  their  new  house,    Here  settlement- 
therefore  is  fixed  the  aera  of  their  settlement,  which, 
in  grateful  remembrance  of  the  Christian  friends, 
whom  they  found  at  the  last  town  they  left  in  their 
native  country,  they  called  Plymouth.      This  was ,  which  is 
the  foundation  pf  the  first  English  town,  built  in  Ci 


New  England. 

After  the  departure  of  the  adventurers  from  the  NOW  pa- 
coast  of  England,  a  new  patent,  dated  the  third  day  ^""thPl 
of  November,    was  granted  by  king  James  to  the  company 
duke  of  Lenox,  the  marquisses  of  Buckingham  and 
Hamilton,   the  earls  of  Arundel  and  Warwick,  Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges,  with  thirty  four  associates,  and 
their  successors,  styling  them,  "  The  Council  estab- 

I  This  fortification  was  made  on  the  summit  of  the.  hill,  on  which  Ply- 
mouth burying  ground  now  lies  ;  and  the  reliques  of  it  are  still  visible. 

1  Purchas,  v.  1842 — 1849.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.Hi.  203—- 222.  Morton, 
I — 25.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xvii.  Prince,  7  5—95.  Smith  V%. 
230 — 2.33.  Josselyn  Voy.  248.  I.  Mather  N.  Eng-.  5.  «  A  flection  or 
Journal  of  a  Plantation  settled  at  Plymouth  iu  New  England,  and  Proceed- 
ings thereof,"  quoted  by  historians  as  "  Mourt's  Relation,"  and  E.  Wins- 
low's  "  Good  News  from  New  England,"  are  reprinted,  with  explanatory 
Notes  by  the  Editor,  in  the  VHIth.  volume  of  the  Collections-  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts Historical  Society.  Those  Notes  and  the  valuable  papers  in  that 
volume  by  the  same  hand,  with  the  obscure  signature  of  r.  s.  will  be  read 
•with  attention,  when  it  is  known,  that  they  were  composed  by  the  present 
Recocding  Secretary  of  the  Historical  Society,  the  Reverend  JAMES 

JUAN, 


204  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

3620.  lished  at  Plymouth,  in  the  county  of  Devon,  for 
the  planting,  ruling,  ordering,  and  governing  of  NEW- 
ENGLAND,  in  America."  By  this  patent  that  part 
of  the  American  territory,  which  lies  between  the 
fortieth  and  the  forty  eighth  degree  of  north  latitude 
in  breadth,  and  "  in  length  by  all  the  breadth  afore- 
said throughout  the  main  land  from  sea  to  sea," 
was  given  to  them  in  absolute  property  ;  the  same 
authority  and  privileges,  which  had  previously  been 
given  to  the  treasurer  and  company  of  Virginia,  were 
now  conferred  on  them  ;  and  they  were  equally  em- 
powered to  exclude  all  from  trading  within  the 
boundaries  of  their  jurisdiction,  and  from  fishing  in 
the  neighbouring  seas.  This  patent  was  the  only 
civil  basis  of  all  the  subsequent  patents  and  planta- 
tions, which  divided  this  country. ' 

Virginia.  While  the  foundation  of  a  new  settlement  was 
laid  in  the  north,  the  Virginian  colony  was  making 
rapid  progress  in  the  south.  Eleven  ships,  which 
had  sailed  the  preceding  year  from  England,  arrived 
at  Virginia,  with  twelve  hundred  and  sixteen  persons 
for  settlement.2  Nearly  one  thousand  colonists 
were  settled  there,  previous  to  this  accession.3 
One  of  the  methods,  adopted  for  the  increase  of 
their  number,  if  not  the  most  delicate,  was  perhaps 
the  most  politic.  The  enterprising  colonists  being 
generally  destitute  of  families,  Sir  Edwin  Sandys, 
the  treasurer,  proposed  to  the  Virginia  company  to 
send  over  a  freight  of  young  women,  to  become 
wives  for  the  planters.  The  proposal  was  applaud- 
ed ;  and  ninety  girls,  "  young  and  uncorrupt/* 
were  sent  over  in  the  ships,  that  arrived  this  year  ; 
and,  the  year  following,  sixty  more,  handsome,  and 
\vell  recommended  to  the  company  for  their  virtuous 

i  Mather  Magnal.  i.  4.  Prince,  95.  Chalmers,  i,  81.  This  patent  is 
In  Hazard  ColL  i.  103 — 118. 

y,  Smith  Virg.  126.  Of  these  immigrants  650  were  destined  for  ti^ 
public  use,  and  611  for  private  plantations.  Ibid. 

3  Harris  Voy.  i.  840, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  sa$ 

education  and  demeanor.  The  price  of  a  'wife,  at  1629, 
the  first,  was  one  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco  ;  bur, 
as  the  number  became  scarce,  the  price  was  increas- 
ed to  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  the  value  of 
which,  in  money,  was  three  shillings  per  pound. 
This  debt  for  wives,  it  was  ordered,  should  have  the 
precedency  of  all  other  debts,  and  be  first  recovera- 
ble.1 

Beside  the  transportation  of  reputable  people, 
the  king  commanded  the  treasurer  and  council  of 
the  Virginia  company,  to  send  to  Virginia  a  hun- 
dred dissolute  persons,  to  be  delivered  to  them  by 
the  knight  marshal  ,  and  they  were  accordingly 
sent  over  as  servants.  *  The  early  custom  of  trans- 
porting vicious  and  profligate  people  to  that  colony, 
as  a  place  of  punishment  and  disgrace,  though  de- 
signed for  its  benefit,  yet  became  ultimately  preju- 
dicial to  its  growth  and  prosperity. 3 

The  Virginia  company,  disliking  the  almost  ex- 
clusive application  of  their  colony  to  the  culture  of 
tobacco,  encouraged  various  projects  for  raising  ar- 
ticles of  more  immediate  necessity  and  benefit,  and 
particularly  the  culture  of  silk.4  In  conformity  to 
this  new  policy,  one  hundred  and  fifty  persons  in  the 
colony  were  sent  to  set  up  three  iron  works  ;  direc- 
tions were  given  for  making  cordage  ;  it  was  recom- 
mended to  the  people  to  make  pitch,  tar,  and  pot- 
ashes ;  and  men,  with  materials,' were  sent  over,  for 
the  purpose  of  erecting  several  saw  mills.* 

.4  special  commission  was  issued  in  April  by  king 
James,  for  the  inspection  of  tobacco6  ;  and  a  proch- 

i  Stith,  166,  176,  197.     Belknap,  n.  68.     Chalmers,  i.  4$. 

Z  Smith  [Hist.  Virg.  127.]  says,  that  50  servants  were,  this  year,  sent 
for  public  service  ;  50,  whose  labours  were  to  bring  up  30  of  the  LjldJ't 
children  ;  and  that  others  were  sent  to  private  planters. 

3  Stith,  1 68. 

4  Stith,  183.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  70. 

5  Stith,  177. 

6  Rymer's  Fcedera,  xvii.  190.     Hazard  Coll.  i.  89 — 91,  where  it  is   in- 
serted entire.      Its  title  is,  "  Commissio  Specialis  coacernens  le  Garbling 
Herbse  Nicotians." 


5e$  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1620.  matlon  in  June  for  restraining  the  disorderly  trading 
in  this  obnoxious  article.1 

This  year  is  remarkable  in  Virginian  history,  for 
the  introduction  of  freedom  into  colonial  commerce. 
The  monopoly  of  the  treasurer  and  company,  which 
had  depressed  the  settlement,  was  relinquished,  and 
the  trade  laid  open  to  all  without  restriction. * 
Negroes         -^-  Dutch  ship,  putting  into  Virginia,  sold  twenty 
imported   negroes  to  the  colony  ;   and  these  were  the  first  ne- 
ginLVu     groes  imported  into  Virginia. 3 

There  were  at  this  time  but  five  ministers  in  Vir- 
ginia ;  and  eleven  boroughs,  erected  into  eleven  par- 
ishes. 4 

Holland  The  West  India  Company  of  Holland  was  now 
eom1"^  established  by  a  charter  from  the  States  General,  in- 
vesting it  with  an  exclusive  trade  to  the  western 
coast  of  Africa,  and  to  the  eastern  shores  of  Ameri- 
ca, from  Newfoundland  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  * 
The  island  Margarita  was  invaded  by  the  Dutch, 
who 'demolished  its  castle  ;  and  after  this  period  it 
was  chiefly  abandoned  by  the  Spaniards. 5 
£U:ana  About  a  year  after  the  death  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
kgh,  king  James  granted  Roger  North  a  commis- 
sion to  inhabit  and  settle  a  colony  near  the  river  of 
Amazons  in  Guiana  ;  so  great  however  was  the  in- 
fluence of  Gondemar,  the  Spanish  ambassador,  that 
the  king  in  May  issued  a  proclamation  to  recall  him  ; 
and  another,  for  regulating  the  trade  with  that  coun- 
try.7 

i  Rymer's  Feed.  xvii.  233.    Hazard  Coll.  i.  93 — 96,  where  ft  is  inserted 
entire. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  49. 

3  Smith  Virg.  126,  where  the  Dutch  ship  is  called  a  man  of  war.  Stith, 
282.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  528.     Chalmers,  i.  49. 

4  Stith,  173. 

5  Chalmers,  i.  569.      Hazard  Coll.  i.  J2I — 131,  where  the   Charter  J* 
inserted  entire. 

6  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  527.  „ 

7  Oldys.Life  Ral.  423.    Rymer's  Fcedera,  xvii.  215.    See  p.  192, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

',,'----  „  '  •   .-  .        •*.  *%**. 

l62I. 

The  Plymouth  colonists  on  the  ninth  of  January 
proceeded  to  the  erection  of  their  projected  town  ; 
which  they  built  in  two  rows  of  houses  for  greater 
security. ' '  On  the  fourteenth  their  Common  House, 
that  had  been  built  in  December,  took  fire  from  a 
spark,  that  fell  on  its  thatched  roof,  and  was  entire- 
ly consumed.  *  On  the  seventeenth  of  February 
they  met  for  settling  military  orders,  and  having 
chosen  Miles  Standish  for  their  captain,  conferred 
on  him  the  power  pertaining  to  that  office. 3 

On  the  sixteenth  of  March  an  Indian  came  boldly  March  r& 
alone,   into  the  street  of  Plymouth,  and  surprised  rFujst 

.....  ,  ...  J        ___  ,  _  r  ,.  ,     Indian  visit* 

the  inhabitants  by  calling  out,  "  Welcome,  English- 
men !  Welcome,  Englishmen  !"  He  was  their  first 
visitant  ;  his  name  was  Samoset,  a  sagamore  of  the 
country,  lying  at  the  distance  of  about  five  days* 
journey.  Having  conversed  with  the  English  fish- 
ermen, who  had  come  to  this  coast,  and  learnt  of 
them  to  speak  broken  English,  he  informed  the 
Plymouth  people,  that  the  place,  where  they  were 
seated,  was  called  by  the  Indians  Patuxet  ;  that  all 
the  inhabitants  died  of  an  extraordinary  plague,  a- 
bout  four  years  since  ;  and  that  there  was  neither 
man,  woman,  nor  child,  remaining.4  No  natives 

1  The  same  street,  which  leads  from  the  old  church  in  Plymouth  to  the 
water  side.  It  has  been  proposed  by  several  respectable  gentlemen  of  Plym- 
outh to  call  it  Leyden  Street.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  viii.  223.     It  was  on  the 
eleventh  of  December   1620  [See  p.  202.]  that  the  venerable  fathers  of 
New  England  first  stepped  on  that  ROCK,  which  is  sacredly  preserved  in 
memory  of  their  arrival.     A  ponderous  fragment  of  it  has  been  removed 
into  the  main  street  of  Plymouth.     The  twenty  second  day  of  December,  new 
(style,  corresponding  to  the  eleventh,  old  style,  has  been  long  observed  at 
Plymouth,  and  several  years  at  Boston,  as  the  Anniyersary  of  the  Landing 
of  the  Fathers. 

2  Purchas,  v.  1848.     In  1801,  in  digging  a  cellar,  sundry  tools  and  a 
plate  of  iron  were  discovered,  seven  feet  below  the  surface  of  the  ground 
on  the  place,   where  it  is  supposed  that  this   common  house  stood.     Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.  viii.  223,  and  verbal  information  at  Plymouth. 

3  Purchas,  v.  1849.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  viii.  225. 

4  "  As  indeed,"  adds  Mourt's  ReLtion,  "  we  haveJfound  none,   so  a? 
tkere  is  none  to  hinder  our  possession  3  or  to  lay  claim  unto  it."     Purchas, 
V.  1849.    The   early  historians  agree  in  the  fact,  but  differ  in  ivgr.rd  t» 


AMERICAN  ANNALS* 

1621.  therefore  were  dispossessed  of  this  territory,  to  make 
room  for  the  English,  excepting  by  the  providence 
of  God  previously  to  their  arrival. 

Samoset,  treated  with  hospitality  by  these  stran- 
gers, was  disposed  to  preserve  an  intercourse  with 
them  ;  and,  on  his  third  visit.,  was  accompanied  by 
Squanto,  one  of  the  natives,  who  Had  been  carried 
off  by  Hunt  in  1614,  and  afterward  lived  in  Eng- 
land. They  informed  the  English,  that  Masassoit, 
the  greatest  king  of  the  neighbouring  Indians,  was 
Masassoit  near,  with  his  brother  arid  a  number  of  his  people  ; 

un  Indian  ,.,.  ,  ,  t  r 

king- makes  and  within  an  hour  he  appeared   on  the  top  or  a 
h«  first  up-  hill *  Over  against  the  English  town,  with  a  train  of 

bearance. 

sixty  men.    ,  ,  ,. 

Mutual  distrust  prevented  for  some  time  any  ad- 
vances from  either  side.  Squanto  at  length,  being 
Sent  to  Masassoit,  brought  back  word,  that  the 
English  should  send  one  of  their  number  to  parley 
with  him.  Mr.  Edward  Winslow  was  accordingly- 
sent.  Two  knives,  and  a  copper  chain,  with  ajew- 
el  in  it,  were  sent  to  Masassoit  at  the  same  time  ; 
find  to  his  brother  a  knife,  arid  a  jewel,  "  with  a  pot 

tae  time  of  the  plague.  Some  of  them  say,  it  \vas  three  or  lour  years  before 
the  first  arrival  of  the  English  at  Plymouth  ;  some,  that  it  was  two  or 
three  ;  while  others  place  it  in  1619,  the  year  preceding  the  arrival.  See 
Morton,  25  ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iv,  108  ;  Prince,  46;  Neal  N.Eng.  i.  87. 
Johnson  [Wonderwork*  Prov.  16.]  says,  it  was  "  the  summer  after  the 
Mazing  starre,"  which  was  seen  about  three  hours  above  the  horizon  "  for 
the  space  of  30  sleeps,"  or  days,  and  which  led  the  Indians  to  "  expect 
strange  things  to  follow."  This  was  probably  the  remarkable  comet  of 
1618,  mentioned  by  Alste'J  [Thesaurus  Chron.  314;  493.]  :  "  Eod.  anno 
(1618)  et  seq.  fulget  horribilis  cometa  mense  Novembri,  Decembri  et  Jan- 
uario."  If  Johnson  be  correct,  and  if  this  were  the  blazing  star,  to  which 
he  refers,  the  plague  must  have  been  in  1619.  Intelligence  of  its  desolating 
effect  had  reached  England  before  the  charter  of  Nov.  3,  1620  ;  for  in  that 
-  instrument  king  James  mentions  this  desolation  as  a  special  reason  for  grant- 
ing the  charter  :  "  Also  for  that  We  have  been  further  given  certainly  t» 
knowe,  that  within  these  late  yeares  there  hath  by  God's  visitation  raign- 
ed  a  wonderfull  Plague,  together  with  many  horrible  slaughters,  and  mur- 
thers,  committed  amoungst  the  Savages  and  bruitish  people  there,  heerto- 
fore  inhabiting,  in  a  manner  to  the  utter  destruction,  devastacion,  and  de- 
populacion  of  that  whole  territorye,  so  that  there  is  not  left  for  many  league* 
together  in  a  manner,  any  that  doe  claime  or  challenge  any  kind  of  inter- 
fests  therein."  Charter,  Hazard  Coll.  i.  105. 

i  Watson's  hill,  on  the  south  side  of  Town  brook,  Coll.  Hist,  Soc.  viii.  219* 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  209 

of  strong  water,"  a  quantity  of  biscuit,  and  some  1621. 
butter,  all  which  articles  were  gladly  accepted. 
Mr.  Winslow,  the  messenger,  in  a  speech  to  Masas- 
soit,  signified,  that  king  James  saluted  him  with 
words  of  love  and  peace,  and  that  the  English  gov- 
ernor desired  to  see  him,  and  to  truck  with  him,  and 
to  confirm  a  peace  with  him,  as  his  next  neighbour. 
The  Indian  king  heard  his  speech  with  attention, 
and  approbation.  After  partaking  of  the  provision, 
which  made  part  of  the  English  present,  and  im- 
parting the  rest  to  his  company,  he  looked  on  Mr. 
Winslow's  sword  and  armour,  with  an  intimation  of 
his  desire  to  buy  it  ;  but  found  him  unwilling  to 
part  with  it.  At  the  close  of  the  interview,  Masas- 
soit,  leaving  Mr.  Winslow  in  the  custody  of  his 
brotherj  Went  over  the  brook,  which  separated  him 
from  the  English,  with  a  train  of  twenty  men,  whose 
bows  and  arrows  were  left  behind.  He  was  met  at 
the  brook  by  captain  Standish  and  Mr.  Williamson, 
with  six  musketeers,  who  conducted  him  to  a  house 
then  in  building,  where  were  placed  a  green  rug, 
and  three  or  four  cushions.  The  governor  now  ad- 
vanced, attended  with  a  drum  and  trumpet,  and  a 
few  musketeers.  After  mutual  salutations,  the 
governor  called  for  refreshments,  of  which  the  In- 
dian king  partook  himself,  and  imparted  to  his  fol- 
lowers.  A  league  of  friendship  was  then  agreed  with  Ma- 
on J  ;  and  it  was  inviolably  observed  above  fifty sassoit- 
years. a 

On  the  following  day  the  English  concluded  their 
military  orders,  with  some  laws,  adapted  to  their 
present  state.  They  also  confirmed  Mr.  Carver  as 

i_    •  i  i-  i          i         t-     i  Gov.  Car- 

then*  governor  the  succeeding  year  ;    but  he  died  ver  dies. 

soon  after,  to  the  great  regret  of  the  colony.      He 

I  Purchas,  v.  1850  ;  Morton,  26,  27  ;  Prince,  101, 10*  ;  Hazard  Coll. 
146  ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  viii ;  in  each  of  which  places  the  articles  of  this  League 
are  preserved. 

a  Until  king  Philip's  war,  A.  D.  1675.  Prince,  102.  Coll.  HJst.  Soc. 
viii.  az5,.az6. 

Cc 


2io  %        AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1621.  was  a  man  of  singular  piety,  humility  and  conde- 
scension ;  and  possessed  a  considerable  estate,  the 
greatest  part  of  which  he  expended  in  promoting 
the  interests  of  the  infant  colony,  over  which  he 
presided.1      Soon   after  his    death,    Mr.    William 
w.  Brad-   Bradford  was  chosen  governor,  and  Mr.  Isaac  Aller- 
iord  chos-  ton  hjs  assistant  ;    and,  by  renewed  erections,  they 

«n  govern-  •  i  •         n-  i  J 

or.  were  continued  in  office  several  years. 

A  great  mortality,  that  commenced  among  the 
people  soon  after  their  arrival  at  Plymouth,  swept 
off  half  of  their  number  within  the  first  three  months, 
leaving  scarcely  fifty  persons  remaining. 3 
First  mar-       ^le  ^rst  man"iage  in  tne  colony  was  solemnized 
riage  at      on  the  twelfth  of  May,  between  Mr.  Edward  Wins- 
Plymouth.  jOW9  and  Mrs>  Susanna  White.4 

Duel  The  first  duel  in  New  England  was  fought  on  the 

eighteenth  of  June,  on  a  challenge  at  single  combat 
with  sword  and  dagger,  between  two  servants  j  both 
of  whom  were  wounded.  For  this  outrage  they 
were  sentenced  by  the  whole  company  to  the  igno- 
minious punishment  of  having  the  head  and  feet  tied 
together,  and  of  lying  thus  twenty  four  hours,  with- 
out meat  or  drink.  After  suffering  however  in  that 
painful  posture  one  hour,  at  their  master's  interces* 


l  Morton,-  33.    The  broad  sword  of  governor  Carver  is  preserved  in 
the  cabinet  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 
1  Morton,  34.  Prince,  104,  105, 

3  Morton,  24,  25.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  45.     Tradition  gives  an  af- 
fecting picture  of  the  infant  colony,  during  this  critical  and  distressing  pe- 
riod.    The  dead  were  buried  on  the  bank,  at  a  little  distance  from  the  rock 
where  the  fathers  landed  ;   and,  lest  the  Indians  should  take  advantage  of 
the  weak  and  wretched  state  of  the  English,  the  graves  were  levelled,  and 
sown,  for  the  purpose  of  concealment.  This  information  I  received  at  Plym- 
outh from  deacon  Ephraim  Spoorier,  a  respectable  inhabitant  of  that  town, 
who  accompanied  me  to  the  spot  where  those  first  interments  were  made. 
Human  bones  have  been  washed  out  of  the  bank  by  high  tides,  within  the 
memory  of  the  present  generation.    Deacon  Spooner,  now  upwards  of  sev- 
enty years  of  age,  had  his  information  from  Mr.  Thomas  Faunce,  who  was 
a  ruling  elder  in  the  first  church  in  Plymouth,  and  was  well  acquainted  with 
several  of  the  first  settlers.     Elder  Faunce  knew  the  rock,  on  which  they 
first  landed  5    and,  hearing  that  it  was  covered  in  the  erection  of  a  wharf, 
was  so  affected,  that  he  wept.    His  tears  perhaps  saved  it  from  oblivion- 
He  died  27  Feb.  1746,  JEtut.  xcix. 

4  Prince,  105. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  21,1 


sion,  and  their  own  humble  request,  with  the  prom- 
ise  of  amendment,  they  were  released  by  the  gov- 
ernor. x 

Governor  Bradford,   by  advice  of  the  company,  J^]^Ins_ 
sent  Edward  Winslow  and  Stephen  Hopkins,  with  iowands, 
Squanto  for  their   guide,    to  Masassoit,  to  explord  Hopkins 

0  ~        7   -,         t  ,  T       visit  Ma- 

the  country  ;  to  confirm  the  league  ;  to  learn  the  sassoit. 
situation  and  strength  of  their  new  friend  ;  to  carry 
some  presents  ;  to  apologize  for  some  supposed  in- 
juries ;  to  regulate  the  intercourse  between  the  Eng- 
lish and  the  Indians  ;  and  to  procure  seed  corn  for 
the  next  planting  season.  They  lodged  the  first 
night  at  Namasket.*  In  some  places,  they  found 
the  country  almost  depopulated  by  the  plague,  which 
had  desolated  the  neighbourhood  of  Patuxet.  They 
passed  through  fine  old  corn  fields,  and  pasture 
grounds,  that  were  destitute  of  cattle  and  of  inhab- 
itants. Skulls  and  bones  appeared  in  many  place? 
where  the  Indians  had  dwelt.  -  On  their  arrival  at 
Pokanoket,3  the  place  of  Masassoit's  residence,  for- 
ty miles  from  Plymouth,  they  were  kindly  welcomed 
by  that  Indian  sovereign,  who  renewed  his  assurances  ' 
of  continuing  the  peace  and  friendship.4 

I  Prince,  105. 

a  A  town  under  Masassoit.     It  was  that  part  of  Middlenerough,  which 
the  English  afteward  first  planted.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  148. 

3  Pokanoket  was  a  general  name  for  the  northern  shore  of  Narraganset 
Bay,  between  Providence  and  Taunton  rivers,  comprehending  the  present 
townships  of  Bristol,  Warren,  and  Harrington,  in  the  State  of  Rhode  Island, 
and  Swanzey  in  Massachusetts.     The  principal  seats  of  Masassoit  were  at 
Sowams  and  Kikemuit.    The  former  is  a  neck  of  land  formed  by  the  con- 
fluence of  Barrington  and  Palmer's  rivers  ;  the  latter  is  Mount  Hope.  Bel- 
knap  Biog.  ii.  221.     Callender  Cent.  Disc.  30. 

4  Purchas,  v.  1851,  1852.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  via.  232—237.     Hubbard 
MS.  N.  Eng.  53.     Morton,  34,  35.     Prince,  105  —  107.     Belknap  13iog,  ii. 
220,221.     The  manner  of  reception  and  treatment  of  the  envoys  at  the 
court  of  Masassoit  is  worthy  of  notice.     When  the  king  had  taken  them 
idto  his  house,  and  seated  them,  he  heard  their  meffage,  an^  received  their 
presents.-    He  then  put  on  a  horseman's  red  coat,  and  a  chain  about  his 
iieck,  these-  having  been  among  the  presents,  and  "  was  not  a  little  proud  to 
behold  himself,  and  his  men  also  to  see  their  king  so  bravely  attired."  Hav- 
ing given  a  friendly  answer  to  the  message,  his  men  gathered  around  him  ; 
and,  turning  himself  to  them,  he  addressed  them  in  a  speech  :  "  Am  not  I, 
Masassoit)   commander  of  the  country  around  you  }    is  not  such  a  town 


212  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1621.       After  the  league  with  Masassoit,   Corbitant,  one 
cn^Sa-  ot~  k*s  Pett7  sac^ems'  becoming  discontented,  medi- 
dishtoNa-  tated  to  join  the  Narragansets,  who  were  inimical  to- 
m:.sb:t.      the   English  ;    and  he  was  now  at  Namasket,  at- 
tempting to  alienate  the  subjects  of  Masassoit  from 
their  king.     Squanto  and  Hobomack,   two  faithful 
friends  of  the  English,    going  at   this  time   to  Na- 
masket, to  make  observation,  were  threatened  with 
death  by  Corbitant,  who  seized  and  detained  Squan- 
to, but  Hobomack  made  his  escape.     To  counteract 
the  hostile  machinations  of  Corbitant,  and  to  libe- 
rate Squanto,  the  governor,    with  the  advice  of  the 
Aug.  14-     company,    sent  Miles  Standish  and  fourteen  men, 
with  Hobomack  for  their  guide,  to  Namasket.     On 
their  arrival,  the  Indians  of  Corbitant's  faction  fled. 
The  design  of  the  English  expedition  was  explained 
to  the  natives  of  the  place,  with  menaces  of  revenge, 
in  case  of  insurrection  against  Masassoit,  or  of  vio- 
lence to  any  of  his  subjects. x 

This  resolute  enterprise  struck  such  terror  into 

the  neighbouring  Indians,  that  their  chiefs  came  in, 

Sept.  13.    -and  solicited  the  friendship  of  the  English.    On  the 

^^ss^n  thirteenth  of  September  nine  Sachem?  voluntarily 

chems.       came  to  Plymouth,  and  subscribed  an  instrument  of 

submission  to  king  James. z     It  was  peculiarly  hap- 

mine,  and  the  people  ofit  ?  Will  you  not  bring  your  skins  to  the  English  ?" 
After  this  manner  he  named  at  least  thirty  places,  to  every  one  of  which 
they  gave  an  answer  of  consent  and  applause.  At  the  close  of  his  speech  he 
lighted  tobacco  for  the  envoys,  and  proceeded  to  discourse  about  England, 
and  the  English  king,  wondering  that  he  would  live  without  a  wife.  He 
talked  also  of  the  Frenchmen,  bidding  the  English  not  to  suffer  them  to  come 
to  Narraganset,  for  it  was  king  James'  country,  and  he  was  king  James* 
man.  ft  now  grew  late,  "  but  victuals  he  offered  none  ;  for  indeed  he  had 
not  any,"  having  but  just  returned  home.  The  envoys  therefore,  finding* 
no  prospect  of  refreshment,  but  from  sleep,  desired  to  go  to  rest ;  yet  they 
Were  disappointed  even  of  repose.  "  Hee  laid  us,"  says  the  narrator,  "  on 
the  bod  with  himselfe  and  his  wife,  they  at  the  one  end  and  wee  at  the 
other,  it  being  onely  plankes  laid  a  foot  from  the  ground,  and  a  thinne  mr.t 
upon  them.  Two  more  of  his  chiefe  men  for  want  ofroome  pressed  by 
:;.:  upon  us  ;  so  that  wee  were  worse  wearie  of  our  lodging  then  of  our 
] "urney."  Purchas,  v.  1 85 z. 
i  ?/Torton,  35.  Prince,  no. 
a  Prince,  111  ;  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  223  ;  Hazard  Coll.  i.  147  ;  where  are 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  213 

py  for  the  colony,  that  it  had  secured  the  friendship  1621, 
of  Masassoit ;  for  his  influence  was  very  extensive. 
He  was  reverenced  and  regarded  by  all  the  natives 
from  the  bay  of  Narraganset  to  that  of  Massachu- 
setts. The  submission  of  the  nine  sachems  is  as- 
cribed to  their  mutual  connection  with  this  sovereign, 
as  its  primary  cause,  Other  princes  under  him 
made  also  a  similar  submission,  among  whom  are 
mentioned  those  of  Pamet,  Nauset,  Cummaquid,  and 
Namasket,  with  several  others  about  the  bays  of 
Patuxet  and  Massachusetts.? 

The  colonists  judging  it  expedient  to  send  to  the  The  Ba 
Massachusetts,  to  discover  the  Bay,  see  the  country,  Of  Massa-, 
make  peace,  and  trade  with  the  natives  ;    the  gov-  chusetts ; 

r,  -     i  -i       r»  explored^ 

ernor  chose  ten  men,  who,  accompanied  by  Squanto 
and  two  other  Indians,  sailed  in  the  shallop,  upon 
that  enterprise,  on  the  eighteenth  of  September. 
Arriving  the  next  day  at  the  bottom  of  the  bay, 
they  landed  under  a  cliff,  *  and  wrere  kindly  received  sept.  19. 
by  Obbatinua,  the  sachem,  who  had  subscribed  the 
submission  at  Plymouth  a  few  days  before.  He  re- 
newed his  submission,  on  receiving  their  promise  of 
assistance  against  the  Tarratines,  and  the  squaw 
sachem  of  Massachusetts,  who  were  his  enemies. 
Having  explored  the  bay,  and  collected  some  beav- 
er, they  returned  to  Plymouth. 3 

On  the  eleventh  of  November  Robert  Cushman  NOV.  ir. 
arrived  at  Plymouth  in  a  ship  from  England,   with  Arrival  °£ 

,.  r  J  i        ••      i    "  --11  new  set- 

thirty  five  persons,  destined  to  remain  m  the  colony,  tiers  with 

By  this  arrival  the  Plymouth  colonists  received  a  a  chart£*- 
charter,  procured  for  them  by  the  adventurers  in 
London,  who  had  been  originally  concerned  with 
them  in  the  enterprise ;  and  they  now  acknowledged 

their  names,  among  which  appear  those  of  Caunbitant  [supposed  Corbitant] ; 
Obbatinua,  a  sachem  of  Massachusetts  Bay  ;  and  Chikkatabak,  sachem  of 
Neponset. 

i  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  223.     Prince,  112. 

5  Supposed  to  be  Copp's  Hill  in  Boston.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  224. 

3  Morton,  36.    Prince,  112,  113.    Belknap  Biog*  ii.  224. 


214  >          AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1621.  the  extraordinary  blessing  of  heaven,  in  directing 
.   their  course  into  this  part  of  the  country,  where 
they  had  happily  obtained  permission  to  possess  and 
enjoy  the  territory  under  the  authority  of  the  presi- 
dent and  council  for  the  affairs  of  New  England.1 
The  ship,  with  a  freight  of  beaver  skins,  clapboards, 
and  other   articles,  collectively  estimated  at  nearly 
five  hundred  pounds,  sailed  on  the  thirteenth  of  De- 
.;;cu  cember  ;   but,  drawing  near  the  English  coast,  was 
en  its  re-    seized  by  the  French,  carried  to  France,  and  robbed 
i"each.Ue  °f  a^  tnat  was  valuable.     The  people  at  length  ob- 
tained a  release  for  themselves  and  their  ship,  and 
in  February  arrived  at  London.* 

On  the  departure  of  this  ship  from  Plymouth,  the 
governor  and  his  assistant  disposed  the  people,  who 
had  come  over  for  residence,  into  several  families  ; 
and  restricted  the  settlers  to  half  allowance  of  pro- 
visions, which  were  estimated  to  be  scarcely  suffi- 
cient, at  that  reduced  rate,  for  six  months. 3 

Sir  Francis  Wyat,  appointed  governor  of  Virgin- 

Virginian    .  •       .     «  -   «  ?     r.r  .,%•••  i  T 

constitu-     ia,  arrived  there  with  nine  sail  of  ships,  and  nearly 
tion  for  a    seven  hundred  people. 4     He  now  brought  an  ordi- 

couacil  of  i  •         •  r    i  -11 

state  and  nance  and  constitution  or  the  treasurer,  council,  and 
general  as-  company  in  England,  for  settling  the  government  of 
that  colony  in  a  governor,  a  council  of  state,  as  his 
assistants,  and  a  general  assembly.  This  ordinance 
"  is  no  less  remarkable  for  the  wisdom  of  its  pro- 
visions, than  for  being  the  principal  step  in  the  pro- 
gress of  freedom."  It  ordained,  that  two  burgesses 
should  be  chosen  for  the  assembly,  by  every  town, 
hundred,  or  particular  plantation.  All  matters  were 
to  be  decided  by  the  majority  of  voices  in  the  assem- 
bly, reserving  to  the  governor  a  negative  on  -the 
whole  ;  but  no  law  or  ordinance,  though  approved 
by  the  three  branches  of  the  legislature,  was  to  be 
of  force,  until  ratified  by  the  general  court  of  the 

I  Prince,  114,  115,  from  Mourt's  Relation. 

1  Prince,  1 15.         3  Ibid,  and  Smith  Virg.  334. 

4  Purchas,  v.  1783,    They  sailed  from  England  in  July.    Chalmers,  56. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

company  in  England,  and  returned  under  its  seal  ;  1621* 
no  order  of  the  general  court,  on  the  other  hand, 
was  to  bind  the  colony,  until  assented  to  by  the  as- 
sembly. *  Thus,  at  the  expiration  of  fourteen  years 
from  the  settlement  of  the  colony  s  its  constitution 
became  fixed  ;  and  the  colonists  are  from  this  time 
to  be  considered,  not  merely  as  servants  of  a  com- 
mercial company,  but  as  freemen  and  citizens* 3 

With  the  Virginian  constitution  Wyat  brought  a  instruction* 
body  of  instructions  to  the  governor  for  the  time  tothego~, 

,.•'  ,,  . ,      r  ,.•  .    vernor  a-na 

being,  and  the  council  or  state,  recommending  pn-  council, 
manly  to  them,  "  to  take  into  their  special  regard 
the  service  of  Almighty  God,  and  the  observance  of 
his  divine  laws  ;  and  that  the  people  should  be  train- 
ed up  in  true  religion  and  virtue  ;"  commanding 
them,  in  the  next  place,  to  keep  the  people  in  due 
obedience  to  the  king  ;  to  provide  for  the  equal  ad^ 
ministration  of  justice  according  to  the  forms  and 
constitution  of  England  ;  to  prevent  all  corruption, 
tending  to  the  perversion  or  delay  of  justice  ;  to  pro* 
tect  the  natives  from  injury  and  oppression  ;  and  to 
cultivate  peace  and  friendship  with  them,  as  far  as  it 
should  be  consistent  with  the  honour  of  the  nation, 
and  safety  of  the  people. 3 

William  Newce  obtained  a  patent  of  land  in  Vir-  William 
ginia,  for  settlement,  and  was  constituted  marshal  of  j^j^j  Or 
Virginia,  to  take  into  his  charge  as  well  the  fortifica-  Virginia. 
tions,  arms,  and  forces  of  the  colony,  as  to  cause  the 
people  to  be  duly  trained  up  in  military  discipline. 
To  the  office  were  annexed  fifteen  hundred  acres  of 
land,  and  fifty  tenants. 4 

It  was  determined  to  build  a  school  in  Virginia,  at 
Charles  city,  which  was  judged  to  be  a  place  the 

i  This  ordinance,  dated  July  14,  i6ji,  is  inserted  entire  in  Stitli  Virg, 
Appendix,  No.  xv  ;  and  Hazard  Coll.  i.  131 — 133.  See  also  Stith,  196  ; 
Chalmers,  i.  54,  55  ;  Jefferson  Virg.  Query  xxiii. 

1  Robertson,  book  ix.  87. 

3  Smith  Virg.  139, 140.     Stith,  194. 

4  Stith,  189.    Newce  died  soon  after  his  arrival.    Ibid, 


2 ID  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1621;  most  convenient  to  all  parts  of  the  colony  ;   and  it 
E.  India     was  naraed  The  East  India  School.     The  company 
school.       allotted,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  master  and  ush- 
er, a  thousand  acres  of  land,  with  five  servants  and 
an  overseer. *      This  school  was  to  be  collegiate, 
and  to  have  dependence  on  the  college  at  Henrico  ; 
into  which,  as  soon  as  the  college  should  be  suffi- 
ciently endowed,  and  capable  of  receiving  students, 
pupils  were  to  be  admitted,  and  advanced  according 
to  their  deserts  and  proficiency  in  learning. z 
Glebe  The  Virginia  company  having  ordered  a  hun- 

dred  acres  of  land  in  each  of  the  boroughs  to  be  laid 
off  for  a  glebe,  and  two  hundred  pounds  sterling  to 
be  raised,  as  a  standing  and  certain  revenue,  out  of 
the  profits  of  each  parish,  to  make  a  living  ;  this 
stipend  was  thus  settled  :  That  the  minister  shall 
receive  yearly  fifteen  hundred  pounds  of  tobacco^ 
and  sixteen  barrels  of  corn  ;  which  were  collectively 
estimated  at  two  hundred  pounds  sterling. 3  There 
were  at  this  time  five  ministers  only  in  the  colony.4 
The  English  parliament  resolved,  "  that  all  fo- 
tary  acts  reign  tobacco  shall  be  barred  ;  but  that  of  Virginia, 
tobacco."*  or  anv  °f  the  king's  dominions,  shall  not  be  held 
foreign."  A  bill,  for  the  restraint  of  the  inordi- 
nate use  of  tobacco,  was  soon  after  brought  in, 
which,  after  various  amendments,  passed  in  May. 
Its  requisitions  are  very  remarkable.  No  tobacco 
was  to  be  imported,  after  the  first  of  October  1621, 
but  from  Virginia  and  the  Somer  Isles  ;  and,  after 
that  day,  none  was  to  be  planted  in  England.  There 
was  to  be  paid  to  the  king,  for  custom,  six  pence 
a  pound,  in  consideration  of  the  loss,  which  he 
might  sustain  in  his  revenue.  None  was  to  be  sold 
by  the  merchant  for  more  than  eight  shillings,  and 

i  An  account  in  Purchas  [v.  1723.]  says,  that  seven  persons  were  sent 
<;  for  the  planting  the  thousand  acres." 

3  Stith,  204 ;  who  says  (ibid.),  that  carpenters  were  sent  over  to  erect 
the  house  for  this  school,  early  the  next  year. 

3  Ibid.  173.        4  Chalmers,  i.  50. 

* 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  217 

by  the  Retailer  none  for  more  than  ten  shillings,  the  1621. 
pound  ;  but  they,  who  should  sell  tobacco  by  the 
pipe,  might  make  the  most  they  could, '  This  is 
the  first  instance,  which  occurs,  of  the  modern  poli- 
cy of  promoting  the  importation  of  the  colonies,  in 
preference  to  the  productions  of  foreign  nations.  * 

The  measures  of 'king  James  embarrassed  not  the  in  effects 
company  only,  but  the  plantation.  Individuals,  whoofthem' 
had  suffered  extremely  from  the  irregularity  of  his 
conduct,  and  from  these  exclusive  regulations,  ap- 
plied to  parliament  for  redress.  During  the  debate 
on  the  subject,  two  planters  of  Virginia  complained 
of  the  irregularities  of  the  farmers  of  the  revenue. 
A  committee  was  appointed,  "  to  examine  this  busin 
ness,  and  to  consider  in  what  manner  to  relieve  them, 
with  power  to  send  for  the  patentees,  and  to  see  the 
patents  ;"  yet  no  relief  was  obtained^  Tlie  treas- 

i  Chalmers,  i.  51.  The  parliamentary  debate  oh  this  subject  is  inserted, 
H)id.  70 — 74.  A  specimen  of  it  will  give  an  idea  of  the  whole. 

"  Mr.  Gary  :— To  banish  tobacco  generally,  and  to  help  Virginia  by 
some  other  means. 

Sir  Edward  Sackvyle  :— Fit  for  us  to  study  a  way  for  us  to  enrich  out 
own  state.  Amor  incipit  a  sefyso.  We  make  treaties  for  our  own  good,  and 
not  for  their's  with  whom  we  treat  [  Referring  to  Spaing 

Sir  J.  Perr»t  :-— Not  to  banieh  all  tobacco,  in  respect  of  Virginia  and  the 
Somer  isles.  To  give  them  some  time  ;  else  overthroweth  the  plantation* 

Mr.  Solicitor  : — ^Loveth  England  better  than  Virginia.  A  great  hurt  to 
*J1  the  state  of  Our  kingdom.  To  contribute  rather  to  Virginia  otherwise! 

Mr.  Ferrar  : — Not  fit  to  banish  all ;  yet  now  4000  English  live  there, 
who  have  no  means  as  yel  to  live  on. 

Sir  George  Moore  : — To  divide  the  question  \  1st.  Whether  to  banish 
foreign  ;  adly.  For  our  own  dominions. 

Sir  Guy  Palmes  : — -That  toba'cco  hindreth  all  the  kingdom  in  health  and 
otherwise.  To  banish  all. 

Sir  H.  Poole -.-^Against  all  in  general: — To  pull  it  up  by  the  root* 
To  help  Virginia  otherwise. 

Sir  J.  Horsey  ; — Thought  not  to  speak  of  this  vile  weed.  When  he  first 
a  parliament-man,  this  vile  weed  not  known.  Thousands  have  died  of  thii 
vile  weed.  Abhorreth  it  the  more,  because  the  king  disliketh  it.  Prohib- 
ited to  be  used  in  ale  houses.  No  good  ground  for  Virginia.  To  banish  all.'* 

Ft  Was  in  vain  that  parliament  discouraged  the  use  of  this  vile  weed.  In 
vain  king  James  assured  his  subjects,  that  the  smoking  of  it  was  a  custom 
loathsome  to  the  eye,  hateful  to  the  nose,  harmful  to  the  brain,  and  dan* 
gerous  to  the  lungs.  Opposition  made  proselytes  ;  and  the  united  influence 
of  fashion  and  habit  extended  the  practk*  through  the  kingdom.  Sw 
Chalmers,  i.  in. 

$  Chalmers,  u  5 1, 

04 


AMERICAN  ANNAL& 

162 i.  urer  and  company  of  Virginia  addressed  another  p£* 
tition  to  king  James  ;  but,  obtaining  nothing,  they 
sought  a  more  effectual  remedy  of  their  evils.  They 
procured  warehouses,  and  appointed  factors,  at 
Middleburgh  and  Flushing,  and  compounded  with 
the  magistrates  of  those  towns  at  the  rate  of  a  pen- 
ny a  pound  on  the  import,  and  the  same  on  the  ex- 
port, of  their  only  merchandize.  King  James  soon 
felt 'the  ill  effects  of  his  own  mistaken  policy.  No 
Virginian  products  were  exported  to  England  this 
year  ;  all  were  sent  to  Holland.  The  defalcation  of 
the  revenue,  which  was  the  immediate  effect,  occa- 
sioned an  order  in  October,  that  no  tobacco,  or  other 
productions  of  the  colonies,  should  thenceforth  be 
carried  into  foreign  parts,  until  they  were  first  land- 
ed in  England,  and  the  custom  paid.  This  order 
however  was  either  disregarded  or  eluded  ;  for  to- 
bacco was  still  sent  from  Virginia,  and  even  from  the 
Somer  Isles,  to  Holland. x 

Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  intrusted  with  the  princi- 
pal direction  of  the  affairs  of  the  Plymouth  compa- 
ny, reflecting  on  the  prodigious  extent  of  the  region 
to  be  planted,  and  on  the  little  progress  of  coloniza- 
tion, conceived  the  design  of  persuading  the  Scotch 
nation  to  form  a  settlement  within  the  limits  of  New 
England.  Easily  procuring  the  consent  of  the  com- 
pany, and  the  approbation  of  Sir  William  Alexan- 
der of  Metistry,  a  person  of  considerable  influence, 
Sept.  io.  he  prosecuted  that  enterprise  ;  and  king  James  gave 
Alexander  a  patent  of  the  whole  territory  *of  Aca- 
to  sir  die,  by  the  name  of  Nova  Scotia.  *  It  was  erected 
-nto  a  paiatinate,  to  be  holden  as  a  fief  of  the  crown 

I  Chalmers,  i.  51,  52.     Robertson,  book  ix.  87,  88. 

a  It  was  bounded  on  the  north,  east,  and  south,  by  the  river  St.  Law- 
rence and  the  ocean  ;  and  on  the  west  by  the  river  St.  Croix.  See  the 
charter,  in  the  JLatin  original,  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  134 — 145.  Chalmers,  i. 
91,  92.  It  was  given  under  the  great  seal  of  SCOTLAND  ;  yet,  as  Chalme» 
remarks,  "  it  would  probably  have  embarrassed  the  wisest  civilian  of  thar 
kingdom  to  discover  by  what  right  the  kifl£  of  Scotland  conveyed  that  ex- 
" 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  2I£ 

of  Scotland  ;  and  the  proprietary  was  invested  with    1621. 
the  accustomed  regal  power,  belonging  to  a  count 
palatine.       An  unsuccessful  attempt  was  soon  after 
made  to  effect  a  settlement  of  the  territory  ;  and  the 
French  continued  their  occupancy. x 

The  States  General  of  Holland,  historians  affirm,  N.  Nether* 
made  a  grant  of  the  country  of  New  Netherlands  to^*^ 
the  West  India  company  ;  *  but  the  English  deny,  w.  India 
that  they  had  power  to  grant  what  had  been  given  COUJPan^ 
to  the  Plymouth  company,  the  year  before,  by  the 
Jdng  of  England. 3 

Sir  George  Calvert,  a  Roman  Catholic,  having  Part  of 

i        •        i    r  -i       i  •  r  TI        i        i  r  :?  Newfound- 

obtained  from  the  king  or  England  a  grant  or  part  land  grant^ 
of  Newfoundland^  that  he  might  enjoy  in  this  retreat,  ed  to  lord  * 
that  freedom  of  conscience,  which  was  denied  him  in 13< 
his  own  country,  sent  Edward  Wynne  with  a  small 
colony  to  that  island,  to  make  preparation  for  his* 

1  Chalmers,  91.    Belknap  Biog.  ii.  55.      Purchas,  v.  1871,  1873.     Sir 
William  the  next  year   sent  a  ship  with  a  colony  "  of  purpose  to  plant ;" 
but  the  season  was  so  late,  that  they  were  obliged  to  stay  through  the  win- 
ter at  Newfoundland.     Another  ship  with  provisions  was  sent  the  next 
year  (1623) ;  yet,  "  by  reason  of  some  unexpected  occasions,"  they  resolved 
not  to  plant  then,  but  merely  to  discover  and  take  possession.     Sailing  from 
Newfoundland,  they  coasted  along  the  shore  of  Nova  Scotia,  and  on  Port; 
Joli  river  found  a  fit  place  for  a  plantation.      Returning  to  Newfoundland 
in  July,  they  left  their  ship  there,  land  took  passage  for  England,  with  the 
intention  of  resuming  the  enterprise  of  planting  a  colony  the  next  year. 
Purchas,  ibid.  Laet,  6a.  Both  these  writers  stop  here,  in  their  Accounts  of 
Nova  Scotia,  excepting  Laet's  mention  of  the  change  of  the  old  names  erf 
places  by  the  Scotch  patentee  :  'f  Quid  post  ilia  in  illis  partibus  gestum  sit, 
mihi  non   constat ;    risi  quod  nomina  harum  provinciarum  a  Wilh/elmj* 
Alexandro  mutata  invent,  in  tabula  Geographica  nuper  in  Anglia  excusa  . . . 
Cadia  Nova  Calidonia,  septent.  pars  Nova  Alexandria  ncminatur  . . ."  &c. 

2  Smith  New  Yqrk,  3.  . 

3  Chalmers,  i.  570.  Chalmers  (ibid,  j  69.)  says,  that  this  charter  of  New 
Netherlands,  given  by  the  States  general,  though  often  mentioned  by  writ- 
ers, snd  relied  on  by  governors,  has  neither  been  given  by  them  to.  the 
world  ;  nor  have  they  informed  us  where  it  may  be  found.      Laet  asserts, 
the  fact,  bwt  without  adducing  any  authority.      Having  mentioned  the  ad- 
ministration of  H.  Christiaens,  and  a  subsequent  one  of  J.  Elkens,  under 
the  auspices  o*  the  States  general,  he  adds,  that  the  Hollanders  thus  held 
North  River  several  years,  until  it  bega.n  to  be  settled  by  the  West  India 
company  under  a  new  and  most  ample  patent  from  those  States  :— "  atque 
|ta  nostri  ab  anno  clciocxiv  ad  aliquot  succedentes  tenuerunt  :    Donee  a 
«ocietate  Indira  Occidentalis,  novo  et  amplissimo  eorundam  praepotentunt 
Pominorum  diplomate  ipsis  concesso,  porro  ab  ipsis  hoc  flumen  adiri  et  c«~ 
^oniis  deductis  amplius  habitari  cxpit."  Nov.  Orb.  73.  See  A.  D.  1614,  , 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

reception.  The  proprietor,  now  created  lord  Balti- 
more, was  so  delighted  with  the  account,  which  he 
received,  of  the  flourishing  state  of  the  colony, 
that  he  afterward  removed  to  it  with  his  family  5 
built  a  house,  and  a  strong  fort,  at  Ferryland  ;  and 
resided  on  the  island  many  years. x 

1622^ 

^e  NaiTaganset  Indians,  conscious  of  their  pow-t 
£r>  *  aspired  at  an  extension  of  empire  on  the  ruins  of 
their  neighbours,  who  had  been  wasted  by  mortal 
diseases.  The  English,  they  foresaw,  might  be  an 
obstacle  to  their  ambition  ;  for  Ma&assoit,  their  own 
most  potent  rival,  had  already  taken  shelter  under 
their  wings.  No  sooner  therefore  did  Canonicus, 
the  chief  sachem  of  the  Narragansets,  understand 
that  the  people  of  Plymouth  were  distressed  by  the 
burden  of  additional  settlers,  without  proportionate 
means  for  their  support,  than  he  bade  defiance  to. 
their  power.  Regardless  of  the  peace,  recently  con- 
cluded, his  tribe  first  offered  them  repeated  menaces  j 
and  he  next  sent  to  them,  as  a  signal  of  challenge,  a 
bundle  of  arrows,  tied  together  with  a  snake  skin.  * 
The  governor,  having  taken  advice,  sent  an  answer, 
That  if  they  chose  war,  rather  than  peace,  they 
might  begin  when  they  would  ;  that  the  English, 
had  done  them  no  wrong  ;  nor  did  they  fear  them, 
nor  should  they  find  them  unprovidec^  By  a  differ- 

I.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  250.  Chalmers  [i.  aoi.]  says,  that  Calvert  estab- 
lished the  settlement  at  Ferryland  the  next  year  [1622],  and  governed  it  by 
his  deputy  ;  and  that  he  visited  it  in  person  in  the  beginning  of  the  reign 
of  Charles  I.  The  original  English  appellation  of  the  territory,  ceded  t<x 
him,  was  Avalon.  Ibid. 

a  Prince  [n  6.]  says,  they  could  raise  above  5000  fighting  men.  Gook- 
in,  who  was>  his  authority,  received  his  information  from  "  ancient  Indians  ;"• 
and  says,  "  all  do  agree  they  were  a  great  people,  and  oftentimes  waged 
war  with  the  Pawkunnawkutts  and  Massachusetts,  as  well  as  with  the  Pe- 
«juots."  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  148. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  56.  There  is  a  remarkabk  coincidence,  in  the 
form  of  this  challenge,  with  that  of  the  challenge  given  by  the  Scythian 
prince  to  Darius.  Five  arrows  made  a  part  of  the  present,  sent  by  hi*  her* 
aW  to  tke  Persian  king.  See  Rollin  Anc.  Hist,  book  vi.  sect. .4*. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

messenger,  and  in  more  direct  acceptance  of  the    1622, 
challenge,  the  snake  skin  was  sent  back,  charged 
with  powder  and  bullets.     The  Indians  however  re- 
fused to  receive  it.     They  were  even  afraid  to  let  it 
Continue  in  their  houses  ;    and   it   was  at  length 
brought  back  to  Plymouth. x     Although  policy  die- 
fated   this  resolute  measure,  on  the  part  of  the  Eng- 
lish ;  yet  prudence  required  them  to  use  the  means 
pf  farther  security.      They  accordingly  impaled  the  February-: 
town a  and  fortified  it,  and  erected  in  four  bulwarks  Plymouth 
or  jetties  three  gates,  which  were  guarded  every  ^dfortk 
day,  and  locked  every  night.      In  the  succeeding  fed, 
summer,  they  built  a  strong  and  handsome  fort,  with 
a  flat  roof  and  battlement,  on  which  cannon  were 
mounted,  a.nd  a  watch  kept  $    it  was  also  used  as  a 
place  of  public  worship. 3 

Thomas  Weston,  a  merchant  of  good  reputation 
in  London,  haying  procured  for  himself  a  patent  for 
a  tract  of  land  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  sent  two  ships 
\vith  fifty  or  sixty  men,  at  his  own  charge,  to  settle  a 
plantation.4  Many  of  these  adventurers  being  sick 
on  their  arrival  at  Plymouth,  most  of  the  company 
remained  there  during  the  greater  part  of  the  sum- 
mer, and  were  treated  with  hospitality  and  kindness 
by  the  inhabitants.  Some  of  their  number,  in  the 
mean  time,  finding  a  place  in  the  Bay  of  Massachu- 
setts, named  Wessagusset,  which  they  judged  conve- 

I  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  58.  Prince,  n 6.  Morton,  37  ;  but  he  places 
this  article  at  the  close  of  i6ai. 

a  "  Taking  in  the  top  of  the  hill  under  which  our  town  is  seated."  Gov. 
Bradford,  in  Prince,  116. 

3  Prince,  116,  lai.      Intelligence  of  the  massacre  in  Virginia  reached 
Plymouth  in  May,  and  was  the  immediate  incitement  to  the  erection  of  this 
fort.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  JEng.  58,     Mather  Magnal.  book  i.  10. 

4  Prince,  119-     Weston  was  one  of  the  merchant  adventurers,  who,  in 
1619,  sent  proposals  to  Leyden  for  transporting  the  English  Congregation 
to  America.      He  appears  to  have  been  active  in  promoting  the  Plymouth 
settlement  from  that  time  until  this  year.     Why  he  now  withdrew  his  pat- 
ronage we  are  not  informed ;  but  by  a  letter  from  him,  received  at  this 
time,  addressed  to  governor  Carver,  "  we  find,"  says  governor  Bradford, 
«*  he  has  quite  deserted  us,  and  is  going  to  settle  a  Plantation  of  his  own. 
See  Prince,  65,79,  **4j  nB. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1622.  nient  for  settlement,  the  whole  company  removed  t$ 

it,  and  began  a  plantation.  * 

27.  What  had  been  dreaded  merely  at  Plymouth,  was 
exPerienced  in  all  its  horrors  in  her  sister  colony* 
By  a  preconcerted  conspiracy,  the  Indians  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  Virginia,  on  the  twenty  seventh 
of  March,  fell  on  the  English,  three  hundred  and  forty 
seven  of  whom,  unresisting  and  defenceless,  were  cru- 
elly massacred.  The  massacre  was  conducted  with 
indiscriminate  barbarity.  No  regard  was  shown  to 
dignity  ;  no  gratitude,  for  benefits.  Six  of  the  coun- 
cil were  slain,  one  of  whom,  Mr.  George  Thorpe,  a 
very  respectable  and  pious  man,  who  had  the  princi- 
pal management  of  the  lands  and  affairs  of  the  col- 
lege, had  been  a  distinguished  friend  and  bene- 
factor of  the  Indians.1  An  exterminating  war  be-» 
tween  the  English  and  the  Indians  immediately  sue- 
ceeded  this  massacre.  The  people,  concerned  in  the 
Care  and  culture  of  the  college  lands,  experiencing  a 
great  slaughter,  those  lands  were  now  abandoned  5 
and  no  public  institution  was  again  attempted  for  the 
benefit  of  the  natives  of  Virginia,  until  benefactions 
were  made  by  the  Honourable  Robert  Boyle.  * 

To  the  horrors  of  massacre  were  soon  superadded 
the  miseries  of  famine.  Of  eighty  plantations,  which, 
were  advancing  fast  toward  completion,  eight  only 
remained  ;  and  of  the  numerous  people,  who  had 

i  Morton,  44.  Mather  Magnal.  i.  II.  Prince,  I2O,  xai.  See  A.  D.  1624. 

1  Smith  Virg.  144 — 149,  where  are  the  names  of  the  persons,  who  were 
massacred.  Purchas,  v.  1788 — 1790.  Beverly,  61,  62.  Keith,  138.  Stith, 
ail.  Netnattanow,  a  famous  Indian  warrior,  believed  by  the  natives  to 
be  invulnerable,  was  killed  by  the  English  in  i6ai  \  and  Keith  [137.]  says, 
it  was  in  revenge  of  his  death,  that  Opechancanough  plotted  this  massacre* 
Chalmers  [58.]  says, "  it  ought  to  be  observed,  that  the  emigrants,  notwith- 
standing the  humane  instructions  of  their  sovereign  and  the  prudent  orders 
of  the  company,  had  never  been  solicitous  to  cultivate  the  good  will  of  the 
aborigines  ;  and  had  neither  asked  permission  when  their  country  was  oc- 
cupied, nor  had  given  a  price  for  invaluable  property,  which  was  taken 
without  authority." 

3  Stith,  217,  295.  Mr.  Boyle's  donation  was  annexed  to  the  professor- 
ships of  William  and  Mary  college,  as  a  sixth  professorship,  for  the  instruc- 
tion of  the  Indians  and  their  conversion  to  Christianity,  Jefferson  Virg, 
Query  xv. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

been  transported  ,to  Virginia  at  a  great  expense, 
eighteen  hundred  only  survived  these  disasters. z 

Much  as  the  colony  lost  of  its  inhabitants  and  pos- 
sessions  by  the  recent  calamities,  its  losses  were  con- 
siderably  counterbalanced  by  supplies  from  the  par- 
ent country.  From  May  1621  to  May  1622,  twen- 
ty ships  transported  thirteen  hundred  persons,  and 
eighty  cattle,  from  England  to  Virginia.*  King 
James  made  the  colonists  a  present  of  arms  out  of 
the  tower,  and  lent  them  twenty  barrels  of  powder  j 
lord  St.  John,  of  Basing,  gave  them  sixty  coats  of 
mail  ;  the  city  of  London,  and  many  private  persons, 
made  them  generous  contributions. 3 

Such  had  now  become  the  extent  of  tne  settle- 
ments,  and  the  number  of  the  inhabitants,  in  the 
Virginian  colony,  that  it  was  found  very  inconveni- 
ent,  to  bring  all  causes  to  James  Town.  Inferior 
courts  were  therefore  appointed  in  convenient  places, 
to  relieve  the  governor  and  council  from  the  heavy 
burden  of  business,  and  to  render  justice  less  expen-* 
sive,  and  more  accessible,  to  the  people.  This  is  the 
origin  of  county  courts  in  Virginia. 4 

i  Purchas,  v.  1792.  Chalmers,  i.  59.  In  the  vear  1620  there  were  a« 
bout  aai6  inhabitants  in  Virginia.  [See  p.  204  of  this  volume.}  In  i6if 
governor  Wyat  brought  over  nearly  700,  which  addition  makes  2916.  De- 
duct from  this  number  347  for  the  loss  in  the  massacre,  and  the  remainder- 
is  2519.  If,  as  Purchas  leads  us  to  believe,  there  were  but  1800  left  after 
the  massacre  and  famine,  upwards  of  700  are  still  unaccounted  for.  Th& 
natural  deaths  in  the  colony  since  1620  may  partly  account  for  this  deficien- 
cy ;  but  some  accessions  to  it  have  probably  been  omitted,  which  might  coun- 
terbalance that  loss.  It  is  indeed  expressly  said  [Purchas,  v.  1785.],  that 
"  in  the  yeeres  1619,  1620,  and  162 1,  there  hath  been^  provided  and  sent 
for  Virginia  two  and  fortie  saile  of  ships,  three  thousand  five  hundred  andseven~ 
tie  men  and  women  for  plantation,  with  requisite  provisions."  I  am  inclined, 
therefore,  to  ascribe  this  extraordinary  reduction  in  part  to  an  emigration  from 
the  colony,  seldom  noticed  by  historians.  It  is  affirmed,  that  several  English 
families,  to  shun  the  massacre  in  Virginia,  fled  to  the  Carolinian  coasts,  and 
settled  at  a  place,  called  Mallica,  near  the  river  May.  It  is  also  affirmed, 
that  they  converted  the  inhabitants  of  the  neighbouring  Apalaches.  Atla§ 
Oeographus  Americ.  v.  688.  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  430.  Brit.  Emp.  iii.  aio. 
This  last  history  says,  they  were  driven  on  the  coasts  of  Carolina  i  which 
eeerns  to  imply,  that  they  made  their  escape  by  water. 

a  Purchas,  v.  1783. 

3  Smith  Virg.  147.     Stith,  233.     Univ.  Hist.  xli. 

4  Beverly,  fo    ftftfy  397,    gf&  gmj.  iii,  f  ?, 


AMERICAN  ANXAL& 

1622.       The  tobacco,  exported  from  Virginia  to  England, 
obacco.    on  an  average  for  t}le  last  seven  years,  was  one  hun- 
dred forty  two  thousand  and  eighty  five  pounds  a 
yean *     Previous  to  the  massacre,  a  successful  exper- 
iment of  wine  had  been  made  in  that  colony  :  and  a 

ine.  .  r.  '  T»       i        i 

specimen  or  it  was  now  sent  to  England. z 
>rmudas.      The  English  had  riow  ten  forts  at  Bermudas  $ 
three  thousand  people  $  and  fifty  pieces  of  ordnance.3 
ishery.         Thirty  five  ships  sailed  this  year  from  the  west  of 
England,  and  two  from  London,  to  fish  on  the  New 
England  coasts  ;  and  made  profitable  voyages.4 

The  Plymouth  company  having  complained  to 
king  James  of  the  encroachments  and  injuries  of  in- 
terlopers on  their  American  commerce  and  posses- 
sions, and  applied  to  him  for  relief  ;  the  king  issued 
a  proclamation,  commanding,  that  none  should  fre- 
quent the  coasts  of  New  England,  but  the  adventur- 
ers and  planters  £  or  traffick  with  the  Indians  other- 
wise, than  by  the  licence  of  the  council  of  Plymouth, 
or  according  to  the  orders  of  the  privy  council* 
<c  This  remarkable  edict,  far  from  proving  beneficial 
to  the  company,  really  brought  on  its  dissolution." 5 
All  the  colony  of  Quebec,  at  this  period  of  Cana- 
dian annals,  consisted  of  no  more  than  fifty  persons, 
men,  women,  and  children.  An  establishment  how- 
ever had  been  formed  at  Trois  Rivieres  ;  and  a  brisk 
trade  continued  to  be  carried  on  at  Tadoussac. 6 

I   Stith,  246. 

a  Ibid.  ai8.  French  vinedressers,  brought  over  to  Virginia  in  t6ir» 
wrote  to  th-j  English  company,  that  the  Virginian  climate  and  soil  surpass 
the^province  of  Languedoc.  Beverly,  191. 

3  Josselyn  Voy.  ajo.     In  the  years  1619,  1620,  1621,  there  were  sent 
to  Bermudas  9  ships,  employing  240  mariners,  and  carrying  about  900  peo-* 
pie  for  settlement.     Purchas,  v.  1785. 

4  Smith's  N,  Eng.  tryals,  in  Purchas,  v.  1840—1842.    "  Where  in  New- 
foundland they  shared  sixe  or  seven  pounds  for  a  common  man,  in  New  Eng- 
land they  shared  fourteene  pounds  ;  besides  six  Dutch  and  French  ships  made 
wonderfull  returnes  in  furres."     Ibid. 

t;  Chalmers,  i.  91.  This  Proclamation,  dated  6  November,  is  in  Hazard 
Coll.  i.  151, 152  5  and  in  Rymer's  Fcedera,  xvii.  416  ;  and  is  entitled,  "  A 
Proclamation,  prohibiting  interloping  and  disorderly  trading  to  New  Eng- 
Jand  in  America." 

6  Champlain  Voy.  II  partie,  49.     Charlevoix  Nouv,  France^  j.  j^! 
Hist,  xxxix.  419. 


AMERICAN  ANNAL& 


1623* 

Intelligence  being  received  at  Plymouth,  that  Ma-  visit 
sassoit  was  likely  to  die,  and  that  a  Dutch  ship  was 
driven  ashore  near  his  house,  the  governor  sent  Ed- 
ward Winslow  and  John  Hambden  '  with  Hobomack, 
to  visit  and  assist  him,  and  to  speak  with  the  Dutch; 
They  found  Masassoit  extremely  ill  ;  but,  by  some 
cordials,  which  Winslow  administered,  he  revived. 
After  their  departure  Hobomack  informed  them,  that 
Masassoit  had  privately  charged  him  to  tell  Mr; 
Winslow,  that  there  was  a  plot  of  the  Massachu- 
setts  against  Weston's  people  at  Wessagusset ;  that, 
lest  the  English  of  Plymouth  should  avenge  their 
tountrymen,  they  also  were  to  be  destroyed  ;  and 
that  the  Indians  of  Paomet,  Nauset,  Mattachiest,* 
Succonet,  the  Isle  of  Capawick,  Manomet,3  and  Ag- 
awaywom,  had  joined  with  the  Massachusetts  in 
this  conspiracy  ;  and  that  he  advised  them  to  kill  the 
conspirators,  as  the  only  means  of  security* 

The  governor,  on  receiving  this  intelligence,  which  Expedition 
\vas  confirmed  by  .other  evidences,  ordered  Standish  ^sh!  to  sup- 
to  take  with  him  as  many  men,  as  he  should  judge  press  it. 
sufficient,  and,  if  a  plot  should  be  discovered,  to  fall 
on  the  conspirators.      Standish,    with  eight  men, 
sailed  to  the  Massachusetts,  where  the  natives,  sus- 
pecting his    design,   insulted   and  threatened  him. 
Watching  his  opportunity,  when  four  of  them,  Wit- 

1  Mr.  Hambden  is  said  to  have  been  a  gentleman  of  London,  who  then 
wintered  with  the  Plymouth  colonists,  and  "  desired  much  to  see  the  coun- 
try" [Winslow  Relat.]  ;  and  is  supposed  by  Dr.  Belknap  [Biog.  ii.  239.]  to 
be  the  same  person,  who  afterward  distinguished  himself  by  his  opposition 
to  the  arbitral-)-  demands  of  Charles  I. 

2  This  seems  to  be  the  country  between  Barnstable  and  Yarmouth  har- 
bours.    Prince,  108.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  313. 

3  This  is  the  name  of  a  creek  or  river,  which  runs  through  the  town  of 
Sandwich  into  the  upper  part  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  formerly  called  Manomet 
Bay.     Between  this  and  Scusset  Creek  is  the  place,  which,  for  more  than 
a  century,  has  been  thought  of  as  proper  to  be  cut  through,  to  form  a  com?- 
municatkm  by  a  navigable  canal,  from  Barnstable  Bay  to  Buzzard's  Ba/i 
Prince,  lift.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  314, 

ft,  e 


226  AMERICAN  ANNALS'. 

1623.  tuwamet,1  Pecksuct,2  another  Indian,  and  a  youtli- 
of  eighteen,  brother  of  Wittuwamet,  and  about  as 
many  of  his  own  men,  were  in  the  same  room,  he 
gave  a  signal  to  "his  men  ;  the  door  was  instantly 
shut  ;  and,  snatching  the  knife  of  Pecksuot  from  his 
neck,  he  killed  him  with  it,  after  a  violent  struggle  ; 
his  party  killed  Wittuwamet,  and  the  other  Indian  j 
and  hung  the  youth.  Proceeding  to  another  place, 
Standish  killed  an  Indian  ;  and  afterward  had  a  skir- 
mish with  a  party  of  Indians,  which  he  put  to  flight. 
Weston's  men  also  killed  two  Indians.  Standish, 
with  that  generosity,  which  characterises  true  brav- 
ery, released  the  Indian  Women,  without  taking  their 
beaver  coats,  or  allowing  the  least  incivility  to  be 
^"b^5"  °^ered  them.  The  English  settlers  now  abandoned 
donedlby  Wessagusset  ;  and  their  plantation  was  thus  broken 
the  Eng.  Up^  ^jthin  a  year  after  its  commencement.  Standish, 
having  supplied  them  with  corn,  and  conducted 
them  safely  out  of  Massachusetts  Bay  in  a  small 
ship  of  their  own,  returned  to  Plymouth,  bringing 
the  head  of  Wittuwamet,  which  he  set  up  on  the 
fort.  This  sudden  and  unexpected  execution  so  ter- 
rified the  other  natives^  who  liad  intended  to  join 
the  Massachusetts  in  the  conspiracy,  that  they  for- 
sook their  houses,  and  fled  to  swamps  and  desert 
places,  where  they  contracted  diseases,  which  proved 
mortal  to  many  of  them  ;  among  whom  were  Cana- 
cum,  sachem,  of  Manomet  ;  Aspinet,  sachem  of  Nau* 
set  ;  and  lanough,  sachem  of  Mattachiest*5 

-I  A  chief  of  the  Massachusetts,  said  to  be  "  a  notable  insulting  Indian.5' 
Prince,  ia3. 

2  "  A  notable  Pinese,  i.  e.  Counsellor  and  Warrior."    Ibid.  131.    Wins- 
low  says,  Pccltsuot  had  made  the  point  of  his  knife  as  sharp  as  a  needle, 
and  ground  the  back  also  to  an  edge.  Purchas,  v.  1864.     The  natives  were 
in  the  habit  of  wearing  knives,  suspended  at  the  breast,  in  sheaths   tied  a*- 

•  kout  the  neck.     One  of  these  Indian  sheaths,  a  part  of  the  spoils  in  the  old 

wars  with  the  French  and  Indians,  is  in  my  possession.  It  is  seven  inches 
lono;,  and  terminates  in  a  point.  It  is  made  of  leather,  curiously  wrought 
with  some  hard  but  pliant  substance,  of  various  colours,  and  trimmed  at  the 
upper  edge  with  a  fringe  with  little  pendant  rolls  of  brass  or  some  other 
metal.  It  was  probably  manufactured  by  the  French. 

3  Purchas,  v.  1860 — 186$.      Coll.  Hiit.  Soc.  viii.  257— a6j.     Mather 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  227 

A  severe  drought  prevailing  at  this  time  in  Plym-    1623. 
f>uth,  the  government  set  apart  a  solemn  day  of  hu-     <^L    d* t 
miliation  and  prayer  5   and  soon  after,   in  grateful  /  ;  <S;iL,>V  / 
and  pious  acknowledgment  of  the  blessing  of  copious 
showers,  and  supplies  of  provisions,  a  day  of  public 
thanksgiving. ' 

The  first  patent  of  Plymouth  had  been  taken  out 
in  the  name  of  John  Pierce,  in  trust  for  the  company 
of  adventurers  ;  but  when  he  saw  the  promising 
state  of  their  settlement,  and  the  favour,  which  their 
success  had  obtained  for  them  with  the  council  for 
New  England,  he,  without  their  knowledge,  but  in 
their  name,  procured  another  patent,  of  larger  ex- 
tent, intending  to  keep  it  for  his  own  benefit,  and 
hold  the  adventurers  as  his  tenants,  to  sue  and  be 
sued  at  his  courts.  In  pursuance  of  this  design,  he, 
in  the  autumn  of  the  last  year,  and  beginning  of  this, 
made  repeated  attempts  to  send  a  ship  to  New  Eng-. 
land  ;  but  it  was  forced  back  by  storms.  In  the 
last  attempt,  the  mariners,  about  the  middle  of  Feb- 
ruary, were  obliged,  in  a  terrible  storm,  to  cut  away 
their  main  mast,  and  return  to  Portsmouth.  Pierce 
was  then  on  board,  with  one  hundred  and  nine  souls. 
After  these  successive  losses,  he  was  prevailed  on  by  Pjerce'spa_ 
the  company  of  adventurers,  to  assign  to  them,  for  ten 
five  hundred  pounds,  the  patent,  which  had  cost  him 
but  fifty.  The  goods,  with  the  charge  of  passen- 
gers  in  this  ship,  cost  the  company  six  hundred  and 
forty  pounds.  Another  ship  was  hired,  to  trans- 
port the  passengers  and  goods  ;  and  it  arrived  at 
Plymouth  in  July,  Soon  after  arrived  a  new  vessel, 
of  forty  four  tons,  which  the  company  had  built,  to 
remain  in  the  country  ;  both  brought  supplies  for 
the  plantation,  and  about  sixty  passengers. l 

Magnal.  book  i.  n .  Morton.  47.  Prince,  128 — 133.  I.  Mather  N.  Eng. 
14 — 16.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  314— 327. 

I   Purchas,  v.  1866.     Prince,  137,138. 

a  Morton,  50 — 53.  Mather  Magnal.  book  i.  12.  Prince,  136 — 139, 
Neal  N.  Eng.i.  113,  115.  Belknap  Biog.  ii,  434,  235.  • 


22$  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1623.  John  Mason.,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  and  others* 
^le'he  having  obtained  patents  of  the  New  England  coun- 
gun "at  Pas-  cil  for  several  poi  tiops  of  territory,  sent  over,  in  thq 

verd>:U" ll:  sPr*n£  °^  *h*B  veiir>  £>av*d  Tomson,  Edward  and 
^ilJiajQ  Kiltpn,  and  a  few  other  persons,  to  begin  a 
settlement.  Tomson  and  some  of  his  company  be- 
gan one  accordingly,  twenty  five  leagues  north  east 
from  Plymouth,  near  Smith's  Isles,  at  a  place  called 
PascatoquacL  The  place,  first  seized,  was  called 
Little  Harbour,  on  the  west  side  of  Pascataqua  river, 
and  near  its  mouth  ;  where  was  built  the  first  house, 
called  Mason  Hall. * 

The  Hiltons,  proceeding  higher  up  the  river,  set- 
tled at  Cocheco,  afterward  called  Dover.  *     Scatter- 
ed settlements  were  also  begun  this  year  by  different 
adventurers,  at  Monahigan,  and  at  other  places.3 
F.west          Francis*  West  arrived  at  Plymouth  in  June,  witty 
arrives,  as  a  commission  to  be  admiral  of  New  England,  with 

admiral  of  .  i       i  •  •   i  r   i 

H.£ngiand.  power  to  restrain  such  ships,  as  came  either  to  fish 
or  trade  on  the  coast  without  licence  from  the  New 
England  council  ;  but,  finding  the  fishermen  too 
stubborn  and  strong  for  him,  he  sailed  for  Virginia. 
The  owners  of  the  fishing  vessels,  complaining  to  the 
parliament  of  this  attempted  restraint,  procured  an, 
order,  that  fishing  should  be  free.4 

September.  Robert  Gorges,  son  of  Ferdinando,  sent  by  the 
frrivesfas  Plymouth  council  as  general  governor  of  New  Eng- 
generai  land,  arrived  at  Massachusetts  Bay  with  several  pas- 
pf  N^Ea"  -  sengers  and  families  ;  and  purposed  to  begin  a  plan- 
land.' 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxxi.  The  chimney  and  some  part  of  the 
stone  wall  of  this  house  were  standing  when  Hubbard  wrote  his  history,  fly. 
Tomson,  from  dislike  either  of  the  place,  or  of  his  employers,  removed 
\vithin  a  year  after  into  Massachusetts,  where  he  possessed  himself  of  a  fer- 
tile island,  and  a  valuable  neck  of  land,-]-  which  was  afterward  confirmed  to 
him,  or  his  heirs,  by  the  Massachusetts  court,  on  the  surrender  of  all  his 
other  interest  in  New  England.  Ibid.  chap,  xviii.  He  visited  Plymouth, 
an  1623.  Purchas,v.  1867.  f  Squahtum  tied.  BelLBiog.ii.  334. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxxi.  Priuce,  134.  But  few  buildings 
svere  erected  about  Pascataqua  river  until  after  the  year  1631.  In  tbalyear^ 
there  were  but  three  houses  there.  Hubbard,  ut  supra. 

3  Prince,  134. 

Morton,  5*.    Prince,  137, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  129 

tation  at  Wessagusset  ;  but  he  returned  home,  with-  1 623. 
jput  scarcely  saluting  the  country  within  his  govern? 
ment.  Gorges  brought  with  him  William  Morrell, 
an  episcopal  minister,  who  had  a  commission  from, 
the  ecclesiastical  courts  in  England  to  exercise  a 
kind  of  superintendence  over  the  churches,  which 
were,  or  might  be,  established  in  New  England  ; 
but  he  found  no  opportunity  to  execute  his  commis- 
sion. z  This  was  the  first  essay  for  the  establish- 
ment of  a  general  government  in  New  England  $ 
but,  like  every  succeeding  attempt,  it  was  totally 
unsuccessful,2 

Notwithstanding  the  late  disasters  in  Virginia,  State  Og 
there  were  now  in  that  colony  above  two  thousand 
five  hundred  persons,  sent  over  at  the  expense  of 
thirty  thousand  pounds  of  the  public  stock,  beside 
the  charges  of  particular  societies  and  planters.5 
The  cattle  were  increased  .to  above  a  thousand  head. 
The  debt  of  the  company  was  wholly  discharged. 
During  the  four  last  years,  great  sums  were  expend- 
ed, and  much  care  was  bestowed,  by  the  officers  and 
company,  for  promoting  useful  arts  and  manufac- 
tures ;  particularly  iron  works,  wine,  silk,  sawing 
mills,  and  saltpans.  Numerous  Indians,  of  various 
tribes,  contiguous  to  the  Virginian  colony,  were  ki!7 
led  this  year  by  the  English  ;  among  the  slain,  were 

I  Gorges  soon  returned  to  England.  Morrell  staid  behind,  and  resided 
at  Plymouth  about  a  year,  making  inquiries  and  observations  respecting 
the  country ;  the  result  of  which  he  wrought  into  an  elegant  and  descrip- 
tive Latin  poem,  which,  with  his  o>vn  English  translation,  is  published  in 
vol.  i.  p.  125- — 139  of  the  Collections  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society. 

%  Morton,  54 — 57. 'Prince,  141,  14*.  Belknap  Biog,  i.  367 — 369, 
The  grant  of  the  council  for  the  affairs  of  New  England  to  "Robert  Gorges 
is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  152, — 155. 

3  Smith  [Virg.  236.]  says,  .since  he  left  the  colony  the  Virginia  company 
had  been  "  humble  suiters  to  his  majesty,  to  get  vagabonds  and  condemned 
men  to  goe  thither  ;  nay,  so  the  business  hath  been  abused,  that  so  mucK 
scorned  was  the  name  of  Virginia,  some  did  chuse  to  be  hanged  ere  they 
would  goe  thither,  and  were."  Not  long  after  the  massacre  however,  he 
remarks,  "  there  is  more  honest  men,  now  suiters  to  goe,  than  ever  hatfc 
l»eene  constrained  knaves." 


*3S  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1623.  some  of  their  kings,  and  several  of  their  greatest 

warriors. x 

literary         Qne  of  the  earliest  literary  productions  of  the 

production.  Engijsh  colOnists  in  America,  of  which  we  have  any 

notice,  is  a  translation  of  Ovid's  Metamorphoses, 

made  this  year  by  George  Sandys,  treasurer  of  the 

Virginia  company. z 

$sTew  Ne-       The  Dutch  at  New  Netherlands,  in  defence  of 

theriands.   their  colony,  built  several  forts ;  one,  on  the  east  side 

of  Delaware  Bay,  which  they  named  Fort  Nassau  ; 

one,   a  hundred  and  fifty  miles  up  Hudson's  river, 

which  they  named  Fort  Orange  j  and  a  third,  on 

Connecticut  river,  which  they  named  the  Hirsse  of 

Good  Hope.     At  the  mouth  of  the  Hudson,   they 

built  a  town,  which  they  called  New  Amsterdam.  3 

st.  Chris-        Ralph  Merifield,  having,  in  connection  with  cap- 

'knte^b    ta*u  Warner,  obtained  letters  from  king  James  to 

the  Eng-    plant  and  possess  the  island  of  St.  Christopher,  ar- 

lish ;         rived  there  in  January  with  fifteen  Englishmen,  and 

commenced  a  plantation  at  one  end  of  the  island,. 

-     where  he  built  a  fort  and  a  house.4     The  French 

I  Stith,  303. 

2,  Stith,  304.  This  historian  calls  it  "  a  very  laudable  performance  for, 
the  times."  Sandys,  in  his  dedication  of  it  to  king  Charles,  informs  him, 
that  "  it  was  limned  by  that  imperfect  light,  which  was  snatched  from  the 
hours  of  night  and  repose  ;  and  that  it  is  doubly  a  stranger,  being  sprung 
from  an  ancient  Roman  stock,  and  bred  up  in  the  New  World,  of  the  rude-? 
ness  of  which  it  could  not  but  participate  ;  especially  as  it  was  produced  a- 
mong  wars  and  tumults,  instead  of  under  the  kindly  and  peaceful  influence* 
of  the  muses.''  Ibid.  About  this  time  Dr.  William  Vaughan,  educated  at 
Oxford,  wrote  at  Newfoundland  his  Poem,  entitled  The  Golden  Fleece, 
which  was  printed  in  quarto  in  1626.  Vaughan  was  the  author  of  several 
publications  in  verse  and  prose.  In  1615  he  purchased  a  grant  of  the  pa- 
tentees of  Newfoundland  for  part  of  the  island,  and  resided  there  several 
years.  Brit.  Emp.  A.  i.  7 — 9.  Ancient  Right  Eng.  Nation  to  American 
Fishery,  20. 

3  Smith   N.  York,  2.     Brit.  Emp.   A.   i.  237.     Smith    N.   Jersey,   20. 
Governor  Bradford  says,  that  the  Dutch  had  traded  in  those  southern  parts 
several  years  before  he  and  the  other  English    adventurers  came  to  Ply- 
mouth, but  that  they  began  no  plantation  there  until  after  this  time.     See 
Prince,  165  ;  and  p.  182  of  this  volume. 

4  Churchill   Voy.  ii.  chap.   xxv.     These  English  adventurers  planted 
various  seeds,  and  raised  a  crop  of  tobacco  ;  but  a  hurricane  "drove  away"' 
this  crop  in  September.     Until  that  time  they  lived  on  cassada  bread,  po- 
tatoes, plantanes,  pine  apples,  turtles,  guanas,  and  fish.     Ibid.     Univ.  Hist, 
xli.  267.     Many  historians  place  this  settlement  in  1625. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  £31 

plarfted  themselves  at  the  same  time  on  the  other  andFrenck* 
end  of  the  island  ;  *  and  this  was  their  first  settle- 
ment in  the  West  Indies, a 

1624. 

The  fame  of  the  plantation  at  Plymouth  being  Settlement 
spread  in  the  west  of  England,  Mr.  White,   a  cele-  ^lu.dpe 
brated  minister  of  Dorchester,  excited  some  mer- 
chants and  other  gentlemen,  to  attempt  another  set- 
tlement in  New  England.     They  accordingly,   on  a 
common  stock,  sent  over  several  persons^  who  began 
a  plantation  at  Cape  Ann,  and  held  this  place  of  the 
Plymouth  settlers,  for  whom  they  set  up  here  a 
fishing  stage- 2 

The  Plymouth  colonists,  who  had  hitherto  ap-  Five  assist-* 
pointed  but  one  assistant  to  the  governor,  on  the  en^Piy- 
motion  of  governor  Bradford,  added  four  others  ;  mouth  co- 
but,  instead  of  acceding  to  a  motion,  which  he  tnade  lony* 
at  the  same  time,  for  the  change  of  their  governor, 
they  reelected  him  ;  and  gave  this  officer  a  double 
voice. 4      On  making  request  to  the  governor,  that  Land  ^ 
they  might  have  some  land  for  permanent  use,  in*  en  to  stt* 
stead  of  the  accustomed  assignment  by  annual  lot, tler3i 
he  gave  every  person  an  acre  for  himself  and  his 
family,  as  near,  as  it  was  convenient,  to  the  town.5 
Plymouth  at  this  time  contained  thirty  two  dwelling 
houses,  and  about  one  hundred  and  eighty  persons. 
The  inhabitants  had  erected  a  salt  work  ;   and  this 
year  they  freighted  a  ship  of  a  hundred  and  eighty 
tons.     In  the  last  three  years,  notwithstanding  the 

I   Churchill  Voy.  ii.  chap.  xxv. 

%  Europ.  Settlements,  ii.  6.  It  is  a  remarkable  circumstance,  that  the 
English  and  the  French  took  possession  of  this  island  the  same  day.  Ibid. 
The  Spaniards  soon  drove  both  these  colonies  out  of  the  island.  The  Eng- 
lish returned,  and  possessed  themselves  of  the  largest  and  most  fertile  quar- 
ter ;  the  French  returned,  and  left  a  small  colony  in  another  part.  But  the 
most  adventurous  of  the  French  went  in  quest  of  new  places,  ant',  after  va- 
rious fortune,  made  settlements  in  Martinico  and  Guadaloupe.  Ibid.  ^ 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.      Prince,  144,  151. 

4  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Efi£.  chap.  xvi.     Prince,  145.     Chalmers,  i.  87* 

5  Piiuce,  147. 


AMERICAN  ANNAL& 

great  want  of  necessaries,  not  one  of  the  first  plant- 
ers died. *  Edward  Winslow,  having  been  sent  to 
England  the  last  year,  as  an  agent  for  the  colony,  ori 
his  return  home,  brought  the  first  breed  of  neat  cat- 
tle to  Plymouth.  \ 

The  few  inhabitants  of  Wessagusset  receiving  art 

JllOUth.  ,  ,        .  t  r  -TTT  •      1       •         £ 

accession  to  their  number  from  Weymouth  m  Eng- 
land, the  town  is  supposed  to  have  hence  been  called 
Weymouth. 3 

About  fifty  English  ships  came  in  the  spring  of 
this  year,  to  fish  on  the  coasts  of  New  England.4 
Spirit  of  The  calamities,  which  had  befallen  the  Virginian 
the  vir-  colony,  and  the  dissensions,  which  had  agitated  the 
*embiy.as~  company,  having  been  represented  to  the  king  and 
his  privy  council  as  subjects  of  complaint  ;  a  com- 
mission was  issued  under  the  great  seal  to  Sir  Wil- 
liam Jones  and  six  others^  or  any  four  of  them,  to 
inquire  into  all  matters  respecting  Virginia,  from  the 
beginning  of  its  settlement.  The  king  also  appoint- 
ed commissioners,  to  go  to  Virginia,  and  inquire  in- 
to the  state  of  the  colony  *  After  their  departure  a 
writ  of  quo  warranto  was  issued  by  the  court  of 
king's  bench  against  the  company.5  Early  this 
year  the  commissioners  arrived  in  Virginia,  and  a 
general  assembly  was  called^  not  at  their  request  5 
for  they  kept  all  their  designs  as  secret,  as  possible^ 
The  colony  however  had  received  information  of  the 
•whole  proceedings  in  England^  and  had  already  in 
its  possession  copies  of  several  papers,  which  had 
been  exhibited  against  it.  The  assembly,  meeting 
on  the  fourteenth  of  February,  drew  up  answers  to 
the  charges,  in  a  spirited  and  masterly  style  ;  and 
appointed  an  agent  to  go  to  England,  to  solicit  its 
cause.  The  laws,  enacted  by  this  assembly,  are  the 
oldest  to  be  found  in  the  colony  records.  One  of 

I  Prince,  151. 

2,  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xvi.     Prince,  146. 

3  Prince,  150*  151.         4  Ibid.  I44» 

5  November  10, 1623. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  233 

them  is  equivalent  to  a  bill  of  rights  ;  for  it  defines     1624* 
the  power  of  the  governor,  the  council,  and  the  as- 
sembly ;  and  declares  the  privileges  of  the  p'eople,  in 
regard  to  taxes,  burdens,  and  personal  services. x 

The  quo  warranto  being  brought  to  trial  in  the  charter  of 
court  of  king's  bench,  judgment  was  given  against  Virginia 
the  Virginia  company  ;  and  the  charter  was  vacated.  vacated" 
The  company,  which  was  now  dissolved,  had  con- 
sisted of  gentlemen  of  noble,  and  disinterested  views, 
who  expended  more  than  one  hundred  thousand 
pounds  of  their  own  fortunes  in  this  first  attempt  to 
plant  an  English  colony  in  America  ;  and  more  than 
nine  thousand  persons  were  sent  out  from  the  mother 
country,  to  people  this  new  settlement.1  The  an- 
nual exportation  of  commodities  from  Virginia  to 
England  did  not  exceed  twenty  thousand  pounds  in 
value ;  and,  at  this  dissolution  of  the  company,  scarce- 
ly two  thousand  persons  survived. 3  So  fluctuating 
was  their  system  of  government,  that  in  the  course 
of  eighteen  years,  ten  different  persons  presided  as 
governors  over  the  province.4 

The  colonial  historians  have  deeply  deplored  the 
dissolution  of  the  Virginian  charter,  as  if  the  fate  of 

1  Stith,  318 — 320. 

2  Stith,  305,319 — 322,330.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  530.     Belknap  Biog.  ii. 
91,  93,  97,     Chalmers  [i.  69.]  says,  the  transportation  of  the  Virginian  set- 
tlers was  "  at  the  enormous  expence  of  i  jo,ooo,£. 

3  Smith  [V'ir.g.  continued,  chap,  xxi.]  saysr "  After  20  years  spent  in  com- 
plement, and  trying  new  conclusions,  were  remaining  scarce  1500,  some 
say  rather  2000."    Chalmers  says,  "  but  about  1800  ;"  and  takes  in  New 
England,  to  make  up  the  number  of  2000  colonists.    "  If  to  this  number 
we  add  about  200,  who  had  nestled  on  the  coast  of  North  Virginia,  the  a- 
mount  of  the  English  colonists,  settled  on  the  American  continent  at  the 
accession  of  Charles  I,  will  be  2000."     The  prices  of  provisions  in  Virgin- 
ia, at  this  period,  were  enormous.     They  are  thus  stated  in   Purchas  [v. 
1806.]  :    a  hogshead  of  meal,  io£  sterling  ;  a  gallon  of  alligant,  16  shil- 
lings ;  a  hen  and  chickens,  3j£  ;   i  pound  of  butter,  3  shillings  ;   i  pint  of 
milk,  6  pence,  ready  money  ;  a  day's  work  (carpenter's),  beside  meat  and 
lodging,  i o  or  12  shillings.     The  colonists  however,  under  all  their  disad- 
vantages, appear  to  have  possessed  a  public  and  generous  spirit  ;  for  they 
about  this  time  made  a  contribution  "  for  the  building  of  a  house  of  enter- 
tainment for  new  commers  at  James  Citie,  amounting  to  the  value  of  fif- 
teen e  hundred  pounds."     Purchas,  ibid.  1785. 

4  Robertson,  book  is.  xoi. 

ff 


234  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1624.  the  colony  had  depended  on  it.  "  Never  theless," 
says  Chalmers,  "  the  length  of  its  infancy,  the  mise- 
ries of  its  youth,  the  disasters  of  its  riper  years,  may 
all  be  attributed  to  the  monstrous  government  under 
which  it  suffered."  * 

Aug.  26.  King  James  now  issued  a  new  commission  for  the 
government  of  Virginia,  continuing  Sir  Francis  Wy- 
at  governor,  with  eleven  assistants  or  counsellors. 
The  governor  and  council  were  appointed  during  the 
king's  pleasure.  No  assembly  was  mentioned,  or 
allowed.  * 

Sept.  29.         Though  the  commons  of  England  wrere  submissive 

Prodama-  to  the  dictates  of  the  crown,  yet  they  showed  their 

pe£ing"to-  regard  to  the  interest  of  the  Virginian  complainants, 

bacco.        as  well  as  to  the  interest  of  the  nation,  by  petition- 

ing the  king,  that  no  tobacco  should  be  imported, 

but  of  the  growth  of  the  colonies  ;  and  his  majesty 

condescended  to  issue  a  new  proclamation  concerning 

tobacco,  by  which  he  restrained  the  culture  of  it  to 

Virginia  and  the  Somer  Islands.3 

N.  Nether-      The  returns  from  New  Netherlands   this  year 
lands.        were  four  thousand  beavers,  and  seven  hundred  ot- 
ters, estimated  at  twenty  seven  thousand  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  guilders,4 


Charles  i  demise  °f  tte  crown  having  annulled  all  for- 

makes  vir-mer  appointments  for  Virginia,   Charles  the  First, 
gmia  de-       ^   n       succeeded  to  the  throne  of  England,  reduc- 

pendent.on  .  o      .  p    - 

t-iu:  crown,  ed  that  colony  under  the  immediate  direction  or  the 

l  Political  Annals,  i.  63. 

1  Rymer's  Fcedera,  xvii.  618.      Belknap  Biog.  ii.  97,  9#. 

3  Belknap  Biog,  ii.  95.    The  proclamation  is  entire  in  Rymer's  Feeders, 
xvii.  621,  and  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  193  —  198.    The  king,  steady  in  his  aver- 
sion to  this  noxious  weed,  loses  no  opportunity  of  testifying  his  royal  disap- 
probation of  its  use.     On  this  occasion,  he  proclaimed,  that  he  considered 
England  and  Wales  "  as  utterly  unfyt  in  respect  of  the  clymate  to  cherish 
the  same  for  any  medicinall  use,  which  is  the  only  good  to  he  approved  in 
yt."     Ibid.    Another   proclamation   to   the   same  purpost  was   issued  » 
March  1625.     It  is  in  Rymer's  Foedera,  xvii,  66  S, 

4  Haaard  Coll.  i-39/. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  *35 

crown  ;  appointing  a  governor  and  council,  and  or-  1625. 
dering  all  patents  and  processes  to  issue  in  his  own 
name.  His  proclamation  "  for  settling  the  planta* 
tion  of  Virginia"  is  dated  the  thirteenth  of  May.  * 
The  commission  to  the  new  governor  and  council 
was  accompanied  with  arbitrary  instructions.  "  The 
commerce  of  the  Virginians,"  says  Chalmers,  "  was 
restrained,  at  the  same  time  that  their  persons  were 
enslaved."* 

Captain  Wollaston,  and  a  few  persons  of  some  settlement 
eminence,  with  thirty  servants,  came  from  England 
to  Massachusetts  Bay,  and  on  the  southern  side  of 
the  bay,  at  the  head  of  a  creek,  began  a  plantation, 
which  they  called  Mount  Wollaston.3  Among- 
these  settlers  was  Thomas  Morton,  who  was  after- 
ward the  cause  of  much  trouble  to  the  sober  inhab- 
itants of  the  country, 4 

1  This  Proclamation,  is  entire  in   Hazard   Coll.  ii.   203^—205,  and  in 
Chalmers,!.  126 — 128.     It  shows  how  high  the  king  set  the  royal  pre- 
rogative at  the  commencement  of  his  reign,  and  prepares  us  to  expect  the 
miseries,  which  ensued.     **  Our  full  resolution  is,  that  there  may  he  one  u- 
niforme  course  of  government  in  and  through  our  whole  monarchic,  that 
the  government  of  the  colony  of  Virginia  shall  ymmediately  depend  upon 
ourselfe,  and  not  be  commytted  to  anie  company  or  corporation ;  to  whom 
itt  maie  he  proper  to  trust  matters  of  trade  and  commerce,  but  cannot  b« 
fitt  or  safe  to  communicate  the  ordering  of  state  affaires,  be  they  of  never 
*oe  mean  consequence."     This  resolution  of  tbe  king  excited  serious  alarrn 
among  the  Puritans  at  Leyden,  one  of  whom  wrote  to  governor  Bradford 
of  Plymouth,  that  some  hence  conceive  "  he  will  have  both  the  same  civil 
<ind  ecclesiastical  government  that   is  io  England,  which  occasioneth  their 
fear."     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  43.     King  James  had  set  the  example,  thus  ear- 
ly and  thoroughly  followed  by  his  son.     He  had'  aimed  to  make  the  supe- 
riority of  the  colonies  to  be  only  of  the  king-,  and  not  of  the  crown  of  Eng- 
land ;  with  a  view,  it  is  supposed,  to  make  them  a  sourc$  of  revenue  to  him- 
self and  his  successors,  that  they  might  not  depend  on  parliament  ;  "  but 
the  commons  did  not  give  up  the  matter,  as  appears  by  their  Journals  of 
16.24  and  162.5."     Stokes  Constitut.  of  Brit.  Colonies,  p.  4. 

2  Political  Annals,  i.  in — 113  ;    where  is  a   summary  of  the  royal  in- 
ductions.    For  governor  Yardley's  Commission,  see  Hazard  Coll.i.  230 — 
234- 

3  Morton,  75.     Prince,  152.     Belknap    Biog.  ii.    333.     It  fell  into  the 
township  of  Braintree.     Dr.  Belknap  (ibid.)  says, "  they  called  an  adjoining 
hill,"  not  the  settlement  itself,  "  Mount  Wollaston."     Since  the  division  of 
Braintree  into  two  towns,  this  hill   is  in  Cjuincy,  not  far  distant  from  the 
•eat  of  the  Honourable  JOHN  ADAMS,  Esquire, late  President  of  th«  Wmt«k 
States.  , ' 

4  Morton's  Memorial,  76.     Prince,  1^2. 


236**  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1625.       Roger  Conant,  a  man  of  piety   and  discretion, 
n.  Conant  having  lately  removed  from  Plymouth  to  Nantasket, 

removes  i          i         i-v         i  i  •      T- 

from  Nan-  was  chosen  by  the  Dorchester  adventurers  in  Eng- 
tasket  to    land,  to  manage  their  affairs  at  Cape  Ann.    On  this 

Cape  Ann.  ,°  ,  f  .     , 

appointment  he  removed  to  that  place,  accompanied 
by  Mr.  Lyford,  a  preacher,   who  had  been  invited 
at  the  same  time  by  those  adventurers  to  be  minister 
to  the  plantation.     In  the  autumn  Lyford's  people 
at  Nantasket  removed  to  Cape  Ann.1       Conant, 
Discovers    finding  a  better  place  for  a  plantation  a  little  to  the 
westward,  galled  Naumkeak,  and  conceiving  that  it 
might  be  a  convenient  place  for  the  reception  of  such 
English  people,  as  might  be  desirous  of  a  settlement 
in  America,  gave  notice  of  it  to  his  friends  in  Eng- 
land.    This  information  gave  rise  to  a  project  for 
procuring  of  the  council   of  Plymouth  a  grant  for 
settling  a  colony  in  Massachusetts  Bay. a 
Plymouth        The  merchant  adventurers  at  London    having' 
taken  by    sent  two  ships  on  a  trading  voyage  to  New  England, 
i-urks.  one  Q£  t]lem?  was  sent  kack  by  Plymouth   colony, 

laden  with  codfish,  with  beaver  ^ind  other  furs,  to 
make  payment  for  goods  already  received  ;  but,  af- 
ter it  had  shot  far  into  the  English  channel,  was 
surprised  by  a  Turkish  man  of  war,  and  carried  in- 
to Scilly,  where  the  master  and  his  men  were  made, 
slaves. 3 

Miles  Stan-  Miles  Standisli  went  to  England,  as  agent,  to  con- 
toEnghnd.  c^u^e  some  matters  of  difference,  yet  depending  be- 
tween the  colony  of  Plymouth  and  the  merchant  ad- 
venturers at  London,  and  to  transact  some  business 
•with  the  council  of  New  England  ;  but  the  troubles 
in  the  kingdom,  and  the  plague  in  London,  prevent- 
ed him  from  completely  effecting  the  objects  of  his, 
commission.4 

i  The  reason,  assigned  for  their  removal  to  this  place,  5=,  that  it  was 
tnore  convenient  for  the  fishery.  They  had  resided  at  Nantasket  "  a  year 
and  some  few  months."  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.  Prince,  157. 

2-  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.  Smith  Virg.  247.  Brit.  Emp.  i.  264. 
Douglas,  i.  407. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xvi.     Morton,  68,  69,     Prince,  155, 166. 

4  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng,  chap.  xvi.  Yet  they  "  were  happily  accomplished 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  237 

Sir  William  Alexander  obtained  from  Charles  I 
a  confirmation  of  his  title  to  Nova  Scotia,  under  the 
great  seal  of  Scotland. x 

1626. 

A  bill  for  the  maintenance  and  increase  of  ship-  J^^S 
ping  and  navigation,  and  for  the  freer  liberty  of  fish-  contended 
ing  voyages  on  the  coasts  of  Newfoundland,  Virgin-  ^,y^n» 
ia,  and  New  England,  was  passed  in  February,  by  of  Eng., 
the  English  house  of  commons  ;  but  it  was  never  lancL 
returned  from  the  house  of  lords. a     The  spirit  of 
the  commons  was  not  repressed  by  the  loss  of  this 
bill.    In  a  strong  representation  of  grievances,  which 
they  presented  to  king  Charles  in  the  following  May, 
they  insisted,  "  that  the  restraint  of  the  subject  from 
the  liberty  of  a  free  fishing,  with  all  the  necessary 
incidents,  was  a  great  national  grievance."     The 
spirit,  displayed  by  this  animated  assembly,  as  well 
as  its  refusal  to  grant  the  sovereign  a  second  subs!-* 
dy,  brought  on  its  dissolution. 3 

The  coast  of  Newfoundland,  for  most  of  the  late  New* 
years,  was  frequented  by  two  hundred  and  fifty  sail  Joundian* 
of  English  vessels,  estimated  at  fifteen  thousand  tons,  *' 
employing  five  thousand  persons,  and  making  an  aa- 

by  him  so  far,  as  ho  left  things  ia  ^i  hopeful  way  of  composition  \vith  the 
one  [the  London  merchants],  and  a  promise  of  all  helpfulness  and  favour 
from  the  other"  [the  council  of  New  England.].  Ibid,  and  Coil.  Hist.  SOQ. 
iii.  38  ;  Morton,  69  ;  Prince,  156  ;  Belkjiap  Biog.  ii.  331. 

1  Chalmers,  I.  92.     This  confirmatory  charter  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  206 
T— 224 ;  and  is  nearly  in  the  same  words,  as  the  original  charter,  given  by 
king  James.  See  p.  218  of  this  volume. 

2  This  must  have  been  the  -revival  of  the  bill,  brought  forward  by  the 
house  of  commons  in  1621,  if  an  anonymous  Essay  among  Colonial  Tracts 
in  Harvard  .Library  may  be  reMed  on.     The  author  of  that  E^say  observe^, 
that  on  the  occasion  of  the  original  measure  the  secretary  of  state  made  the 
following  declaration  to  the    house  from  the  king  [ Janies] :     "  Ameri-. 
cais  not  annexed  to  the  realm,  nor  within  the  jurisdiction  of  parliament  ; 
you  have  therefore  no  right  to  interfere." 

3  Chalmers,  i.  114.    Now  commenced  the  quarrels  between  Charles  I 
and  the  Parliament  of  England  ;  the  latter  perceiving,  that  the  kuig  was 
desirous  of  extending  the  royal  prerogative,  arid  of  rendering  himself  inde- 
pendent.    Henault's  Hist.  France,  ii.  50.     "  No  one  was,  at  that  time,  suf- 
ficiently sensible  of  the  great  weight,  which  the  commons  bore  in  the  bal- 
itnce  of  the  constitution.    The  history  of  England  had  sever  hitherto  ^- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

nual  profit  of  about  one  hundred  and  thirty 
thousand  pounds  sterling.1 

ount  Wollaston,  after  much  time,  labour,  and  cost  had{ 
Wollaston.  been  expended  in  planting  Mount  Wollaston,  trans- 
ported a  great  part  of  the  servants  to  Virginia.  In 
his  absence,  Morton  advised  the  remainder  of  the 
company  to  depose  Filcher,  who  had  been  left  be- 
hind as  lieutenant,  ancl  to  keep  possession  for  them- 
selves. The  counsel  was  followed  ;  and  dissipation 
ensued.  Having  traded  with  the  Indians  awhile, 
with  what  goods  they  had  in  possession,  they  spent 
the  avails  of  their  traffick  merrily  about  a  May  pol^ 
and  called  the  place  Merry  Mount.  * 


Plym 
colon 


1627. 

The  Plymouth .  colony  had,  the  preceding  year, 
Sases  Si '"  sent  *saac  Allerton  to  England,  to  make  a  composi- 
ihe  proper-  tion  with  the  adventurers  \  to  take  up  more  money  ;< 
ty  of  the  an(j  £O  purchase  more  goods.  Allerton  returned  in 
the  spring  of  this  year,  after  a  successful  execution 
of  his  commission.  He  had  procured  a  loan  of  two 
hundred  pounds,  at  thirty  per  cent,  interest, 3  and 

forded  an  instance,  where  any  great  movement  or  revolution  had  proceed- 
ed from  the  lower  house."-  Hume  Hist.  Eng.  Charles  I,  chap.  i. 

I  Smith  Virg.  244. 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.  Morton,  76,  77.  Prince  [i6a — 
167.]  places  the  last  transaction  in  1627.  Morton  himself  confirms  th« 
principal  statements  of  the  New  England  historians  on  this  subject,  but 
complains  of  abuse  in  this  name  of  the  hill  ;  affirming,  that  he  called  it 
Mare-Mount*  See  p.  93  of  a  work,  entitled  "  New  English  Canaan,  or 
New  Canaan,  by  Thomas  Morton  of  Clifford's  Inn,  Gent."  Printed  at  Am- 
sterdam 1637.  This  is  the  same  Morton,  mentioned  above,  who, secretary 
Morton  [Memorial,  p.  76.]  says,  had  been  "  a  petty  fogger  at  Furnival'» 
Inn." 

3  Hard  as  these  terms  were,  they  were  less  hard,  than  those,  on  which 
they  had  their  goods  the  preceding  year,  those  having  been  at  45  per  cent. 
Gov.  Bradford's  Letter  Book  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  Hi.  46.  The  pious  govern- 
or, after  mentioning  these  "  straits,"-  might  well  add:  "  so  that  it  was 
God's  marvellous  providence,  that  \ve  were  ever  able  to  wade  through 
things."  Ibid.  Enormous  as  was  this  rate  of  interest,  it  was  increased  th« 
next  year.  Mr.  Shirley  writes  from  London  to  governor  Bradford  (i6z8)  : 
•*  It  is  true,  as  you  write,  your  engagements  are  great,  not  only  the  pur- 
chase,  but  you  are  yet  necessitated  to  take  up  the  stock  you  work  upon, 
and  that  not  at  6  or  8  per  cent,  as  it  is  here  let  out,  but  at  30,  40,  yea  and 
tome  50  per  cent,  wfeich,  were  not  your  gains  great)  and  God's  blessing  e» 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  *39 

kid  it  out  in  suitable  goods,  which  he  now  brought  1627* 
over  to  the  plantation.  He  had  agreed  with  the  ad- 
venturers, in  behalf  of  the  colony,  to  purchase  all 
their  shares,  stocks,  merchandizes,  lands,  and  chat- 
tels, for  eighteen  hundred  pounds  ;  two  hundred  to 
be  paid  at  the  Royal  Exchange  every  Michaelmas 
for  nine  years  ;  the  first  payment  to  be  made  in 
1628.  * 

The  colonists,  obliged  as  they  were  to  take  up 
monies,  or  goods,  at  exorbitant  interest,  were  at  a 
loss,  how  they  should  raise  the  payment,  in  addition 
to  the  discharge  of  their  other  engagements,  and  the 
supply  of  their  yearly  wants  ;  but  they  undertook 
to  effect  it  ;  and  seven  or  eight  of  the  principal  men 
became  jointly  bound,  in  behalf  of  the  rest.     A  part* 
nership  was  now  formed,  into  which  were  admitted 
every  head  of  a  family,  and  every  young  man,  of 
age  and  prudence.     It  was  agreed^  that  the  trade 
should  be  managed,  as  before,  to  pay  the  debts  ;  ev* 
ery  single  freeman  should  have  a  single  share  ;  and 
every  father  of  a  family,  leave  to  purchase  one  share 
for  himself,  one  for  his  wife,  and  one  for  every  child, 
living  with  him  ;  and  that  every  one  should  pay  his 
part  toward  the  debts,  according  to  the  number  of 
his  shares.     To  every  share  twenty  acres  of  arable  Division  «r 
land  were  assigned  by  lot  ;  to  every  six  shares,  one 
cow  and  two  goats  ;  and  swine  in  the  same  propor- 
tion.* 

your  honest  endeavours  more  than  ordinary,  it  could  not  be  that  you  should 
long  subsist,  in  the  maintaining  of  and  upholding  of  your  worldly  affairs.1* 
Ibid.  p.  5 8. 

i  The  heads  of  this  agreement  are  in  governor  Bradford's  Letter  Book. 
in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  47 ,  48.  It  was  subscribed  by  Allerton  and  42  adven- 
turers 15  November  1626. 

a  Morton,  71,  73.  Prince,  16,5—167.  The  previous  allotments  of 
a  garden  plot,  and  of  a  single  acre  to  each  individual  were  not  affected  by 
this  new  division.  The  manner,  in  which  the  first  lots  were  located,  is 
distinctly  shown,  in  an  extract  from  Plymouth  Colony  Records,  in  Hazard 
Coll.  i.  100—103,  entitled  "The  MEERSTEADS  and  GARDEN  PLOTES  of 
those,  which  came  first,  laid  out."  The  agreement,  for  the  division  of  ao 
acres  to  a  share,  was  made  "  in  a  full  court"  3  January  16x7,  according  to 
the  reckoning  then  in  use  [Hazard  Coll.  i.  180.],  but  it  was  truly  3  January 
The  year  was  tbtn  computed  from  the  sjth  of  Marcfc. 


240  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1627.       Messengers  now  arrived  at  Plymouth,  from  the 
March,      governor  of  the  Dutch  plantation  at  Hudson's  riv^r* 

Messea-       °.1  •      •»  i      i  •  •      ^s.         -, 

gerscofne  W]th  amicable  letters,  written  in  Dutch  and  French.  l 
from  N.     In  these  letters,  the  Dutch  congratulated  the  Eng- 


on  tne'r  prosperous  and  commendable  enter- 
prise  ;  tendered  them  their  good  will,  and  friendly- 
services  ;    and  offered  to  open  and  maintain  with 
them  a  commercial  intercourse.     The  governor  and 
council  of  Plymouth  sent  an  obliging  answer  to  the 
Dutch,'  expressing  a  thankful  sense  of  the  kindness, 
which  they  had  received  in  their  native  country  ; 
and  a  grateful  acceptance  of  the  offered  friendship.  *• 
Trade  es-  '      For  greater  convenience  of  trade,  the  Plymouth 
*a])lisheda£  Colonists  this  summer  built  a  small  pinnace  at  Mon- 

Monamet.  1-11  i  i     i      • 

arnet,  3  to  which  place  they  transported  their  goods. 
Having  taken  them  by  water  within  four  or  five 
miles,  they  carried  them  over  land  to  the  vessel,  and 
thus  avoided  the  dangerous  navigation  around  Cape 
Cod,  and  made  their  voyage  to  the  southward  in  far 
less  time,  and  with  much  less  hazard.  For  the  safe- 
ty of  their  vsssel  and  goods,  they  also  built  a  house, 
and  kept  some  servants  there,  who  planted  corn, 
raised  hogs,  and  were  always  ready  to  go  out  with 
the  bark.  4 

The  Puritans,  left  at  Leyden,  deprived  of  their 
revered  and  beloved  pastor,5  were  desirous  to  come 

I  Morton,  74.  The  letters  were  dated  at  the  Manhattas,  in  the  Fort 
Amsterdam,  March  9,  1617,  and  signed  by  Isaac  de  Razier,  secretary.  Gov- 
ernor Bradford  says,  that  Razier  was  their  upper  commit,  or  chief  merchant, 
and  second  to  the  governor  ;  and  a  man  of  u  fair  and  genteel  behaviour. 
Coll.  Hist.Soc.  iii.54- 

a  Prince,  f6j.     Coll.  I  list.  Soc.  iii.  51,  51  ;  where  this  letter  is  entire. 

3  A  place  on  the  sea,  20  miles  to  the  south   of  Plymouth,  now  culled 
Sandwich.     See  p.  225,  note  3. 

4  Prince,  167,  168. 

5  The  Reverend  John  Robinson  died  I  March  1625,  in  the  fiftieth  year 
cf  his  age.      Until  bis  death,  the  congregation  at   Plymouth  had  not  a- 
bandoned  the  hope  of  his  coming  to  America,  with  their  brethren,  who  re- 
mained in  Holland.     The  difficulties,  which  then  attended  a  voyage  acros* 
the  Atlantic  ;  the  expense  of  an  equipment  for  a  new  colony  ;  the  hard- 
%hir,s,  incident  to  a  plantation  in  a  distant  wilderness  ;  the  debts,  already- 
contracted  by  the  Plymouth  colonists  ;  and  the  poverty  of  the  congregation 
3t  Leyden,  prevented  his  roaioval.    JJelknap  Biog.  ii.  1  75.     tiutchinsoji 


AMERICAN  ANNALS* 

to  New  England,  and  join  their  brethren  at  Plyni-    1627* 
outhV     In  correspondence  with  their  wishes,  the 
people  of  Plymouth  were  solicitous  to  aid  their  re- 
moval from  Holland  ;  but  were  unable,  without  ex- 
traordinary efforts.    On  this  occasion,  the  governor 
and  seven  other  persons1   made  a  hazardous  adven-  J£ea^re|V 
ture.     They  hired,  the  trade  of  the  colony  for  six  others  hire 
years  ;  and  for  this  privilege,  together  with  the  shal-  ^ 
lop,  and  the  pinnace,  lately  built  at  Monamet,  and  °uth 
the  stock  in  the  store  house,  undertook  to  pay  the  nT- 
eighteen  hundred  pounds,  and  all  other  debts  of  the 
planters  J    to  bring  over  for  them  fifty  pounds  a 
year  in  hoes  and  shoes,  and  sell  them  for  corn  at  six 
shillings  a  bushel  j  and,  at  the  end  of  the  term,  to 
return  the  trade  to  the  colony.  * 

On  the  return  of  the  ships,  Allertoh  was  again  sent 
to  England,  to  conclude  the  bargain  with  the  com-  merchant 
pany,  and  deliver  the  bonds  for  the  stipulated  pay-  adventur- 
ment  ;  to  carry  beaver,  and  pay  some  of  the  recent  er 
debts  ; 3  to  procure  a  patent  for  a  convenient  trad- 
ing place  on  Kennebeck  river  ;4  and  to  make  inter- 
est with  th'e:frieiids  of  the  coloriy  in  London,  to  join 
with  the  eight  undertakers  for  the  discharge  of  the 
debts  of  the  colony,  and  for  helping  their  friends 
from  Ley  den.     He  closed  the  bargain  with  the  com- 

[ii.  4*4.]  says,  that  "  lie  was  prevented  by  ttlsappointmcKts  from  those  in  Eng- 
land, .who  undertook  to  provide  for  the  passage  of  him  and  his  congrega- 
tion." See  Belknap,  ut  supra  ;  and  Morton,  70.  The  death  of  Robinson 
caused  the  dissolution  of  his  congregation  at  Leyden  ;  some  of  whom  re- 
moved to  Amsterdam  ;  and  others,  among  whom  were  his  widow  and  chil-» 
ttren,  to  New  England.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  168.  See  Note  V  at  the  end  o£ 
the  volume. 

i  Edward  Winslbw,  Thomas  Prince,  Miles  Standish,  William  Brewster, 
John  Alden,  John  Howland,  and  Isaac  Allerton. 

a  Prince,  168,  169. 

.  3  "  For,"  says  governor  Bradford,  "  our  excessive  interest  Still  keeps  us 
low."  Prince,  169. 

4  A  special  reason,  assigned  for  this  article,  is,  that  **  the  planters  at 
Pascatoway  and  other  places  eastward  of  them,  as  also  the  fishing  ships  en- 
vy our  trading  there,  and  threaten  to  get  a  patent  to  exclude  us  ;  though 
•we  first  discovered  and  began  the  same,  and  brought  it  to  so  good  an  issue." 
Prince,  ibid,  from  governor  Bradford. 
Nn 


.242  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

pany  of  adventurers  at  London,  on  the  sixth  of  Ndi- 
vember. ' 

New  pro-  The  colony  of  Quebec,  by  direction  of  cardinal 
°-"  Richlieu,  sole  minister  of  France,  was  taken  out  or* 
the  hands  of  the  French  Protestants,  and,  together 
with  its  trade,  put  into  the  hands  of  one  hundred 
persons,  called  the  Company  of  a  hundred  Associ* 
ates,  at  the  head  of  which  was  the  cardinal  himself^ 
with  the  mareshal  Defiat,  and  other  persons  of  em- 
inence. 3 

William  Usselin,  an  eminent  Swedish  merchant, 
JSri  £'     havmg  greatly  extolled  the  country  in  the  neighbour- 
lout  the     hood    of  New  Netherlands,    Gustavus  Adolphns, 
ifciawure.  kjng  of  Sweden,  had  issued  a  proclamation,  exhort- 
ing his  subjects  to  contribute  to  a  company,  associ- 
ated for  the  settlement  of  a  colony  in  that  territory. 
Considerable  sums  were  raised  by  contribution  ;  and 
a  number  of  Swedes  and  Fins  came  over,  this  year3 
to  America.     They  first  landed  at  Cape  Hinlopen, 
the  sight  of  which  gave  them  such  pleasure,   that 
they  called  it  Paradise  Point.     Some  time  after  they 
bought  of  the  natives  the  land  from  that  cape  to  the 
Falls  of  Delaware,  and  obtained  peaceable  posses- 
sion. 3 

1628. 

March  19.  This  year  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the  colony 
M^ch"  °^  Massachusetts.  The  council  for  New  England 
•ettasoidto  on  the  nineteenth  of  March  sold  to  Sir  Henry  Ros- 
srii.Ros-  jj  gjr  j  |in  Young,  and  four  other  associates  in 

well  and  >.    .    .  b»  .  f 

•th«8.       the  vicinity  or  Dorchester  in  England,  a  patent  for 

I  Princs,  ibid.  "  The  thing  was  fully  concluded,  and  the  bargain  fairly" 
engrossed  in  parchment,  under  their  hands  and  seals."  Gov.  Bradford  Let- 
ter Book  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  48. 

•2  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  422.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  161 — 165  ;  where 
is  an  account  of  this  project  for  the  settlement  of  Canada.  Charlevoix 
(ibid.)  thinks  nothing  could  have  been  better  imagined  ;  and  that  France 
wouli  have  been  the  most  powerful  colony  in  America,  had  the  execution 
been  answerable  to  the  design.  The  full  number  of  the  Associates  was  107. 

3  Smith  N.  Jersey,  a  2.  Smith  says,  it  is  uncertain  whether  they  bought 
the  land  of  those  natives,  who  could  properly  convey  it.  The  river  Dela- 
ware they  called  New  Swedeland  stream.  Ibid.  See  A,  D.  1629. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  243 

all  that  part  of  New  England,  lying  between  three  1628, 
piles  to  the  northward  of  Merriraack  river  and  three 
miles  to  the  southward  of  Charles  river,  and  in 
Jength  within  the  described  breadth  from  the  Atlan- 
tic ocean  to  the  South  Sea.  The  reverend  Mr. 
White  of  Dorchester  being  engaged  at  that  juncture 
Jn  projecting  an  asylum  for  silenced  Nonconformist 
ministers,  the  grantees,  by  his  means,  became  ac- 
quainted with  several  religious  persons1  in  London 
and  its  vicinity,  who  at  first  associated  with  them!,  Th/ir 

r  i      -.  t  •    i  •  i      •  inghts 

and    afterward    bought   rights    in    their    patent."  pmcha?ed 
They  next  projected  a  settlement  for  the  express  by others; 
purpose  of  providing  for  Nonconformists  a  safe  re- 
treat, where  they  might  *enjoy  religious  liberty  in 
platters  of  worship  and  discipline.     The  company 
soon  after  chose  Matthew   Cradock  governor,  and 
Thomas  Goffe,  deputy  governor,  with  eighteen  as* 
sistants  ; 3  and  sent  over  a  few  people  under  the  gov-  who  send 
^rnrnent  of  John  Endicot,  to  carry  on  the  plantation  w!*hTfew 
at  Naumkeak,  and  prepare  for  settling  a  colony. 4  people  to 
Endicot,  on  his  arrival  at  Naumkeak,  laid  the  foun-  N 
dation  of  Salem,  the  first  permanent  town  in  Massa- 
chusetts,     Several  servants   were  soon  sent  over 
from  England,  on  the  joint  stock  of  the  company  ; 
but  upon  their  arrival  at  Naumkeak,  an  uncultivat- 
ed desert,  many  of  them,  for  want  of  wholesome 

i  John  Winthrop,  Isaac  Johnson,  Matthew  Cradock,  Thomas  GofT,  and 
Sir  Richard  Saltonstall.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.  They  are 
said  to  be  persons  "  of  like  quality,"  as  the  first  purchasers  of  the  patent. 
Ibid. 

a  Hubbard  (ibid.)  says,  they  bought  of  them  all  their  right  and  interest, 
in  New  England  ;  but  Prince  [171.]  from  the  Massachusetts  colony  charter 
and  record;;  concluded,  that  three  only  of  the  six  original  grantees  wholly 
sold  their  rights  ;  and  that  the  other  three  retained  theirs  in  equal  partner- 
ship with  the  new  associates. 

3  Beside  those  gentlemen,  there  were  20  or  30,  who  subscribed  £1035, 
to  be  a  common  stock  to  carry  on  the  plantation.     The  ne;;t  year  £745 
inore  were  lent  on  the  same  account  by  several  gentlemen.     They  gener* 
ally  ventured  but  £25  a  piece  ;  some,  £50  ;  a  few,  £75  ;  and  the  gov- 
ernor, £100.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxii. 

4  Johnson,  says,  that  Endicoc,  who  came  with  them  "  to  govern,"   waf 
«  a  fit  instrument  to  begin  this  wilderness  work;  of  courage  bold,  undaunt- 
ed, yet  sociable,  and  of  a  cheerful  spirit,  loving,  or  austere,  as  occasion  serv- 
<4«"     Wonderwork,  Prox'ideuce,  xy. 


244  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1628.  diet  and  convenient  lodgings,  died  of  the  scurvy  and 
other  distempers.1 

Six  or  seven  persons,  with  the  consent  of  gover- 
*  Endic,otV  travelled  from  Naumkeak  through  the 
woods  about  twelve  miles  westward,  and  came  to  a 
neck  of  land,  between  Mystic  and  Charles  rivers, 
called  Mishawum.  It  was  full  of  Indians,  called 
Aberginians  ;  and,  with  the  unconstrained  consent 
of  their  chief,  they  settled  there. * 

The  Plymouth  colonists   obtained  a  patent  for 

beck.  JCennebeck  .  ^nci  up  this  river,  in  a  place  conve- 
nient for  trade,  erected  a  house,  and  furnished  it 
with  corn,  and  other  commodities.  While  the  trade 
of  their  infant  colony  was  thus  commencing  toward 
the  east,  if  was  becoming  gradually  extended  toward 

The  Dutch  the  west.  A  Dutch  bark  from  Manhattan  arriving 
kh  at  the  trading  house  at  Manomet,  '  with  sugar  > 
linen,  stuffs,  and  various  other  commodities  ;  a  boat 
was  sent  frOrn  Plymouth  for  Razier,  who  conduct- 
ed this  commercial  enterprise  ;  and  he,  with  most  of 
his  company,  was  entertained  af  Plymouth  several 
days.  On  his  return  to  the  bark,  some  of  the 
people  of  Plymouth  accompanied  him,  and  bought 
various  goods.  After  this  commencement  of  trade, 
the  Dutch  often  sent  goods  to  the  same  place  ;  and 
a  trafiick  was  continued  severalyears.  The  Ply- 
mouth colonists  sold  much  tobacco  for  linens,  stuffs., 
and  other  articles  ;  and  derived  great  advantage 
from  this  commerce,  until  the  Virginians  found  out 
the  Dutch  colony. 3 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.  Prince,  171 — 178.  Mather  Mag- 
nal.i.  16.  Chalmers,  i.  136.  The  Reverehd  Mr.  Bentley  [Hist.  Salem  Coil> 
Hist.  Soc.  yi.  230.]  says,  "  The  natives  had  forsaken  this  spot  [Naumkeak] 
before  the  English  had  reached  it.  On  the  soil  they  found  no  natives,  of 
whom  we  have  any  record.  No  natives  ever  claimed  it,  and  the  possessioii 
was  uninterrupted." 

1  Prince,  174,175.  This  chief  was  called  by  the  English  John  Sagamore. 
He  was  the  oldest  son  of  the  old  Aberginian  chief,  who  was  then  dead.  The 
few  Englishmen,  who  now  settled  at  Mishawum,  found  but  one  English 
house  there,  "  thatched  and  palisadoed,  poesessed  by  Thomas  Walford,  al 
t»mith."  Ibid. 

3  Prince,  171 — 173.    The  Dutch,  on  $he  -visit  recited  above,  aqrpainfr- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  245 

John  Endicot,  arriving  at  Naumkeak,  as  an  agent,    1628. 
jo  carry  on  the  plantation  there,  and  manaee  all  the  Endicot 

r>"    •  -    c-        i  ml/r    '  i  •     •  i        1          VISltS 

affairs  of  the  Massachusetts  patentees,  visited  the  Mount 
people  at  Merry  Mount  :  caused  their  May  pole  to 
be  cut  down  ;  rebuked  them  for  their  profaneness  ^ 
and  admonished  them  to  reform.  Morton,  their 
principal,  was  incorrigible.  Hearing  what  gain  the 
French  and  the  fishermen  made  by  selling  guns,  pow- 
der,' and  shot  to  the  natives,  he  began  the  same 
trade  in  his  neighbourhood,  and  taught  the  natives 
the  use  of  fire  arms.  The  English,  meeting  them  natives  the 
m  the  woods,  armed  in  this  manner,  were  greatly  in^  °*  flre 
timidated.  The  chief  persons,  hi  the  scattered  plan- 
tations at  Pascataqua,  Naumkeak,  Winisimet,  Wes- 
sagusset,  Nantasket,  and  other  places,  met,  and  a- 
greed  to  solicit  the  people  of  Plymouth,  who  were 
stronger  than  all  the  other  New  England  colonists 
combined,  to  unite  with  them  in  tiie  suppression  of 
the  alarming  evil.  The  Plymouth  colonists,  after  re- 
peatedly sending  friendly  messages  to  Morton,  ad- 
vising him  to  forbear  his  injurious  courses,  and  re- 
ceiving insolent  replies,  prevailed  with'  the  governor 
of  their  colony  to  send  Standish,  with  some  aid,  to 
apprehend  him.  "  This  gallant  officer  successfully 
performed  the  enterprise.  Dispersing  the  worst  of 
the  company,  he  brought  Morton  to  Plymouth, 

.     ,  -f  c  ^       ^ 

whence  he  was  soon  after  sent  to  England. 

Sir  Thomas  Warner,  and  a  number  of  English-  N«V;$  set- 
men,  attempted  the  settlement  of  Berbuda  ;  but, tkd- 
finding  it  a  rocky  and  barren  island,  they  left  it,  and 
settled  at  Nevis,  to  the  number  of  about  one  hun- 
dred,  many  of  whom  were  old  planters  of  St.  Chris-  chrfstL,  •* 
topher's.3     At  the  island  of  St.  Christopher  there  Pher> 

ing  the  people  of  Plymouth  with  the  trade  of  wampum,  they  were  induc- 
ed to  purchase  that  article  of  the  Indians,  to  the  value  of  ahout  £5'o.  For 
the  two  first  years  it  was  unsaleable  ;  nut  it  became  afterward  a  very  im- 
portant article  of  trade,  especially  with  the  inland  Indians,  who-  did  noc 
^iiake  it. 

•     i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng  chap,  xviii.  Prince,  175 — lyj.    Josselyn,  aji, 
$  Anderson,  ii.  333.  Smith  Yirg.  contin.  chap,  xxvii.  Univ.  Hist.xli.  288, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

were,  this  year,  about  thirty  sail  of  English,  French, 
and  Dutch  ships.  The  natives,  having  done  much 
mischief  among  the  French,  were  entirely  expelle4 
from  the  island.  ' 

1629, 

March  4^       On  the  petition  of  the  .Massachusetts  company^ 

Patent  of  .  ,  r       '  3 


11,1  t.    .        .  ,,  ,  ,  . 

-  seconded  by  the  solicitation  of  lord  Dorchester,  king 
Charles,  ky  charter,  confirmed  the  patent  of  Mas- 
sachusetts  colony.  By  this  patent,  the  company 
was  incorporated  by  the  name  of  "  The  Governor, 
and  Company  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New 
England,53  to  have  perpetual  succession  ;  empower- 
ed to  elect  forever^  out  of  the  freemen  of  said  com* 
pany,  a  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  eighteen  as* 
sistants,  to  be  newly  chosen  on  the  last  Wednesday 
in  easter  term  yearly,  by  the  greater  part  of  the 
company  ;  and  to  make  laws,  not  repugnant  to  the, 
laws  of  England.  Matthew  Cradock  was  constitute 
ed  the  first  governor  ;  and  Thomas  Goffe,  the 
deputy  governor.  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall 
seventeen  other  persons  were  constituted  assistants.  a 
April  30.  A  court  of  the  Massachusetts  company  was  soon 
govern-  after  holden  at  London,  and  settled  a  form  of  gov- 
ment  set-  ernment  for  the  new  colony.  It  ordained,  that  thir- 
Masodm-  teen  persons,  such  as  should  be  reputed  the  most 
$ettscoiony.  wise,  honest,  expert,  and  discreet,  resident  on  the 
colonial  plantation,  should,  from  time  to  time,  have 
the  sole  management  of  the  government  and  affairs 
of  the  colony  ;  and  they,  to  the  best  of  their  judg- 
ment, were  to  *6  endeavour  to  so  settle  the  same,3* 
as  might  "  make  most  to  the  glory  of  God,  the  fru> 
therance  and  advancement  of  this  hopeful  plantation^ 

I  Smith  Virg.  continued,  chap.  xxy. 

a  Mather  Magnal.  book  i.  16.  Uiiiv.  Hist,  xxxix.  277.  Chalmers,  i. 
136.  Prince,  180.  This  first  Charter  of  Massachusetts  was  first  printed 
in  Hutahinson's  Collection  of  Papers,  i  —  23  ;  it  is  also  in  Hazard  Coll.  i. 
239  —  255.  Some  of  these  authors  place  it  in,  x6a£  ;  but,  if  the  year  be 
computed  from  January,  it  WAS  in  1629. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  247 

the  Comfort,  encouragement,  and  future  benefit'*  of  1629. 
the  company,  and  of  others,  concerned  in  the  com- 
mencement or  prosecution  of  the  work*  The  per* 
sons,  thus  appointed,  were  to  be  entitled  "  The 
Governor  and  Council  of  London's  Plantation  in 
Massachusetts  Bay,  in  New  England."1 

The  same  court  elected  John  Endicot  to  be  gov-  officer* 
ernor  of  the  colony  ;  and  Francis  Higginson  with  chos«m 
six  others  to  be  the  council.  These  seven  counsel- 
lors were  impowered  to  choose  three  others  ;  and 
such  of  the  former  planters,  as  were  willing  to  Iiv6 
within  the  limits  of  the  plantation,  were  empowered 
to  choose  two  more,  to  make  the  council  to  consist 
of  twelve  ;  one  of  whom  was  by  the  governor  and 
council,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  to  be  chosen  dep- 
uty to  the  governor  for  the  time  being.  These  per* 
sons  were  to  continue  in  office  for  a  year,  or  until  the 
court  of  the  company  in  London  should  appoint 
others  ;  and  the  governor,  or  in  his  absence  the 
deputy  governor,  might  call  courts  at  discretion. 

At  a  court  of  the  company,  holden  at  London  in 
May,  it  was  agreed,  that  every  adventurer,  who  had 
advanced  fifty  pounds,  should  have  two  hundred 
acres  of  land  allowed  him  ;  and  that  fifty  acres  a 
piece  should  be  allowed  them,  who  went  over  at 
their  own  charge.  Several  persons,  of  considerable 
importance  in  the  English  nation,  were  now  enlisted 
among  the  adventurers,  who,  for  the  unmolested  en- 
joyment of  their  religion,  were  resolved  to  remove 
into  Massachusetts.  Foreseeing  however,  and  dread- 
ing, the  inconvenience  of  being  governed  by  laws, 
made  for  them  without  their  own  consent,  they  judg- 
ed it  more  rational,  that  the  colony  should  be  ruled 
by  men,  residing  in  the  plantation,  than  by  those, 
dwelling  at  the  distance  of  three  thousand  miles, 
and  over  whom  they  should  have  no  controul.  At 
the  same  time  therefore,  that  they  proposed  to  trans- 

I  This  act  for  settling  the  government  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  168 — iji. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1629.  port  themselves,  their  families,  and  estates  to  thi$ 
country,  they  insisted,  that  the  charter  should  be 
transmitted  with  them,  and  that  the  corporate  pow- 
ers, conferred  J)y  it,. should  be  executed  in  future  in 
26.    New   England.    ,    An  .agreement  was    accordingly 
icam.ent  made  at  Cambridge  in  England  between  Sir  Richard 
bridge  in    Saltonstall,  Thomas  Dudley,;  Isaac  Johnson,  John 
ing^aiMfc     Winthrop,  and  a  few  others,  that  on  those  conditions 
they  would  be  ready  the  ensuing  March,  with  their 
persons  and  families,  to  embark  for  New  England, 
for  the  purpose  of  settling  in  the  country. z     The 
governor  and  company,  entirely  disposed  to  promote 
the  measure,  called  a  general  court  ;  at  which  the 
deputy  governor  stated,  that  several  gentlemen,  in- 
tending to  go  to  New  England,  were  desirous  to 
know,  whether  the  chief  government  with  the  pa- 
tent would  be  settled  in  Old  or  New  England.    This 
question  caused  a  serious  debate.     The  court  was 
AUK.  29.'    adjourned  to  the  next  day,  when  it  decreed,  that 
Govern-     jj      government  and  the  patent  of  the   plantation 

meat  of  r  r      *      T          .  _*_. 

the  colony  should  be  transferred  from  London  to  Massachu- 
transfen-ed      tts  j^y;     An  order  was  drawn  up'  for  that  pur-' 

rx>  Englan  J.  .       .  J ,   .-  r       i  •   i  111 

pose  ;  in  pursuance  or  which  a  court  was  hblden 
for  a  new  election  of  officers,  who  would  be,  willing 
to  remove  with  their  families  ;.,  and  John  Winthrop 
was  chosen  governor ;  John  Humfrey,  deputy  gov- 
ernor ;  and  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  Isaac  Johnson, 
Thomas  Dudley  and  others,  were  chosen  assistants. a 
„>  ^  The  infant  colony  at  Naumkeak  had,  in  the  mean 

Progress  o;     .  .  .      J  . 

t^e,  been  making  progress.     In  the  lord  treasur- 

I  "  We  wivl  ?c-  really  Endeavour  the  execution  of  this  worke,'  a's  by 
God's  assistance  we  will  be  reaxly  in  our  persons,  and  with  such,  of  our 
severall  familyes  as  are  to  go  with  us — to  embarke  for  the  said  plantation 
by  the  first  of  March  ^next — to  passe  the  seas  (under  God's  protection)  tb| 
inhabite  and  continue  in  New  England.  Provided  always  that  before  the 
last  of  September  next  the  whole  government  together  with  the  patent  for 
the  said  plantation  be  first  legally  transferred,"  Mo.  Hutchinson  Coll.  25, 
26,  where  is  "  The  true  coppie  of  the  agreement  at  Cambridge,  August  z6t 
16*9." 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxii.     Prince,  194 — 195.     Chalmers,  i- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  249 

fcr's  warrant  for  the  colonists  to  go  to  New  Eng-  1629* 
land,  dated  the  sixteenth  of ,  April,  liberty  was 
given  to  sixty  women  and  maids,  twenty  six  chil- 
dren, three  hundred  men  with  victuals,,  arms,  ap- 
parel, tools,  one  hundred  and  forty  head  of  cattle, 
some  horses,  sheep  and  goats  ;  which  were  trans- 
ported in  six  ships  in  the  slimmer  of  this  year* 
Three  of  the  ships  sailed  from  the  isle  of  Wight 
in  May,  carrying  about  two  hundred  persons,  with 
an. abundance  of  all  things,  necessary  tc»  form  a 
settlement  ;  and  in  June  arrived  at  Naumkeak. 
This  aboriginal  name  was  exchanged  by  these  set- 
tlers for  one,,  expressive  of  the  peaceful  asylum^ 
-which  they  found  in  the  American  wilderness.  . 
They  called  the  place  Salem.  It  contained,  at  the 
time  of  their  arrival,  but  six  houses,  beside  that  of 
governor  Endicot ;  and  there  were  in  the  whole 
colony  but  one  hundred  planters. x 

r  I  Chalmers,  i.  142, 143  ;  who  says,  there  were  then  at  Salerri  eight 
•miserable  hovels.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  278.  Prince,  183 — 188.  In  Haz- 
ard's Coll.  [i.  277 — 285.]  there  is  a  letter  from  the  company  to  "  Captain 
Jo.  Endycott,  and  the  .Councell  in  New  England,"  dated  London  28 
JVlay,and  Gravesend3  June,  1629,  giving  notice  of  the  establishment  of  En- 
flicot  as  "  present  governor,"  and  subjoining  instructions  for  the  manage- 
ment of  the  colony.  The  governor  and  council  were  desired  to  "  appoint 
a  carefull  and  dilligent  Overseer  to  eath  familie,"  to  see  that  the  servants, 
sent  over  for  the  company,  were  employed  in  their  proper  business.  Blank 
books  were  sent,  to  be  distributed  among  the  overseers,  who  were  "  to 
keep  a  perfect  Register  of  the  dayly  woirke  done  by  each  person  in  each, 
familie,"  a  copy  of  which  was  to  be  sent  once  every  half  year  to  England. 
The  instructions  say, «  for  the  better  governing  and  ordering  of  our  people, 
especiallie  such  as  shall  be  negligent  and  remiss  in  the  performance  of  their 
dutyes,  or  otherwise  exorbitant,  our  desire  is,  that  a  house  of  correccon  be 
erected  and  set  upp,  both  for  the  punishment  bf  such  offenders,  and  to  deterr 
others  by  their  example  from  such  irregular  courses."  Caution  was  given 
against  the  culture  of  that  vile  weed,  which  was  considered  as  the  source  of 
great  evil  to  society  :  "  And  as  in  our  former,  soe  now  againe  wee  espetial- 
ly  desire  you  to  take  care  that  noe  tobacco  bee  planted  by  any  of  the  new 
Planters  under  your  government  ;  unless  it  bee  some  small  quantitie  for 
meere  necessitie,  and  for  phisick  for  preservacon  of  their  healths,  and  that 
the  same  bee  taken  privately  by  auntient  men  and  none  other/'  An  injunc- 
tion was  given,  "  to  bee  very  circumspect  in  the  infancieof  the  plantacon, 
to  settle  some  good  orders,"  to  promote  industry,  "  that  noe  idle  drone  be 
permitted  to  live  amongst  us  ;  which  if  you  take  care  now  at  the  first  to  es- 
ublish,  wil  be  an  undoubted  meanes,  through  God's  assistance,  to  prevent  - 
world  of  dhorder?,  and  many  grevious  sihns  and  winner?.'* 


O  » 


250 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1629. 

One  hun- 
dred per- 
sons re- 
move to 

Mishaw-. 
urn;  and 
found 
Charles- 
town. 


Aug.  6. 
Church 
gathered 
and  minis- 
ters, ordain- 
ed- *t  Sulera. 


Dissatisfied  with  the  situation  at  Salem,  Thomas 
Graves,  with  some  of  the  company's  servants  under 
his  care,  and  others,  to  the  number  of  one  hundred 
in  all,  removed  to  Mishawum,  where  they  laid  the 
foundation  of  a  town,  to  which,  with  the  consent  of 
governor  Endicct,  they  gave  the  name  of  Charles- 
town.  Mr.  Graves  laid  out  the  town  in  two  acre 
lots,  one  of  which  he  assigned  to  each  inhabitant  ; 
and  afterward  he  built  a  great  house  for  the  accom- 
modation of  those,  who  were  soon  to  come  over  to 
New  England. * 

Two  hundred  settled  at  Salem,  and,  by  general 
consent  of  the  old  planters,  were  combined  with  them 
into  one  body  politic,  under  the  same  governor.  *  It 
being  early  resolved  to  settle  in  a  church  state,  thir- 
ty persons,  who  commenced  the  church,  judged  it 
needful  to  enter  solemnly  into  covenant,  to  walk  to- 
gether according  to  the  Word  of  God.  Inviting 
the  church  of  Plymouth  to  the  solemnity,  that  they 
might  have  its  approbation  and  concurrence,  if  not 
direction  and  assistance,  they  solemnly  declared  their 
assent  to  a  confession  of  faith,  drawn  up  by  one  of 
their  ministers,  and  entered  into  a  religious  cove- 
nant.3 They  then  ordained  their  ministers,4  and  a 
ruling  elder,  by  the  imposition  of  the  hands  of  some 
cf  the  brethren,  appointed  by  the  church  ;  and  gov- 
ernor Bradford  and  others,  messengers  from  the 
church  of  Plymouth,  gave  them  the  right  hand  of 
fellowship.  "  They  aimed,"  says  Hubbard,  "  to 
settle  a  Reformed  Church,  according  to  their  appre- 

i  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.i.  123,  124.     Chalmers,  i.  143.     Prince,  1 88. 
<z  Higgeson's  N.  Eng.  Plantation  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  123. 

3  A  copy  of  this  Covenant  is  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vi.  283,  284;  and  in 
Mather  Magnal.  book  i.  1 8,  19. 

4  One-  of  them  was  Mr.  Francis  Higginson,  a  minister  of  Leicestershire, 
who  had  been  silenced  for  his  Nonconformity  ;  the  other  was  Mr.  Skelton, 
a  minister  of  Lincolnshire,  who  had  also  suffered  for  the  same  cause.     Both 
•were  eminent  for  learning  and  virtue,  and  came  to  New  England  by  invita- 
tion of  those,  who  were  engaged  in  prosecuting  the  settlement  at   Salem. 
Mather  Magnal.  book  i.  16.     They  had  been  ordained  by  bishops  in  tho 
church  of  England  ;  this  ordination  was  only  to  the  pastoral  care  of  tiaffar- 
titular  fad  i  founded  oo  their  free  election.     Prince,  191. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  2$t 

hension  of  the  rules  of  the  gospel,  and  the  pattern    1629. 
of  the  best  Reformed  Churches."' 

A  commission  having  been  given  by  Charles  I  to 
David  Kertk*  and  his  valiant  kinsmen,  to  conquer 
the  American  dominions  of  France,  Kertk  had  at- 
tacked Canada  in  July  1628,  and  still  carried  on  his 
military  operations  with  vigour.  Louis  and  Thom- 
as Kertk,  appearing  again  at  this  time  offPoint  Levi, 
jsent  an  officer  on  'shore  to  Quebec,  to  summon 
the  city  to  surrender.  Champlain,  who  had  the 
chief  command,  knowing  his  means  to  be  inadequate 
to  a  defence,  surrendered  the  city  by  capitulation*3  Julr  x* 

r™  >    i  •  •      i      •  r  T_  i      Quebec  is 

The  terms  of  this  capitulation  were  very  favourable  ^ken  fronx 
to  the  French  colony  ;  and  they  were  so  punctually  the  French 
and  honourably  fulfilled  by  the  English,  that  the 
greater  part  of  the  French  chose  to.  remain  with  their 
captors,  instead  of  going,  as  had  been  stipulated,  to 
France.4  Thus  was -the  capita-}  of  New  France  sub- 
dued by  the  arms  of  England,  just  one  hundred  and 
thirty  years  be/ore  its  final  conquest  by  the  celebra^ 
ted  Wolfe.* 

Although  the  subjects  of  different  nations  now 
traded  with  the  natives  in  the  bay  of  Delaware  ;  no 
settlements  appear  to  have  yet  betn  formed  on  either 

*  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng,  chap.  xxi.    Mather;  Magnal.  17,  19.   Chalmers, 
i.  I4>     Josselyn  Voy.  25  x-.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iv.  219. 

2  The  English  writers  commonly  write  the  name  Kirk.  I  follow  Cham-- 
plain  and  Charlevoix,  one  of  whom  gives  the  name,  as  signed  at  the  capitu- 
lation ;  the  other  informs  us  that  it  is  a  French  name,  Keetk  having  been  a 
native  of  France,  and  a  Protestant  refugee  in  England  :    "  David  KERTK,. 
Fran9ois,  narif  de  Dieppe,  mais  Calviniste  et  refugie  en  Angleterre."  Nouv. 
France,  i.  165. 

3  Champlain  Voy.  sec.  part.  1.57 — 160  ;  214 — 223  ;  where  are  the  Let- 
ters of  correspondence  between  the  Kettles  and  C.hamplaia,  and  the  Articles, 
of  capitulation.     The  spirited  answer  qf  Champlain  at  thejint  summons  to 
surrender  in  1628,  and  Kertk's  ignorance  of  the  real  state  of  the  French 
garrison,  are  the  only  apparent  qauses  of  the  failure  of  the  English  in  their 
first  attempt  on   Quebec..    Charlevoix  [Nouv.  France,  i.  166.]  says,  the 
French  in  Quebec  were  tltn.  reduced  to  seven  ounces  of  bread  each,  a  day  ; 
and  that  they  had  bur.  five  pounds  of  powder  in  the  magazine.     Some  tinie 
before  the  surrender,  their  provisions  were  entirely  exhausted  :  "  trois  uio ... 
ap_res  que  les  viyres  eurent  manque  abi>olument."     Ibid, 

4  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  423.     Brit.  Emp.  Introd.  i.  47. 
j;  Ch;ihnerg,  i.  93. 


CJ52  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1629.  margin  of  it,  by  the  Dutch  or  Swedes.1     The  Hoi- 

Colony      landers,  resolved  to  establish  a  colony  at  Manhattan, 

Mankat-    appointed  Van  T  wilier  governor,  'who  arrived  at 

*"*«          Fort  Amsterdam  in  June,  and  began  to  grant  lands 

the  subsequent  year  ;  at  which  time  commenced  the 

first  permanent  settlement  of  the  Dutch. z  " 

New  at-         The  project  for  settling  Guiana  was  now  revived. 

*etti?GuV  Four  ships  with  nearly  two  hundred  persons  arrived 

ana.          there  from  England  ;  and  preparations  were  made 

for  another  embarkation. !    One  hundred  English 

and  Irish  people  went  from   Holland   to  the  same 

country,  conducted  by  the  old   planters,     Roger 

North,  who  was  a  principal  person  in  effecting  this 

settlement,  seated  his  colony  about  a  hundred  leagues 

in  the  main  land. 3 

W.india  In  the  Somer  Isles  there  were,  at  this  time,  be- 
I*iand2.  tween  two  and  three  thousand  inhabitants.  Charles 
Saltonstall,  son  of  Sir  Samuel  Saltonstall,  sailed 
from  England  to  Barbadoes, ]  with  nearly  two  hun- 
dred people,  accompanied  by  Sir  William  Tufton, 
governor  for  Barbadoes,  and  carrying  what  was  ne- 
cessary for  a  plantation.  :  There  -were  now  on  that 
island,  and  going  to  it,  about  fifteen  or  sixteen  hun- 
dred people  ;  and  in  all  the  Caribbee  islands,  inclu- 
sive of  those  actually  preparing  to  settle  in  them, 
there  were  nearly  three  thousand.4  About  this 

I   Chalmers,  i.  227,     See  p.  143  of  this  volume. 

a  Smith  N.  York,  3.  Chalmers,  i.  570;  who  supposes,  that  settlement 
"  now  probably  acquired  the  name  of  New  Netherlands -,  though  this  people, 
like  the  French  and  English,  were  never  able  to  assign  to  them  any  specific 
boundaries."  We  have  already,  for  convenience,  used  the  name  of  New 
Netherlands,  and  styled  the  Dutch  people  there  a  colony  [See  p.  180 — 182, 
230.] ;  but  neither  term  appears  to  be  strictly  applicable,  until  this  period. 

3  Smith,  in  Churchill  Voy.  ii.  chap.  xxiv.  A  party  of  men,  sent  out  for 
discovery,  found  many  towns  well  inhabited  ;  most  of  the  people  entirely 
flaked  ;  but  they  saw  ."-not  any  such  giant  women  as  the  river's  name 
[Amazons]  importeth."  '  Ibid.  Oldys  does  not  expressly  notice  this  settle- 
ment of  1629  ;  but  says,  that  "some  other  little  attempts  were  made  there" 
several  years  after  1620  ;  and  subjoins  :  "But  how  all  this  spacious  and 
fruitful  country  has  been  since  shamefully  deserted,  by  the  English  especial-, 
ly  ;  the  quiet  possession  there  by  the  Spaniards,  to  this  tlayj  is  sufficient  wit* 
Hess."  Life  Ralegh,  223. 

A  Smith,  ut  supra,  chap,  xxii,  xsv,  sxvi, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

time,  the  English  are  said  to  have  begun  to  plant  on 
the  island  of  Providence,  the  chief  of  the  Bahama 
islands.1 

1630, 

By  the  agency  of  the  earl  of  Warwick  and  Sir  Jan.  1 
Ferdinando  Gorges,  Plymouth  colony  obtained  from 
the  council  for  New  England  its  last  patent.  '  This  mouth 
patent,  dated  the  thirteenth  of  January,  conveyed  a 
considerable  territory  around  the  original  settlement. 
The  limits  of  that  part  of  the  grant  are  thus  defined  : 
<c  All  that  part  of  New  England  lying  between  Co- 
basset  rivulet  toward  the  north,  and  Narraganset 
river  toward  the  south  ;  the  great  western  ocean 
[j:he  Atlantic]  toward  the  east,  and  a  strait  line  ex- 
tending into  the  main  land  toward  ^he  west  from  the 
mouth  of  Narraganset  river  to  the  utmost  bounds  of 
a  country  in  New  England,  called  Pokenakut,  alias 
Sowamset  ;  and  another  like  strait  line,  extending 
directly  from  the  mouth  of  'Cohasset  river  toward 
the  west  so  far  into  the  main  land  westward  as  the' 
utmost  limits  of  Pokenakut,  ajias  Sowamset."  It 
also  conveyed  a  tract  of  land  on  the  river  Kenne- 
beck,  extending  from  the  utmost  limits  of  Cobbise- 
conte,  which  adjoins  that  river  toward  the  western 
ocean,  and  a  place,  called  the  Falls  at  Nequamkike, 
and  fifteen  miles  each  side  of  Kennebeck  river,  and 
all  the  river  itself.  '  By  this  charter  the  colonists 
were  allowed  to  make  orders,  ordinances,  and  con- 
stitutions, for  the  ordering,  disposing,  and  govern- 
ing their  persons,  and  distributing  the  lands  within 
the  limits  of  the  patent. z  The  colony  of  Plymouth 
then. contained  tiearly  three  hundred  souls.3 

I  Anderson,  ii.  339  ;  "till  then  quite  uninhabited." 
1  Plymouth  Laws,  Preface.  Prince,  196 — 198.  Hazard  Coll.  i.  298— 
303  ;  where  is  an  entire  copy  of  this  Patent.  It  has  been  erroneously  sup- 
posed, that  the  Plymouth  colonists,  previous  to  the  reception  of  this  charter , 
had  no  right  to  their  lands,  but  what  arose  from  occupancy.  The  truth  is, 
shat,  as  soon  as  they  knew  of  the  establishment  of  the  Council  of  New  Eng- 

\Sce  naxt 

3  Chalmers,  i.  97.    N^al  N,  Eng.  i.  u8.    Cullender  R.  Inland,  10, 


£54  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1630.       A  fleet  of  fourteen  sail,  with  men,  women,  and 
Winthrop   children,  and  provisions,  .having  been  prepared  ear- 

coTwes  I-T_  r-       °      i 

with  a  cole- ly  m  the  year  to  make  a  firm  plantation  in  New 
ny  to  Mas-  England,  twelve  of  the  ships  arrived,  by  the  sixth  of 

idchusetts.     »    1  T\/T  i  -n  i-         i  •       n 

July,  at  Massachusetts  Bay.1  In  this  fleet  came 
passengers  governor  Winthrop,  deputy  governor 
Dudley,  with  several  other  gentlemen  of  wealth  and 
quality. 3  In  the  same  fleet  came  about  fifteen  hun- 
dred passengers,  of  various  occupations,  some  of 
whom  were  from  the  west  of  England  ;  but  the 
greatest  part,  from  the  vicinity  of  London.  The; 
expense  of  this  equipment  and  transportation  was, 
twenty  one  thousand  two  hundred  pounds.  War- 
ham,  Maverick,  Rossiter,  and  Ludlow,  arriving  ear- 
lier than  many  of  the  company,  were  put  on  shore 
Ma/  30,  at  Nantasket.  Proceeding  in  a  boat  to  Charlestown, 
they  found  there  several  wigwams,  a  few  English 
people,  and  one  house  with  an  old  planter,  who. 
could  speak  the  Indian  language.  Ascending  Charles, 

land,  they  dispatched  an  agent  to  England  to  apply  for  a  patent  ;  Sir  F;. 
*  Gorges  interested  himself  in  the  affair  ;  and  the  application  was  successful. 
As  e,-,rly  as  6  July  1621,  the  merchant  adventurers  in  England  wrote  to 
governor  Carver  of  Plymouth,  "  We  have  procured  you  a  Charter"  &x. 
This  was  taken  in  the  name  of  John  Pierce.,  in  trust  for  the  colony.  In 
1623,  Pierce,  who  had  obtained  another  patent,  of  larger  extent,  in  his  own 
name,  sold  it  to  the  company  of  adventurers.  See  p.  4,27  of  this  volume.. 
In  1627,  the  Plymouth  colonists  bought  of  the  adventurers  in  England  all 
their  shares,  stocks,  merchandizes,  funds,  and  chattels.  See  p.  239,  241,  24 a 
of  this  volume.  Prince,  114, izo,  136,  198.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  366  ;  ii.  234. 
Chalmers  [i.  87.]  s-iys  :  ^  As  they  had  freely  placed  themselves  within  the 
boundaries  of  the  Plymouth  company's  patent,  they  necessarily  consented  to 
obey  its  ordinances  ;  though  that  t"jJ\<  siems  nevtr  to  have  exercised  a>iy  authority 
t-ver  them?'  On  this  passage  Dr.  Belknap  has  remarked  in  the  u?.argin  of 
Chalmers,  with  his  pen  :  "  That  boJy  granted  them  a  Charter  in  1 622,  and 
another  in  1629,  by  virtue  of  which  they  had  legal  authority  to  govern 
themselves." 

i  Prince  [199.]  says,  they  were  ready  in  February,  but  sta;d;  at  Southamp- 
ton and  its  vicinity  until  May,  to  take  260  kine,  with  other  live  cattle  &c. 
Chalmers  [i.  iji.]  says,  there  were  17  vessels.  It  appears  from  Prince 
jp.  199,  note  79,  and  p.  241,  245.],  that  there  were  17  employed  from  Feb-* 
raary  to  August.  There  is  a  list  of  them  in  Prince,  ii.  10. 

a  Among  those,  who  were  distinguished  in  civil  life,  beside  Winthrop 
and  Dudley,  were  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall,  Ludlow,  Rossiter,  NeweJ,  T. 
Sharp,  Pynchon,  S.  Bradstreet,  Johnson,  Coddington  ;  the  eminent  ministers, 
were,  John  Wilson,  George  PhiU'pSj  John  Maverick,  and  John  Warhaiu. 
Prince,  212. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  255 

river,  until  it  became  narrow  and  shallow,  they  land-    1630. 
ed  their  goods  at  a  well   watered  place '  >  whence,  a  Dorchester 
few  days  after,  they  removed  to  Matapan  ;  and  here  settled. 
began  to  build  a  town. z 

On  the  arrival  of  the  principal  ships  of  the  fleet 
at  Charlestown,  the  governor  and  several  of  the  pa- 
tentees, having  viewed  the  bottom  of  the  Bay  of 
Massachusetts,  and  pitched  down  on  the  north  side 
of  Charles  river,  took  lodgings  in  the  great  house, 
built  there  the  preceding  year  ;  and  the  rest  of  the 
company  erected  cottages,  booths,  and  tents,  about 
the  town  hill*  Their  place  of  assembling  for  divine 
service  was  under  a  tree.  The  whole  fleet  having 
safely  arrived,  a  day  of  thanksgiving  was  kept  in  all  giving. 
the  plantations. 3 

The  first  court  of  assistants  was  holden  at  Charles-  Aug.  23. 
town  on  the  twenty  third  of  August,  on  board  the 
Arabella.     The  first  question  proposed  was,  How  ants, 
the  ministers  should  be  maintained.     The  court  or- 
dered, that  houses  be  built,  and  salaries  raised,  for 
them,  at  the  public  charge. 4     It  also  ordered,  that 
Morton,  of  Mount  Wollaston,*  be  presently  sent  for  j 

i  Afterward  called  Watertown.  Prince,  208.  They  landed  their  goods 
with  much  labour,  "  the  bank  being  steep."  At  night  they  had  notice  of 
300  Indians  "  hard  by  ;"  but  the  old  planter  (who  had  accompanied  the 
adventurers  from  Charlestown)  going,  and  requesting  them  not  to  comt" 
near  the  English,  they  complied  with  his  request.  The  whole  number  of 
the  English  did  not  exceed  ten.  The  next  morning  some  of  the  natives  ap- 
peared at  a  distance  ;  and  one  of  them  at  length  holding  out  a  bass,  a  man 
was  sent  with  a  biscuit,  which  the  Indian  received  in  exchange  for  it.  Af- 
ter this  introduction,  the  natives  were  very  friendly,  and  furnished  the 
English  with  fish  ;  "  giving  a  bass  for  a  biscuit."  Ibid. 

i  Prince,  207,  ac8.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  98.  They  had  «  order"  to  com« 
to  this  place,"  because  there  was  a  neck  fit  to  keep  their  cattle  on."  Ibid. 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  19.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng. chap.  xxiv.  Prince,  an. 

4  Sir  R.  Saltonstall  undertook  to  see  this  provision  made  at  his  planta- 
tion for  Mr.  Phillips;  and  the  governor,  at  the  other  plantation  for  Mr. 
Wilson.     Mr.  Phillips  was  to  have  £30  a  year  ;  Mr.  Wilson,  until  his  wife 
should  come  over,  £20.     Matapan  and  Salem  were  excepted,  in  the  order- 
of  the  court.     Prince,  247. 

5  Morton  was  sent  to  England,  with  a  messenger  and  letters  of  informa- 
tion against  him  to  the  New  England  council,  in  1628  [See  p.  245.] ;  but  the 
council  did  not  even  rebuke  him,  and  he  returned  tu  Massachusetts  the 
next  year.    Prmce,  177. 


AMERICAN  ANNAL& 


.Aug.  17. 
Church 

founded. 


1630.  settled  the  price  of  the  labour  of  mechanics  ;  ancf 
chose  Mr.  Bradstreet  secretary. ' 

An  early  attention  was  paid  to  the  great  object  of 
the  enterprise.  A  day  of  solemn  prayer  and  fasting 
was  kept  on  the  twenty  seventh  of  August,  when 
the  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  others,  entered 
into  church  covenant  ;  Mr.  Wilson1  was  chosen 
pastor  ;  a  ruling  elder  and  two  deacons  were  also 
chosen  ;  and  thus  was  laid  the  foundation  of  the 
churches  of  Ch'arlestowri  and  Boston.3 

It  was  the  general  intention  of  the  company  to 
settle  at  Charlestowii ;  where  the  governor  ordered 
his  house  to  be  framed  ;  but,  the  prevalence  of  a 
mortal  sickness,  .ascribed  to  the  badness  of  the  wa- 
ter,4 induced  several  of  the  people  to  explore  the 
neighbouring  country,  for  more  eligible  situations. 
Some  of  them  travelled  up  into  the  main  land,  until 
they  came  to  the  place,  recently  visited  by  Mr.  War- 
ham  and  others  ;  and  here  Sir  Richard  Saltonstall, 
Mr.  Phillips,  and  some  others,  settled  a  plantation. 

On  the  south  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  river 
Charles,  on  a  peninsula,  called  by  the  natives  Shaw- 
mut,  but  by  the  English,  Trimountain,*  there  lived 
at  that  time,  in  a  solitary  cottage,  Mr.  Blackston,6 

t.  Winthrop  Journ.  20.  Prince,  246,  .347.  The  order,  relating  to  the 
•price  of  labour,  was,  that  carpenters,  joiners,  bricklayers,  sawyers,  and 
thatcher?,  take  no  more  than  t\vo  shillings  a  day,  on  penalty  often  shillings 
co  giver  and  taker.  Ibid.  ,  ,  .-..,;' 

2  The  Rev.  John  Wilson  had  formerly  1-eeri  a  minister  of  Sudbury  in 
the  county  of  Suffolk  in  England  ;   and  is  characterised  as  a  man  of  distin- 
guished piety  and  zeal.     Mather  Magnal.  i.  22.     "  We  used  imposition  of 
hands,"  says  gov.  Winthrop  [Journal,  20.],  "  but  with  this  protestation  by 
all,  that  it  was  only  as  a  sign  of  election  and  confirmation,  not  of  any  intent 
-fiat  Mr.  Wilson  should  renounce  his  ministry  he  received  in  England.'* 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  20.     Mather  Magnal.  i.  22.     Prince  [243.]^  places 
this  article  30  July ;  but  he  had  not  then  seen  governor  Winthrop's  Journal. 

4  The  neck  of  land,  on  which  Charlestown  is  built,  abounds  with  good 
water  ;  but  the  settlers  had  only  found  a  brackish  spring,  by  the  water 
side,  to  which  they  had  no  access,  excepting  when  the  tide  was  down. 
Prince,  244. 

5  Mr.  Prince  [249.]  supposed  the  name  Trimountain  was  given,  on  the 
arvount  of  three  contiguous  hills,  in  this  peninsula,  appearing  from  Charles- 
t'owa  in  a  range.  Wood  [N.  E.  Prosp,]  writes  the  aboriginal  name,  Misbaumut* 

o  He  ;,s  said  to  have  been  the  first  Englishman,  who  slept  on  the  penin-*- 


Water- .  „ 
town  set- 
tled. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  25? 

an  Episcopal  minister  ;  who,  going  to  Charlestown    1630. 
at  this  juncture,  informed  the  governor  of  an  excel- 
lent spring  of  water  at  Shawmut,  and  invited  him 
over  to  his  side  of  the  river.     Johnson  and  the  prin- 
cipal gentlemen  of  the  company,  induced  by  this  in- 
vitation, crossed  the  river  ;  and,  finding  the  place  as 
eligible,  as  they  had  been  led  to  expect,  they  began  Boston 
a    settlement     there    by   the    erection     of    small  setded- 


cottages. 


At  the  second  court  of  assistants,  holderi  at 
Charlestown,  it  was  ordered,  that  no  person  should  sistants. 
plant  in  any  place,  within  the  limits  of  the  patent, 
without  leave  from  the  governor  and  assistants,  or 
the  major  part  of  them  ;  that  a  warrant  should  pre- 
sently be  sent  to  Agawam,  to  command  those,  who 
were  planted  there,  to  come  immediately  away  ;  and 
that  Trimountain  be  called  Boston  ;  Matapan,  Dor- 
chester ;  and  the  town  on  Charles  river,  Watertown* 

The  governor  with  most  of  the  assistants,  about 
this  time,  removed  their  families  to  Boston  ;  having 
it  in  contemplation  to  look  for  a  convenient  place 
for  the  erection  -of  a  fortified  town.2 

Mr.  Pynchon  with  some  others  chose  a  place  for 


settlement  between  Dorchester  and  Boston,  andcal-  se 
led  it  Roxbury.  3 

The  first  general  court  of  the  Massachusetts  col-  Oct.  19.  • 
ony  was  holden  at  Boston.     At  this  court  many  of  FTst  gene: 

i        r  i  i      r  I   i       ra*  court  °* 

the  first  planters  attended,  and  were  made  free  of  the  Massachu- 
colony.  4     This  was  the  first  general  court,  which  ^  tts  at 

sula.  He  dwelt  in  that  part  of  West  Boston,  now  called  Barton's  Point. 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  241. 

I   Prince,  241  —  244.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  341,  242. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng,  chap.  xxv.  Wonderwork.  Providence,  39. 
Prince,  249.  Dudley  says,  it  was  the  previous  intention  of  the  settlers 
to  give  that  name  to  the  place,  which  they  should  "  first  resolve  on"  [Lett. 
to  countess  of  Lincoln,  14.]  ;  and  Hubbard,  that  it  was  in  respect  to  Mr. 
Cotton,  an  eminent  minister  in  a  town  of  that  name  in  Lincolnshire  ;  who, 
it  is  probable,  was  soon  expected  from  England.  See  A.  D.  1633. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxv.     Dudley's  Lett,  to  countess  of  Lin- 
coln, 14.     Fleet's  Register  (1792)  puts  its  incorporation  a8  Sept.  1630. 

4  Wonderwork.  Providence,  p.  39  ;  where  it  is  said,  the  number  of  free- 
men this  year  was  no.    See  their  principal  names  in  Prince,  ii.  4. 

Pp 


258  AMERICAN  AtfNALS- 

1630.  the  freemen  attended  in  person.  It  was  now  enact- 
ed, that  the  freemen  should  in  future  have  power  to 
choose  assistants,  when  they  were  to  be  chosen  j 
and  the  assistants  were  empowered  to  choose  out  of 
their  own  number  the  governor  and  deputy  govern- 
or, who,  with  the  assistants,  were  empowered  to 
make  laws,  and  appoint  officers  for  the  execution  of 
them.  This  measi-ire  was  now  fally  assented  to  by 
the  general  vote  of  the  people  ; '  but  when  the  gen- 
eral cour!  convened,  early  the  next  year,  it  rescind- 
ed this  rule,  and  ordained,  that  the  governor,  depu- 
ty governor,  and  assistants,  should  be  chosen  by  the 
freemen  alone.  * 

Custom  of      In  consideration'  of  the  in  Conveniences ,  that  had 
drinkmjr     :lrjgell  'm  Ensrhuid   from   the    custom   of  drinking 

healths  .-11  •  ° 

abolished,  healths,  governor  Wrnthrop  restrained  the  practice 
at  his  own  table,  and  discountenanced  it  among  the 
people  ;;  whence  it  became  gradually  abolished.3 

The  infant  colony  sustained  a  great  loss,  in  the 
death  of  Isaac  Johnson  ;  who  was  the  first  magistrate 
that  died  in  Massachusetts,*  He  was  distinguished 
for  piety,  wisdom,  and  public  spirit  ;  was  one  of  the 
five  undertakers4  of  the  plantation  ;  and  a  principal 
founder  of  the  town  of  Boston.  He  was  buried  in 
his  own  lot  ;  and  the  first  burying  place  in  Bostoa 
was  laid  out  around  his  grave. s 

I   Prince,  ii.  3.     Chalmers,  i.  153.         1  Chalmers,  ibid. 

3  Winthrop  Journal,  20. 

4  The  other  4  were,  gov.  Winthrop,  dep.  gov.  Dudley,  Sir  R.  SaltonstaM, 
and  John  Revell,  enquire.     Prince,  ii.  a,  14. 

5  Prince,  ii.  I,  ^.     He  died  30  September.     The  lot,  that  he  had  chosen, 
was  the  great  square,  lying  between  Cornhill  on  the  southeast  ;  Tremont 
street  on  the  northivest ;  Queen  street  [now  Court  street]  on  the  northeast  ; 
und  School  street  on  the  southwest  [Prince,  ii.  a.]  ;  a  description,  which  pre- 
cisely marks  the  present  burying  place  near  the  Stone  Chapel.     His  wife, 
lady  Arabella,  coming  from  "  a  family  of  a  noble  earldom  into  a  wilderness 
of  wants,"  was  inadequate  to  the  trials  of  so  great  a  transition.     She  was  ta- 
ken sick  soon  after  her  arrival  at  Salem,  where  she  first  landed,  and  there 
died.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxiv.     The  ship,  in  which  gov.  Win- 
throp came  over,  was  named  for  her. Of  the  people,  who  came  in  the 

ships  with  gov.  Winthrop,  200  at  least  died  from  April  to  December.  Ibid, 
p.  6.    About  100  persons,  totally  discouraged,  returned  in  the  same  ships  t» 
England.     Chalmers,  i.  152. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  259 

John  Billington,  indicted  for  murder,  was  found    1630. 
guilty  "  both  by  grand  and  petty  jury,' '   and  exeT ^^p™" 
cuted.     This  was  the  first  execution  in  Plymouth  mo^  Coi 
colony.1  cny-  - 

Some  cf  the  scattered  planters  in  the  Bay  of  Mas-  Patents  in 
sachusetts  having  purchased  lands  of  the  natives  a? 
bout  Pascataqua  ;  and  John  Mason  having  obtained 
from  the  council  of  Plymouth  a  new  patent  for  a 
tract  of  land  in  the  same  region  ;  *  the  west  country 
adventurers  were  not  less  attentive  to  their  interest. 
They  now  obtained  from  the  council  a  patent  for 
Edward  Hilton,  for  all  that  part  of  the  river  Pascat- 
aqua, known  by  the  name  of  Hilton's  Point,  with 
the  south  side  of  the  river  up  to  the  falls  of  Squam* 
§cot,  and  three  miles  in  breadth  into  the  main  land. 3 

Sir  William  Alexander  sold  al;l  his  right  in  Nova  Nova  Sco~. 
Scotia,  excepting  Port  Royal,  to  St.  Etienne,  lord  tia  sold  to 

r  T       rr<  T*          ITT  i  •   •  i         La  Tour, 

or  La  Tour,  a  trench  Huguenot ;  on  condition,  that 
the  inhabitants  of  the  territory  should  continue  sub- 
jects of  the  Scottish  crown,  The  French  still  re- 
tained possession. 4 

The  Dutch  continuing  their  pretensions  to  the  Swedes 
land  lately  settled  by  the  Swedes,  one  of  the  Swedes 
built  a  fort  within  the  capes  of  Delaware,  at  a  place 
called  HoarkihV 

Sjr  Robert  Heath,  attorney  genera*  of  Charles  I,  Grant  of 
obtained  a  grant  of  the   region,    which  stretches  Caro  ana' 
southward  of  the  Virginian   coast  from  the  thirty- 
sixth  degree  of  north  latitude,  comprehending  the 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Enp.  chap,  xyii.     Prince,  ii.  2,  3.     He  "  was  one  of 
the  profanest  among  us.     He  came  from  London,  and  I  know  not  by  what 
friends  shuffled  into  our  company."     Ibid. 

2  This  tract  was  called  NEW  HAMPSHIRE.     Belknap  N.  Hamp.   i.   14. 
The  grant  is  in  Hazard,  L  289' — 293.     Those  transactions  were  in  1629. 

3  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  ii.  10 — 15.     The  patent  sets  forth,  that  .Hilton  and 
his  associates  had  at  their  own  proper  charges  transported  servants,    built 
house*,  and  planted  corn  at  Hilton's  Point,  now  Dover,  and  intended  the 
farther  increase  -of  the  plantation.     Ibid.     See  p.  228  of  this  volume. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  93.     Conduite  des  Franc.  103.     Brit.  Emp.  i.  170.     This 
j;rant  of  Sir  W.  Alexander  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  307—309. 

j  Smith  N.  Jersey,  22<  The  place  has  since  been  called  Le\yis  Town.  Il\ 


260  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Louisiana  territory  on  the  Mississipi,1  by  the  name 

of  Carolana.  *  * 

Nov.^4.         Charles  I  issued  a  proclamation,  forbidding  the 
tion.      "  disorderly  trading  with  the  savages  in  New  England, 

especially  the  furnishing  of  them  with  weapons  and 

habiliments  of  war. 3 

1631. 

19,  Robert,  earl  of  Warwick,  having  the  last  year 
received  a  grant  from  the  council  of  Plymouth4  of 
Connect!-  all  that  part  of  New  England,  which  extends  from 
cut.  Narraganset  river  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  on 

a  strait  line  near  the  shore  toward  the  southeast, 
as  the  coast  lies  toward  Virginia,  and  within  that 
breadth  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  to  the  South 
sea,  now  made  it  over  to  William,  viscount  Say 
and  Seal,  Robert,  lord  Brook,  and  their  associ- 
ates. This  is  the  original  patent  for  Connecticut.5 
Feb.  29.  The  president  and  council  for  New  England  made 
a  grant  to  Robert  Aldworth  and  Giles  Elbridge  of 
a  hundred  acres  of  land  for  every  person,  whom  they 
should  transport  to  the  Province  of  Maine  within 
seven  years,  who  should  continue  there  three  years  ; 
and  an  absolute  grant  of  twelve  thousand  acres  of 

I  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  274. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  515—517.  He  seems  however  to  have  made  no  settle- 
ment ;  and  at  a  future  day  [See  A.  D.  1663.]  his  patent  was  declared  to 
have  become  void,  becau;^.  the  conditions,  on  which  it  had  been  granted, 
were  never  fulfilled.  Ibid.  The  authors  of  the  Universal  History  [xl.  274 — 
^78.]  say,  that  Sir  Robert  Heath  conveyed  his  right  to  the  earl  of  Arun- 
del  ;  that  this  earl  was  at  the  expense  of  planting  several  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, but  that  the  civil  wars,  breaking  out,  put  a  stop  to  the  design  ;  that, 
"  by  different  conveyances,  the  property  of  the  whole  country  devolved  at 
length  on  Dr.  Cox,  who,  at  great  expense,  discovered  part  of  it,  and,  in  a 
memorial  to  king  William,  incontestibly  proved  his  claim  to  it  ;  and  that 
his  son,  Daniel  Cox  Esq.  who  resided  fourteen  years  in  the  country,  contin- 
ued his  father's  claim,  and  published  a  very  full  account  of  it. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  1 68.     This  Proclamation  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  311,  312. 

4  It  had  been  confirmed  to  him  by  a  patent  from  Charles  I.  Trumbull  1.13. 

5  Trumbull,  i.  12,  13.     A  copy  of  this  Patent  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  318  \ 
and  in  Trumbull  Connect,  i.  Appendix,  No.  I.     The  other  patentees   were 
Robert,  lord  Rich,  Charles  Fiennes,  Esq.  Sir  Nathaniel  Rich,  Sir  Richard 
Saltonstall,  Richard  Knightly,  John  Pym,  John  Hampden,  John   Hum? 
phreys,  and  Herbert  Pelham,  Esquires. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  a6i 

Jand,  "  as  their  proper  inheritance  forever,55  to  be    1631. 
laid  out  near  the  river,  commonly  called  Pemaquid. ' 

King  Charles  gave  a  special  commission  to  the  Virginia. 
earl  of  Dorset  and  others,   "  for  the  better  planta- 
tion of  Virginia." l 

The  same  king  granted  a  licence,  under  the  sign  May. 
manual,  to  William  Clayborne,  "  to  traffick  in  those  ^cky-0 
parts  of  America,  for  which  there  was  already  no  borne  to 
patent  granted  for  sole  trade."     Clayborne,  and  his  trade* 
associates,  with  the  intention  of  monopolizing  the 
trade  of  Chesepeak,  planted  a  small  colony  on  the 
Isle  of  Kent,   situated  in  the  centre  of  the  province,  T*Ie  of 
soon  after  granted  to  lord  Baltimore.  That  province  MTryi"nd 
afterward  found  cause  to  regret,  that  a  people  had  planted.* 
nestled  within  its  limits,   who  paid  unwilling  obedi- 
ence to  its  laws. 3 

Neither  the  soil,  nor  the  climate,  of  the  inhospita-  Lord  Bak 
ble  island  of  Newfoundland  answering  the  expecta- 
tions  of  lord  Baltimore  ;  that  worthy  nobleman,  hav- 
ing heard  much  of  the  fertility  and  other  advantages 
of  Virginia,  now  visited  that  colony.  Observing, 
that,  though  the  Virginians  had  established  trading 
houses  in  some  of  the  islands  toward  the  source  of 
the  bay  of  Chesepeak,  they  had  formed  no  settle- 
ments to  the  northward  of  the  river  Potowmac,  he 
determined  to  procure  a  grant  of  territory  in  that 
happier  climate.  Charles  I  readily  complied  with 
his  solicitations  ;  but  before  the  patent  could  be  fi- 
nally adjusted,  and  pass  the  seals,  this  eminent 
statesman  died. 4 

The  Massachusetts  colonists  early  determined  to  A  fortified 
build  a  fortified  town.     The  governor,  with  the  as- 
sistants  and  other  principal  persons,  having  already 
agreed  on  a  place  for  this  purpose,  on  the  north- 

i  Hazard  Coll.  i.  315 — 317,  where  is  an  abstract  of  this  grant,  called 
"  The  Pemaquid  Grant."  It  appears  that "  the  people  or  servants"  of  Aid- 
worth  and  Elbridge  had  been  settled  on  this  river  three  years.  Ibid. 

1  This  Commission  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  312 — 314. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  207.  4  lbid.i.  aoi.     He  died  15  April  163?. 


36a  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1631.  \vestside  of  Charles  river,  about  three  miles  from 
Charlestown  ; r  they,  in  the  spring  of  this  year,  com- 
menced the  execution  of  the  design.  The  governor 
set  up,  the  frame  of  a  house  on  the  spot  where  he 
first  pitched  his  tent,  in  the  selected  place.  The 
deputy  governor  completed  his  house,  and  removed 
his  family.  The  town  was  taken  under  the  patron- 
iTdtt«w-~  aSe  °f  t^e  government,  and  was  called  Newtown. 
town.  It  soon  appearing  however,  that  Boston  would  be 
the  principal  place  of  commerce  ;  and  Chicketawbut, 
3  sagamore  of  the  neighbouring  Indians,2  now  mak- 
ing voluntary  professions  of  friendship  ;  governor 
Winthrop,  in  tl;e  autumn,  removed  the  frame  of  his 
house  }nto  Boston  ;  and  the  scheme  of  a  fortified 
town  \vas  gradually  relinquished. 3 

churches        The  ecclesiastical  concerns  of  the  Massachusetts 

gathered,    colpny  were  sacredly  regarded  ;  and  now  the  third 

church,  was  gathered  at  Dorchester  ;   the  fourth,  at 

Roxbury  >  tke  .fifth,  a.t  Lynn  j  and  the  sixth,   at 

Watertown.4 

May  1 8.         At  the  first  court  of  election  in.  Massachusetts, 

tionl'of*"    "  &**  tke  body  of  the  commons  might  be  preserved 

freemen,     of  g-Qo.d  and  honest  men,"  it  was  ordered,  that,  from, 

that,  time,  no  persons  be  admitted  to  the  freedom  of 

the  body  politic,  but  such  as  were  members  of  some 

of  the  churches  within  its  limits. s     At  this  election, 

one  hundred  and  sixteen  took  the  oath  of  freemen. 6 

T  They  first  agreed  (6  December  1630)  "to  build  a  town  fortified  upon 
the  Neck"  between  Roxbury  and  Boston  ;  but  that  place  was  soon  after  giv- 
en up,  I.  Because  men  would  be  forced  to  keep  two  families.  2.  There 
was  no  running  water  ;  and  if  there  were  any  springs,  they  would  not  suffice 
the  town.  3.  Most  of  the  people  had  built  already,  and  would  not  be  able 
to  build  again.  After  many  consultations,  the  place,  described  iu  the  text, 
having  been  agreed  OH  by  all  to  be  "  a  fit  place  for  a  beautiful  town,"  was 
determinately  fixed.  On  this  spot  a  town  was  laid  out  in  squares,  the  streets 
intersecting  each  other  at  right  angles.  All  the  streets  were  named  ;  and 
a  square,  reserved  for  a  Market  Place,  remains  open,  and  retains  it  name,  to" 
this  day.  See  the  authorities  at  note  3. 

3  At  Neponset.    He  died  of  the  small  pox  in  1633.  Winthrop  Journ.j6. 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  21.  Prince,  ii.  6,  7.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  6 — 8;  viii.  41- 

4  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  15.     Mather  Magnal.  i.  7,3. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxvi.     Wonderwork.  Prov.  39. 

6  Prince,  ii.  19,    Johnson  says,  "  about  83,"  and  Hubbard,  107  ;  bu; 


tax. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  253 

Thomas  Williams  having  undertaken  to  set  up  a 
ferry  between  Winisimet  and  Charlestown,  the  gen- 
eral  court  established  the  rate  of  the  ferry  between 
those  two  places,  and  between  Winisimet  and  Bos- 
ton. x  An  order  of  the  court  of  assistants  at  Bos-  Jul£  5< 

„  ,  .  i  ,      ,  Public 

ton,  for  levying  thirty  pounds  on  the  several  planta- 
tions, for  clearing  a  creek,  and  opening  a  passage 
from  Charles  river  to  the  new  town,  shows  that  this 
town  was  yet  destined  for  the  benefit  of  the  colony 
at  large  ;  and  marks  the  progress  of  the  several  towns  Oct  lg 
in  the  colony.  a     The  court  of  assistants  ordered,  Com  made 
that  corn  should  pass  for  payment  of  all  debts  at  jj^^ 
the  usual  rate,  at  which  it  was  sold,  unless  money 
or  beaver  were  expressly  named;  3 

The  small  pox,  breaking  out  among  the  natives  Small  pox. 
at  Saugus,  swept  away  the  aboriginal  inhabitants  of 
whole  towns.  4 

The  Swedes  built  a  fort  oh  the  west  of  the  Dela^  Swedes  set- 
ware,  and  called  it  Christeen.  Peter  Lmdstrom,'  tleatDeia- 
their  engineer,  having  at  this  place  laid  out  a  small 
town,  they  here  made  their  first  settlement.  s 

follow  Prince,  who  had  reviewed  those  authors,  and  would  not  have  varied 
from  both,  without  special  cause.  Whichever  was  the  true  number,  there 
were,.,to  use  the  language  of  Hubbard,  "  enough  for  a,  foundation." 

1  Prince,  ii.  29.     The  court  enacted,  that  he  .  should  have   3d.  a  person 
from  Winisimet  to  Charlestown,  and  4d.  from  Winisimet  to  Boston.  Ibid. 

2  Ibid.  30,  31.     The  order  was,  that  therj  be  levied  from. 

Winisimet     -    £o.  ijs.          Boston      -    -       £5. 
Wessagusset    -     2.  Dorchester       -       4.  10. 

Saugus  [Lynn]     i.  Roxbury         -         3. 

Nantasket         -        10.          Salem         -     -        3. 
*7atertown     -    5.  Charlestown     -       4.  id. 

*l'he  passage  from  Charles  river  is  still  open. 

3  Prince,  ii.  35.     Chalmers,  i.  154.     In  1630,  corn  was  10  shillings   «  a 
strike  ;"  and  beaver,  6  shillings  A  pound.     "  We  made  laws,"  says  Dudley, 
"  to  restrain  selling  corn  to  the  Indians  ;  and  to  leave  the  price  of  beaver  at 
liberty,  which  was  presently  sold  for  zos.  and  203.  a  pound."     Prince,  ii.  i. 
A  milch  cow,  in  163  1,  was  valued  from  £25  to  £30  sterl.  Hutchinson,  i.  27. 

4  I.  Mather  N.  Eng.  23.     When  Dr.  I.  Mather  wrote,  there  were  living 
some  old  planters,  who,  on  that  occasion,  helped  to  bury  whole  families  of 
the  natives  at  once.     In  one  of  the  wigwams  they  found  an  infant  sucking 
at  the  breast  of  its  dead  mother  ;  every  Indian  of  the  place  being  dead.  Ibid. 
Many,  when  seized  with  the  disease,  were  deserted  by  their  relations,  and 
"  died  helpless,"  unless  relieved  by  the  English,  who  visited  their  wigwams, 
and  contributed  all   in   their   power  to   their  assistance.     Wonderwork. 
Providence,  51,  5  Smith  N.  Jersey,  a  a. 


204-  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1631.       After  a  long  relaxation  of  the  spirit  of  enterprise,' 
Yo^e  of  Lucas  Fox  made  a  voyage  to  the  northern  parts  of 
America,  in  search  of  a  northwest  passage  to  India. 
Toward  this  enterprise  Charles  I  furnished  one  ship, 
completely  fitted,  and  victualled  for  eighteen  months ; 
and,  when  Fox  was  presented  to  him,  gave  him  a 
map,  containing  all  the  discoveries,  made  by  his  pre- 
decessors, with  instructions,  and  a  letter  to  the  Ja- 
panese emperor,  if  he  should  reach  Japan.     Near 
discoveries  the  main  land  on  the  west  side  of  Hudson's  Bay, 
about  Hud-  Fox  discovered  an  island,  which  he  named  Sir  Thorn- 
Bay'    as  Roe's  Welcome  ;    and  afterward  discovered  and 
named  Brook   Cobham  Island  (now  called  Marble 
Island),  Dun  Fox  Island,  and  a   cluster  of  islands, 
which  he  called  Briggs's   Mathematics.      He  also 
discovered  king   Charles's  Promontory,   Cape  Ma- 
ria,  Trinity  Islands,   Cook's    Isle,    lord  Weston's 
Portland,  and  the  land,  stretching  to  the  southeast 
of  this  last  promontory,  which  he  called  Fox's  Far- 
thest.    On  his  return,  he  gave  names  to  every  point 
of  land  on  that  coast,  and  to  every  inlet,  and  adja- 
cent island.1 

of  Thomas  James,  sent  near  the  same  time  on  the 
same  voyage  of  discovery,  visited  Hudson's  Bay  ; 
came  to  a  promontory,  which  he  named  Henrietta 
Maria  ;  and  ran  his  ship  aground  on  an  island,  which 
he  afterward  called  Charleston  Island  ;  where  he  re- 
mained with  his  crew  during  the  winter.  His  dis- 
coveries were  beyond  those  of  Hudson,  Baffin,  and 
other  navigators.  * 

I   Foster  Voy.  3 5  9— 367. 

^  Forster  Voy.  367 — 375.  Harris  Voy.  1.634.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  102. 
For  their  shelter,  they  made  huts  of  pieces  of  wood,  which  they  placed  in 
an  inclined  posture  around  a  tree,  arid  covered  with  boughs  of  trees  and 
with  their  sails  ;  but  they  all  became  frozen  in  their  limbs.  After  suffering 
extreme  hardships,  they  returned,  in  1631,10  England,  Ibid, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1632. 

Charles  I,  by  the  treaty  of  St.  Germain,  resigned 
the  right,  which  he  had  claimed  to  New  France,  A- 
cadie,  and  Canada,  as  the  property  of  England,  to 
Lewis  XIII,  king  of  France.  Chalmers  says,  the  fr 
signal  event  of  the  capture  of  Quebec  was  unknown, 
when  peace  was  reestablished  in  April,  1629  ;  and 
assigns  this  as  the  reason  why  king  Charles,  at  that 
treaty,  absolutely  restored  to  France,  those  territo- 
ries generally  and  without  limits  ;  and  particularly 
Port  Royal,  Quebec,  and  Cape  Breton.1  From 
the  restitution  of  these  territories  to  France,  may  be 
dated  the  commencement  of  a  long  train  of  ills  to 
the  colonies  and  to  England.  To  this  transaction, 
in  the  judgment  of  the  able  historian,  last  quot- 
ed, may  be  fairly  traced  back  the  colonial  disputes  of 
later  times,  and  the  American  revolution. z 

Soon  after  this  restitution,  the  French  king  grant- 
ed to  De  Razilly  the  lands  around  the  bay  and  riv- 
er of  St.  Croix. 3 

The  patent,  designed  for  George  Calvert,  lord  June  20. 
Baltimore,  was,  on  his  decease,  filled  up  to  his  son  M^-Lnd. 
Cecilius    Calvert,   lord    Baltimore.       When   king 
Charles  signed  the  patent,  he  gave  to  the  new  prov- 
ince the  name  of  Maryland,  in  honour  of  his  queen 
Henrietta  Maria,  daughter  of  Henry  the  great,  king 
of  France.     Lord  Baltimore  held  it  of  the  crown  of 
England,  paying  yearly  forever  two  Indian  arrows. 4 

The  king  of  England,  "  informed  of  great  dis-  Jan-  I0- 
traction  and  disorder  in  the  plantations  in  New  Eng-  the  privy 
land,"  referred  the  subject  to  the  consideration  of  council  m 

favour  of 

1  Chalmers,  i.  93.    Brit.  America,  book  xiv.  246.     Hazard  Coll.  i.  319.  N<  En2land- 

2  Chalmers,  i.  na. 

3  Ibid.  i.  186.  This  grant  was  made  in  1633.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France, 
i.  178.    Hutchinson  [Massachus.  i.  128.]  says,  it  gave   "12  leagues  on  the 
sea,  and  ao  leagues  into  the  land  ;"  but  he  mistakes  in  saying,  that  the 
grant  was  made  to  La  To«r,if  Chalmers  and  the  French  historians  are  correct. 

4  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  466.     It  was  originally  included  in  the  patent  of  the 
South  Virginia  company,  and  considered  as  a  part  of  Virginia  ;  but,  on  the 
dissolution  of  that  company,  the  king  made  dais  grant  to  lord  Baltimore.  Ib. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


Feb.  3. 
fortifying 


1632.  his  privy  council.  The  council,  after  examinatioftV 
passed  a  resolution,  that  the  appearances  were  so 
fair,  and  hopes  so  great,  that  the  country  would 
prove  .beneficial  to  the  kingdom,  and  profitable  to 
the  settlers,  as  that  the  adventurers  "  had  cause  to 
go  on  cheerfully  with  their  undertakings  ;•"  with  an 
assurance  that,  if  things  were  conducted  according 
to  the  design  of  the  patent,  his  majesty  would  not 
only  maintain  the  liberties  and  privileges  heretofore 
granted,  but  supply  any  thing  farther,  which  might 
tend  to  the  good  government,  prosperity,  and  com- 
fort of  his  people  in  those  plantations.  * 

The  court  of  assistants  in  Massachusetts  ordered, 
that  sixty  pounds  be  levied  out  of  the  several  plan- 
Newtown  ;  tations,  toward  making  a  palisade  about  Newtown.* 
The  first  considerable  accession  of  inhabitants  to 
that  town  was  made  this  year  by  a  company,  which 
had  recently  arrived  from  England,  and  had  begun 
to  settle  at  Mount  Wollaston  ;  but  which  removed 
to  Newtown,  in  August,  by  order  of  court.  * 

The  choice  of  magistrates  in  the  colony  of  Mas* 
es.  sachusetts  was,  for  the  first  time,  made  by  the  free- 

i  Hutchinson  Massachus.  I.  31,  32,  and  Coll.  52  —  54  ;  Hazard  Coll.  i.  324, 
•^35  ;  Morton,  96  ;  where  is  th;j  order  of  council.  The  information  of  the  king- 
\vas  derived  from  a  Petition  of  Sir  Christopher  Gardiner,  Sir  Ferdinando 
Gorges,  capt.  Mason,  and  others,  exhibited  against  the  colonies  of  Plymouth 
and  Massachusetts.  "  The  conclusion,"  says  governor  Bradford,  "  was,  a- 
gainst  all  men's  expectation,  an  order  for  our  incouragement,  and  much 
blame  and  disgrace  upon  the  adversaries."  Ibid.  Gardiner  was  a  high 
papist,  who  came  to  New  England  ;  but  for  some  miscarriages  left  the 
country.  Ibid. 

3  Prince,  ii,  56,57.     The  proportion  was  as  follows  : 

1.  Watcrtown       -       £8  7.     Salem     -     £4.  ics. 

2.  The  New-town          3  8.     Boston     -      8 

3.  Charlestown  7  9-     Roxbury 

4.  Meadford        -     -       3  JO-     Dorchester 

5.  Saugusand  7      ,  Ji.     Wessagusset 

6.  Marble  Harbour  5     '  12.     Winisimet 

The  reason  for  renewing  the  design  of  a  fortified  town  is  not  assigned.  It 
was  probably  on  account  of  new  dangers.  Hutchinson  [Massachus.  27'.] 
says  :  "  They  were  frequently  alarmed  this  year  by  the  Indians."  The  for- 
tification was  doubtless  made.  A  fosse,  dug  around  the  New  Town  [Cam- 
bridge], is,  in  some  places,  visible  to  this  day.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  9. 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  43.    "  These  were  Mr.  Hooker's  company.'* 


settled. 


Freemen 


7 

7 
5 
I.  IO. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

men,  whose  number  was  now  increased  by  the  ad-    1632 
dition  of  about  fifty  three. l 

A  fortification  on  the  Corn  hill,  in  Boston,  was 
begun  ;  and  the  people  from  Charlestown,  Roxbu-  tion  in 
ry,  and  Dorchester,  worked  on  it  in  rotation. z  Boston. 

Conant's  island,  in  Boston  harbour,  was  demised 
to  governor  Winthrop,  and  was  hence  denominated 
Governor's  Garden  ;  but  it  is  now  called  Govern* 
or's  Island.3 

The  first  church  at  Boston  was  begun  to  be  built  August. 
by  the  congregation  of  Boston  and  Charlestown. 4  ^rusjch 
The  .greater  part  of  the  members  of  the  church  hav-  built  at 
ing  early  removed  from  Charlestown  to  Boston,  and  Boston* 
the  entire  number  of  members  being  now  one  him-  Qct 
dred  and  fifty  one,  they  amicably  divided  themselves  TWO 
into  two  distinct  churches.  The  church  in  Boston 
retained  Mr.  Wilson  for  its  pastor  ;  the  church  in 
Charlestown  invited  Mr,  Thomas  James  to  its  pas- 
toral care,* 

The  court  of  assistants  ordered,  that  there  be  a  October. 
house  of  correction,  and  a  house  for  the  beadle, 
built  at  Boston  with  speed.     It  also  ordered,  that 
no  person  should   take  any  tobacco  fublic/y  ;   and 

I  Wonderworking  Providence,  p.  53. 

a  Winrhrop  Journ.  36.     Prince  [ii,  61.]  supposes  this  to  be  what  is  now 
called  Fort  Hill.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  243. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  299.     It  has  continued  in  governor  Winthrop's  fam- 
ily to  the  present  time  ;  and  is  now  in  the  possession  of  the  Honourable! 
James  Winthrop,  esquire,  of  Cambridge. 

4  Winthrop  Journ-  42.     It  had  mud  walls  and  a  thatched  roof  ;  and 
stood  on  the  south  side  of  State  Street,  a  little  below  the  place,  where  the 
old  State  house  now  stands.     Coll.  Hist,  Soc.  iv.  189. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxv.  Prince,  250.    The  number  of  mem- 
bers, whp  asked  a  dismission  from  the   churc}>    at    Boston,    in   order   to 
form  a  new  church  at   Charlestpwn,   was  33.     They  were  dismissed   14 
October  ;   and  embodied    into  a  distinct  congregational  church  2  Novem- 
ber, at  which  time  Mr.  James,  who  had  recently    arrived  from  England, 
was   ordained    their  pastor..         Mr.  Wilson,  w.hp  had   been    previously 
ordained   their   teacher     (not    faster,    as   was   stated  p.  267  from    Mr. 
Prince),  was  cho?en  and  ordained  pastor  at  Boston  22  November-     Win- 
throp Journ.  46.     Prince,  ii.  69—73.     If  the  first  church  at  Boston  be  con- 
sidered as  translated,  in  its  organized  state,  from  Charlestown  to  Shaw- 
nmt,  it  was  the  second  church,  gathered  hi  Massachusetts  ;  if,  as  a  neiv  and 
distinct  church  from  the  time  of  its  division,  it  was  the  seventh.     The  order 
of  the  first  churches,  as  stated  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  15,  was  given  in  relL- 
2«ce  on  Johnsxm  (Wonderwork  Picv.j  ;  but  it  is  not 


re- 

strained. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Use  of  to-  that  every  one  should  pay  a  penny  for  every  time  of 
takjnQr  tobacco  in  any  place.  ' 

T         i  •  •      i       r        i        •    t  i  *  i         i       • 

In  this  early  period  or  colonial  history,  the  duties 
and  the  expenses  of  office  were  more  formidable, 
Penalty  for  than  its  honours  were  alluring.     The  general  court 
"wko^   °^  Ptymouth  Passed  an  act,  that  whoever  should  re- 
ces?UC    l   fuse  the  office  of  governor  should  pay  twenty  pounds 
sterling,  unless  he  were  chosen  two  years  successive- 
ly ;   and  that  whoever  should  refuse  the  office  of 
counsellor  or  magistrate  should  pay  ten  pounds.  z 
Montser-        sir  Thomas   Warner,  governor  of  St.  Christo- 
pher's, sent  a  small  colony  of  English  people  to  in- 
habit Montserrat.  3 

Tobago.  Some  Zealanders,  trading  about  this  time  to  the 
Leeward  Islands,  were  so  well  pleased  with  Toba- 
go, that,  on  their  return  home,  the  company  of  mer- 
chants, to  which  they  belonged,  undertook  to  settle 
that  island,  and  gave  it  the  name  of  New  Walche- 
ren  ;  but  this  settlement  was  soon  broken  up  by  the 
Spaniards.4 

l633- 

The  grant       The  grant  to  lord  Baltimore  gave  umbrage  to  the 
of  Mary-    p]anters  of  Virginia.     They  therefore  presented  a 

land  gives    r      .  .  _.      °  J  f 

offence  to    petition  to  Charles  I,  remonstrating  against  "  some 

Virginia.    grants  of  a  great  portion  of  lands  of  that  colony,  so 

near  their  habitations,  as  will  be  a  general  disheart- 

ening to  them,  if  they  shall  be  divided  into  several 

governments.'*      The  privy  council,  having  heard 

I  Prince,  ii.  68. 

^  Prince,  ii.  75.  Such  an  example  cannot  perhaps  be  found  in  the  an- 
nals of  any  other  nation.  The  law  alone  proves,  that  no  demagogues  then 
aspired  at  the  chief  magistracy.  An  historical  fact  confirms  the  remark. 
Edward  Winslow  was  the  next  year  (1633)  chosen  governor,  "  Mr.  Brad- 
ford having  been  governor  about  ten  years,  and  now  by  importunity  got  off"." 
Winthrop  Jcrurn.  47. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  318. 

4  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  321.     The  number  of  settlers  soon  increased  to  about 
coo,  and  began  to  erect  a  fort  ;  but  the  Caribbean  Indians  applied  for  assis- 
tance to  the  Spaniards,  who  sent  a  force,  which  demolished  the  rising  fort, 
»od  exterminated  the  colony.     Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  269 

what  was  alledged  on  each  side,  thought  fit  to  leave  1633* 
lord  Baltimore  to  his  patent,  and  the  complainants 
to  the  course  of  law  ;  but  gave  orders  for  'such  an 
intercourse  and  conduct,  as  should  prevent  a  war 
with  the  natives,  and  farther  disagreement  among 
themselves.1  William  Cleyborne  continued  to  claim 
Kent  Island,  and  refused  submission  to  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Maryland,  because  the  government  of  Vir- 
ginia, knowing  no  reason  why  the  rights  of  that 
place  should  be  surrendered,  gave  countenance  to 
his  opposition.  This  transaction  offers  the  first  ex- 
ample, in  colonial  history,  of  the  dismemberment  of 
an  ancient  colony,  by  the  formation  of  a  new  prov- 
ince with  separate  and  equal  rights. a 

The  jealousy  of  Virginia  was  directed  toward  its' 
religious,  as  well  as  territorial,  concerns  ;  for  its  le- 
gislature  now  enacted  severe  laws,  to  suppress  relig- 
ious  sectaries,  which  began  to  appear  in  the  colony. 
This  measure  induced  some  people,  who  had  already 
gone  to  Virginia,  to  flee  into  other  colonies  ;  and 
prevented  others  from  coming  for  settlement. ? 

The  French,  in  taking  possession  of  Acadie  pur- 
suant to  the  treaty  of  *St.  Germain,  had  dispossessed 
the  Plymouth  colonists  of  their  trading  house  at  Pe- 
nobscot.4     Additional  calamities  were  now  expect-  KErSand 
ed.     Intelligence  was  brought  to  the  governor  of  alarmed  br 
Massachusetts,   that  the  French  had  bought   theth 
Scotch  plantation  near  Cape  Sable  ;  that  the  fort 
there  with  all  the  ammunition  was  delivered  up  to 
them  ;   that  the  cardinal  of  -France  had  sent  over 
some  companies  already  ;  and  that  preparation  was 
made  to  send  more  the  next  year,  with  a  number  of 

I  The  order  of  council  is  entire  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  337. 
a  Chalmers,  i.  209. 

3  Brit.  Emp.  iii.  180. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  154.     Winthrop  Journal,  37.     If  the  account  in  p.  244  t>e 
correct,  this  trading  house  was  on  Kennebeck  river,  unless^nother  house  had 
been  erected  since.     But  I  adhere  to  my  authorities.     THe  French  plunder- 
ed the  Plymouth  trading  house  in  1632,  "  carrying  thence  300  weight  of 
bearer  and  other  goods,"    Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1633.  priests  and  Jesuits.     Alarmed  at  this  intelligence, 
the  governor  called  the  assistants,  and  principal  men 
in  the  colony,1  to  Boston,  to  advise  proper  measures, 
It  was  agreed  to  finish,  with  all  expedition,  the  fort, 
begun  at  Boston  ;    to  erect  another  at  Nantasket  ; 
and  to  hasten  the  planting  of  Agawam,a  lest  an  en- 
emy should  prevent  them  by  taking  possession  of 
the  place.     John  Winthrop,  a  son  of  the  governor, 
repaired,  by  order  of  the  government,  to  Agawam, 
with  twelve  men,  and  began  a  plantation.     The  a- 
larm  however  was  groundless.     The  French,  aiming 
at  trade  merely,  did  not  molest  the  English  planta^ 
tions  ;    yet  their  spoliation  of  the  Plymouth  trading 
house  gave  just  occasion  for  suspicion  and  vigilance. 3 
(    r\\\£  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed  an  act, 
prohibiting  the  purchase  of  lands  from  the  Indians, 
without  licence  from  the  government.4     While  it 
thus  cautiously  guarded  against  the  danger  of  sav- 
age hostilities,  it  equally  guarded  against  the  evils  of 
idleness,  luxury,  and  extortion  ;  for  it  required  con- 
stables to  present  unprofitable  fowlers,  a,nd  tobacco 
takers,  to  the  next  magistrate  ; 3   and  ordered,  that 
artificers,  such  as  carpenters  and  masons,  should  not 
receive  more  than  two  shillings  a  day  ;  and  labour- 
ers not  more  than  eighteen  pence,  and  proportiona- 
bly  ;  and  that  merchants  should  not  advance  more 
than  four  pence  in  the  shilling  above  what  their 
goods  cost  in  England. 6 

Three  ministers  of  celebrity,  John  Cotton,  Thorn- 
t0    as  Hooker,  ?,ncl  Samuel  Stone,  together  with  John 
ministers    Haynes,    afterward  governor  of  Connecticut,   and 
ers<  two  hundred  emigrants  from  England,  arrived  at 

I  "  The  ministers  and  captains  and  some  other  chief  men."     Winthrop. 
2,  "  Being  the  best  place  in  the  land  for  tillage  and  cattle."  Ibid. 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  47,  48.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxvii. 

4  Belknan  Biog.  ii.  417.  5  Wynne,  i.  74. 

6  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxvi.  "  Those  good  orders,"  regulating 
the  prices  of  labopr,  and  the  profits  of  trade,  "  were  not,"  says  Hubbard, 
"  of  long  continuance,  but  did  expire  vrith  the  first  golden  age  in  this  Nev, 
World."  Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  27! 

Boston.  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Stone  proceeded  to  1633. 
Newtown,  where  the  one  was  ordained  pastor,  and  Oct  Ix 
the  other,  teacher.  Mr.  Cotton  remained  in  Bos- 
ton, and  was  an  assistant  in  the  ministry  to  the  first 
church  in  that  town.  His  example  and  counsels 
were  patriarchal.  It  was  he,  who  principally  delin- 
eated the  ecclesiastical  polity  of  the  New  England 
churches,  which,  from  this  time^  were  styled  Con- 
gregationaL  *  The  fame  of  the  removal  of  these 
eminent  men  invited  over  great  numbers  of  Puri- 
tans, who  could  find  no  rest  under  archbishop  Laud's 
merciless  administration^  * 

Wahquimacut,   a  sachem  on  the  river  Connect!*  Colonists 
cut,  having  solicited  the  governors  of  the  New  Eng-  invited  br 
land  colonies  to  send  men  to  make  settlements  on  w*§e3rS 
the  river  j 3  the  Plymouth  colonists  had  already  made  Connect!- 
discoveries  on  that  noble  stream^  and  found  a  place,  cut  nver* 
where  they  judged  a  trading  house  might  be  advan- 
tageously erected.4      Governor  Winslow  and  Air. 
Bradford  now  visited  Boston,  and  proposed  to  gov- 
ernor Winthrop  and  his  council  to  join  with  Plym- 

I  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxviii.  Hutchinson,  i.  419?.  See  Note 
VI  at  the  end  of  the  volume.  Mr.  Cotton  had  an  early  and  intimate  con- 
nection with  the  Massachusetts  colonists.  At  the  embarkation  for  N.  Eng- 
land in  1630,  he  preached  a  sermon  to  gov.  Winthrop  and  his  company, 
from  a  Sam.vii.  10.  entitled  "  God's  Promise  to  the  Plantations."  On  bis 
arrival  at  Massachusetts,  he  had  very  great  influence  in  the  affairs  of  church 
and  of  state.  Hubbard  says,  "  whatever  he  delivered  in  the  pulpit  was 
soon  put  into  an  order  of  court  if  of  a  civil,  or  set  up  as  a  practice  in  tht 
church  if  of  an  ecclesiastical,  concernment." 

1  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  13.  Neal  says,  that  for  several  years  hardly  a  ves- 
sel came  into  these  parts5  but  was  crowded  with  passengers-  for  New  Eng- 
land. Ibid. 

3  The  Pequots  were  conquering  the  river  Indians,  and  driving  their  sa- 
chems from  that  part  of  the   country.     Wahquimacut,  in   1631,  made  a 
journey  to   Plymouth  and  Boston,   hoping  that,  if  he  could  persuade  the 
English  to  settle  there,  they  would  be  his  protectors.     Gov.  Winthrop 
treated  him  with  generosity,  but  paid  no  attention  to  his  proposal.     Gov.   ' 
Winslow  seems  to  have  gone  soon  after  to  Connecticut,  and  discovered  the 
river  and  the  adjacent  parts,  "  when  the  Dutch  had  neither  trading  house, 
nor  any  pretence  to  a  foot  of  land  there."     But  whether  the  Dutch,  or  the 
English  of  Plymouth,  were  the  first  discoverers  of  the  river,  is  uncertain. 
Trumbull,  i.  15,  16. 

4  Near  the  mouth  of  Little  river  in  Wiadsor.     Ibid,  and  Coll.  Hist  Soc. 
v.  167. 


272  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1633.  outh  in  a  trade  to  Connecticut  for  hemp  and  beaver, 
and  in  the  erection  of  a  house  for  the  purposes  of 
commerce.     This  proposal  being  declined,  the  peo- 
ple of  Plymouth  determined  to  undertake  the  enter- 
prise at  their  own  risk. f  The  materials  for  a  house, 
October,     entirely  prepared,  were  put  on  board  a  vessel,  and 
^nTfrom7  committed  to  a  chosen  company,  which  sailed  for 
Plymouth,  Connecticut.     The   Dutch   of  New   Netherlands, 
hearing  of  the  design,  had  just  taken  a  station  on 
that  river,  at  the  place  where  Hartford  now  stands  ; 
made  a  light  fort  ;   and  planted  two  pieces  of  can- 
non.2     On  the  approach  of  the  Plymouth  adven- 
turers, the  Dutch  forbade  them  to  proceed  up  the 
river,    ordered  them  to  strike  their  colours,   and 
threatened  to  fire  on  them.     But  the  commander  of 
the  enterprise,  disregarding  the  prohibition  and  the 
menaces,  went  resolutely  forward,  and,  landing  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river,  set  up  his  house  about  a 
m^e  above  that  of  the  Dutch,  and  soon  after  fortifi- 
in  Connect-  ed  it  with  palisadoes.     This  was  the  first  house  e- 
1CU£*          rected  in  Connecticut. 3 
Trade  and       The  river  and  country  of  Connecticut  now  began 

discoveries  -,  .  J       r  ,  . 

to  attract  much  attention  from  the  colonists.     Sev- 

i  It  being  reported,  that  the  Dutch  were  about  to  build  on  Connecticut 
river,  Winslow  and  Bradford  represented  it  as  necessary  to  prevent  them 
from  taking  possession  of  that  fine  country  ;  but  Winthrop  objected  to  the 
making  of  a  plantation  there,  because  there  were  three  or  four  thousand 
•warlike  Indians  on  the  river ;  because  the  bar  at  the  mouth  was  such,  that 
small  pinnaces  only  could  enter  it  at  high  water  ;  and  because,  seven  months 
in  the  year,  no  vessels  could  go  in,  on  account  of  the  ice  and  the  violence  of 
the  stream.  Winthrop  Journ.  51. 

a  We  have  said  (p.  230),  on  the  authority  of  Smith,  that  the  Dutch 
built  a  fort  on  Connecticut  river  in  1623  ;  but  Dr.  Trumbull  [Hist.  Connec. 
i.  3i.]  says,  Smith  represents  it  "  as  built  ten  years  before  it  was." 

3  Prince,  ii.  93 — 96.  Trumbull,  i.  15 — ai.  The  place  of  this  settle- 
ment was  called  by  the  natives  Natawanute.  The  sachems,  who  were  the 
original  owners  of  the  soil,  having  been  driven  from  this  part  of  the  coun- 
try by  the  Pequots  ;  William  Holmes,  who  conducted  the  enterprise  from 
Plymouth,  took  them  with  him  to  their  home,  and  restored  them  to  their 
rights.  Of  these  sachems  the  Plymouth  people  purchased  the  land,  where 
they  erected  their  house.  The  conquering  Indians  were  offended  at  the 
restoration  of  the  original  proprietors  of  the  country  ;  and  the  proximity  of 
two  such  neighbours,  as  the  irritated  Dutch,  and  the  ferocious  Pequots, 
rendered  it  difficult  and  hazardous  for  the  English  to  retain  their  new 
purchase.  IbH 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  273 

fetal  -vessels  went  into  this  river,  in  the  course  of  the    1633, 
year,  to  trade.     John  Oldham  of  Dorchester,  Samu- 
el Hall,  and  two  other  persons,  travelled  westward 
into  the  country,  as  far  as  this  river,  on  which  they 
discovered  many  eligible  situations  for  settlement.  x 

The  jealousy  of  the  parent  country,  or  rather  of  Feb-  «• 
its  arbitrary  monarch  and  his  court,  was,  at  this  thre  cou°a- 
early  period,   directed  against  the  infant  colony  of  «i  to  stop 
Massachusetts.     An  order  was  issued  by  the  privy  ** 

council,  to  stay  several  ships  in  the  river  Thames, 
ready  to  sail,  freighted  with  passengers  and  provis- 
ions :  but  it  appears  not  to  have  been  effectually 
executed  ;  for,  during  the  year,  great  numbers  emi- 
grated, to  New  England.  By  the  same  order  of 
council,,  the  letters  patent  for  the  plantation  in  New 
England  were  required  to  be  brought  to  the  council 
board.  * 

A  specimen  of  rye  was  brought  to  the  court 
Massachusetts,  as  the  first  fruits  of  English  grain. 
A  ship  of  sixty  tons  was  built  at  Medford  j  4  and  a 
water  mill,  at  Roxbury.  5 

At  the  close  of  this  year,   and  in  the  following  Small  pox 
winter,   the  small  pox  broke  out  again  among  the 
natives  of  Massachusetts,  and  made  great  devasta- 
tions among  this  unhappy  race,  destined,  by  various 
means,  to  ultimate  extermination.6 

The  colony  of  Plymouth  added  tv/o  assistants  to         f  h 
the  former  number,  making  seven  in  the  whole  ;  and 


i  Hiibbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxvii.     Trumbull,  i.  fco.  sistants. 

z  Chalmers,  156.  This  order  is  in  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxvi  ; 
Hutchirson,  i.  3V33  ;  and  Hazard  Goll.  i.  341. 

3.  Hutchiason,  i.  14.  "  This  poor  people,"  says  Johnson,  ««  greatly  re- 
joiced to  see  the  land  would  bear  it." 

4  Midford  was  be^un  to  be  settled  very  early  ;  but  we  have  scarcely  a- 
ny  account  of  its  first  settlement.  Deputy  governor  Dudley,  speaking  of 
the  first  transactions  of  the  colonists,  -\\  ho  arrived  in  1630,  says,  "  some  of 
us"  planted  "  upon  Mistick,  which  we  named  Meadford."  Lett,  to  count- 
ess of  Lincoln,  14.  It  was  so  considerable,  as  to  be  taxed  with  the  other 
towns  in  1634.  See  p.  206. 

j  Winthrop  Journal,  56. 

6  Ibid.  56.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxix.     Morton,  roo.     Hub- 
iard  says,  this  part  of  the  country,  which  had  been  most  populated  with 
fodians,  was  almost  "  unpeopled"  by  this  disease. 
Rr 


274  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

this  number  was  never  exceeded  in  its  subsequent 

elections. s 

1634. 

Lord  Baltimore  laid  the  foundation  of  his  prov- 
ince  on  the  broad  basis  of  security  to  property,  and 
more.        of  freedom  in  religion  ;  granting,  in  absolute  fee,  fif- 
ty acres  of  land  to  every  emigrant  ;   and  establish- 
ing Christianity  agreeably  to  the  old  common  law, 
of  which  it  is  a  part,  without  allowing  preeminence 
to  any  particular  sect.*      George  Calvert,  brother 
of  the  governor,  arrived  early  this  year  at  Point 
Comfort,  near  the  mouth  of  the  Potowmac,  with 
the  first  colony,  consisting  of  about  two  hundred 
Roman  Catholics  from  England.3     Proceeding  to 
March  3.    Potowmac  river,  he  passed  by  the  Indian  town  of 
nyTrrives"  J^at  name,  and  went  to  Piscataway,  where,  by  pre- 
at  Potow-  sents  to  the  head  men,   he  conciliated  their  friend- 
^«Jmenhte  shiP  to  such  a  Degree,  taat  ^J  offered  to  cede  one 
of  Mary- ,  part  of  their  town  to  the  settlers,  and  to  live  in  the 
other  until  they  could  gather  their  harvest  ;    after 
which  they  were  to  resign  the  whole  to  the  English. 
Calvert,  thus  amicably  obtaining  possession  of  the 
whole  town,  gave  it  the  name  of  St.  Mary's  ;  and 
applied  himself,  with  great  assiduity,  to  the  cultiva- 
tion of  his  new  colony ;  the  settlement  of  which  is 
said  to  have  cost  lord  Baltimore  above  forty  thou- 
sand pounds  sterling.4 

The  settlements  in  Massachusetts  were  now  ex- 
tended more  than  thirty  miles  from  the  capital  *;  and 
the  number  of  freemen  was  greatly  multiplied.  So 
remote  were  some  townships  from  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment, and  so  great  the  inconvenience  of  assem- 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xvi. 

2  Chalmers,  i.  407. 

3  Chalmers,  ibid.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  376.    Humphreys  Hist.  Account, 
a8.    They  sailed  from  England  in  November  1633  ;   and  were  chiefly 
gentlemen  of  good  families.     Ibid. 

4  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  468.    Chalmers,  i.  807.    Europ.  Settlements,  ii,  aa& 

5  Hutchinson,  1.437. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  275 

bling  all  the  freemen  for  the  business  of  legislation  ;    1634, 

that  the  constitution  was  altered,  by  general  consent 

of  the  towns.     At  a  general  court  for  elections  at 

Newtown,  twenty  four  of  the  principal  inhabitants 

of  the  colony  appeared  as  the  representatives  of  the 

body  of  freemen.     Before  they  proceeded  to  the  First  rePre" 

/  .  ,  i     i     •        •    t_  seutatives 

choice  of  magistrates,  they  asserted  their  right  to  a  jn  Mass*. 
greater  share  in  the  government/  than  they  had  chusetts. 
hitherto  been  allowed,  and  passed  several  resolu- 
tions,1 defining  the  powers  of  the  general  court,  and 
ordaining  trial  by  jury.     After  the  election  of  ma- 
gistrates,  they  farther  determined,  that  there  should 
be  four  general  courts  every  year  ;  *   that  the  whole 
body  of  freemen  should  be  present  at  the  court  of 
election  only  ;    and  that  the  freemen  of  every  town 
might  choose  deputies,  to  act  in  their  names  at  the  House  of 
other  general  courts,  which  deputies  should  have  the  tf^estab- 
full  power  of  all  the  freemen. 3     The  legislative  bo-  Ushed. 
dy  thus  became  settled  j  and,  with  but  inconsidera- 
ble alterations,  remained  in  this  form  during  the  con- 

1  They  resolved,  that  none  but  the  General  Court  has  power  to  chuse 
and  admit  freemen  ;  to  make  and  establish  laws  ;  to  elect  and  appoint  offi- 
cers, as  governor,  deputy  governor,  assistants,  treasurer,  secretary,  captain, 
lieutenants,  ensigns,  "  or  any  of  like  moment,"  or  to  remove  such  upon 
misdemeanour,  also  to  prescribe  their  duties  and  powers  ;  to  raise  money 
and  taxes  ;  and  to  dispose  of  lands,  "  viz.  to  give  and  confirm  proprieties." 
It  was  farther  ordered,  that  the  constable  of  every  plantation  shall,  upon 
precept  received  from  the  secretary,  give  timely  notice  to  the  freemen  of 
the  plantation  where  he  dwells,  to  send  so  many  of  their  said  members,  as 
the  precept  shall  direct,  to  attend  upon  public  service.  It  was  also  "  agreed, 
that  no  trial  shall  pass  upon  any  for  life,  or  banishment,  but  by  a  Jury  so 
summoned,  or  by  the  General  Court."     Hazard  Coll.  i.  320,  321.     The 
representatives,  at  the  same  time,  imposed  a  fine  on  the  court  of  assistants 
for  violating  an  order  of  the  general  court  [Hutchinson,  i.  36.]  ;  but  it  was 
"  remitted  again  before  the  court  broke  up."     Winthrop  Journ.  65. 

2  The  courts  were  soon  reduced  to  two  in  a  year.     Hutchinson,  i.  37. 

3  "  It  shall  be  lawful  for  the  freemen  of  every  plantation  to  choose  two 
or  three  of  each  town  before  every  general  court,  to  confer  of,  and  prepare 
cuch  publick  business  as  by  them  shall  be  thought  fit  to  consider  of  at  the 
next  general  court  ;  and  such  persons  as  shall  be  hereafter  so  deputed  by 
the  freemen,  shall  have  the  full  power  and  voices  of  all  the  said  freemen 
derived  to  them  for  the  making  and  establishing  of  lawes,  granting  of  land* 
&c.  and  to  deal  in  all  other  affairs  of  the  commonwealth  wherein  the  free- 
men have  to  do,  the  matter  of  election  of  magistrates  and  other  officers  on- 
ly excepted,  wherein  every  freeman  is  to  give  hi«  own  vote." 

Coll.  i.    Zi. 


276  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1634.  tinuance  of  the   charter.1     This  was  the  second 
house  of  representatives  in  the  American  colonies.  * 

This  innovation  exciting  an  inquiry  into  the  nature 
of  the  liberty  and  privileges  of  the  people,  which 
threatened  disturbance  to  the  colony  ;  the  ministers, 
and  the  most  prudent  citizens,  were  consulted,  res- 
pecting a  body  of  laws,  adapted  to  the  state  of  the 
colony,  and  a  uniform  order  of  discipline  in  the 
churches.3 
Massachu-  Tne  colony  of  Massachusetts  took  early  care  to 

setts  ..urns  01        T-V        i  /-* 

to  prevent  prevent  the  encroachments  or  the  Dutch.     Some 
the  Dutch   persons,  dispatched  in  the  bark  Blessing, 4  after  mak- 

from  set-      .          r  T  r    -r  i 

tHng  Con-  mg  farther  discovery  or  Long  Island,  proceeded  to 
necticut;    the  Dutch  plantation  at  Hudson's  river,  where  they 
were  kindly  entertained  by  the  Dutch  governor  Vau 
Twilly,   to  whom  they   showed  their  commission, 
purporting,  that  the  king  of  England  had  granted 
the  river  and  country  of  Connecticut  to  his  own  sub- 
jects ;  and  requesting  him  to  forbear  to  build  in  that 
and  the      quarter.     The  Dutch  governor  wrote  a  courteous 

Dutch  aim  •  _ 

to  prevent  and  respectful  letter  to  the  governor  or  Massachu- 
-  setts,  signifying,  that  the  lords  the  States  had  grant- 
ed the  same  territory  to  the  West  India  company  ;, 
and  requesting,  that  the  colony  of  Massachusetts 
would  forbear  to  challenge  it,  until  the  matter  should 
be  decided  between  the  king  and  the  states.5  It 
was  resolved  however,  by  a  number  of  people  in 
this  colony,  to  plant  Connecticut ;  and  persons  were 
deputed  from  the  towns,  to  view  the  country.  The 
account,  which  they  brought  back,  of  the  advan- 
tages of  the  place,  and  of  the  fertility  of  the  soil,, 
determined  those,  who  had  concerted  the  measure^ 
to  begin  several  plantations  there  immediately.6 

i   Hazard  Coll.  i.  320,  321.     Hutchinson,  i.  35 — 37. 
2.  The  first  was  in  Virginia.    'See  p.  195  of  this  volume. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxvi. 

4  Built  at  Mistic  in  1631,  and  called  the  Blessing  of  the  Bay, 
<  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxvii. 

6  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xli. 


hut  in 
vain. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  2/7 

Storms,  in  the  mean  time,  were  gathering,  which    1634. 
threatened  to  desolate  tjie  country.     A  special  com-  £^fj£* 
mission  was  given  to  the  archbishop  of  Canterbury  tyranny  of 
and  eleven  other  persons,  for  governing  the  Ameri-  govern- 

1  V  1  i  i_  i 

can  colonies.  *  An  order  was  also  sent  by  -me 
king's  commissioners  to  the  lord  warden  of  the 
cinque  ports,  and  other  haven  towns,  to  stop  the 
promiscuous  and  disorderly  departure  out  of  the 
realm  to  America.  * 

The  Indians  in  Connecticut  began  hostilities  a-  and 
gainst  the  English.     Captains  Stone  and  Norton  of 
Massachusetts,  going  in  a  small  bark  into  Connec- 
ticut river,  to  trade,  apd  .casting  anchor  about  two 
leagues  from  the  entrance,  were  visited  by  several 
Indians.     Stone,  having  occasion  to  visit  the  Dutch 
trading  house  nearly  twenty  leagues   up  the  river, 
procured  some  of  these  Indians  to  go  to  it,  as  pi- 
lates,  with  two  of  his  men.     These  guides,  putting 
ashore  their  skiff  before  their  arrival  at  the  place  of  stone,Nor- 
destination,   murdered  the  two  Englishmen,  while  ^"thit, 
asleep.     About  twelve  Indians,  of  the  same  tribe,  murdered 
remaining  with  the  bark,   taking  the  opportunity  ^^J11" 
when  some  of  the  English   were  on  shore,  and  the  Connect!-- 
captain  asleep  in  his  cabin,  murdered  all  on  board, 
and  then  plundered  and  sunk  the  bark. 

The  Pequots,  if  they  did  not  actually  perpetrate 
the  murder,  partook  of  the  spoil. 3  The  council  of 
Massachusetts,  on  this  occasion,  sent  messengers  to 

I  This  commission,  in  the  original  Latin,  is  inserted  in  Hazard  Coll.  i. 
344 — 347  ;  and,  in  English,  in  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxvi. 

a  This  order  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  347.  There  also  is  inserted,"  A  CON- 
CLUSION of  the  Lords  Commissioners  for  thq  government  of  NEW  ENG- 
LAND," in  these  words ;  "  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  is  made  Governor  of  the 
whole  country. — They  have  divided  the  country  in  twelve  Provinces. — 
And  they  disposed  it  intp  the  hands  of  twelve  men- — put  of  which  twelve 
?nen  there  is  a  governor  continually  to  be  chosen." 

3  Some  say,  that  the  Pequots  did  this  mischief.  Dr.  J.  Mather  [N.Eng. 
34,  2J.]  says,  that  though  they  were  not  native  Pequots,  yet  they  had  fre- 
quent intercourse  with  them  ;  and  that  they  tendered  them  some  of  the 
spoliated  goods,  which  were  accepted  by  the  chief  sachem  of  the  Pequots. 
He  adds,  that  some  of  the  goods  were  tendered  to  the  chief  sachem  c£ 
,  who  aho  received  them.  See  TrumbuD,  i,  60,  61. 


27 $  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 634.  treat  with  them,  but  obtained  no  satisfaction.     The 
Pequots  however  sent  messengers  afterward  with  gifts 
to  Massachusetts  colony ;  and  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil, after  a  conference  of  several  days,  concluded 
with  them  a  treaty  of  peace  and  friendship.  * 
Roger wu-      Roger  Williams,  minister  of  Salem,  holding  te- 
lian^V%     nets5  which  were  considered  heretical  and  seditious, 

banished  *    , .  1t  r          , 

from  Mas-  "  tending  equally  to  sap  the  foundation  of  the  es- 
*achusetts.  tablishment  in  church  and  state,"  *  and  being  found 

irreclaimable,  was  banished  the  jurisdiction. 3 
ipswich         Some  people  of  Salem  went   to  Agawam  river, 
settled.      ancj  began  a  town,   which  was  called  Ipswich;9 

where  a  church  was  now  gathered. s 

Arrival  of        Mr.  Humfrey,  who  had  been  chosen   deputy 
Mr.  Hum-  gOVernor  at  fa  formation  of  the  colony  in  England, 
came  to  Massachusetts  with  his  noble  consort,  the 
lady  Susan,  sister  of  the  earl  of  Lincoln,  bringing  a 
valuable  present  to  the  ministers  in  the  colony. 6 
Fort  built       The  governor  and  council,  with  several  ministers 
and  Otiiers9  met  at  Castle  island,  in  Boston  harbour, 
and  agreed  on  the  erection  of  two  platforms  and 
one  small  fortification  to  secure  the  town.7     These 
works  were  accordingly  erected  at  the  public  expense. s 
progress         In  the  infant  capital  we  now  perceive  the  first  ef- 
oi  Boston.  £ons  towar(j  a  police,  and  the  earliest  dawnings  of 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxiii  ;  Ind,  War,  14 — 16.  Josselyn 
[N.  Eng.  Rar.  107.]  says,  the  country  during  this  time  was  "  really  placed 
in  a  posture  of  war."  Trumbull,  i.  60,  61. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  156. 

3  Hutchinson,  i.  37,38.     Callender  R.  Island,   18.    Hubbard  in  chap, 
xxx  of  his  MS.  Hist.  N.  Eng.  gives  a  minute  account  of  the  "  disturbance* 
both  civil  and  ecclesiastical  in  the  Massachusetts,  by  Mr.  R.  Williams  ia 
the  year  1634." 

4  Winthrop  Journ.  68.     It  was  thus  named  at  the  court  4  August,  "  in 
acknowledgment  of  the  great  honour  and  kindness  done  to  our  people 
which  took  shipping"  at  the  place  of  that  name  in  England.  Ib. 

5  Wonderwork.  Providence,  66.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vi.  233. 

6  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  xx vii.    The  present  consisted  of  16  heifers, 
valued  at  £^o  each,  sent  by  Mr.  Richard  Andrews,  a  private  friend  to  the 
plantation.    One  was  assigned  to  each  of  the  ministers,  and  the  remainder 
to  the  poor.     Ibid.  Winthrop  Journ.  67. 

7  Winthrop  Journ.  6 f.     Gov.  Winthrop  says,  "  to  secure  the  city;" 
but  this  metropolis  has  never  yst  been  incorporated  by  that  name. 

8  Wonderwork.  Prov.  194 ;  "  at  the  expence  of  the  country  in  general." 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  279 

commerce.  Select  men  were  first  chosen,  this  year, 
in  Boston,  for  the  general  management  of  town  af- 
fairs. A  market  was  erected.  A  house  of  enter- 
tainment was  set  up.  The  first  merchant's  shop 
was  opened.  * 

l635- 

The  colony  of  Massachusetts,  apprized  of  the  op-  Jan.  19. 
pressive  measure  of  a  general  government  for  New  ^mini^ 
England,  prepared  to  counteract  it.     The  ministers,  tersin  Mas- 
considered  at  that  time  as  the  fathers  of  the  com-  ^uut*tts 
mon wealth,  were  consulted  by  the  civil  magistrates,  general 
At  the  request  of  the  governor  and  assistants,  all  the  g°vcrnor'  - 
ministers  in  the  colony,  excepting  one,  met  at  Bos-          . 
ton,  to  consider  two  cases  ;  one  of  which  was,  What 
ought  to  be  done,  if  a  general  governor  should  be 
sent  out  of  England.     They  unanimously  agreed, 
that  if  such  a  governor  were  sent,  the  colony  ought 
not  to  accept  him,  but  to  defend  its  lawful  posses- 
sipns,  if  able  ;  "  otherwise,  to  avoid  or  protract."* 

The  deputies  of  this  colony  apprehending  great  May- 
danger  to  the  commonwealth  from  the  discretionary 
power  of  the  magistrates,  in  many  cases,  for  want 
of  positive  laws  ;    it  was  agreed,  that  some  men  al  laws' 
should  be  appointed  "  to  frame  a  body  of  grounds 
of  laws,  in  resemblance  of  a  Magna  Charta,  which, 
being  allowed  by  some  of  the  ministers  and  the  gen- 
eral court,should  be  received  for  fundamental  laws." 3 

When  the  English  parliament  began  to  inquire  june  7. 
into  the  grievances  of  the  nation,  the  patent,  by  charter  of 
which  the  council  of  Plymouth  was  established,  was 
complained  of  as  a  monopoly  ;  and  when  those  griev- 
ances  were  presented  to  the  throne,  the  patent  of 
New  England  was  the  first.     The  council  itself  was 
in  disrepute  with  the  high  church  party  for  having 

r  Winthrop  Journ.  6  j,  77.  It  is  conjectured,  that  by  the  market  nothing 
more  is  meant,  than  a  market  place •,  to  which  the  market  men  might  resort. 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc,  iii.  154. 

^  Winthrop  Journ.  78,  3  IbM,  £2. 


2Sd  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1635.  encouraged  the  settlement  of  the  Plymouth  and  Mas* 
sachusetts  colonists,  who  fled  from  episcopal  perse- 
cutions. Discouraged  by  the  operation  of  these 
prejudices,  that  council  resigned  its  charter  to  the 
king.  '  "  The  plantations,  intrusted  to  the  care  of 
great  corporate  bodies,  grew  up  stinted  and  unprom- 
ising, and  seemed  to  wither  away  without  hope  of 
ultimate  completion.  The  annihilation  of  these  com- 
panies infused  a  principle  of  a  new  life.  Restraint 
was  no  sooner  removed,  and  men  were  left  free  to 
manage  their  own  affairs  in  the  way  most  agreeable 
to  themselves,  than  the  colonists  engaged  in  every 
laudable  pursuit,  and  acquired  an  extent  of  popula- 
tion, of  commerce,  of  Wealth,  and  of  power,  unex- 
ampled in  the  annals  of  the  world/*  z 

uo  war-  On  the  surrender  of  that  charter,  a  quo  ivarranlo 
was  immediately  brought  by  Sir  John  Banks,  the  at- 
-  torriey  general  against  the  governor,  deputy  govern- 
or^ and  assistants  of  the  corporation  of  Massachu- 
setts, fourteen  of  whom  appearing,  and  disclaiming 
the  charter,  judgment  was  given  for  the  king,  that 
the  liberties  and  franchises  of  that  corporation  should 
be  seized  into  the  king's  hands.3  The  arbitrary 
measures  of  the  king  and  his  ministry  might  have 
been  ruinous  to  the  infant  colonies,  but  for  the  con- 
trouling  power  of  heaven.  A  great  ship,  built  to 
bring  over  a  general  governor  to  New  England,  and 
to  command  on  the  coast,  fell  asunder  in  the  launch- 
ing ;  and  the  design  was  again  frustrated.  4 

The  colonists  of  Massachusetts,  on  account  of  the 

from  the     increase  of  cattle,  experiencing  inconveniences  from 
the  nearness  of  their  settlements  to  each  other,  be- 


towns. 


i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xv.  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  24.  The 
council  took  previous  care  "  to  secure  some  portion  of  the  expiring  interest 
to  such  of  themselves  as  were  disposed  to  accept  it."  Ibid.  "  The  Act  of 
surrender"  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  1.393  ; and  the"  Reasons"  for  it,  ib.  390 — 391. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  96. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxvi. 

4  Ibid.  chap,  xxvii,  xxxi.    The  quo  warranto  is  in  Hutchinson  Coll.  IOI 
— 104  ;  Hazard  Coll.  423 — 425, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  281 

gan  to  emigrate  from  the  first  settled  towns.    Some   1635. 
of  the  principal   inhabitants  of  Ipswich,  obtaining 
leave  of  the  general  court  to  remove  to  Ouascacun- 
quen,  began  a  town  at  that  place,  and  called  it  New-  Newbury 
bury.     Mr.  Parker,  a  learned  minister,  who  had  settled, 
'been  an  assistant  of  Mr.  Ward  in  the  ministry  at 
Ipswich,  accompanied  them.1      Liberty  of  removal 
was  also  granted  to  Watertown  and  Roxbury,   on 
condition  of  their  continuance  under  the  government 
of  Massachusetts.2     Musquetequid  was  purchased 
of  the  natives,  by  some  of  the  Massachusetts  colo- 
nists, who  settled  the  place,  and  called  it  Concord. 3  Concord. 
The  reverend  Peter  Hobart  and  his  associates,  from 
Hingham,  in  the  county  of  Norfolk  in  England,  be- 
gan to  settle  a  town,  to  which  they  gave  the  name  Hingham. 
of  Hingham. 4     Sudbury  was  also  now  settled. 5    A  Sudbury. 
church  was  gathered  at  Scituate,  in  Plymouth  colo- 
ny, composed  of  members  regularly  dismissed  from  Scituate* 
the  church  in  Plymouth. 6 

Settlements  were  now  begun  to  be  made  on  Con- 
necticut river.  Some  of  the  people  of  Dorchester 
had  made  preparations  for  a  settlement  at  a  place  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river,  called  by  the  Indians  Mat- 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxviii.     Mr.  Parker  and  the  people,  with 
whom  he  now  removed,  came  from  Wiltshire  in  England.     Ibid, 
a,  Winthrop  Journ.  8s. 

3  Wonderwork.  Providence,  79,  81.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxvii, 
tt  was  called  Concord,  "  on  account  of  the  peaceable  manner,  in  which  it 
\vas  obtained."     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  240.     The  tract  was  six  miles  square. 

4  Hingham  Records,  copied  by  President  Stiles.      The  house  lots  of  the 
settlers  were  drawn  18   September  1635.     The  Rev.   Peter  Hobart  was 
there  on  that  day,  "  and  drew  a  lot  with  the  twenty  nine."     Ibid.     He 
arrived  in  N.  England  8  June  with  his  family.     Hob  art's  MS.  Journal. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxii. 

6  The  Rev.  John  Lothrop's  MS.  Records  of  the  churches  of  Scituate  and 
Barnstable,  copied  by  President  Stiles,v/ho  foundthe  MS.  in  i  769  in  the  hands 
of  the  Rev.  Elijah  Lothrop  of  Gilead  in  Connecticut,   and  remarked  :    "  I 
account  it  the  more  valuable,  as  these  churches  of  Scituate  and  Barnstable 
have  no  records  till  many  years  after  their  gathering."     The  settlement  of 
Scituate  commenced  in  163^,     The  Rev.  John  LotLrop  arrived  there  27 
September  ;  the  dismission  of  the  members  from  Plymouth,  "  in  case  they 
joyned  in  a  body  att  Situate,"  was  23  November,  1634.     The  church  was 
-formed  by  covenant  8  January,  and  Mr.  Lothrop  w<is  inducted  into  the 
pastoral  office  19  January,  1635.    ibid. 

8* 


282 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


Oct.  15. 

Removals 
to  Con- 
necticut. 


Oct.  8. 

J.  Win- 
throp, jun. 
arrives 

from  Eng- 
land with 
a  com- 
mission. 


taneang  ;  *  and  the  inhabitants  of  Newtown  and 
tertown  had  been  contemplating  a  removal.  Ort 
the  fifteenth  of  October  about  sixty  men,  women, 
and  children,  with  their  horses,  cattle,  and  swine, 
commenced  a  removal  from  Massachusetts,  through 
the  wilderness,  to  Connecticut  river  ;  and,  af- 
ter a  very  difficult  and  fatiguing  journey  of  four* 
teen  days,  arrived  at  the  places  of  their  destination.  * 
Mr.  Warham  and  Mr.  Maverick,  the  ministers  of 
Dorchester,  who  were  accompanied  by  the  greatest 
part  of  their  church,  settled  at  Mattaneang,  which 
they  called  Windsor.  Several  people  from  Water- 
town  took  possession  of  a  fine  tract  of  meadow  at 
Pauquiaug,  lower  down  the  river,  where  they  com- 
menced a  plantation,  which  they  called  Wethers* 
field.  Others  from  Newtown  began  a  plantation  at 
Suckiang,  between  those  two  settlements,  which 
was  afterward  called  Hartford. 3 

John  Winthrop,  a  son  of  the  governor  of  Massa* 
chusetts,  returning  from  England,  brought  a  com- 
mission from  lord  Say  and  Seal,  lord  Brook,  and 
others,  to  be  their  governor  at  the  river  Con- 
necticut ;  with  men,  ordnance,  ammunition,  and  two 
thousand  pounds  sterling  for  the  erection  of  a  fort.4 

I  Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xli.]says,  some  of  the  Dorchester  people 
\vent  to  Connecticut  at  the  close  of  the  last  year  ;  Dr.  Trumbull  [i.  49.] 
pays,  they  went  this  summer.  The  place,  which  they  selected,  was  near 
the  Plymouth  trading  house.  Plymouth  was  dissatisfied  with  this  sup- 
plantation  by  Massachusetts  ;  and  there  was  danger  of  contention  between 
the  two  colonies  ;  but  the  Dorchester  settlers  made  such  offers  of  satisfac- 
tion, that  Plymouth  accepted  them.*  Winthrop  Journ.  86.  Hutchinson,  i. 
48.  TrumbuH,  i.  50.  The  Rev.  Dr.  M'Clure  of  Windsor  [Coll.  Hist.  Soc. 
v.  167.]  says,  The  right  of  settling  here  they  purchased  of  the  old  Plymouth 
company  in  England  ;  and  the  soil,  of  the  natives  the  year  preceding  their 
removal.  *  Ibf  compensation  ivas  £50  ;  40  acres  of  msadoiu  ;  and  a  largt 
tract  of  upland.  Coil.  Hist.  Soc.  ix.  153. 

a  Trumbull,  i.  50.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  167  ;  ix.  154. 

3  Trumbull,  i.  49,  50.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  166,  167.  Hub.  MS. N.  Eng. xK, 

4  Winthrop  Journ.  88.     Trumbull,  i.  50,51.     The  Articles  of  agree- 
ment between  the  lord  viscount  Say  and  Seal  and  others,  on  the  one  part, 
and  John  Winthrop,  esquire,  on  the  other,  dated  7  July,   1635,  and  Mr. 
Winthi  op's  commission,  to  be  "  governor  of  the  river  Connecticut,  with 
the  places  adjoining  thereunto  during  the  space  of  one  year,"  dated  1 8  July, 
are  in  Trumbull,  ibid.  Appendix  No.  II ;  Hazard  Coll.  i.  395,  396, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  283 

Soon  after  his  arrival  at  Boston,  lie  sent  a  bark  of  1635. 
thirty  tons  with  twenty  men,  to  take  possession  of 
the  mouth  of  that  river,  and  begin  a  fortification. 
A  few  days  after  their  arrival  at  the  place  desig- 
nated,   a    Dutch   vessel    appeared    oft    the    har- 
bour, sent  from  New  Netherlands,  to  take  posses- 
sion of  the  entrance  of  the  same  river,  and  to  e- 
rect  fortifications  ;    but  the  English,  having  two 
pieces  of  cannon  already  mounted,  prevented  their  Fort  built 
landing.  *     The  fort,  now  erected,  was  called  Say-  j£®*J" 
brook  fort.  * 

The  commission  of  Mr.  Winthrop  interfered  with 
the  settlements  projected  by  the  Massachusetts  col- 
onists ;  three  of  which  they  had  already  begun  ;  but 
the  agents  of  the  lords  in  England,  disposed  to  pro- 
mote the  general  good,  permitted  them  quietly  to 
enjoy  their  possessions. 3 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts   prohibited  Acts  of 
the  currency  of  brass  farthings  ;  and  ordered,  that  Mass.ie- 
musket  bullets  should  pass  for  farthings.     It  also  glb ' 
established  a  commissioner  for  military  affairs,  with 
power  of  life  and  limb. 4 

An  extremely  violent  storm  of  wind  and  rain  from  Great 
the  south  east,  on  the  fifteenth  of  August,  did  great  storm< 
injury  in  New  England.     Immense  numbers  of  for- 
est trees  were  destroyed.     Many  houses  were  un- 
roofed ;  many,  blown  down  ;   and  the  Indian  corn 
was  beaten  to  the  earth.     The  tide  rose  twenty  feet 
perpendicularly.     At  Narragariset,  the  natives  were 
obliged  to  climb   trees  for  safety  ;   yet,  the  .  tide 
of  flood  returning  before  the  usual  time,  many  of 
them  were  drowned. s 

I  Trumbull,  i.  51.    ' 

a  Gov.  Trumbull  MS.  in  Mass.  Hist.  Society. 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  88.    Trumbull,  i.  50.     Hutchinson,  i.  47! 

4  Winthrop  Jouin.  80. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng,  chap.  xxvii,xxix.     Hutchinson,  i.  53.    "  None 
now  living  in  these  parts,  either   English  or  Indian,  had  seen  the  like." 
The  extremity  of  it  continued  five  or  six  hours.    "  The  marks  of  it  will 
remain  many  years,  in  those  parts  wh«re  it  wus  sprert."     Morton,  103. 


284  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1635.  Sir  Henry  Vane,  the  younger,  with  a  fleet  of  twen- 
toCMa«a-  t7  sa^5  we^  PrGVided  with  stores  and  passengers, 
chusetts*  came  to  New  England.  *  During  the  year,  nearly 

three  thousand  people/  among  whom  were  eleven 

ministers,3  came  from  England  to  Massachusetts  ; 

and  about  one  hundred  and  forty  five  freemen  were 

added  to  the  colony. 4 
TheFrench      The  company  of  New  France  conveyed  the  terri- 

take  posses-  111          r  •  ^       T    i  /^«        T-»   • 

sionof  Pe-  tory  on  the  banks  of  the  river  St.  John  to  Saint  Eti- 
nobscot.  enne?  anc[  to  ^a  Tour,  the  general  of  that  colony.* 
Rossillop,  commander  of  a  French  fort  at  La  Heve, 
on  the  Nova  Scotia  shore,  sent  a  French  man  of 
\var  to  Penobscot,  and  took  possession  of  the  Plym- 
outh trading  house,  and  all  the  goods.6  The  Plym- 
outh colonists  hired  a  large  ship,  and  employed 
Girling,  its  master,  attended  by  a  bark  of  their  own 
with  twenty  men,  to  displace  the  French,  and  re- 
cover possession.  The  French,  amounting  to  about 
eighteen  men,  having  notice  of  the  expedition,  for- 
tified the  place  ;  and  entrenched  themselves  so 
strongly,  that  Girling,  after  nearly  expending  all 
his  ammunition,  was  ready  to  abandon  the  enter- 
prise. The  Plymouth  bark  coming  to  Massachu- 
setts for  consultation,  the  colonists  agreed  to  aid  the 
Plymouth  neighbours  with  men  and  ammunition,  at 
their  charge  ;  but  not  as  in  the  common  cause  of 
the  country.  Such  however  was  the  scarcity  of 
provisions,  caused  by  the  late  hurricane,  that  they 
could  not  suddenly  victual  out  a  hundred  men,  the 
number  requisite  for  the  expedition.  The  subject 
was  deferred  for  consideration  ;  Girling  was  forced 
to  return  ;  and  the  Plymouth  people  never  after- 
ward recovered  their  interest  at  Penobscot. 7 
N.  Nether-  The  returns  from  New  Netherlands,  this  year, 
were  fourteen  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety 

I  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  281.        a  Wonderwork.  Prov.  87. 
3  Josselyn  Voy.  256.  4  Wonderwork.  Prov.  71. 

5  Chalmers,  i.  1 86.  6  Hubbard  MS.  chap,  xxvii. 

7  Winthrop  Journ.  87.    Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxvii. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

one  beavers,  and  one  thousand  four  hundred  and 
thirteen  otters,  estimated  at  one  hundred  thirty  four 
thousand  guilders. - 

Rene  Rohault,  having  entered  into  the  Society  of  College 
Jesus,  resumed  a  project,  which  had  been  interrupt-  ^UQuet 
ed  by  the  English  conquest  of  Quebec,  of  founding 
a  college  in  that  city.     The  institution   succeeded, 
and  was  of  essential  service  to  the  colony.     Many 
of  the  French  were  now  encouraged  to  embark  with 
their  families  for  Canada.*     M.   Champlain  died  at 
Quebec,  justly   regretted  by  the  colony  of  New 
France,  of  which  he  was  the  parent.3 

The  French,  under  the  conduct  of  M.  Bretigny, 
established  themselves  on  the  island  of  Cayenne,  and 
on  the  adjacent  continent.4 

1636. 

Preparation  being  made  for  a  settlement  at  Sucki-  ^1*™; 
ang,  Mr.  Hooker  and  Mr.  Stone,  the  ministers  of 
Newtown,  with  their  whole  church  and  congrega- 
tion, travelled  above  a  hundred  miles,  through  a 
hideous  and  trackless  wilderness,  to  Connecticut,  cut; 
They  had  no  guide,  but  their  compass  ;  no  cover- 
ing, but  the  heavens.  They  drave  one  hundred  and 
sixty  cattle,  and  subsisted  on  the  milk  of  the  cows, 
during;  the  journey.  On  their  arrival  at  the  place  and  se«ie 

J  Hartford. 

I  Hazard  Coll.  i.  397  ;  where  are  the  returns  for  almost  every  interme- 
diate year  from  1624  to  1635.  In  1624,  the  returns  were  4000  beavers, 
and  700  otters,  estimated  at  27125  guilders.  The  Dutch  W.  India  compa- 
ny failed  in  1634.  From  a  state  of  its  accounts,  it  appears,  that 

Fort  Amsterdam  in  N.  Netherlands  cost  7  Guilders.     Stuyvers. 

the  company       -       -        3    4172.  10 

and  that  the  Province  of  N.  Netherlands  cost       -     412800.  n 

Ibid. 

a  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,!.  196,197.  Rohault  had  projected  this 
seminary  ten  years  before,  at  the  time  when  the  Jesuits  first  went  into 
Canada.  Ibid. 

.3  Ibid.  Champlain  was  a  man  of  great  penetration,  courage,  constancy, 
probity,  and  patriotism.  Charlevoix  (ibid.),  in  addition  to  these  traits  of 
his  character,  ascribes  to  him  various  and  distinguished  merit  :  "  un  histo- 
rien  fidele  et  sincere,  un  voyageur,  qui  observe  tout  avec  attention,  ua  C" 
crivain  judicieux,  unbon  geometre,  et  un  habile  homme  de  mer." 
4  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix,  232.  Bretigny  was  killed  by  the  natives. 


286  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1636.  of  their  destination,  they  began  to  build  a  town, 

which  they  afterward  called  Hartford,  * 
Govern-         This  town  and  the  other  towns  recently  settled 
mentform-  on  Connecticut  river,2   finding  themselves  without 
tlie  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts,  entered  into  a  vol- 
untary association  ;   chose  magistrates  ;   and  made 
laws  for  themselves,  after  the  example  of  the  colo- 
ny, from  which  they  proceeded.     The  first  court  in 
Connecticut  was  holden  on  the  twenty  sixth  of  April. 5 
Acts  of          For  the  better  government  of  the  Indians,  and 
fonSrning  ^or  ^euc  improvement  in  civility  and  Christianity, 
the  Indians,  the  colony  of  Plymouth  made  several  laws  for  preach- 
ing the  gospel  to  them  ;  for  admitting  Indian  preach- 
ers among  them  ;  and,  with  the  concurrence  of  the 
principal  Indians,  for  making  orders  and  constituting 
courts,  for  appointing  civil  rulers,  and  other  officers, 
to  punish  misdemeanors,  with  the  liberty  of  appeal 
to  the  county  court,  and  court  of  assistants. 4 
RogerWii-      Roger  Williams,  on  his  expulsion  from  Massa- 
Hams  be-    chusetts,  went  to  Seconk  [Rehoboth],  where  he 
fiemenTat  procured  a  grant  of  the  land  from  Osamaquin,  the 
Mooshau-  chief  sachem  of  Pokanoket.     Advised  by  governor 
6lck»        Winslow  to  remove  from  that  place,  which  was 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  Plymouth  colony,  he  held 
several  treaties  with  Miantonimoh  and  Canonicus, 
the  sachems  of  Narraganset,  who  assured  him,  that 
he  should  not  want  land  for  a  settlement.     With 
this  assurance,  he  went  over  Seconk  river,  to  a  place, 
called  by  the  Indians  Mooshausick,  where,  in  con- 
junction with  several  of  his  friends,  who  followed 
which  he    h\m  ne  beffan  a  plantation  :   which,  in  grateful  ac- 

calls  Pro- 
vidence, i  Winthrop  Journ.  100.    Trumbull.  i.  55.    Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  15.   The 
land  was  purchased  of  Sunckquasson,  the  sachem  and  proprietor  ;  but  the 
evidence  of  this  purchase  being  imperfect,  a  new  purchase  was  made  of  the 
Indians  in  1670  ;  the  deed,  which  is  still  on  record,  counting  ou  the  former 
purchase.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  ii.  6. 
1  Windsor  and  Wethersfield. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xli.    Trumbull,  i.  54.    The  first  court 
was  holden  at  Newtown  [Hartford].    The  settlements  on  the  river,  a  few 
of  the  first  years,  bore  the  same  names  with  the  towns  in  Massachusetts/ 
from  which  the  settlers  came.    Trumbull,  ibid. 
4  Plymouth  Laws,  37, 38. 

H 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

knowledgement  of  the  providential  goodness,  which. 
he  had  experienced,  he  called  Providence. ' 

Complaint  having  been  made  to  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  against  John  Wheelwright,   for 
preaching  a  seditious  sermon,  he  was  sent  for  to  the  from  Mas* 
court,  and  convicted  of  sedition  and  contempt  of  au-  s    usett& 
thority.     On  his  refusal  to  make  the  least  retracta- 
tion, the  court  ordered  his  removal  out  of  the  juris- 
diction.    Many  of  his  adherents  now  removed  from 
Massachusetts,  and  made  a  plantation  at  Rhode  IsU 
and. 4 

Sir  Henry  Vane,  who  £ame  to  New  England  the 
preceding  year,  was  now  chosen  governor  of  Massa- 
chusetts. 3     Short  however  was  his  administration,  emor. 
and  transient  his  popularity. 4 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  about  this  Various 
time,  enacted,  that  every  particular  township  should 
have  power  of  its  own  affairs,  and  to  set  mulcts  up- 
on  any  offender  against  public  order,  not  exceeding 
twenty  shillings  ;  and  liberty  to  choose  prudential 
men,  not  exceeding  seven,  to  order  the  affairs  of  the 
town.  For  the  public  safety,  the  colony  was  divid- 
ed into  three  regiments  ;  which  were  put  under  the 
command  of  three  colonels  with  their  lieutenants.5 

I  Callender  R.  Island,  18,  19.     Hutchinson,  i.  38.    Adams  N.  Eng.  56. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxvii.  Wheelwright  had  been  a  silenced 
minister  iti  England.  Ibid.  chap,  xxxix.  Some  of  these  adherents  removed 
by  order  of  the  same  court,  for  their  justification  of  his  doctrine,  and  for 
their  reflections  on  the  proceedings  of  the  court.  Ibid,  xxxvii.  Hubbard, 
in  chap,  xxxviii,  gives  a  particular  account  of  the  disturbance  in  Massachu- 
setts, from  1636  to  1641,  by  Mr.  Wheelwright  and  Mrs.  Hutchinson. 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  100. 

4  Though  he  was  not  more  than  24  or  35  years  of  age,  his  solemn  de- 
portment conciliated  for  him  almost  the  whole  colony.     He  appears  to 
have  been  of  a  very  enthusiastic  temper  ;  and  the  early  colonial  writers  re- 
marked, that  his  election  would  remain  a  blemish  on  the  judgment  of  the 
electors, "  while  New  England  remains  a  nation."     Chalmers,  i.  160.     It  is 
allowed  however,  that  his  writings  exhibit  proofs  of  a  strong  mind,  as  weli 
as  vivid  fancy  ;  and  that  he  was  distinguished  for  his  integrity  and  zeal. 
He  returned  to  England  in  1637  ;  and  suffered  death  in  1662,  on  the  charge 
of  high  treason.     Though  Hume  considered  him  as  an  enthusiast,  yet  he4 
has  described  his  deportment  at  his  execution  so  as  to  render  him  an  object 
•f  admiration.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  172. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  F.ng.  chap,  xxxii, 


288  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1636.  There  were  already  twenty  towns  built  and  peopled 
in  Massachusetts* x  A  ship  of  a  hundred  and  twen-* 
ty  tons  was  built  at  Marblehead,  by  the  people  o£ 
Salem  ;  and  five  mills  were  erected  in  the  colony,  in 
the  course  of  the  year. *  The  number  of  freemen 
added  to  the  colony,  this  year,  was  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  five  ;  the  number  of  deputies  was 
ordinarily  between  thirty  and  forty.3  A  new 
church  having  been  gathered  at  Newtown,  of  which 
Thomas  Shepard  was  the  pastor,  this  society,  on, 
the  removal  of  Mr.  Hooker's  congregation  to  Con- 
necticut, purchased  their  dwelling  houses  and  iaads$ 
and  made  a  permanent  settlement*4  This  rlace  was 
still  under  legislative  patronage  ;  for  the  general 
court  now  contemplated  the  erection  of  a  public 
school  here,  and  appropriated  four  hundred  pounds 
for  that  purpose. s  A  new  church  was  also  gather- 
ed at  Dorchester,  and  the  reverend  Richard  Mather 
\vas  chosen  its  minister*6 

Ministers  -^  warrant  was  issued  to  the  lord  admiral  of  Eng- 
land$  to  stop  ministers,  who  did  not  conform  to  the 
discipline  and  ceremonies  of  the  church,  from  going 
beyond  sea*  By  this  order,  no  clergyman  was  to  be 
suffered  to  go  to  the  Somer  Islands,  but  such  only, 
as  should  have  the  approbation  of  the  archbishop  of 
Canterbury,  and  the  bishop  of  London  ;  and  all 
ministers,  who  had  already  gone  thither,  without 
such  approbation,  the  admiral  was  to  cause  to  be 
immediately  remanded  to  England.  The  severe  cen- 
sures and  fines  in  Star  chamber,  and  the  rigorous 
impositions  of  ceremonies,  with  the  suspending  and 

I  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  135"  considerable  towns." 

1  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vi.  23  z.  Winthrop  Journ.  105,  ic8.  Of  these  mills, 
3,  were  windmills,  built  at  Boston  and  Charlestown  j  3  were  watermills, 
built  at  Salem,  Ipswich,  and  Newbury.  Ibid. 

3  Wonderwork.  Providence,  106,  108. 

A  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  15.  Mr.  Shepard  and  his  people  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton from  England  in  Oct.  1635.  The  church  was  organized,  in  the  presence 
cf  a  great  assembly,  I  February,  1636.  Ibid.  Winthrop  Journ.  95. 

5  Massachusetts  Laws.  6  Coll.  Hist,  Soc.  ix.  155. 


AMERICAN  ANNANS.  289 

silencing  of  numerous  ministers,  for  not  reading  in  1636. 
the  church  the  Book  for  Sports  to  be  exercised  on 
the  Lord's  day,  caused  many  people  of  the  English 
nation  to  sell  their  estates,  and  to  embark  for  New 
England. * 

John  Oldham  was  murdered  -in  his  bark  by  the  ^da^ of 
Indians  near  Block  Island.  *  The  Indians,  who  per- 
petrated the  murder,  were  principally  Blockisland- 
ers,  with  a  number  of  the  Narragansets,  to  whom 
these  Indians  were  then  subject.  Several  of  the 
murderers  fled  to  the  Pequots,  and  were  protected 
by  them  ;  and  they  were  therefore  considered  as  a- 
bettors  of  the  murder* 3 

Massachusetts  government  therefore  judged  it  ex-  Endicot's 
pedient  to  send  eighty  or  ninety  men,  under  the  ex^e  Itl011' 
command  of  John  Endicot,  of  Salem,  with  commis- 
sion to  treat  with  the  Pequots,  and  to  offer  terms  of 
peace,  on  condition  of  their  surrendering  the  mur- 
derers of  the  English,  and  forbearing  farther  acts  of 
hostility  ;  or  else  war. 4  On  their  arrival  at  the  Pe* 
quot  country,  they,  by  an  interpreter,  sent  a  mes- 
sage to  the  Indians,  who,  on  understanding  the  pro- 
posal, first  concealed  themselves  behind  a  hill ;  and 
soon  after  ran  into  the  woods  and  swamps,  where 

I  Rushworth  Coll.  ii.  part  ii.  410.     Hazard  Coll.  i.  426. 

%  An  island  about  20  miles  S.  S.  West  of  Newport  in  Rhode  Island.  In 
.Laet's  map  of  Nova  Anglia  &c.  it  is  called  Ad.  Slock  Eyland  ;  deriving  ita 
name  probably  from  a  Dutch  admiral.  Oldham  had  formerly  belonged  to 
Mr.  Warham's  Congregation  at  Dorchester.  Trumbuil,  i.  63.  Hubbard 
[MS.  N.  J3ng.  chap,  xvi.]  says,  he  was  convicted  of  being  concerned  in  send* 
ing  letters  to  England  of  complaints  against  the  colony  and  church  of  Ply- 
mouth, in  1624,  and  was  sentenced  to  depart  from  the  jurisdiction.  He 
returned,  without  licence,  in  1625,  and  behaved  in  such  a  manner,  that  he 
was  sent  out  of  the  colony,  with  a  passport  ;  and  from  this  time  he  traded 
generally  with  the  Indians  until  his  death. 

3  Trumbuil,  i.  63.     The  Pequots  were  seated  on  a  fair  and  navigable 
river,  i  a  miles  eastward  of  the  mouth  of  Connecticut  river  ;  and  were  a 
more  fierce,  cruel  and  warlike  people,  than  the  rest  of  the  Indians .     Hub- 
bard  Ind.  Wars,  14.     Their  principal  sachem  Sassacus  lived  at  or  near  Pe- 
quot  [New  London]  ;   and  his  tribe  could  raise  4000  men,  fit  for  war. 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  147. 

4  His  instructions  were,  to  proceed  to  Block  island,  and  put  the  men  to 
the  sword,  and  take  possession  of  the  island,  but  to  spare  the  women  and 
children.     He  was  next  to  sail  to  the  Pecjuot  country,  and,  demand  the  mui- 

Tt 


290  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1636.  pursuit  was  impracticable.1  Little  \vas  effected  by 
this  expedition.  One  Indian  only  was  slain  j  and 
some  wigwams  were  burnt.1 

Treaty  of        To  prevent  the  Narraganset  Indians  from  joining 
peace  with  fae  peqUots,  and  to  secure  their  friendship,  Massa- 

the  Narra-     .  .»  '  . 

cnusetts  sent  a  solemn  embassy  to  Canonictis,  their 
chief  sachem,  who,  being  old,  had  caused  his  neph- 
ew Miantonimoh  to  take  upon  him  the  government. 5 
Miantonimoh,  accompanied  by  another  sachem,  two 
of  the  sons  of  Canonicus,  and  near  twenty  of  his 
men,  went  to  Boston,  and  entered  into  a  treaty  of 
peace  ;  the  articles  of  which  were  :  That  there 
should  be  a  firm  peace  between  the  Narragansets  and 
the  English,  and  their  posterity  ;  that  neither  par- 
ty should  make  peace  with  the  Pequots,  without 
the  consent  of  the  other  ;  that  they  should  not  har- 
bour the  Pequots  ;  and  that  they  should  return  all 

defers  of  Stone,  Norton,  and  their  convpa-ny  ;  und  additional  satisfaction.. 
When  he  arrived  at  Block  island,  forty  or  fifty  Indians  appeared  on  the 
shore,  and  opposed  his  landing  ;  but  it  was-  effected.  After  a  small  skir- 
mish the  Indians  fled  to  the  woods,  and  could  not  he  found.  The  English 
spent  two  days  on  the  island,  in  which  time  they  burnt  their  wigwams,  de- 
stroyed their  corn,  and  staved  their  canoes.  They  next  saiied  for  the  Pe- 
tjuot  country.  Trumbull,  i.  63,  64.  Block  island  contained,  at  that  time, 
«bout  60  wigwams  ;  and  the  natives  had  there  abou:.  zoo  aci'es  of  corn.  Ib. 

1  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  ii,  2Z. 

2  I.  Mather  N.  Eng.  25.     Hubbard  [MS.  N.'Eng.  xxxiv.]  says,  the  Nar- 
ragansets afterward  told  the  English,  that  13  Pequots  were  killed,  and  40 
wounded  ;  and  that  but  one  of  the  Block  Islanders  was  slain. 

3  The  young  prince  Miantonimoh  was  of  great  stature,  stern  and  cruel  j 
"  causing  all  his  nobility  and  attendants  to  tremble  at  his  speech."     The 
old  king,  hearing  of  the   English  embassy,  collected  his  chief  counsellors, 
and  a  great  number  of  his  people,  resolving  that  the  young  king  should,  in 
his  hearing,  receive  the  message.     The   ambassadors,  after  being  "  enter- 
tained royally,"   were  admitted  to  audience  in  a  round  state  house,  about 
50  feet  in  diameter,  made  of  long  poles,  stuck  in  the  ground,  and  entirely 
covered  with  mate,  excepting  a  small  aperture  in  the  middle  of  the  roof,  to 
give  light,  and  let  out  the  smoke.     Here  sat  the  sachem,  "  with  very  great 
Attendance  ;"   but,  when  the  ambassadors  began  to  deliver  their  message, 
he  lay  extended  on  a  mat,  and  his  nobility   sat  on  the  ground  with  their 
legs  doubled  up,  their  knees  touching  their  chin.     At  the  close  of  the  inter- 
preter's speech,  which  they  heard  with  great  gravity,  Miantonimoh  replied, 
that  he   willingly  embraced  peace  with  the  English, ;  but  the  nearness  of 
the  Pequots,  to  whose  sudden  incursions  his  people  were  exposed,  rendered 
it  expedient  for  him  to  "  hold  amity  with   both."     The   conclusion   was 
*n  embassy  to  Boston,  which  terminated  in  the  treaty  of  peace.     Won- 
derwork. Providence,  109. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  29* 

fugitive  servants,  and  deliver  over  to  the  English, 
or  put  to  death,  all  murderers.  The  English' were 
to  give  them  notice  when  they  were  going  out  a- 
gainst  the  Pequots  ;  and  they  were  to  furnish  them 
•with  guides  ;  and  a  free  trade  was  to  be  maintained 
between  the  parties.  Cushamakin,  the  sachem  of 
the  Massachusetts,  subscribed  these  articles,  with 
the  English.  *  The  Narragansets  were  at  this  time 
estimated  at  five  thousand  fighting  men.* 

At  the  close  of  this  year,  there  were  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty  men  in  the  three  towns  on  Con- 
necticut river.  The  whole  number  of  persons  is  es- 
timated to  have  been  about  eight  hundred  j  of  fam- 
ilies, a  hundred  and  sixty  or  seventy.3 

l637- 

The  Pequots  were  rather  emboldened,  than  intim- 
idated, by  Endicot's  impotent  expedition.    In  April,  ^uoetsPceJn 
they  killed  six  men  and  three  women  near  Wethers-  tinue  hos 
iield,   and  took   two  young  women  captive.     They  tli0' 
also  killed  twenty  cows,  and  did   other  damage  to 
the  inhabitants*     Alarmed  by  these  atrocities,  the 
Connecticut  colonists  took  vigorous  measures   for 
their  security.     A  court  was  summoned  at  Hart- 
ford ;  and  the  towns,  for  the  first  time,  sent  commit- 
tees,   to  deliberate  on  a  subject,  in  which  the  very  at  Hart- 
existence  of  the  colony  was  concerned.     The  court,  j£jjfe^ 
after  mature  deliberation,  considering  that  the  Pe- an  offen- 
quots  had  killed  nearly  thirty  of  the  English  ; 4  that 
they  had  insulted  and  horribly  tortured  their  cap  - 
tiyes  ;    that  they  were  attempting  to  engage  all  the 
Indians  to  unite  for  the  purpose  of  extirpating  the 
English  ;  and  that  the  whole  colony  was  in  imminent 
danger,  unless  some  capital  blow  were  immediately 

i  Hubl>ar.d  Lnd.  Wars,  27  ;   MS.  N.  f.ng.  chap,  xxxiv.     Tr»mbull,  i.  65 
•a  Calender  R.  Island,  70.     Roger  Williams,  who  was   Calender's  au- 
thority for  this  article,  says,  they- were  so  populous,  "  dint  a  traveller  would 
meet  with  a  dozen  Indian  towns  in  3O  miles,"     Ibid. 

3  Trumlmll,  i.  ^9. 

4  Several  were  killed  at  Saybrook  And  elsewhere.     Ibid.  66 — ?ja. 


sive  wa; 


29^  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1637.  given  to  their  enemies ;  determined,  that  an  offensive? 
war  "should  be  carried  on  against  them,  by  the  three 
towns  of  Windsor,  Hartford  and  Wethersfield  ;  and 
voted,  that  ninety  men  should  be  immediately  rais- 
ed ;  forty  two  from  Hartford  ;  thirty  from  Wind- 
sor ;  and  eighteen  from  Wethersfield.  The  other 
New  England  colonies,  roused  by  the  apprehension 
of  danger,  as  well  as  incited  by  the  request  of  Con- 
necticut, agreed  to  send  all  their  forces  against  the 
common  enemy. ' 

May  10.  On  the  tenth  of  May  the  troops  from  Connecti- 
cut, consisting  of  ninety  Englishmen  and  about  sev- 
enty Moheagan  and  river  Indians,  fell  down  the  riv- 
er, in  a  pink,  a  pinnace,  and  a  shallop,  for  the  fort 
at  Saybrook.  The  Indians  were  commanded  by 
Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Moheagans  ;  the  entire  army, 
by  John  Mason,'  who  had  been  bred  a  soldier  in  Eu- 
rope. Mr.  Stone  of  Hartford  went  as  chaplain.* 
•  :  At  Saybrook,  a  council,  called  to  settle  a  plan  of  the 

proceed  to  expedition,  agreed  to  proceed  first  to  Narraganset  ; 

Nan-agan-  to  Sencj  ]u)acj<:  ^wenty  men  to  strengthen  the  infant 

settlements  on  Connecticut  river  \  and  to  take,  in 
their  stead,  captain  Underhill,  with  nineteen  men 
from  the  garrison  at  Saybrook  fort.  In  pursuance 
of  this  plan,  Mason  proceeded  with  his  troops  to 
Narraganset  Bay,  where  he  engaged  a  large  body 
of  Narraganset  Indians,  as  auxiliaries. 

May  24.  The  army,  consisting  of  seventy  seven  English- 
English  men,  sixty  Moheagan  and  river  Indians,  and  about 
di'ats^om- two  hundred  Narragansets,  marched  on  the  twenty 
mence  fourth  of  May  to  Nihantick,  a  frontier  to  the  Pe- 

their  grand 

march.  t  The  late  governor  Tnimbull  of  Connecticut,  who  was  thoroughly  ac- 

quainted with  American  history,  remarked,  that  the  Pequots  were  jealous 
of  the  new  settlements  of  the  English,  and  plptted  their  ruin  ;  that  they, 
murdered  several  persons,  and  committed  many  outrageous  acts,  which 
gave  rise  to  a  just  and  necessary  kvar.  MS.  account  of  the  state  and  origin  of 
Connecticut,  in  Mass.  Historical  Society. 

i  Mr.  Wilson  of  Boston  was  chosen  to  attend  the  Massachusetts  troops, 
as  chaplain.  One  of  the  *arly  Jaws  of  N.  England  was  :  "  Some  minister 
is  to  be  sent  forth  to  go  along  with  the  army,  for  their  instruction  and  ery- 
co'ijragement."  Abstract  of  the  Laws  of  N.  Eng.  chap.  x.  art.  4. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  293 


37* 


*|uots,  and  the  seat  of  one  of  the  Narraganset  sa-  163 
chems.  The  next  morning  a  considerable  number 
of  Miantonimoh's  men,  and  of  the  Nihahticks,  join- 
ed the  English,  \vlio  renewed  their  march,  with 
pearly  five  hundred  Indians.  After  inarching  twelve 
miles  to  a  ford  in  Pawcatuck  river,  Mason  halted, 
and  refreshed  his  troops,  fainting  through  heat  and 
scanty  provisions.  Here  many  of  the  Narragansets, 
astonished  to  find  it  his  intention,  to  attack  the  Pe- 
-.quots  in  their  forts,  withdrew,  and  returned  home.  * 
Under  the  guidance  of  Wequash,  a  revolted  Pequot, 
the  army  proceeded  in  its  march  toward  Mistic  river, 
where  was  one  of  the  Pequot  forts,  and,  when  eveiir 
ing  approached,  pitched  their  camp  by  two  large 
rocks. z  Two  hours  before  day,  the  troops  were 
roused  to  the  eventful  action,  the  issue  of  which  was 
in  fearful  suspense.  After  a  march  of  about  two 
miles,  they  came  to  the  foot  of  the  hill,  on  the  sum- 
mit of  \vhich  stood  the  hostile  fort.  The  day  was 
nearly  dawning,  and  no  time  might  be  lost.  Mason, 
throwing  the  troops  into  two  divisions,  pressed  for- 
ward with  one  to  the  eastern,  and  Underbill  with 
the  other,  to  the  western  entrance.  When  Mason 
drew  nigh  the  fort,  a  dog  barked,  and  an  Indian  in- 
stantly called  out,  Owanux  !  Owanux  !  [English- 
men !  Englishmen  !]  The  troops  pressed  on,  and, 
•having  poured  a  full  discharge  of  their  muskets 
through  the  palisadoes  upon  the  astonished  enemy, 
entered  the  fort,  sword  in  hand.3  A  severe  conflict  May  26. 
ensued.  Many  of  the  Indians  were  slain.  Some  of  Atta<*  on 
•the  English  were  killed,  others  wounded  ;  and  the  ^1C 
issue  of  battle  \vas  yet  dubious,  At  this  critical 

I  The  Pcquots  had  two  forts,  one  at  Mistic  river  ;  and  another,  several 
miles  farther  distant  from  the  English  army,  which  was  the  fort  of  Sassa- 
cus,  their  chief  sachem.  The  very  name  of  this  chief  filled  the  Indians 
with  terror.  "  Sassacus,"  said  the  Narragar-sets,  "  is  all  ore  God  ;  no  man 
can  kill  him."  Hubbard  Jnd.  Wars,  39.  Trumbull,  i.  31.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  ix.  84. 

^  "  Between  or  near"  them.  These  rocks  are  in  Groton,  a  town  near 
New  London,  and  are  called  Porter's  rocks .  Trumbull,  i.  76. 

3  The  entrance  was  "  only  barred  with  two  great  forked  bcughs,  cr 
branches,  of  trees."  Mason's  History. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1637.  moment,  Mason  cried  out  to  bis  men,  "  We  mu&t 
burn  them."  Entering  a  wigwam  at  the  same  in- 
stant, he  seized  a  fire  brand,  and  put  it  into  the  mats, 
with  which  the  wigwams  were  covered  ;  and  the 

ni!1  '*  combustible  habitations  were  soon  wrapped  in  flames. 
The  English,  retiring  without  the  fort,  formed  a  cir- 
cle around  it  ;  and  Uncas  with  his  Indians  formed 
another  circle  in  their  rear.  The  devouring  fire,  and 
the  English  weapons,  made  rapid  and  awful  devasta- 
tion. In  little  more  than  the  space  of  one  hour, 
seventy  wigwams  were  burnt  ;  and,  either  by  the 
sword  or  the  flames,  five  or  six  hundred  Indians  per- 
ished.1 Of  the  English,  two  men  were  killed,  and 
sixteen  wounded. 

Soon  after  the  action,  about  three  hundred  In- 
dians advanced  from  the  remaining  fort ;  but  Mason, 
with  a  chosen  band,  ntet  them  with  such  warmth,  as 
checked  their  onset  ;  and  encouraged  him  to  order 
the  army  to  march  for  Pequot  harbour.2  When 
this  movement  began,  the  Indians  advanced  to  the 
hill,  qn  which  the  fort  had  stood.  The  sight  of  its 
ruins  threw  them  into  a  transport  of  rage.  They 
stamped  the  ground,  tore  their  hair,  and,  regardless 
of  danger,  descended  the  hill  with  precipitancy  to- 
ward the  English,  whom  they  pursued  nearly  six 
miles,  with  desperate  but  impotent  revenge.  The 
English  reached  their  vessels  in  safety  ;  and,  in  about 

eturn  of  three  weeks  from  the  time  of  their  embarkation  at 
the  troops.  Hartford,  they  arrived  at  their  habitations,   where 
they  were  received  with  every  expression  of  exquisite 
joy,  and  pious  gratitude. 

1  Mason  says,  t  or  7  hundred  ;  Dr.  Trn'mbull  supposes,  about  600. 

2  Their  vessels  hud  been  ordered  to  sail  from  Narraganset  bay,  the  night 
before,  for  Pequot  harbour.     When  the  action  at  the  fort  was  ended,  there 
was  no  appearance  of  them  in  the  Sound.     About  an  hour  after,  while  the 
officers  were  consulting,  in  deep  perplexity,  what  course  to  take,  the  ves- 
sels, "  as  though  guided  by  the.  hand  of  Providence"  to  their  relief,  appear- 
ed fully  in  view  ;  and,  under  a  fair  v/ind,  were  steering;  directly  into  the 
harbour.     Trumbuii,  i.  795 


AMERICAN  ANNALS; 

The  body  of  the  Tequots,  returning  from  the   1637. 
pursuit  of  the  English  army,  repaired  to  Sassacus  at  The  Pt- 

O  J  *  ...  quots  a- 

the  royal  fortress  ;  where,  on   consultation,  it  \vas  baudcn 
concluded,  that  they  could  not  remain  longer  in  the  thei 
country  with  safety.      Destroying  therefore  their  try' 
wigwams  and  fort,  they  fled  into  various  parts  of 
the  country.     Sassacus  and  seventy  or  eighty  of  the 
chief  counsellors  and  warriors  took  their  route  to- 
ward Hudson's  river. 

The  governor  and  council  of  Massachusetts,  on  June 
receiving  intelligence  of  this  success  of  the  Connec- 
ticut  troops,  judged  it  needful  to  send  forward  but 
one  hundred  and  twenty  men.  *  These  troops,  un- 
der the  command  of  captain  Stoughton,  arriving  at 
Pequot  harbour  in  June,  and  receiving  assistance 
from,  the  Narraganset  Indians,  surrounded  a  large 
body  of  Pequots  in  a  swamp,  and  took  eighty  cap- 
tive. The  men,  thirty  in  number,  were  killed,  but 
the  women  and  children  were  saved.  Forty  men, 
raised  by  Connecticut,  and  put  under  the  command 
of  the  heroic  Mason,  made  a  junction  with  Stough- 
ton' s  company  at  Pequot.  While  the  vessels  sailed  Fu 
along  the  shore,  these  allied  troops  pursued  the  fu-  pursued. 
gitive  Indians  by  land,  to  Ouinnipiack,  and  found 
some  scattering  Pequots  on  their  march.  Receiving 

I  Massachu«etss  colony  had  determined  to  send  zoo  men  ;  and  had  pre- 
viously sent  forward  captain  Patrick  with  40  men,  to  form  a  seasonable 
junction  with  the  Connecticut  troops  ;  but,  though  these  troops,  while  at 
Narraganset,  had  intelligence  of  Patrick's  inarch,  it  was  judged  inexpedient 
to  wait  for  his  arrival.  Trumbull,  i.  71,  74.  The  court  of  Plymouth  u- 
greed  to  send  50  men  at  the  charge  of  the  colony,  with  as  much  speed  as 
possible,  and  provided  a  bark  to  carry  their  provisions,  and  to  attend  them 
on  all  occasions  ;  but  when  they  were  ready  to  march  from  Massachusetts, 
u  they  had  word  sent  them  to  stay,  for  the  enemy  was  as  good  as  vanquish- 
ed, and  there  would  be  no  need."  Morton,  108.  The  number,  raised  by 
each  town  in  Massachusetts,  gives  us  some  idea  of  the  proportion  which 
the  several  towns  bore  to  each  other  [Hutchinson,  i.  76.]  ; 

Boston     -     -     26  Newbury      -       8 

Charlestown  -  iz  Ipswich       -       17 

Roxbury      -      10  Salem      -     -     18 

Dorchester    -    13  Saugus  [Lynn]  16 

Weymouth    -    5  Watertown   -    14 

Hingham,      -      6  Newtown     -    19 

Mcdford     -     3  Marblehead    -  3 

• 
« 


gtives 


2-96  AMERICAN  ANNALS* 

1637.    information  at  Quinhfpiack,  that  the  enemy  were  at 
a  considerable  distance  westward,  in  a  great  swamp, 
they  marched  in  that  direction,  with  all  possible  dis- 
patch, about  twenty  miles,  andcanle  to  the  swamp,1 
where  were  eighty  or  a  hundred  warriors,  and  near- 
July  13.     ly  two  hundred  other  Indians.     Some  of  the  Eng- 
^reat        lish,  rushing  eagerlv  forward,  were  badly  wounded  ; 

Swamp  6        6        .-.  >  .  / 

fight  and  others,  smking  into  the  mire,  were  rescued  by  a, 
few  of  their  brave  companions,  who  sprang  forward 
to  their  relief  with  drawn  swords.'  Some  Indians 
were  slain  ;  others,  finding  the  whole  swamp 
surrounded,  desired  a  parley  j  and,  on  the  offer  of 
life,  about  two  hundred  old  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren, among  whom  was  the  sachem  of  the  place, 
gradually  came  out,  and  submitted  to  the  English. 
The  Pequot  warriors,  indignantly  spurning  submis- 
sion, renewed  the  action,  which,  as  far  as  it  was  prac-: 
ticable,  was  kept  up  through  the  night.  A  thick 
fog,  the  next  morning,  favouring  the  escape  of  the 
enemy  ;  many  of  them,  among  whom  were  sixty  or 
seventy  warriors*  broke  through  the  surrounding 
troops.  About  twenty  were  killed,  and  one  hun- 
dred and  eighty  captivated*  The  captives  were  di- 
vided between  Connecticut  and  Massachusetts,  which 
distributed  them  among  the  Moheagans  and  Narra^ 
gansets.*  Sassacus,  the  chief  sachem,  fled  with  a- 
bout  twenty  of  his  best  men  to  the  Mohawks,  who,- 
at  the  request  of  the  Narragansets,  cut  off  his  head) 

I  Near  where  Fairfield  or  Stratford  nov.-  stands.     Hubbard. 

a  It  was  judged,  that,  during  the  summer  ?  700  Pequots  were  destroyed^ 
among  whom  were  13  sachems.  About  200,  beside  women  and  children, 
survived  the  Swamp  Fight.  Of  this  number  the  English  gave  80  to  Mian- 
tonimoh,  and  20  to  Ninnigret,  two  sachems  of  Narraganset  ;  and  the  other 
100  to  Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Moheagans  ;  to  be  received  and  treated  a« 
their  men.  This  division  was  made  at  Hartford  in  September  1638  ;  at 
which  time,  among  other  articles,  it  was  covenanted,  'I 'hat  the  Pequots 
should  never  again  inhabit  their  native  country,  nor  be  called  Pequots,  but 
Narragansets  and  Moheagans.  Trumbull,  i.  85 — 87.  A  number  of  the 
male  children  were  sent  to  Bermudas.  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  54.  Hutchin- 
son,  i.  80.  Gov.  Winthrop  [Journ.  134.]  says,  "  We  had  now  slain  and  tak- 
en in  all  about  700.  We  sent  15  of  the  boys  and  two  women  to  Bermuda, 
by  Mr.  Pierce,  but  he  missing  it,  carried  them  to  Providence  Isle." 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

&nd  his  country  now  became  a  province  of  the  Eng-  1637 
lish.' 

A  proclamation  was  issued  in  April  by  the  king 
of  Endand,  to  restrain  the  disorderly  transportation 

i*  i  •  °  -i  •  1 1       •  T 

of  his  subjects  to  the  American  colonies.  It  com- 
manded, that  no  licence  be  given  them,  without  a 
certificate,  that  they  had  taken  the  oaths  of  supre- 
macy and  allegiance,  and  conformed  to  the  discipline 
of  the  church  of  England. 2  To  give  effect  to  this  ordinance; 
arbitrary  measure,  an  ordinance  was  passed,  which 
enacted,  that  none  should  entertain  any  stranger, 
who  should  arrive  in  the  colonies  with  an  intention 
to  reside  ;  or  allow  the  use  of  any  habitation,  with- 
out liberty  from  the  standing  council.3  On  com- 
plaint of  several  disorders  in  New  England,  the  king 
in  July  appointed  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  general 
governor  ;  but  the  measure  was  never  carried  into 
effect.4 

Ann  Hutchinson,  a  woman  of  familistic  princi-  Ann  Hut- 
pies  in  Boston,  holding  lectures  for  the  propagation 
of  her  peculiar  tenets,  attracted  a  numerous  audito- 
ry,  and  gained  many  adherents.  The  whole  colony 
became  divided  into  two  parties,  which  stiled  each 
other  Antinomians  and  Legalists.  Such  was  the 
warmth  of  the  controversy,  that  a  synod  was  judged 

i  Winthrop  Journ.  A.  D.  1637.     Morton,  107—114.     Hubbard  Ind. 
Wars,  36 — 54.     I.  Mather  Troubles  with  the  Indians,  25,  26,  47,  48,  50. 
Trumbull,  i,  66 — 87.     Hntchinson,  i.  76 — 80.     However  just  the  occasion 
of  this  war,  humanity  demands  a  tear  on  the  extinction  of  a  valiant  tribe, 
which  preferred  death  to  what  it  might  naturally  anticipate  from  the  pro- 
gress of  the  English  settlements — dependence,  or  extirpation. 
"  Indulge,  my  native  land !  indulge  the  tear, 
That  steals,  impassiori'd,  o'er  a  nation's  doom  ; 
To  me  each  twig,  from  Adam's  sto'ck,  is  near, 
And  sorrows  fall  upon  an  Indian's  tomb." 

Dwight's  Greenfield  Hill,  Part  IV,  entitled, 
"  The  Destruction  of  the  Pequods." 
2-  Hazard  Coll.  i.  421,  where  the  proclamation  is  entire.  Chalmers,  i.  161. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  165  ;  "  enacted  with  a  signal  folly."     Ib. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  162.     Belknap  Biog.  i.  385.    This  failure  is  thus  acconnt- 
sd  for.    The  troubles  in  England  and  Scotland  checked  the  business  for  the 
present ;  and,  soon  after,  archbishop  Laud  and  some  other  lords  of  counciJj 
Who  had  been  zealous  for  the  measure,  lost  their  authority.     Ibid, 

IT  a 

• 


298 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 


1637. 

First  synod 
in  Ameri- 


Familists 
disarmed. 


Banish- 
ment of 
Gorton. 


Dedham. 


Concord. 


expedient,  to  settle  it.  A  synod  was  accordingly 
convened  at  Newtown,  composed  of  all  the  teaching 
elders  in  the  country,  and  messengers  of  the  several 
churches.1  After  a  session  of  three  weeks,  the  syn- 
od condemned  eighty  two  erroneous  opinions,  which 
had  become  disseminated  in  New  England.  This 
was  the  first  synod,  holden  in  America.  *  The  gov- 
ernment of  Massachusetts,  apprehending  a  breach 
of  peace  from  the  Familists,  caused  fifty  eight  per- 
sons in  Boston  to  be  disarmed,  and  several  in  the 
towns  of  Salem,  Newbury,  Roxbury,  Ipswich,  and 
Charlestown. 3  It  also  passed  a  law,  that  none 
should  be  received,  to  inhabit  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion, but  such,  as  should  be  allowed  by  some  of  the 
magistrates. 4 

Samuel  Gorton,  of  the  familistic  sect,  giving  great 
disturbance  in  New  England,  was  banished  from 
the  colonies  of  Plymouth,  Rhode  Island,  and  Massa- 
chusetts.5 

The  town  of  Dedham  began  to  be  built ;  and  here 
a  church  was  soon  gathered.6  Mr,  Jones  was  or- 
dained pastor,  and  Mr.  Bulkley  teacher,  of  the 
church  in  Concord.7 

i  The  magistrates  were  also  present,  and  were  not  hearers  only,  "  but 
speakers  also,  as  they  thought  fit." 

a  Huhbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xl.  Winthrop  Journ.  137 — 140.  Hutch- 
jr.son,  i.  66—69.  ^°'^  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  16,  17.  The  church  of  Boston  soon 
after,  "  with  one  consent,"  agreed  to  pass  the  sentence  of  excommunication 
on  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  "  for  many  evils  in  her  conversation,  as  well  as  for 
corrupt  opinions."  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxix.  Mr.  Hutchinson, 
her  husband,  being  one  of  the  purchasers  of  Aquetneck,  sold  his  estate  in 
Massachusetts,  and  removed  with  his  family  to  that  island.  On  his  death 
(about  1642),  Mrs.  Hutchinson,  being  dissatisfied  with  the  people  or  place, 
removed  to  the  Durch  country  beyond  New  Haven  ;  and,  the  year  after, 
she  and  all  her  family,  consisting  of  16  persons,  were  killed  by  the  Indians, 
with  the  exception  of  one  daughter,  whom  they  carried  into  captivity. 
Hutchinson, i,  72. 

3  Wonderwork.  Prov.  1 21.     Hubbard  MS,  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxviii. 

4  Minot  Mass.  i.  29. 

5  Josselyn  Voy.  259.     Josselyn  calls  him  "  a  blasphemous  atheist  ;"  and 
Hubbard  styles  him  "  a  prodigious  minter  of  exorbitant  novelties,  even  the 
very  dregs  of  familism."  MS.  N.  Eng.  xlvii,  where  there  is  a  distuict  account 

of  the  troubles,  qcosioned  by  Gorton  and  his  adherents  to  Massachusetts. 

6  Wonder  work.Trov.  125.     Winthrop  [Journ.  163.]  says,  it  was  gath- 
ered 9  Nov.  1638.         7  Hubbard  MS.  N.  ling.  chap,  xxxvii. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  299 

Ten  years  had  now  elapsed  since  the  commence-   1637. 
ment  of  the  settlement  of  Massachusetts.     During  Retrospect 

,  .  .     ,  r  .    .  r  «      Q  of  Massa- 

tlus  period,  ninety  four  ministers  came  from  Lng-  thusetts. 
land  ;  of  this  number  twenty  seven  had  returned  ; 
thirty  six  had  died  ;  and  thirty  one  were  yet  living 
in  the  country.  The  number  of  ships,  which,  dur- 
ing this  period,  transported  passengers  to  New  Eng- 
land, was  estimated  to  be  two  hundred  and  ninety 
eight  ;  and  the  number  of  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren, twenty  one  thousand  two  hundred.  * 

M.  de  Enambuc,  the  father  of  the  French  colony  Martinko 
at  St.   Christopher's,  brought  from  that  island  to  settled. 
Martinico  a  hundred  soldiers,  all  of  them  well  pro- 
vided for  forming  a  colony.     Landing  at  Basse  Ter- 
re,  he  built  a  fort,  called  St.  Peter,  and  made  the 
first  settlement  on  the  island.  * 

John  Davenport,   a  celebrated  minister  of  Cole-  Arrival  of 
man  street  in  London,  accompanied  by  Theophilus  ^a™|~ 
Eaton  and  Edward  Hopkins,  merchants  of  London,  others; 
with  several  other  respectable  persons  from  that  city 
and  its  vicinity,    arrived  this  summer  at  Boston. 
The  unmolested  enjoyment  of  civil  and  religious  lib- 
erty was  the  object  of  their  emigration.     Not  find- 
ing in  Massachusetts  sufficient  room  for  themselves 
and  the  numerous  friends,  whom  they  expected  to 
follow  them,  and  being  informed  of  a  large  bay  to 
the  southwest  of  Connecticut  river,  commodious  for 
trade,  they  applied  to  their  friends  in  Connecticut  to 
purchase  for  them,  of  the  native  proprietors,  all  the 
lands,  lying  between  the  rivers  Connecticut  and  Hud- 

i  Josselyn  Voy.  258,  and  N.  Eng.  Rar.  108.  This  article,  though  it  has 
been  quoted  by  respectable  authority,  and  may  be  substantially  true,  is  nei- 
ther stated  with  precision,  nor  with  confidence.  The  language  of  Josselyn 
is,  "  in  the  ten  first  years  chiefly  ;"  and  (in  reference  to  the  number  of  em- 
igrants) "  as  near  as  can  be  guessed"  Some  writer,  whose  name  I  have 
lost,  affirms,  that  "  by  an  exact  computation,  4000  planters  had  now  come 
out  of  England  ;  in  all  the  four  grand  settlements."  See  Hutchinson,  i.  93. 

a  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  228.  He  died  soon  after  ;  and  his  colleague,  Sir  Thom- 
as Warner,  did  not  long  survive  him.  At  the  time  of  his  death,  St.  Chris- 
topher's is  said  to  have  contained  twelve  or  thirteen  thousand  English  in- 
habitants. Ibid.  271.  Several  historians,  I  now  find,  place  this  article  iii 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 


March  30. 
Settlers 
sail  for 
Quinnipi- 
ack. 


son  ;  and  this  purchase  they,  in  part,  effected.  1m 
the  autumn,  Mr.  Eaton  and  some  others  of  the  com-, 
pany  made  a  journey  to  Connecticut,  to  explore  the 
lands  and  harbours  on  the  sea  coast  ;  and  pitched 
who  pre-  UpOn  Quinnipiack  for  the  place  of  their  settlement. 
"  QuL-  Here  they  erected  a  hut,  and  remained  through  the 
wjnter. 


1638. 

The  way  being  prepared,  Davenport,  Eaton,  and 
the  rest  of  their  company,  sailed  from  Boston  for 
Quinnipiack  :   and,  in  about  a  fortnight,  arrived  at 
the  desired  port.     On  the  eighteenth  of  April  they 
kept  their  first  sabbath  in  the  place,  under  a  large 
spreading  oak  ;  where  Mr.  Davenport  preached  to 
them.     Soon   after,  they  entered  into   what   they 
termed    a  plantation    covenant.  *       Determined    to 
make  an  extensive  settlement,  these  enterprising  co- 
lonists paid  early  attention  to  the  making  of  such 
purchases  and  treaties,  as  would  give  it  stability.  In 
November,   they  entered  into   an  agreement  with 
Monauguin,   sachem  of  that  part  of  the  country, 
and  his  counsellors,  for  the  lands  of  Quinnipiack. 
Monauguin,  in  consideration  of  being  protected  by 
the  English  from  the  hostile  Indians,  yielded  up  all 
his  right  and  title  to  all  the  land  of  Quinnipiack,  of 
which  he  was  the  sole  sachem,  to  Theophilus  Ea- 
ton, John  Davenport  and  others,  their  heirs  and  as- 
signs forever  ;  and  they,  in  return,  covenanted,  that 
•they  would  protect  him  and  his  Indians  ;  that  they 
should  always  have  a  sufficient  quantity  of  land  to 
plant,  on  the  east  side  of  the  harbour  ;  and,  by  way 
of  free  and  grateful  retribution,  they  gave  him,  his 
council  and  company,  twelve  coats  of  English  cloth, 
twelve  akhymy  spoons,  twelve  hatchets,  twelve  hoes, 
two  dozen  of  knives,  twelve  porringers,  and  four 

i  By  this  covenant  they  solemnly  engaged,  that  in  the  gathering  and  or- 
dering of  a  church,  and  in  all  public  offices,  relating  to  c,ivil  order,  they 
•would  be  guided  by  the  rules  of  Scripture.  Trumbujll,  i.  91. 


Nov.  24. 
First  pur- 
chase at 
Quinnipir 

ack. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  301 

cases  of  French  knives  and  scissors.     In  December,  1638. 
they  made  another  purchase  of  a  large  tract,  lying 
principally  north  of  the  other,  extending  eight  miles 
east  of  the  river  Quinnipiack,  and  five  miles  west  of 
it  toward  Hudson's  river. *     Near  the  bay  of  Quin- 
nipiack they  laid  out  their  town  in  squares,  on  the 
plan  of  a  spacious  city  ;  and  called  it  New  Haven.  New  Ha^ 
This  town  was  the  foundation  of  a  flourishing  colony  v< 
of  the  same  name,  of  which  it  became  also  the  capi- 
tal.8 

Kieft,  the  Dutch  governor  of  New  Netherlands, 
protested  against  this  plantation  ;  but  his  protest 
was  disregarded,  because  unsupported. 3 

The  religious  differences  in  Massachusetts  were,  Purchase 
in  the  mean  time,  giving  rise  to  a  distinct  colony,  in 
another  direction.     John  Clark  and  some  others,  Rhode 
finding  the  decisions  of  the  synod  supported  by  the  Island* 
general  court,  went  to  Providence,  in  search  of  a 
place,  where  they  might  have  peace,  and  liberty  of 
conscience.     By  the  advice  and  aid  of  Roger  Wil- 
liams, they  purchased  Aquetneck4  of  the  Indian  sa- 
chems ;  and  the  natives  of  that  island  soon  after  a- 
greed,  on  receiving  ten  coats  and  twenty  hoes,  to 
remove  before  the  next  winter.      The    adventur- 
ers, to  the  number  of  eighteen,  incorporated  them- 
selves into  a  body    politic,    and    chose    William 
Coddington  to  be  their    judge,    or  chief  magis- 

I  This  tract  was  purchased  of  Montowese,  son  of  the  great  sachem  at 
Mattabeseck ;  and  was  I o  miles  in  length,  north  and  south,  and  13  miles 
in  breadth.  It  included  all  the  lands  within  the  ancient  limits  of  the  old 
towns  of  New  Haven,  Branford,  and  Wallingford  ;  and  almost  the  whole 
within  the  limits  of  those  towns,  and  of  the  more  modern  towns  of  East 
Haven,  Woodbridge,  Cheshire,  Hamden  and  North  Haven.  For  this  tract 
the  English  gave  13  coats,  and  allowed  the  natives  ground  to  plant,  and  li- 
berty to  hunt  within  the  lands.  Trumbull,  i.  93, 94,  from  N.  Haven  Records. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlii.  Winthrop  Journ.  131,151.  Ma- 
ther Magnal.  book  i.  35.  Trumbull,  i.  89 — 94.  Hutchinson,  i.  83. 
Chalmers,  i.  290. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  571.     Smith  N.  York,  3. 

4  Other  islands  in  Narraganset  bay  were  sold  at  this  time.    Aquetneck 
was  the  largest  of  them.     Canonicus,  chief  sachem  of  Narraganset  and  Ni- 
antick,  and  Miantonimoh,  sold  them  to  William  Coddington  and  his  asso- 
ciates, in  consideration  of  fifty  fathom  of  white  beads.     Hubbard  MS.  N, 
Eng.  chap.  xlii.    Hutchinson,  i.  77,.     Chalmers,  i.  271. 


-202  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

«j 

1638.  trate. '  Small  as  the  number  of  associates  was  ;  the 
fertility  of  the  soil,  and  the  pleasantness  of  the  cli- 
mate, soon  attracted  many  people  to  their  settle- 
ment ;  and  the  island,  in  a  few  years,  became  so 
populous,  as  to  send  out  colonists  to  the  adjacent 
shores.  The  island  was  afterward  named  the  Isle 
of  Rhodes  5  and,  by  an  easy  declension,  Rhode 
Island.  * 
Deed  of  Canonicus  and  Miantonimoh  gave  Roger  Wil- 

Provi-          r  ,      r -n        -j 

dence.        hams,  a  deed  or  1  rovidence.  * 

A  ril  A  quo  warranto  having  been  brought  by  the  at- 

The  patent  torney  general  against  the  governor,   deputy  gover- 

chusettT"  nor>  a  ass'stants  °f  ^le  corporation  of  Massachu- 
.  setts,4  and  judgment  being  given,  that  the  liberties 
and  franchises  should  be  seized  into  the  king's  hand  ; 
the  council  made  an  order,  requiring  the  patent  of 
Massachusetts  to  be  sent  back,  by  the  next  ship,  to 
England.5  Judgment  not  having  been  entered  a- 
gainst  the  charter,  there  was  a  delay  of  compliance 
with  the  order  of  council.  .  Meanwhile,  the  general 
court  of  Massachusetts  addressed  a  petition  on  this 
subject  to  the  lords  commissioners  for  foreign  planta- 
tions, vindicating  the  cause  of  the  colony  with  firm- 
ness, and  supplicating  relief  with  tenderness.6 

Arbitrary  measures  were  still  pursued  in  England, 
in  reference  to  the  American  colonies.  An  order 
was  given  by  the  privy  council  in  May  to  the  lord 

I  Callender,  30 — 32,  where  are  the  names  of  the  18  associates.  Their 
association,  according  to  Callender,  preceded  the  completion  of  the  purchase. 
They  united  in  a  body  politic  7  March,  the  sachems  signed  the  deed  24 
M:ircli,  16^8.  Ibid.  Toward  the  close  of  the  year,  they  chose  three  per- 
sons, as  assistants  to  their  chief  magistrate.  Ib.  42. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  ay  I. 

3  Dated  24  March.     Backus  N.  Eng.  i.  89.     Brit.  Emp.  ii.  130. 

4  Hazard  Coll.  i.  423,  where  it  is  inserted.      Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng. 
chap,  xxxvi.]  says,  that  the  business-of  demanding  the  patent  of  Massachu- 
setts had  been  on  hand  ever  since  the  year  1634 ;  but  it  had  been  overlook- 
ed, by  the  interposition  possibly  of  matters  of  greater  moment,  until  this  year. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxvi.      Chalmers,  i.  161.     Hutchinson 
Col.  105. 

6  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxvi ;  Hazard  Cell.  i.  435,  436  ;  where 
the  Petition,  is  entire. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  3°3 

treasurer  to  take  speedy  and  effectual  course  for  the  1638, 
stay  of  eight  ships,  then  in  the  Thames,  prepared 
to  sail  for  New  England.  By  this  order,  Oliver 
Cromwell,  Sir  Arthur  Hazlerig,  John  Hambden, 
and  other  patriots,  were  prevented  from  coming  to 
America. '  How  limited  the  foresight  of  man  ;  how 
inscrutable  the  counsels  of  God  !  By  this  arbitrary 
measure,  Charles,  "  far  from  suspecting,  that  the 
future  revolutions  in  his  kingdoms  were  to  be  ex- 
cited and  directed  by  .persons  in  such  a  humble 
sphere  of  life,  forcibly  detained  the  men  destined  to 
overturn  his  throne,  and  to  terminate  his  days  by  a 
violent  death."3 

Scarcely  had  the  venerable  founders  of  New  Eng-  ^^f 
land  felled  the  trees   of  the  forest,  when  they  be-  founded, 
gan  to  provide  means  to  insure  the  stability  of  their 
colony.     Learning  and  Religion  they  wisely  judged 
to  be  the  firmest  pillars  of  the  church  and  common- 
wealth.    The  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  having 
previously  founded  a  public  school  or  college,   had 
the  last  year  (1637)  ordered,  that  it  be  at  Newtown  ; 
and  appointed  a  committee 3  to  carry  the  order  in- 
to eifect.     The  liberality  of  an  individual  now  essen- 
tially contributed  to  the  completion  of  this  wise  and 
pious  design.     John  Harvard,  a  worthy  minister,  dy- 
ing this  year  at  Charlestown,  left  a  legacy  of  seven 
hundred  seventy  nine  pounds,  seventeen  shillings, 
and  two  pence,  to  the  public  school  at  Newtown. 
In  honour  of  that  generous  benefactor,  this  collegi- 
ate school  was  soon  after,  by  an  order  of  court,  nam- 
ed Harvard   College  ;    and  Newtown,  in  compli- 
ment to  the  college,  and  in  memory  of  the  place 

i  Hazard  Coll.  i.  4Z4,  where  is  a  copy  of  the  Proclamation.  Mather 
Magnal.  book  i.  23.  Chalmers,  i.  160,  161.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  229.  Neal 
N.  ling.  i.  168. 

1  Robertson,  book  x.  163. 

3  Governor  Winthrop,  deputy  governor  Dudley,  treasurer  Bellingham ; 
Mr.  Kumfrey,  Mr.  Harlackenden,  and  Mr.  Stoughton,  counsellors;  Mr. 
Cotton,  Mr.  Wilson,  Mr.  Davenport,  Mr.  Wells,  Mr.  Shephard,  and  Mr. 
Peters,  ministers.  MS.  Records  of  Massachusetts. 


304  AMERICAN 

1638.  where  many  of  the  first  settlers  of  New  England  r£-> 
ceived  their  education,  was  called  Cambridge. ' 

Origin  of  Several  gentlemen  in  Boston  and  its  vicinity,  hav- 
'm&  f°rmed  themselves  into  a  military  company,  pe- 
tioned  to  be  incorporated.  The  council,  adverting 
to  the  examples  of  the  pretorian  bands  among  the 
Romans,  and  the  templars  in  Europe,  was  cautious 
of  erecting  a  standing  authority  of  military  men, 
who  might  ultimately  controul  the  civil  power.  The 
patriotic  associates  however  were  allowed  to  be  a 
company,  but  subordinate  to  the  authority  of  the 
country^ a  This  is  the  origin  of  the  company,  distin- 
guished in  the  military  annals  of  Massachusetts  by 
the  merited  name  of  The  Ancient  and  Honourable 
Artillery  Company. 

Exeter  John  Wheelwright,  who  had  been  banished  from 

founded,  Massachusetts,  went,  accompanied  by  a  number  of 
people  from  Braintree,  to  New  Hampshire,  where 
he  laid  the  foundation  of  the  town  and  church  of 

Disorder  at  Exeter. 3  The  inhabitants  of  Pascataqua  attempted, 
about  this  time,  to  gather  themselves  into  a  church 
state  5  but,  through  dissensions,  they  appear  not  to 

I  MS.  Records  of  Massachusetts.  Winthrop  Journ.  155.  Hubbard  MS, 
N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxii.  There  were  several  benefactors  to  this  college,  be- 
side Mr.  Harvard ;  and  "  the  other  colonies  sent  some  small  help  to  the 
undertaking."  Mather  Magnal.  book  iv.  126.  The  primary  object  of  this 
institution  was,  to  furnish  a  succession  of  learned  and  able  ministers, 
Ibid.  By  Massachusetts  Records  it  appears,  that  the  court  gave  it  the 
name  of  HARVARD  in  1639  ;  but  the  name  of  Newtown  Was  altered  by 
the  court  in  May  1638. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxiii. 

3  Hutchinson,  i.  106.  Pres.  Stiles  MSS.  The  next  year  (1639)  35  Pe1' 
sons,  settlers  of  Exeter,  entered  into  a  combination,  and  erected  a  civil  gov- 
ernment. The  reason,  which  they  assign  for  the  measure,  is  :  "  Consider- 
ing v/ith  ourselves  the  h»ly  will  of  God  and  our  own  necessity  that  we 
should  not  live  without  wholsom  Lawes  and  Civil  Government  among  us 
of  which  we  are  altogether  destitute."  The  Constitution,  with  the  names 
of  the  35  signers,  is  in  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxi,  and  Hazard  Coll, 
5.  463.  Their  rulers  were  Isaac  Grosse,  Nicholas  Needham,  and  Thomas 
Wilson  ;  each  of  whom  continued  in  office  one  year,  having  two  assistants. 
The  laws  were  made  in  a  popular  assembly,  and  formally  consented  to  by 
the  rulers.  This  combination  subsisted  three  years.  Belknap  N.  Hamp,  5 
37.  It  was  a  few  miles  only  beyond  the  north  eastern  boundary  of  Massa- 
chusetts, amid  the  forest,  which  then  skirted  the  shore  of  the  gr?  ' 
Pascataqua,  that  Exeter  was  planted.  Chalmers,!.  47.*. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  305 

have  succeeded  In  the  design. '     Josselyn,  whom  we    $638; 
have  quoted  as  an  original  authority,  made  his  first 
voyage  to  New  England  this  year**     Boston  at  this  Boston* 
time  was  "  rather  a  village,  than  a  town  ;"   con- 
sisting of  no  more  than  twenty  or  thirty  houses.3 

There  was  a  great  earthquake  in  New  England  june  i. 
on  the  first  day  of  June.  The  earth  shook  with 
such  violence,  that,  in  some  places,  the  people  could 
not  stand,  without  difficulty,  in  the  streets  ;  and  land- 
most  moveable  articles  in  their  houses  were  thrown 
down.  This  phenomenon  formed  a  memorable  e- 
poch  in  the  annals  of  New  England; 4 

About  one  hundred  and  thirty  freemen  were  ad-  Accession 
ded  to  Massachusetts  ;  and  there  arrived  this  sum- 
mer  twenty  ships,  with  at  least  three  hundred  per- 
sons. * 

The  first  New  England  built  ship  arrived  in  the 
Thames.6 

Uncas,  sachem  of  the  Moheagaris,  having  given  Friendship 
umbrage  by  entertaining  some  of  the  hostile  Pequots^  of  Uncae* 
went  to  Boston  in  June,  with  a  present  to  the  gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts  j  promised  submission  to 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxxi.     Hubbard  says, "  they  fell  into  fac- 
tions, and  strange  confusions." 

2  Josselyn  Voy.  20.     It  is  a  curious  fact,  that  Josselyn  brought  "  from 
Francis  Quarlesthe  poet,"  the  translation  of  several  Psalms  "  into  English 
metre,"  and  delivered  them  to  Mr.  Cotton,  minister  of  Boston,  "  for  his 
approbation."  Ibid. 

3  Ibid.  173.  There  were  two  licensed  inns  then  in  Boston.  "  An  officer 
visits  them,"  says  Josselyn,  whenever  a  stranger  goes  into  them  ;  and  "  if 
he  calls  for  more  drink  than  the  officer  thinks  in  his  judgment  he  can  so- 
berly bear  away,"  he  countermands  it,  and  "  appoints  the  proportion  be- 
yond which  he  cannot  get  one  drop."   Ibid. 

4  Winthrop  Journ.  155.     It  occurred  between  the  hours  of  three  and 
four  P.  M.     The  weather  was  clear  and  warm,  and  the  wind  westerly.  "  It 
came  with  a  noise  like  a  continued  thunder,  or  the  rattling  of  coaches  in 
London,  but  was  presently  gone."     It  was  felt  at  Massachusetts,  Connecti- 
cut, Narraganset,  Pascataqua,  and  the  circumjacent  parts.     It  shook  the 
ships,  which  rode  in  Boston  harbour,  and  all  the  islands.    "  The  noise  and 
the  shaking  continued  about  four  minutes.    The  earth  was  unquiet  20  days 
after  by  times."     Ibid.     Josselyn  N.  Eng.  Rar.   109.     Hutchinson,  i.  90, 
Trumbull,  i.  92.    Professor  Winthrop  Lect.  on  Earth<juake6, 16.  Memoirr 
Americ.  Acad.  i.  262.     Brit.  Emp.  L  276. 

5  Winthrop  Journ.  156. 

6  Ptreberton  MS. 

W  TT 


•306  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1638.  the  English  ;  and  was  ever  afterward  faithful  to  their 

interests. '   In  September,  articles  of  agreement  were 

made  between  him  and  the  colonists  of  Connecticut. s 

Murder  of      The  government  of  Plymouth  colony  caused  three 

pushed!   Englishmen  to  be  put  to  death,  for  the  murder  of 

an  Indian  near  Providence. 3 

The  Dutch  A  Swedish  factory,  conducted  by  Minuitz,  hav- 
Itntel-  m%  reared  habitations  for  shelter  on  the  eastern 
gainst  the  banks  of  the  Delaware,  near  its  confluence  ;  Kieft, 
settlement  t]le  nrOvernor  of  ]sjew  Netherlands,  transmitted  a  re- 

oftheSwiss  .  ...  ,       .  i    . 

at  Deia-  monstrance  against  the  proceeding  ;  laying  claim  to 
ware.  the  whole  South  river,  as  the  property  of  the  Dutch. 

Minuitz  however  retained  possession. 4 
Laws  of         The  assembly  of  Maryland  prepared  a  collection 
thelegis-    of  regulations.     The  province  was  divided  into  bar* 
Maryland  om*es  anc*  manors,  the  privileges  of  which  were  care- 
fully regulated.     Bills  were  passed  for  settling  the 
glebe  ;  for  the  liberties  of  the  people  ;  for  swearing 
allegiance  to  their  sovereign  ;  and  for  securing  titles 
to  their  estates.     The  law  for  civil  causes   and  for 
crimes  was  ascertained.     Laws  were  passed  for  the 
payment  of  tobacco,  and  for  the  planting  of  corn  ; 
and  various  other  regulations  of  domestic  economy 
and  of  commerce  were  established. s     The  acts  of 
this  assembly  are  the  first,  of  which  any  record  ap- 
pears in  the  province.6 

I  Winthrop  Journ.  155.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxiv  ;  Ind.  Wars, 
40,  41.     In  1640  he  conveyed  his  lands  to  Connecticut. 
^  Gov.  Trumbull  MS.  State  and  Origin  of  Connecticut. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.lxxvi.     Morton,  izo,  xai. 

4  Chalmers,!.  571, 572,  631.  Kieft  asserted,  "  that  the  whole  South  riv- 
•r  of  New  Netherlands  had  been  in  the  Dutch  possession  many  years,  a- 
bove  and  below  beset  with  forts,  and  sealed  with  their  blood."     Disputes 
arose.     A  bloodless  war  ensued.     The  Dutch  dictated  the  terms  of  peace. 
At  the  treaty  of  Stockholm,  in  1640,  "  Sweden  and  Holland  prudently  pas- 
sed over  in  silence  colonial  squabbles,  and  American  territory  ;  for  the  pre- 
tensions of  neither  party  could  have  been   supported  by  fair  and  accurate 
discussion."     Chalmers,  ibid.     Smith  N.  York,  3,  4.     South  river  was  the 
Dutch  name  of  the  Delaware  ;   North  river,  the  name  of  the  Hudson  :    In 
the  Dutch  language  Zuydrl'uier^  and  Noordt  rivier.  SeeLaet's  map  at  p.  62. 

5  Chalmers,i.  an. 

6  Ibid.  232.     It  was  from  the  Virginia  Papers  in  England,  that  notice 
was  obtained  of  the  proceedings  of  an  assembly,  holden  at  St,  Mary's  in 

Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  307 

The  English  at  St.  Lucia  were  surprised,  in  the  Massacre 
night,  by  the  Caribbean  Indians  ;  and  almost  all  at 
were  killed  in  their  beds.     A  few  escaped  to  Mont- 
serrat.  * 

The  Spaniards  attacked  a  small  English  colony,  ^sacre 

1  .  ..     ,        «.     *  •    j  at  ioriuijj> 

which  had  taken  possession  or  the  little  unoccupied 
island  of  Tortuga,  and  put  every  man,  woman,  and 
child  to  death.  They  even  hanged  such,  as 
came  in  and  surrendered  themselves,  on  the  promise 
of  mercy,  after  the  first  attack.  3 

M.  Poincy  attempted  to  make  a  settlement  at  Attempt  t* 
Grenada  j  but  was  driven  off  by  the  Caribbeans.3 


1639. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  three  towns  on  Connecti-  Jan.  14. 
cut  river,  Windsor,   Hartford,  and  Wethersfield,  £»g£ 
finding  themselves  without  the  limits  of  the  Massa-  don  of 
chusetts  patent,  conceived  the  plan  of  forming  them-  Connecti- 

,r  '  r  .  ,.     .    °  cut. 

selves,  by  voluntary  compact,  into  a  distinct  com- 
monwealth. All  the  free  planters  convened  at  Hart- 
ford on  the  fourteenth  of  January  ;  and,  after  ma- 
ture deliberation,  adopted  a  constitution  of  govern- 
ment. This  constitution  has  been  thought,  by  the 
judicious,  to  be  one  of  the  most  free  and  happy  con- 
stitutions of  civil  government,  that  has  ever  been 
formed.  The  formation  of  it,  at  so  early  a  period, 
"  when  the  light  of  liberty  was  wholly  darkened  in 
most  parts  of  the  earth,  and  the  rights  of  men  were 
so  little  understood  in  others,"  does  great  honour 
to  the  intelligent  colonists,  who  framed  it.  It  has 
continued,  with  little  alteration,  to  the  present  time  ; 
and  the  happy  consequences  of  it,  which,  for  more 
than  a  century  and  a  half,  the  people  of  Connecticut 
have  experienced,  exceed  description.  4 

I  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  215. 

1  Edwards  W.  Indies,  i.  139.  Univ.  Hist.  [xli.  516.],  instead  of  an  "  Eng- 
lish colony,"  says,  "  the  freebooters  of  all  nations,  who  had  settled  on  the 
island  of  Tortuga." 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  225. 

4  Trumbull,  i.  95  —  98,  where  is  a  sketch  of  this  constitution  ;  in  Haz- 


308  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1639,       Agreeably  to  the  constitution,   the  freemen  con? 
Aprh.        vened  at  Hartford  in  April,  and  elected  their  officers. 

First  gene-  r          •,  .  T    i_        TT  i 

rai  election  for  the  ensuing  year.     John  Haynes  was  chosen 
at  Hart-     governor  ;   and  Roger  Ludlow,  deputy  governor. r 
The  general  assembly  proceeded  gradually  to  enact 
a  system  of  laws.     The  first  statute  in  the  code  of 
Connecticut  is  a  declaration  or  bill,  of  rights. 2   . 
June  4.          Tte  planters  of  Quinnipiack  had  continued  more 
Thepiant-  than  a  year  without  any  other  constitution,  than 
Quinnipi-    their  plantation  covenant.     Having  received  a  res- 
ack  forma  pectable  accession  to"  their  number,  by  the  arrival  of 
the  reverend  Henry  Whitfield,  William  Leet,  esquire, 
and  others,3  they  were  now  prepared  for  a  more  sys- 
tematic combination.     All  the  free  planters  in  the 
settlement  convened  on  the  fourth  of  June,  and  pro- 
ceeded to  lay  the  foundations  of  their  civil  and  relig- 
ious polity.4     Among  other  resolutions,  they  re- 
solved, that  they  would  all  be  governed  by  the  rules 
of  scripture.     Having  bound  themselves   to   settle 
civil  government  according  to  the  divine  word,  they 
determined,  that  church  members   only  should  be 
free  burgesses  ;   and  that  they  only  should  choose 

ard  Coll.  i.  437 — 441,  it  is  entire.  Though  dated  14  January  1638,  its  true 
date,  according  to  the  present reckoning,  is  in  the  year  1639.  The  constitu- 
tion decreed,  that  there  shall  be  yearly  two  General  Assembles,  or  Courts  \ 
that  at  the  first,  called  the  Court  of  Election,  shall  be  yearly  chosen  so  mar 
ny  magistrates  and  other  public  officers,  as  shall  be  found  requisite,  one  of 
which  to  be  chosen  governor  for  the  year  ensuing,  and  ro  other  magistrate 
to  be  chosen  for  more  than  one  year,  provided  there  be  six  chosen  beside 
the  governor,  who  being  chosen  and  sworn  according  to  an  oath  recorded 
for  that  purpose,  shall  have  power  to  administer  justice  according  to  the 
law  here  established,  and  for  want  thereof  according  to  the  rule  of  the 
Word  of  God.  That  choice  was  to  be  made  by  all  the  freemen  who  had 
taken  the  oath  of  fidelity,  and  did  "  cohabit  within  this  jurisdiction."  No 
person  might  be  chosen  governor  more  than  once  in  two  years.  The  town* 
were  to  send  their  deputies  to  the  two  courts,  and  these  were  empowered 
to  make  laws,  and  to  do  any  other  public  business,  "  v/hich  concerned  the 
good  of  the  commonwealth."  See  also  Trumbull,  i.  Appendix  No.  III. 

1  Roger  Ludlow,   George  Wyllys,  Edward  Hopkins,   Thomas  Welle*, 
John  Webster,  and  William  Phelps,  were  chosen  magistrates ;  and  the  first 
of  the  six  was  chosen  deputy  governor. 

2  Trumbull,  i.  98,  where  are  the  nam-s  of  the  first  deputies. 

3  They  were  a  part  of  Mr.  Davenport  and  Eaton's  company  ;  and  wert 
principally  from  Kent  and  Surry,  in  the  vicinity  of  London.     Ibid.  99. 

4  This  convent  ion  was  holden  in  a  large  bain  of  Mr.  Newman's.  Ib. 


AMERICAN    ANNALS,  30,9 

magistrates,  and  have  power  to  transact  all  the  civil  1639, 
affairs  of  the  plantation.  They  also  resolved,  that 
twelve  men1  should  be  chosen,  who  should  be  en> 
powered  to  choose  seven,  to  begin  the  church.  Af- 
ter a  proper  term  of  trial,  seven  men  were  chosen 
for  the  seven  pillars.  The  court,  consisting  of 
those  seven  persons  only,  convened  on  the  twenty 
fifth  of  October  ;  ancl,  after  a  solemn  address  to  thq 
Supreme  Being,  proceeded  to  form  the  body  of  free- 
men, and  to  elect  civil  officers.  Theophilus  Eatoa 
was  chosen  governor  j  and  to  him,  at  the  close  of 
the  election,  Mr.  Davenport  gave  a  charge  in  open 
court.  The  freemen  now  decreed,  that  there  should 
be  a  general  court  annually  in  the  plantation.1 

The  reverend  Peter  Pruddep,  with  a  company  MUford. 
from   Wethersfield,    purchased  Wopowage  of  the settle<J- 
natives,  and  there  commenced  a  settlement,  whiefe 
was  afterward  called  Milford.     A  church  was  gath- 
ered there  on  the  twenty  second  of  August.  In  the 
first  town  meeting,   the  number  of  free  planters,  ,or 
church  members,  was  forty  four.     The  Indians  at 
this  place  were  so  numerous,  that  the  English  judg- 
ed it  necessary  to  enclose  and  fortify  the  town, 3 

Some  of  the  first  adventurers,  who  came  to  Quin-  Guiiford 
nipiack,  purchased  Menunkatuck  of  the  natives  on  setdea* 
the  twenty  ninth  of  September  ;  and,  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  place  in  Surry,  from  which  they  chief- 
ly emigrated,  called  it  Guiiford.     As  soon  as  their 
purchase  was   completed,  they  removed  from  New 
Haven,  and  settled  there.     Mr.  Henry  Whitfield 
led  forth  this  little  flock  into  the  wilderness,  and  was 

1  The  persons,  chosen  for  trial,  from  whom  the  7  pillars  were  selected, 
were  *Theophilus  Eaton,  "John  Davenport,  *Robert  Newman,  *Matthew 
Gilbert, Richard  Malbon,NathanielTurner,Ezekiel  Cheevers,  *ThomasFu- 
gill,  *John  Punderson,  William  Andrews,  and  *  Jeremiah  Dixon.  N.Haven 
MS.  Records.     This  fundamental  agreement  was  signed   by  63  person* 
4  June  ;  and  there  were  soon  after  added  about  50  other  names.  Ibid.  101. 

2  N.  Haven  Records  in  Pres.  Stiles'  Itinerary.    Tnimbull,  i.  99—102. 

3  Trumbujl,  i.  103, 104,  i98.     Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xlii.]  says, 
the  company  of  settlers  was  from  Hartford  and  its  vicinity.     Mr.  PrwWea 
was  installed  their  pastor  18  AprU  1640. 

*  tbe 


310  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1639.  its  first  pastor.  William  Leet,  then  a  young  man, 
afterward  governor  of  New  Haven,  accompanied 
the  settlers  to  Guilford. * 

Stratford        Cupheag  and  Pughquonnuck  were  purchased  of 
settled.      tke  natjves  5   anci  a  settlement  was  begun  at  Cup- 
heag, since  named  Stratford. 3 

Saybrook        George  Fenwick,  a  gentleman  of  great  estate, 
settled.      and  eminent  for  wisdom  and  piety,  arriving  from 
England  with  his  lady  and  family,  laid  the  founda- 
tion of  the  town  of  Saybrook  at  the  mouth  of  Con- 
necticut river.3 
City  of          gjr  Ferdinando  Gorges  obtained  of  the  crown  a 

Gorgeana.     _.     .  .  .  p  r  r 

distinct  charter  m  confirmation  or  his  own  grant,  or 
all  the  land  from  Pascataqua  to  Sagadahock,  styled 
The  Province  of  Maine.  Of  this  province  he  was 
made  lord  Palatine,  with  the  same  powers  and  priv- 
ileges, as  the  bishop  of  Durham,  in  the  county  Pala- 
tine of  Durham.  In  virtue  of  these  powers,  he 

I  Rev.  Thomas  Ruggles  MS.  Hist,  of  Guilford  in  Pres.  Stiles*  MS.  ColL 
Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlii.  Trumbull,  i.  103.  It  was***  almost  win- 
ter" when  these  resolute  people  removed.  They  now  chose  four  of  the 
principal  planters  for  civil  government,  "  whose  power  was  to  continue 
until  the  church  was  formed,  or  rather  appeared  in  form,  when  their  pow- 
er was  to  end.  So  soon  as  their  wilderness  state  would  admit,"  in  April 
1643,  "they  formed  themselves  inta  a  Congregational  church  ;"  when  "  the 
purchasers  of  the  lands,  and  those  persons  in  whose  hands  the  civil  power 
had  been  intrusted,  did  actually  in  a  formal  manner  in  writing  resign  all 
their  rights  and  authority  unto  the  church."  In  imitation  of  Mr  .Davenport's 
procedure,  the  church  was  formed  by  covenant  on  seven  pillars.  Ruggles 
MS.  Hist,  ut  supra.  Mr.  Whitfield  was  a  well  bred  man,  a  good  scholar,  a 
great  divine,  and  an  excellent  preacher  ;  and  he  was  the  father  of  the  plan- 
tation. Previously  to  his  departure  from  England,  he  enjoyed  one  of  the 
best  church  livings  at  Okely,  in  the  county  of  Surry,  beside  a  large  person- 
al estate.  After  continuing  eleven  years  in  the  ministry  at  Guilford,  he  re- 
turned in  1650,  during  the  protectorate  of  Cromwell,  to  his  native  coun- 
try. A  large  handsome  stone  house,  built  at  Guilford  at  his  own  expense, 
and  "  which  served  as  a  fort  for  himself  and  many  of  the  inhabitants,"  was 
•een  standing  by  President  Stiles,  who  visited  it  in  1768.  Ibid.  Trum- 
bull, i.  309.  See  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iv.  182 — 188,  where  Mr. Ruggles'  History 
of  Guilford  is  preserved.  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  217,  218. 

a  Trumbull,  i.  105.     Pughquonnuck  was  the  western  part  of  the  pur- 
chase, bordering  on  Fairfield.     Ibid. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxvii.  His  lady  died  soon  after  their 
arrival.  I  was  informed  at  Saybrook  in  1803,  that  she  was  buried  near  the 
margin  of  the  river  ;  and  that  her  monument  was  in  recent 
though  but  small,  if  any,  remains  of  it  were  yet  visible, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  311 

constituted  a  government  within  his  province;  and    1639. 
incorporated  the  plantation  at  Agamenticus  into  a  Agam«nti- 
city,  by  the  name  of  Gorgeana,  which,  with  a  lofty  cusincor- 
name,  was  but  an  inconsiderable  village.  The  prov-  Porated* 
ince  did  not  flourish.  * 

Rowley,  in  Massachusetts,  was  settled  by  about  Settlement 
sixty  industrious  and  pious  families  from  Yorkshire,  ° 
under  the  guidance  of  Ezekiel  Rogers,  an  eminent 
minister.     These  settlers,  many  of  whom  had  been 
clothiers  in  England,  built  a  fulling  mill ;  employed 
their  children  in  spinning  cotton  wool  ;  and  were  the 
first,  who  attempted  to  make  cloth  in  North  Ameri- 
ca.5 

A  settlement  was  begun  on  the  north  side  of  Mer- 
rimac,  and  called  Salisbury  ;  another  at  Winicowet, 
and  called  Hampton.     Yarmouth  and  Barnstable,3  and 
in  Plymouth  colony,  were  settled.4     A  church  was  st 
gathered  at  Braintree,  of  which  Mr.  Thompson,  a 
pious  and  learned  minister  from  Lancashire,  soon 
after  became  its  pastor  ;  and  Henry^  Flint,  a  man  of 
similar  piety,  its  teacher.5 

There  were  now  two  regiments  in  Massachusetts  ; 
which  were  mustered  at  Boston,  to  the  number  of 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xv.  xxxi.  Belknap  Biog.  i.  385 — 388. 
Sullivan,  71.  Brit.  Emp.  ii.  3.  The  confirmatory  grant  is  in  Hazard  Coll. 
i.  442 — 456.  The  name  of  the  Province  was  given  in  compliment  to  the 
«[ueen  of  Charles  I,  who  owned,  as  her  private  estate  in  France,  the  Prov- 
ince of  Meyne.  Sullivan,  307. 

a  Wonderwork.  Prov.  130;  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxii.  Tnis 
article  is  there  put  in  1638;  but  Winthrop  [Journ.  175.]  puts  it  in  i639,Mo.2. 

3  The  church  at  Scituate  was  in  a  broken  condition  several  years.    The 
Rev.  John  Lothrop,  with  part  of  that  church,  removed  to  Cape  Cod,  and 
settled  Barnstable,  n   October  1639.     Lothrop's  MS.  Records,  and  Pre- 
sident Stiles  MSS. 

4  Winthrop  Journ.  172,  183.    It  appears  by  gov.  Winthrop  (ibid.),  that 
SUDBDRV  was  settled  in  1639  ;  though,  on  the  authority  of  Hubbard,  I  had 
placed  it  in  1635. 

5  Winthrop  Journ.  188.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxvii.    «  Mount 
Woilaston  [Braintree]  had  been  formerly  laid  to  Boston."  It  was  given  to 
that  place  "  for  upholding  the  town  and  church  there."     The  inhabitants  of 
Boston,  who  had  taken  their  farms  and  lots  at  mount  Woilaston,  desired  to 
gather  a  church  there  in  1636  ;  but  the  measure  was  then  opposed  at  Bos- 
ton, lest,  "  by  the  removal  of  so  many  chief  men  as  would  go  thither,"  the 
original  design  should  be  frustrated.    Winthrop,  ib.  107,  iSf* 


3*2  AMERICAN  ANNAL&- 

1639.  one  thousand  soldiers.1  About  eight)'- three  free- 
men were  added  to  the  colony  this  year.2  The 
church  in  Boston  was  sold  by  the  proprietors  ;  and 
another  was  erected  near  the  market  place. 3 

The  first  printing  press  in  North  America  was 
set  up  this  year  at  Cambridge.4 

A«  to  en-       The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed  an  act  to 
c£ur<fue      free  from  all  duties  and  public  taxes  all  estates,  em* 

the  fishery.     ,          ,    .  ,  .  ?  ;.  , 

ployed  m  catching,  making,  or  transporting  fish. 

All  fishermen,  during  the  season  for  business,  and 

all  ship  builders  were,  by   the  same  act,  excused 

from  trainings.-     Sumptuary  laws-  were  also  made 

for  restraining  excess  in  apparel,  and  other  expenses.  * 

civil  privi-      The  commission  of  governor  Harvey  was  revok- 

leges  re-     e(j  }n  ^  beginning  of  this  year  ;  and  Sir  William 

stored  to       .„      ,     .  9,         i          -  n  Tr-      •    •          rr-i 

Virginia.    Berkeley  was  appointed  governor  or  Virginia.    The 
king's  instructions  to  the  new  governor  evince  a 
prodigious  change  in  colonial  policy.     While  pre-^ 
paratiohs  were  making  in  England  and  Scotland  for 
civil  war,  there  were  given  to  the  wishes  of  the  Vir- 
ginians, a  provincial  legislature,  a  regular  adminis- 
tration of  justice,  a  government  of  laws.6 
House  of        The  legislature  of  Maryland  passed  an  act "  for  es~ 
established  tablishing  the  house  of  assembly *"     It  enacted,  that 
in  Mary-    those,  who  should  be  elected  pursuant  to  writs  issu- 
ed, should  be  called  burgesses,  and  should  supply 
the  place  of  the  freemen  who  chose  them,  in  the 
same  manner,  and  to  the  same  intents,  as  the  repre- 
sentatives in  the  parliament  of  England  ;  that  the 
gentlemen,  summoned  by  the  special  writ  of  the  pro 

I  Winthrop  Journal,  176.         1  Wonderwork.  Prov.  134. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  257.    The  old  one  was  "  out  of  repair  and  tc» 
small"     Ibid.    The  new  one  cost  about  £1000,  which  were  raised  cut  of 
the  weekly  voluntary  contribution.     Winthrop  Journ.  217. 

4  Winthrop  Journ.  171.     It  "  was  begun  by  one  Dave  at  the  charge  of 
Mr.  Glover,"  who  died  On  his  passage  to  America.  •«  The  first  thing,  which- 
was  printed,  was  the  freeman's  oath  ;  the  next  was  an  almanack,  made  for 
New  England  by  Mr.  Pierce,  mariner  ;  the  next  was  the  Psalms,  newly 
turned  into  metre."     Ibid.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  19. 

5  Hutchinson,  i.  92. 

6  Chalmers,!.  119,  no.    Gov.  Harvey's  Commission,  given  in  1636,  JX 
in  Rymer's  Fa-d.  xx.  3,  and  Hazard  Coll.  i.  400 — 403. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  313 

pnetary,  and  those  freemen,  who  should  not  have  1639. 
voted  at  any  of  the  elections,  together  with  the  gov- 
ernor and  secretary,  should  be  called,  The  House  of 
Assembly  ;  and  that  all  acts,  assented  to  by  that 
body,  should  be  deemed  of  the  same  force,  as  if  the 
proprietary  and  freemen  had  been  personally  pre- 
sent. The  assembly,  thus  formed,  passed  what 
seems  to  have  been  intended  for  a  code  of  laws,  un- 
til a  complete  system  of  provincial  jurisprudence 
could  be  established. x 

Inconsiderable,  at  this  early  period,  must  have  state  of 
been  the  numbers,  wealth,  and  power  of  Maryland  ;  thatcolon3r- 
for  a  general  contribution  was  thought  necessary, 
to  erect  a  watermill  for  the  use  of  the  colony.     Sla- 
very seems  to  have  rooted  in  Maryland  with  its  orig- 
inal settlement ;  for  an  act  of  the  new  assembly  de- 
scribes "  the  people"  as  consisting  of  all  Christian 
.inhabitants,  "  slaves  only  excepted."2 

A  nunnery  of  French  Ursulins  was  founded  at  A  nunnerr 
Quebec.     Madame  de  la  Peltrie,   a  pious  Catholic  Quebec.  * 
lady,  devoting  her  person  and  fortune  to  this  relig- 
ious design,   went  to   Quebec  with  three  Ursulins, 
attended  by  le  Jeune,  superior  of  the  Jesuit  mission 
in  Canada.     Entering  the  city  under  a  general  dis- 
charge of  cannon,  they  proceeded  in  triumph,  amidst 
the  acclamations  of  the  people,  to  the  church,  where 
Te  Deum  was  solemnly  sung  for  their  arrival. 5 

i  Chalmers,  i.  213; 

a  Chalmers,  i.  214,  215. 

3  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  206 — 209.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  428,  429. 
Charlevoix  (ibid.)  says,  that  M.  de  la  Peltrie  had  such  zeal  for  the  conver- 
sion and  comfort  of  the  Canadian  natives,  that  she  cultivated  the  earth 
With  her  own  hands,  ;to  increase  her  power  to  promote  their  benefit.  The 
hospital,  called  del-Hotel  Dieu,  was  founded  the  preceding  year  at  Sileri, 
by  M.  la  Duchesse  d*  Aiguillon.  Ibid.  Mrs.  Ann  Winslow,  a  respectable1 
lady,  who  resided  several  years  in  Canada,  informs  me,  that  both  these  iu- 
•titutions  are  now  in  a  flourishing  state,  especially  the  Hotel  Dieu. 
X  x 


•ti'4  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1640. 

eirgin*.  An  attempt  was  made  in  the  English  parliament 
to  establish  once  more  over  Virginia  the  government 
of  the  ancient  corporation,  and  thus  to  annul  the 
charter  of  Maryland  ;  but  it  was  vigorously  oppos- 
ed by  the  Virginian  assembly,  and  the  measure  was 
relinquished.  * 

Opechancanough,  an  Indian  emperor  in  Virginia, 
being  dead,3  governor  Berkeley  made  a  firm  and 
lasting  peace  with  the  natives. 3 

Maryland.  Among  other  useful  laws,  now  passed  by  the  as- 
sembly of  Maryland,  was  its  inspection  law,  which 
established  many  salutary  regulations  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  staple  of  the  colony,  and  for  the 
protection  of  purchasers  from  frauds.4 

inhabitants      Several  of  the  inhabitants  of  Lynn,  finding  them- 

ofLynn     selves  straitened  for  land,  went  to  Long  Island  in 

purchase  ,         c  ,  .  ,  J P      .  -,     ,        . 

land  on  search  of  a  new  plantation  ;  and  agreed  with  lord 
Long  isi,  Stirling's  agent  there  for  a  tract  of  land  near  the 
west  end  of  the  island,  and  with  the  natives  for  their 
right.  The  Dutch  at  New  Netherlands,  hearing  of 
these  contracts,  sent  men  to  take  possession  of  the 
place,  and  to  set  up  the  arms  of  the  prince  of  Orange. 
Ten  or  twelve  of  the  English  company,  beginning 
soon  after  to  erect  buildings,  took  down  the  prince's 
arms  ;  in  the  place  of  which  an  Indian  drew  an  ugly 
face.  Provoked  by  this  indignity,  the  Dutch  sent 
soldiers,  who  brought  off  the  Englishmen,  and  im- 
prisoned them  ;  but  after  a  few  days,  having  taken 
an  oath  of  them,  they  set  them  at  liberty.  The  ad- 
venturers now  removed  to  the  east  end  of  the  island  ; 
where,  to  the  number  of  forty  families*  they  settled 

I  Chalmers,}.  215.  The  reason  assigned  for  the  opposition  of  Virginia 
is  :  This  "  ancient  dominion  had  now  learned  from  experience,  that  more 
liberty  was  enjoyed  under  any  form,  than  beneath  the  rule  of  a  commer- 
cial company."  Ibid. 

a  While  a  prisoner  in  the  hands  of  the  governor,  he  was  bhot  by  an 
English  soldier.  Keith,  146.  3  Ibid, 

4  Chalmers,  i.  216. 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  315 

the  town  of  Southampton.     Inviting  Mr.  Pierson,  a    1640. 
man  of  learning  and  piety,  to  be  their  minister,  M^^^i 
and  several  of  the  company  formed  themselves  into  a  ton. 
church   at  Lynn  before  their  departure  ;    and  the 
whole  company,  with  the  advice  of  some  of  the  ma- 
gistrates of  Massachusetts,  erected  themselves  into  a 
civil  government. x 

The  inhabitants  of  Providence,  to  the  number  of  Jul>r  7- 

r  ,.....,      7  -,    Govern- 

forty  persons,  combined  in  civil  government,  accord-  ment form- 
ing to  their  own  model. a     Some  of  the  Providence  .ed.at  Prov* 
people  began  a  plantation  at  Patuxet,  comprehended  * 
in  their  grant. 3 

The  settlers  on  the  north  side  of  Pascataqua  river  and  at  Pas^ 
already  experiencing  serious  inconveniences,  and  ap-  cata(iua- 
prehensive  of  greater,  for  the  want  of  civil  govern- 
ment, formed  a  government  of  their  own,  indepen- 
dent of  the  proprietary  lords. 4     The  oldest  record 
of  New  Hampshire  is  dated  this  year. s 

The  first  general  court  in  the  province  of  Maine  Maine. 
was  holden  at  Saco.6 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  gave  liberty  Various 
for  two  new  plantations  ;   one  of  which  was  called  Massf  chu. 
Haverhill  $   the  other,  Andover. 7     It  also  granted  setts  legis- 
the  income  of  the  ferry  between  Boston  and  Charles- lature* 
town  as  a  perpetual  revenue  to  Harvard  college. 8  It 
made  provision  for  a  public  registry. 9     It  prohibit- 
ed the  use  of  tobacco. *  ° 

The  magistrates  with  the  ministers  of  Massachu-  President 
setts  chose  the  reverend  Henry  Dunster,  to  be  presi-  coikge™ 
dent  of  Harvard  college,  * J  chosen. 

i  Winthrop  Journ.  204.    Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxiii.     Mather 
Magnal.  book  iii.  95.     Neal  N.  Eng.i.  308. 
a  Callender,  43.     Douglass,  ii.  78. 

3  Callender,  35.     Adams  N.  Eng,  63. 

4  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxi,  where  is  a  copy  of  the  compact. 

5  Chalmers,  i.  498.  6  Sullivan,  308. 

7  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxii.    The  names  were  given  "  with  re- 
ference to  some  of  the  planters,  who  belonged  to  those  towns  in  England."  Ib, 

8  Massachusetts  Laws.     Douglass,  i.  543.     Adams  N.  Eng.  73. 

9  Hucchinson,  i.  455.  IO  Chalmers,  i. 
II  Mather  Magnal.  iv.  127. 


ceases. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1640.  After  a  long  recess,  the  parliament  assembled  ; 
an(*  Pcrsecilti01i  was  stopped.  On  the  change  of  af- 

England  fairs  in  England,  emigration  ceased.  Several  of  the 
most  considerable  colonists,  and  many  of  the  minis- 
ters in  New  England,  now  returned  to  their  native 
country. * 

May  25.         The   inhabitants    of  Strawberry   Bank    TPorts- 

Parsonage  ,  -,      ,  J  ^ 

at  Ports-     moutnj,  navmg  voluntarily  given  several  sums  of 
mouth.       money  for  building  and  founding  a  parsonage  house 
.and  a  chapel,  now  granted  fifty  acres  of  land  to  be 
annexed  to  them  as  a  glebe. 3 

bought  pf       Nathaniel  Turner,  in  behalf  of  the  town  of  New 

thenatives;  Haven, purchased  of  Ponus,  sagamore  of  Toquamske, 

and  of  Wascussue,a  sagamore  of  Shippau,allthe  lands 

belonging  to  them,  called  Rippowance,  excepting  a 

small  parcel,  reserved  by  them  for  planting.     A  part 

or  the  whole  of  this  tract  was  soon  after  purchased 

of  New  Haven  by  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Weth- 

d*ersfield,  who  settled  upon  it  the  town  of  Stamford.3 

1  Chalmers,!.  165, 166.  Hutchinson,  i.  93.    Neal  [N.  Eng.  i.  218.]  says, 
the  New  England  colonies  the  next  twenty  years  decreased,  instead  of  re- 
ceiving any  accession.     The  greatness  of  this  change  was  distressfully  felt 
by  New  England.     The  price  oi  a  milch  cow,  which  had  been  from  25  to 
£30,  fell  this  year  to  5  or  £6.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxii.    There 
v/ere  judged  to  be  12000  neat  cattle,  and  about  3000  sheep  in  the  colony. 
Hutchinson,  ut  supra.     For  the  number  of  colonists,  that  had  come  to  New 
England,  see  p.  299.     That  estimate  seems  to  belong  to  this  year. 

2  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xxxi.     From  the  language  here  used,  we 
should  naturally  conclude  this  foundation  to  have  been  exclusively  Episcopal ; 
but  the  following  account  is  given  of  it.     "  In  the  first  beginnings  of  their 
government,  they  had  no  laws  to  render  votes  of  town  meetings  valid,  with 
respect  to  property  ;  nor  any  forms  of  conveyance,  but  such  as  were  taken 
from  the  laws  of  England.     Therefore,  the  inhabitants  thought  it  necessary 
to  confirm  their  vote  of  a  parsonage  by  a  legal  deedj  and  no  other  forms 
existed,  but  such  as  were  peculiarly  accommodated  to  the  church  of  Eng- 
land."    Mr.  Richard   Gibson  was  chosen  for  «  their  first  parson  ;"  and  he 
exercised  the  ministerial  function  according  to  the  ritual  of  the  English 
church  ;  but  he  appears  to  have  soon  left  the  country.     No  person  was  or- 
dained for  the  ministry  at  Portsmouth  till  almost  50  years  from  the  time  of 
its  first  settlement.     Of  all  the  temporary  preachers  during  this  period, 
Gibson  was  the  only  one,  who  followed  the  English  ritual.     "  The  build- 
ing, which  in  1640  was  called  a  chapel,   appears  ever  after  to  have  been 
called  a  meeting  house."      MS.  Account  of  Religious  Societies  in  Ports- 
mouth (penes  me),  by  Rev.  TiMOTUY  AI.DEN  jun.     This  account,   the  re- 
sult of  diligent  and  accurate  investigation,  will  be  printed  in  the  next  vo- 
lume* of  the  COLLECTIONS  of  Mass.  Hist.  Society.         *   yd.  X. 

3  MS.  Memoir  of  Pvev.  Noah  Welles  of  Stamford,  in  President  Stiles 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1641. 

The  general   court  of  Massachusetts  established  Laws  of 

O  TV  JT       ^^  ,t 


one  hundred  laws,  called  The  Body  of  Liberties. * 
It  is  in  the  laws  of  an  infant  people,  an  historian 
has  justly  remarked,  that  we  trace  their  principles, 
and  discover  their  policy.  A  sketch  of  the  most 
remarkable  laws  in  the  first  New  England  code  is 
therefore  subjoined.  It  was  enacted,  that  there  ne- 
ver should  be  any  bond  slavery,  villanage  or  cap- 
tivity among  the  inhabitants  of  the  province,  except- 
ing lawful  captives,  taken  in  just  wars  ;  or  such  as 
should  willingly  sell  themselves,  or  be  sold  to  them  :  * 
That  if  any  strangers,  or  people  of  other  nations, 
professing  the  Christian  religion,  should  fly  to  them 
from  tyranny  or  oppression  of  their  persecutors,  or 

Itinerary.  Turner  gave  the  natives  for  the  New  Haven  purchase  iz  coats, 
12  hoes,  12  hatchets,  12  glasses,  12  knives,  a  kettles,  and  4  fathom  of  white 
wampum.  The  Wethersfield  purchasers  gave  New  Haven  for  the  town- 
ship of  Stamford  £33  ;  and  obliged  themselves  to  join  with  the  people  of 
New  Haven  in  the  form  of  government,  lately  agreed  on  there.  Twenty 
men  agreed  to  settle  by  the  last  of  November  1641  ;  and  before  the  end 
of  1641,  there  were  30  or  40  families  settled  at  Stamford.  Ibid. 

I  Winthrop  Journ.  237.  They  had  been  composed  by  the  Rev.  Na- 
thaniel Ward,  who  was  some  time  a  minister  at  Ipswich  ;  and  had  former- 
ly been  a  student  and  practitioner  at  law.  Having  already  been  revised 
and  altered  by  the  court,  and  sent  into  evdry  town  for  consideration,  they 
•were  now  revised  again,  amended,  and  presented,  "  and  so  established  for 
three  years,  by  that  experience  to  have  them  fully  amended,  and  establish- 
ed to  be  perpetual."  Ibid.  Hubbard  [N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxii.]  says,  the  peo- 
ple had  prevailed  to  have  the  subject  committed  to  two  divines,  each  of 
•whom  formed  a  model  ;  that  these  models  were  presented  to  the  genera! 
court  in  1639  i  tnat  tne  court  committed  them  to  the  governor,  deputy 
governor,  and  some  others,  to  be  considered  ;  and  that  the  body  of  laws 
was  this  year  (1641)  established.  As  governor  Winthrop  says  expressly,  that 
the  body  of  liberties  was  composed  by  Mr.  Ward,  I  presume  the  other  divine, 
to  whom  the  subject  was  committed,  was  Mr.  Cotton  ;  and  that  "  An  Ab- 
stract of  the  Laws  of  New  England,  printed  in  London  in  1641,"  and  re- 
printed in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  173-: — 187,  was  his  model.  It  was  found  in 
manuscript  in  Mr.  Cotton's  study  after  his  death.  Mr.  Aspinwall,  who 
published  it  hi  1655,  ascribes  it  to  "  that  godly,  grave,  and  judicious  di- 
vine, Mr.  John  Cotton  ;"  says,  that  it  was  "  commended  to  the  general 
court"  of  Massachusetts  ;  that  "  being  by  him  done,  and  with  all  sweetness 
and  amiableness  of  spirit  tendered,  but  not  accepted,  he  surceased  to  press 
it  any  further  at  that  season."  Address  to  the  Reader,  ibid.  187 — 192. 

1  "  And  such,"  says  the  law,  "  shall  have  the  liberties  and  Christian  usage, 
which  the  Law  of  God,  established  in  Israel  conceding  such  persons,  doth 
n>9rally  require," 


Massachu- 
setts. 


3*8  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1641.  from  famine,  wars,  "  or  the  like  necessary  and  com- 
pulsory cause,"  they  should  receive  entertainment 
and  succour  :  *  That  there  should  be  no  monopo- 
lies, but  of  such  new  inventions,  as  were  profitable 
to  the  country,  and  those  for  a  short  time  only  : 
That  all  deeds  of  conveyance,  whether  absolute  or 
conditional,  should  be  recorded,  that  neither  credit- 
ors might  be  defrauded,  nor  courts  troubled  with 
vexatious  suits  and  endless  contentions  about  sales 
and  mortgages  :  That  no  injunction  should  be  laid 
on  any  church,  church  officer,  or  member,  in  point 
of  doctrine,  worship,  or  discipline,  whether  for  sub- 
stance or  circumstance,  "  besides  the  Institution  of 
the  Lord."3 

Exigencies  The  exigencies  of  the  Massachusetts  colonists,  a- 
ofthat  rising  from  the  scarcity  of  all  foreign  commodities 
and  the  unsaleableness  of  their  own,  incited  them  to 
provide  fish,  clapboards,  planks,  and  other  articles  ; 
to  sow  hemp  and  flax  ;  and  to  look  to  the  West  In- 
dies for  a  trade  for  cotton. 3  The  general  court,  in 
the  mean  time,  made  orders  about  payment  of  debts, 
setting  corn  at  the  usual  price,  and  making  it  paya- 
ble for  all  debts,  which  should  arise  after  a  time 
prefixed.  It  also  sent  some  select  persons  into  Eng- 
land, "  to  congratulate  the  happy  success  there  ;M 
to  give  creditors  satisfactory  reasons,  why  such  punc- 
tual payment  was  not  made  now,  as  had  been  made 
in  former  years  ;  to  be  ready  to  use  any  opportuni- 
ty, that  might  providentially  be  offered,  for  the  ben- 

I  "  According  to  that  power  and  prudence  God  shall  give  us." 
1  Massachusetts  Laws.    In  the  defect  of  a  law  in  any  case,  the  decision 
was  to  be  "  by  the  Word  of  God."     Ibid. 

3  Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxxii.]  says,  the  general  court,  in  1640, 
«iade  several  orders  for  the  manufacture  of  woolen  and  linen  cloth, "  which 
in  a  little  time  stopped  this  gap  in  part ;"  and  that,  soon  after,  a  traffick 
was  begun  to  the  W.  Indies,  and  Wine  islands,  by  which,  among  other 
goods,  much  cotton  wool  was  brought  into  the  country  from  the  W.  Indies  ; 
and  that  the  inhabitants,  by  learning  to  spin  it,  and  by  breeding  sheep,  and 
sowing  hemp  and  flax,  soon  found  out  a  way  to  supply  themselves  with 
m.any  necessaries  of  cloth. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  319 

efit  of  New  England  ;   and  to  give  advice,  if  requir-    1641. 
,ed,  for  settling  a  form  of  church  discipline. T 

It  hence  appears  to  have  been  no  part  of  the  ob- 
ject  of  their  mission,  to  solicit  parliamentary  aid  or 
patronage  ;  although  the  colony  had  been  advised 
to  this  measure.  The  reason,  assigned  for  not  fol- 
lowing that  advice,  is  very  remarkable.  It  was  the 
apprehension  of  subjection  to  the  authority  of  parli- 
ament. * 

A  very  cold  winter  closed  this  year.     The  har-  Cold  win- 
bour  of  Boston,  where   ships  ordinarily  anchored,  ter* 
was  so  deeply  frozen   over,  as  to  be  passable  for 
horses,  carts  and  oxen,  five  weeks. 3 

The  lords  and  gentlemen,  holding  a  patent  for  the  Cover  and 
lands  south  of  Pascataqua,  finding  no  means  to  gov-  m°^  as- 
signed to 

1  Winthrop  Journ.  223,  224.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlv.  Chal-  Mass,  juris^ 
liners,  i.  172.  The  persons,  sent  to  England  on  thisj  occasion,  were  Hugh  diction. 
Peters,  minister  of  Salem  ;  Thomas  Welde,  minister  of  Roxbury  ;  and  Wil- 
liam Hibbins,  of  Boston.  They  sailed  from  Boston  3  August.  Ibid.  Mr. 
Bentley  [Coll  Hist.  Soc.  vi.  253.]  says,  that  Mr.  Peters  was  much  engaged 
in  trade,  and  knew  all  its  embarrassments  ;  and  that,  as  he  had  often  done 
the  business  of  the  colony  with  success,  he  was  thought  a  proper  person  to 
return  to  England,  and  to  represent  the  sense  of  the  colony  upon  the  laws 
•f  excise  and  trade.  The  historian  of  Salem  ascribes  the  rapid  improve- 
ments in  that  town  to  the  influence  of  Mr.  Peters,  during  the  five  years  of 
his  ministry.  "  The  arts  were  introduced.  A  watermill  was  erected  ;  a 
glass  house  ;  salt  works  ;  the  planting  of  hemp  was  encouraged,  and  a  reg- 
ular market  was  established.  An  almanack  was  introduced  to  direct  their 
affairs.  Commerce  had  unexampled  glory.  He  formed  the  plan  of  the 
fishery,  of  the  coasting  voyages,  of  the  foreign  voyages  ;  and  among  many 
other  vessels,  one  of  300  tons  was  undertaken  under  his  influence."  Id.  ibid. 
Neither  Welde  nor  Pe'ters  ever  returned  to  N.  England.  The  first  was  e- 
jected  in  the  reign  of  Charles  II ;  the  other  came  to  a  tragical  end.  Hut- 
chinson,  i.  98. 

i  Winthrop  Journal,  218.  "  Upon  the  great  liberty  which  the  king  had 
left  the  parliament  to,  in  England,  some  of  our  friends  there  wrote  to  us  ad- 
vice to  send  over  some  to  solicit  for  us  in  the  parliament,  giving  us  hope 
that  we  might  obtain  much  &c.  but  consulting  about  it,  we  declined  the 
motion  for  this  consideration,  that  if  we  should  put  ourselves  under  the 
protection  of  the  parliament,  we  must  then  be  subject  to  all  such  laws  as 
they  should  make,  or  at  least  such  as  they  might  impose  upon  us  ;  in  which 
course  though  they  should  intend  our  good,  yet  it  might  prove  very  preju- 
dicial to  us."  Ibid.  On  this  passage  governor  Trumbull,  nearly  140  years 
afterward,  remarked  :  "  Here  observe,  that  as  at  this  time,  so  it  hath  been 
ever  since,  that  the  colonies,  so  far  from  acknowledging  the  parliament  to 
have  a  right  to  make  laws  binding  on  them  in  all  cases  whatsoever,  they 
have  ever  denied  it  in  any  case."  Lett*  to  J.  D.  Vander  Capellan  in  Coll, 
Hist.  Soc.  vi.  156. 

3  Wonderwork.  Prov.  170. 


320  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1641.  ern  the  people  there,  nor  to  restrain  them  from  spoil- 
ing their  timber,  agreed  to  assign  all  their  interest  of 
jurisdiction  to  Massachusetts,  reserving  the  land  to 
themselves.  The  inhabitants  at  Dover  and  Straw- 
berry bank  were  accordingly  declared  to  belong  to 
the  Massachusetts  jurisdiction. x 
March  i.  William  Bradford,  governor  of  Plymouth,  surren- 

Plymonth      ,         .  -,        r  °  r     -,          ..,/.  , 

patent       dered  to  the  freemen  of  that  jurisdiction  the  patent 
transferred.  of  the  colony,  which  had  been  taken  in  his  name.* 

Richard  Smith  purchased  of  the  sachems  a  tract 
fcouse  at  °f  land  in  the  Narraganset  country,  remote  from  the 
Narragan-  English  settlements  ;  erected  a  house  of  trade  ;  and 

gave  free  entertainment  to  all  travellers. 3 
The  Dutch  The  Dutch  governor  at  Manhattan  pressed  the 
H^tfoS.10  English  with  his  claim  to  all  the  territory  of  Hart- 
ford.  The  governor  and  council  of  Connecticut  re- 
turned an  answer  to  the  Dutch,  without  determin- 
ing the  question  of  yielding  more  land  to  their  trad- 
ing house,  which  had  now  but  thirty  acres.  Dis- 
satisfied with  this  answer,  the  Dutch  sent  soldiers  to 
be  billetted  at  their  trading  house  ;  but  the  Indians, 
at  this  juncture,  killing  some  of  their  men  at  fort  Au- 
rania,  they  were  constrained  to  keep  their  soldiers 
at  home,  in  their  own  defence. 4 

N.E.colo-  The  Caribbee  islands  about  this  time  attracting 
nistsat-  the  attention  of  the  people  of  New  England,  many 
settle^0  persons  sold  their  estates,  to  transplant  themselves 
the  island  and  their  families  to  the  island  of  Providence  ;  but 
^ien*  n°Pes  of  settling  a  plantation  there  were  soon 
frustrated  by  the  Spaniards.5 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlv. 

1  Hazard  Coll.  i.  468,  where  is  the  instrument  of  surrender.  Mather 
Magnal.  book  ii.  5.  The  "  Purchasers  or  Old  Coiners"  made  a  reservation 
of  three  tracts  in  the  patent  for  themselves.  See  Hazard  $.466,  467,  where 
the  names  of  those  first  purchasers  are  preserved. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  ai6.     The  land,  which  Smith  bought,  was"  among 
the  thickest  of  the  Indians  ;"  his  house  was  "  on  the  great  road  of  the  coun- 
try."    Ibid. 

4  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlix. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlvi.     The  English  had  been   in  posses- 
sion of  the  isle  of  Providence,  and  had  partly  planted  it,  ever  since  1629; 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  321 

The  French  began  the  preceding  year  (1640)  to  Surinam, 
plant  at  a  place  on  the  continent  of  South  America,  £yaJ5f°nc<1 
called  Surinam,  in  nine  degrees  of  north  latitude,  French, 
from  the  mouth  of  the  river  Oronoque.,  southward 
to  the  river  Maroni  ;   but  that  country  being  loWj 
marshy  and    unhealthful,    they  abandoned  it  this 
year.     The  English,  the  same  year,  at  the  expense  is  settled  by 
of  lord  Willoughby,  first  settled  there. '  the  English; 

1642. 

The  house  of  commons  passed  a  memorable  re-  Resolve  of 
solve  in  favour  of  New  England,  exempting  its  im-  commons 
ports  and  exports  from  custom,  subsidy,  or  taxation. z  in  favour 

The  ministers  of  New  England  received  letters  of  Nt  Eng* 
from  several  pious  people  in  Virginia,  earnestly  so-  Ministers 
liciting  a  supply  of  faithful  ministers.     At  a  lecture  invited  to 
in  Boston  three  ministers  were  agreed  oh  for  the  so-  Vir£mia- 
licited  mission  \  and  they  went  with  letters  of  re- 
commendation from  the  governor  of  Massachusetts 
to  the  governor  and  council  of  Virginia  ;  but  their 
residence  in  that  colony  was  short  \  and  the  pious 
design  was  unhappily  frustrated. 3 

The  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster  being 
called  by  the  parliament,  to  consider  and  advise  a- 


attend  the 

out  they  were  now  (1641)  attacked  by  the  Spaniards  with  a  great  force,  assembly 
and  obliged  to  surrender  the  island  to  them.     The  Spaniards  however,  hav-  of  divines 
ing  nothing  in  view,  in  driving  out  the  English,  but  to  keep  up  their  pre-  at  West- 
tensions  to  all  the  Bahama  islands,  did  not  settle  on  the  captured  island  ;  minster* 
and  the  English  again  took  possession  of  it.    Anderson,  ii.  391. 

I  Anderson,ii.  389, 392. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  174.  Hutchinson,  1.114,  where  the  order  is  inserted. 
The  introduction  of  it  is  remarkable  :  "  Whereas  the  plantations  in  New 
England  have,  by  the  blessing  of  the  Almighty,  had  good  and  prosperous 
Success,  'without  any  public  charge  to  this  state"  &c. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xxvii,  xxviii,  xlvii.  The  three  ministerSj 
sent  to  Virginia,  were  Mr.  Thompson  of  Braintree,  Mr.  Knolles  of  Water- 
town,  and  Mr.  James  of  New  Haven.  They  went  in  1643,  and  returned 
the  next  summer ;  for  the  government  of  Virginia  had  made  an  order,  that 
all  such  persons,  as  would  not  conform  to  the  discipline  of  the  church  of 
England,  should  depart  the  country  by  a  certain  day.  Ibid.  Mather  Mag- 
nal.  book  iii.  119.  **  Though  the  state  did  silence  the  ministers  because 
they  would  not  conform  to  the  order  of  England,  yet  the  people  resorted 
to  them  in  private  houses  to  hear  them,"  Winthrop  Journ.  272, 


23  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1-642.  bout  the  settling  of  church  government  ;  several 
lords  of  the  upper  house,  and  about  thirty  members 
of  thehouse  of  commons,  with  some  ministers  in  Eng- 
land, who  were  for  the  independency  of  churches, 
sent  letters  to  Mr.  Cotton  of  Boston,  Mr.  Hooker 
of  Hartford,  and  Mr.  Davenport  of  New  Haven,  to 
ask  their  assistance  in  that  synod  ;  but  they  declined 
the  invitation.1 

The  first  commencement  at  Harvard  College  was 

mence-      holden  at   Cambridge  on  the  ninth  of  October  ; 

Harv-frd    w^cn'  nme  candidates  took  the  degree  of  bachelor  of 

College.     arts.     Most  of  the  members  of  the  general  court 

were  present  ;   and,  for  the  encouragement  of  the 

students,  dined  at  the  "  ordinary  commons."  z 

r.Mayhew      Thomas  Mayhew  of  Watertown,  having  recently 

^ties^     obtained  of  lord  Stirling's  agent  a  grant  of  Martha's 

vineyard.   Vineyard,   with  the  adjacent  islands,  removed  his 

family  to  the  Vineyard,  and  began  a  settlement  at 

Edgarton,  of  which  he  was  the  ruler,  and  his  son- 

the  minister.     He  appears  to  have  been  the  first 

Englishman,  who  settled  on  that  island*3 

journey  to       Darby  Field,  an  Irishman,  living  nearPascataqua, 

the  white  went  in  June,  accompanied  by  two  Indians,   to  the 

mtuins.  white  Hi]ls  in  New  Hampshire,  nearly  a  hundred 

miles  west  of  Saco.     About  a  month  after,  he  went 

again  to  those  mountains,  with  five  or  six  persons  ; 

and,  by  a  report  of  strange  stones,  excited  great  ex- 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xlvii.     Winthrop  Journ.  254,  255.  Hut- 
chi'nson,  i.  nj,  116  ;  where  is  a  copy  of  the  invitation,  with  the  names  of 
the  signers. 

2  Winthrop  Journ.  264,  265.     The  bachelors,  now  graduated,  "  were 
young,  men  of  good  hope,  and  performed  their  parts  so  as  gave  good  proof 
of  their  proficiency  in  the  tongues  and  arts."     Ibid.     The   Theses  of  this 
first  class  of  graduates  are  published  entire  in  Hutchineon-  Mass.  Appendix, 
No.  VI. 

3  Neal  N.  Eng.  I.  435.     Hutchinson,  i.  161.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  155. 
Martha's  Vineyard  and  Nantucket  were  not  included  in  either  of  the  four 
New  England  governments.     The  earl  of  Stirling  laid  claim  to  all  the  is- 
lands, between  Cape  Cod  and  Hudson's  river.     Together  with  the  convey- 
ance of  territory  to  Mayhew,  he  granted,  according  to  the  opinion  and  us- 
age of  his  day,  the  same  powers  of  government,  which  the  Massachusetts 
people"  enjoyed  by  their  charter.      Hence  it  was,  that  Mayhew  was 
gcvernor  of  the  islands.     Hutchinson,  ibid. 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  323 

p,ectation  of  precious  metallic  substances  ;  but  they    1 642. 
were  never  found. x 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  made  an  or-  Order 
der  for  the  preparation  of  houses  for  saltpetre,  with 
the  intention  of  manufacturing  gunpowder  $  but  it 
was  not  carried  into  effect  for  several  years.  * 

A  village  was   granted  at  Ipswich  river  ;   which  Topsfieid, 
afterward  was  called  Topsfield. 3 

Richard  Blinman,   who  had  been  a  minister  in  Gloucester 
Wales,  went  with   a  few  people  from  Green's  Har- <settled* 
hour,  near  Plymouth,  where  he  had  been  seated  a 
short  time,  and  settled  at  Cape  Ann,  which,   at  a 
general  court  this  year,  was  established  to  be  a 
plantation,  and  called  Gloucester.4 

Gorton,  the  familist  exile,  and  eleven  other  per-  Warwick 
sons   purchased  of  Miantonimoh,  the  Narraganset setde(L 
sachem,  a  tract  of  land  at  Mishawomet,  where  he 
built  a. town,  which  was  afterward  called  Warwick.5 

A  village  having  been  begun  the  last  year  within 
the  township  of  Charlestown,  a  church  was  now 
gathered  there,  and  the  settlement  was  called  Wo- 
burn.6 

I  Winthrop  Journ.  447,  248,  265.     Belknap  [N.  Hamp.  j.  19— -21.]  has 
placed  this  article  in  1632  ;but  gov.  Wintlirop  is  doubtless  correct, 
^  Wonderwork.  Pro v.  181. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlv. 

4  Winthrop  Journ.  244.     Wonderwork.  Prov.  169. 

5  Callender,  36.     It  was  built  about  14  miles  northward  ef  Smith's  trad- 
Ing  house.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  217.     The  purchasers  paid  for  the  land  144 
fathoms  of  wampum.     Hutchinson,  1. 118.     Gorton  and  his  friends  19  Au- 
gust   1644   procured  a  solemn  submission   of  the  Narraganset  sachems  f> 
king  Charles  ;  and  Gorton,  Greene,  and  Holden  went  to  England,  and  ob- 
tained an  order,  to  be  suffered  peaceably  to  possess  their  purchase.     Their 
tract  being  incorporated  in  the  province  of  Providence  Plantations,  they  re- 
turned, and  carried  on  their  improvements  ;  and  then,  in  honour  of  the  earl 
of  Warwick,  who  had  given  them  friendly  patronage,  they  named  the 
place  Warwick.     Callender,  36,  37. 

6  Winthrop  Journ.  368.     Mr.  Carter  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church. 
Jbid.     Wonderwork.  Prov.  175.     In  the  first  settlement  of  New  England, 
Johnson  observes,  when  the  people  judged  their  number   competent  to 
maintain  a  minister,  "  they  then  surely  seated  themselves,  and  not  before  ; 
it  being  as  unnatural  for  a  right  New  England  man  to  live  without  an  able 
ministry,  as  for  a  smith  to  work  his  iron  without  fire."     Ibid. 


• 


324  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1642.       About  twelve  hundred  and  thirty  two  freemen 

Progress     were  added  this  year  to  Massachusetts  colony.  * 

ian?'  Eng"      There  had  now  been  settled  in  New  England  sev- 

enty seven  ministers,  who  were  driven  from  the  pa^ 

rent  country,  beside  sixteen  students,  who  afterward 

became  ministers  ;z    fifty  towns   and  villages  had 

been  planted  ;  thirty  or  forty  churches,  and  a  great- 

er number  of  ministers'  houses  had  been  erected  ;  a 

castle,  several  prisons,  and  forts.     Ships  had  been 

built  from  a  hundred  to  four  hundred  tons  ;  and  five 

of  them  were  already  at  sea,  3 

The  Eng-       Emigrant  colonists  from  Connecticut  had  already 

hsh  on  L.  i      r   T  T  i        i         T» 

island  im-  overspread  the  eastern  end  or  Long  Island,  Jin- 
pededby  couraged  by  a  title,  given  by  earl  Stirling  in  1639, 

the  Dutch,     v  j  i  /^  v>  i 

they  now  advanced  westward  to  Oyster  Bay  ;  but 
were  driven  back  by  Kieft,  the  Dutch  governor  at 
New  Netherlands,  because  they  appeared  with- 
in sight  of  his  residence.  The  inhabitants  of  Con- 
Fort  Hope  necticut  instantly  seized  the  garrison  of  Fort  Hope 
on  the  river  Connecticut,  in  the  vicinity  of  Hart- 
ford, and  obliged  the  Dutch  to  recede  within  ten 
miles  of  the  Hudson.4 

Colonists  The  people  of  New  Haven,  intending  to  make  a 
ve-fset  up.  plantation  at  Delaware,  sent  agents,  who  duly  pur-» 
a  trading  chased  of  the  natives  several  tracts  of  land,  on  both 


°f  Delaware  bay  or  river,  to  which  neither  the 
Dutch,  nor  the  Swedes  had  any  just  title  ;  s  and  e- 
rected  a  trading  house.  It  did  not  however  remain 
long  unmolested.  Kieft,  the  Dutch  governor  at 

1  Wonderwork.  Pro  v.  172. 

2  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  289. 

3  N.  Eng.  First  Fruits,  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  247,  248. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  571.     See  p.  272,  276,  of  this  volume. 

5  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  164.     The  occasion  of  the  success  of  the  New  Haven 
agents  is  remarkable.     A  Pequot  sachem,  in  the  time  of  the  Pequot  war, 
had  fled  from  his  country,  and  settled  on  Delaware  river.     He,  at  this  junc- 
ture, gave  an  honourable  testimony  in  behalf  of  the  English  people,  by 
whom  his  nation  had  been  exterminated.     He  told  the  Delaware  sachem, 
that,  although  they  had  killed  his  countrymen,  and  driven  him  out  ;  yet 
they  were  honest  men,  and  had  just  cause  to  do  what  they  did  ;  for  the  Pe- 
quots,  he  acknowledged,  had  done  them  wrong,  and  refused,  when  demand- 
ed, to  give  them  reasonable  satisfaction.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  jdvi- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  3*5 

New  Netherlands,    without  any  legal    protest  or    1642. 
warning,  sent  armed  men  to  the  Delaware,  who 
burned  the  trading  house,  and  seized  the  goods. x 

Emigrants  from  Maryland  having  taken  posses-  colonists 
sion  of  the  Dutch  Schuylkill,*  the  governor  of  New  of  Mary. 
Netherlands,  hearing  of  what  he  deemed  an  intru-  j^t^ 
sion,  sent  Alpendam  from  Manhattan  with  two  sloops,  of  the 
and  easily  dispossessed  these  English  colonists,  un- Schuylkillj 
prepared  for  resistance.     The  weakness  of  Mary-  tutaredi3, 
land,  yet  in  its  infancy,  and  the  distractions  of  the  possessed, 
parent  country,  involved  in  civil  war,  prevented  ex- 
pressions of  provincial  and  of  national  resentment.  * 

Intrigues  of  Cleyborne,  in  Maryland,  infused  jeal-  indjan  war 
ousy  into  the  natives.     The  rapid  increase  of  the  in  Mary- 
English,   threatening  their  own  annihilation  as  a  "  ' 
people,  gave  them  much  uneasiness-      Individuals 
procured  their  lands,  without  the  authority  of  gov- 
ernment, for  considerations  totally  inadequate,  with 
which  therefore,  in  review,  they  were  greatly  dissat- 
isfied.    These  combined  causes,  in  the  beginning  of 
this  year,  brought  on  an  Indian  war,  which,  with  its 
accustomed  evils,  continued  several  years, 3 

The  Iroquois  had  already  entered  into  a  consider-  ko^oi* 
able  commerce  with  the  Dutch  at  New  Netherlands,  trade  with 
to  whom  they  disposed  of  their  peltry,  and  who,  in  theDutch- 
return,  furnished  them  with  fire  arms. 4 

Maisonneuve,  a  gentleman  of  Champaigne,  who,  Montreal 
the  preceding  year,  Brought  over  several  French 
families  to  Montreal,  now  entered  with  them  into 
possession  of  their  new  habitation  and  chapel  of  this 
island,  with  many  religious  solemnities.5 

l  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  164,  213.         *   Hiding  Creel.        %  Chalmers,  i.  632. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  216.     See  p.  261,  269,  of  this  volume.  In  1644  there  was 
a  sudden  massacre  of  300  English  people  in  Virginia.     All  the  Indians  for 
600  miles  had  confederated  to  exterminate  all  strangers  from  the  country. 
Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xlvii. 

4  Wynne,i.  308.     See  p.  175  of  this  volume. 

5  Wynne,  i.  307.     Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  227,  228.     In  1640,  the 
French  king  had  vested  the  property  of  the  island  in  35  associates,  of  whom 
Maisonneuve  was  one  ;  and  15  Oct.  1641  he  was  declared  governor  of  the 
island.    Ibid, 


326  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1643. 

May  19,  This  is  the  memorable  rera  of  the  first  union  of 
.  the  New  England  colonies.  This  confederacy  had 
been  in  agitation  several  years.  As  early  as  the 
year  1638,  articles  of  union  between  the  four  colo- 
nies of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth^  Connecticut  and 
New  Haven,  for  amity,  offence  and  defence,  mutual 
advice  and  assistance  on  all  necessary  occasions,  were 
drawn  up,  and  referred  to  a  future  time  for  conside- 
ration. Difficulties  however  occurred,  which  retard- 
ed the  execution  of  the  design  until  the  present  year ; 
when  commissioners,  appointed  by  those  colonies^ 
completed  and  signed  the  articles  of  union  at  Bos- 
ton, on  the  nineteenth  of  May.1  The  reasons,  as- 
s*Sned  f°r  this  lim'on  were,  the  dispersed  state  of 
the  colonies  ;  the' vicinity  of  the  Dutch,  Swiss,  and 
French,  who  were  inclined  to  encroachments  ;  the 
hostile  disposition  of  the  neighbouring  Indians  ;  the 
appearance  of  a  general  combination  of  these  savage 
tribes,  to  extirpate  the  English  colonies  ;  the  com- 
mencement of  civil  contests  in  the  parent  country  ; 
the  impossibility  of  obtaining  aid  from  England  in 
any  emergence  :  and,  in  fine,  the  alliance,  already 
formed  between  these  colonies  by  the  sacred  ties  of 
religion.  The  commissioners  declared,  that,  as  in 
nation  and  religion,  so  in  other  respects  they  be 
and  continue  one  >  and  henceforth  be  called  by  the 

I  The  articles  were  now  signed  by  all  the  commissioners,  excepting 
those  of  Plymouth,  "  who,  for  want  of  commission  from  their  general  court, 
deferred  their  subscription  till  the  :iext  meeting  ;"  and  then  (Sept.  7.) 
they  also  subscribed  them.  Winthrop  Journ.  282.  Hutchinson,*  i.  125. 
In  Plymouth  colony,  beside  the  town  cf  Plymouth,  there  were  now  settled 
Duxborough,  Scituate,  Taunton,  Rehoboth,  Sandwich,  Barnstable,  and 
Yarmouth.  Hutchinson,  i.  207.  It  ought  to  have  been  mentioned  before^ 
that  DUXBOROUGH  was  incorporated  in  1637  ;  and  that  many  years  before, 
there  were  several  families  settled  in  the  place  [Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  ii.  3.]  ;  and 
that  TAUNTON  and  SANDWICH  began  to  be  settled  in  1637.  Winthrop 
Journ.  147.  Tecticut  was  the  Indian  name  of  the  place  where  Taunton. 
is  settled.  A  plantation  was  begun  there  "  by  a  gentlewoman  an  ancient 
maid  one  Mrs.  Poole^;  she  went  thither,  and  endured  much  hardship,  and 
lost  much  cuttle."  Sandwich  was  begun  "  by  many  families  which  ris 
moved  from  S;igus  otherwise  Linn.."  Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 
ttame  of  THE  UNITED  COLONIES  OF  NEW  ENG-    1643. 

LAND.1 

The  members  of  this  league  were  deemed  by  all 
their  neighbours  as  one  body,  with  regard  to  their 
public  transactions,  though  the  peculiar  affairs  of 
each  continued  to  be  managed  by  its  own  courts 
and  magistrates.  Rhode  Island,  petitioning  to  be 
admitted  a  member  of  it,  was  absolutely  refused,  R.  island 
unless,  by  submitting  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Plymouth^ 
it  should  cease  to  be  a  separate  colony.  It  prefer-  the  tfni 
red  however  the  flattering  benefits  of  independence 
to  all  the  advantages  of  dependent  union.2 

On  the  completion  of  the  colonial  confederacy, 
several  Indian  sachems  came  in,  and  submitted  to 
the  English  government  ;  among  whom  were  Miari- 
tonimoh  the  Narraganset  and  Uncas  the  Moheagari 
chief. 3  The  union  rendered  the  colonies  formida- 
ble to  the  Dutch,  as  well  as  Indians,  and  respecta- 
ble in  the  view  of  the  French  ;  maintained  general 
harmony  among  themselves,  and  secured  the  peace 
and  rights  of  the  country  ;  preserved  the  colonies 
during  the  civil  wars  and  unsettled  state  of  England  ; 
was  the  grand  instrument  of  their  defence  in  Phil- 
lip's war  ;  and  was  essentially  serviceable  in  civil- 
izing and  Christianizing  the  Indians.4  The  pro- 
portion of  men,  assigned  to  the  colonies  by  this  al- 
liance, was  a  hundred  to  Massachusetts,  and  forty 
five  to  each  of  the  other  three  colonies,  Plymouth, 
Hartford,  and  New  Haven. s 

Massachusetts  was  divided  this  year  into  four 
counties,  or  shires  ;  Essex,  Middlesex,  Suffolk,  and 
Norfolk.6 

1  Trumbull,  i.  126.     Morton,  130.     Hutchimon,  i.  124,  126.     The  ar- 
ticles of  this  Union  are  entire  in   Winthrop  Journ.   276 — 282  ;    Hubbard 
MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  li  ;  Brit.  Etnp.  i.  2,81 — 287  ;  Neal  N.  Eng.  i.  223.  This 
union  subsisted  more  than  40  years,  until  the  abrogation  of  the  charters  of 
the  N.  England  colonies  by  king  James  II. 

2  Chalmers,  i.  178, 

3  Wonderwork.  Prov.  183.  4  Trumbuli,  i.  127. 
.S  British  Emp.  i.  84.         6  Hutchinson,  i.  117, 


AME&ICA&  ANNALS. 

1643.       Several  persons,  arriving  at  Boston,  attempted  to? 

fcresbyte-   establish  presbyterian  government,  under  the  au- 

rians.        thority  of  the  assembly  of  divines  at  Westminster, 

which  met  this  year  ;  but  they  were  baffled  by  the 

general  court.1 

Manner  of  The  Massachusetts  general  court  ordered,  that, 
balloting  in  the  yearly  choice  of  assistants,  the  freemen 
should  use  Indian  corn  and  beans  ;  the  Indian  corn, 
to  manifest  elections  ;  the  beans,  the  contrary  ;  with 
a  penalty  of  ten  pounds  for  putting  in  more  than 
one  Indian  corn  or  bean,  for  the  choice  or  refusal 
of  any  public  officer.  *  The  same  court  ordered, 
that  Wampampeag  should  pass  current  in  the  pay- 
ment  °f  debts  to  *he  amoiint  °f  f°rty  shillings  ;  the 
tender.  white,  at  eight  a  penny,  the  black  at  four,  except- 
ing in  payment  of  country  rates. 3 

pioughPa-  Mr.  Rigbee,  a  wealthy  gentleman  in  England,  a 
tent  at  Sa-  counsellor  at  law,  and  a  member  of  the  long  parlia- 
ment, having  purchased  the  Plough  Patent,  at  Sa- 
gadahock,  called  Ligonia,  sent  over  Mr.  Cleaves 
with  a  commission  to  govern  the  people  there,  as 
his  deputy.  A  legal  controversy  respecting  the 
right  to  this  territory  ensued.  Rigbee,  or  his  agent, 
aad  assignees,  at  length  relinquished  their  title  to 
any  part  of  it. 4 

township       The  township  of  Wells,  in  the  province  of  Maine, 

of  Weils.    Was  granted  by  Thomas  Gorges,  deputy  governor, 

as  agent  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  lord  proprietor 

of  that  province,  and  was  confirmed  by  a  court, 

holden  at  Saco  the  following  year. s 

On  complaints  against  Gorton  and  his  adherents^ 
for  injuries  done  to  the  natives,  and  other  crimes, 
they  were  sent  for1,  to  appear  at  the  general  court 
at  Boston.  On  their  refusal  to  acknowledge  the 
jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts,  Gorton  and  several  of 

I  Chalmers,  i.  165.    Massachusetts  Laws.    Jiutchinson,  1. 117^ 
4,  Massachusetts  Lava.         3  Ibid. 

4  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xliv. 

5  Coll.  Hist.  Soc,  iii.  I3& 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  329 

his  adherents  were  taken,  carried  to  Boston,  and  im-    1643. 
prisoned  ;  and  the  next  year  were  banished  from  the  Gorton, 
jurisdiction,  and  from  the  lands,  purchased  of  the  In- 
dians, on  pain  of  death* £ 

It  was  strongly  suspected,  that  Miantonimoh  had,  Suspicions" 
the  last  year,  contrived  to  draw  all  the  Indians 
throughout  the  country  into  a  general  conspiracy  a- 
gainst  the  English*  .  On  being  sent., for  however, 
by  the  Massachusetts  government,  he  readily  ap- 
peared, and  declared  his  innocence  with  respect  to 
a  conspiracy  ;  and  the  English  were  satisfied*  * 

This  year  Miantonimoh  made  war  on  Un.cas,  the  war  be- 
Pequot  sachern,  who  had  been  uniformly  friendly  to  ^eenn.  Mi* 
the  English,  and  was  still  their  ally.     With  a  thou-  mohand 
sand  Narragansets,  Miantonimoh  gave.  Uncas  bat-  Uncas* 
tie  ;  but  Uncas,  with  less  than  half  that  number  of 
Moheagans,  obtained  the  victory,  and  took  Mian- 
tonimoh prisoner.     By  the  advice  of  the  commis-  Miantoni- 
sioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  he  soon  after  cut  off^h  kll~ 
his  head*3 

The  English  parliament  passed  an  ordinance,  ap-  E.  of  War- 
pointing  the  earl  of  Warwick  governor  in  chief,  and  W0^gn^de 
lord  high  admiral  of  the  American  colonies,  with  a'aha'admi- 
council  of  five  peers,  and  twelve  commoners.    It  em- ral.  of.th^ 

,  •,  .         t  .  .  .  ,     , . .  .  colonies.' 

powered  him,  in  conjunction  with  his  associates,  to 
examine  the  state  of  their  affairs  ;  to  send  for  pa- 
pers and  persons  ;  to  remove  governors  and  officers, 
and  appoint  others  in  their  places  ;  and  to  assign  ,0- 
ver  to  these  such  part  of  the  powers,  that  were  now 
granted)  as  he  should  think  proper. 4 

I  Winthrop  Journ.  309,  310.  Callender  36.  Hutchinson,  1.119-"— i  as. 
Adams  N.  Eng.  66.  Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xlvii.]  says,  Gorton  en- 
couraged the  Narragansets  to  rise  in  rebellion  against  the  United  Colonies  ; 
but  1  do  not  find  this  charge  alleged,  at  •  the  trial.  See  a  letter,  written 
by  him  in  his  own  defence,  in  Hutchinson,  i.  Appendix  No.  xx.  See  p> 
323  of  this  volume.  i  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  44. 

3  Winthrop  Journ.  305,  306.     I.  Mather  Ind. .Troubles,  56..  'Hubbard 
Ind.  Wars,  44,  45  ;  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  1.     Callender,  72.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc. 
ix.  77,  84.     Hubbard   (ut  supra)  describes  Miantonimoh  as  "  a  very  good- 
}y  personage,  of  tail  stature,  subtil  and  cunning  in  his  contrivements,  as  well 
as  haughty  in  his  designs." 

4  Chalmers,  i.  176.  This  ordinance  is  entire  in  Hazard  Coll.i.  533 — 535* 

Z  z 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1643*      ^kc  English  people  of  New  Haven,  In  all  their 
Complaints  attempts  to  settle  a  plantation  at  Delaware,  found 
twragtfnrt  the  Swedes  open  enemies,  and  the  Dutch  secret  un- 
the  Dutch  derminers  of  their  interest.     This  year  Mr.  Lamber- 
ks*  ton,  in  the  name  of  the  settlers,  complained  to  the 
commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies  of  many 
gross  injuries,  which  they  sustained  from  both  ;  of 
the  Dutch,  for  burning  down  their  trading  house 
on  the  river  j  and  of  the  Swedes,  for  complicated  a- 
buses.     Governor  Winthrop  of  Massachusetts,  pre- 
sident of  the  commissioners  for  die  United  Colonies, 
wrote  in  September  to  William  Kieft,   the  Dutch 
governor  of  New  Netherlands,  and  to  John  Prince, 
the  Swedish  governor  at  Delaware,  on  the  subject  of 
these  injuries  ;     and  soon  after  received  answers, 
"  but  without  any  satisfaction/*1      The  commis- 
sioners however  authorized  Mr.  Lamberton  to  treat 
with  the  Swedish  governor,  and  gave  him  a  new 
commission  to  proceed  with  the  trade  and  planta- 
tion at  Delaware  ;  and  harmony  was  restored. z 
Governors       The  government  of  Harvard  College  had  been 
of  Harvard  committed  by  the  general  court  to  all  the  magistrates 
potitfd.ap~  an<^  ^e  raiders  of  the  three  nearest  churches,  with 
.     the  president ;   but  the  court  now  enacted,  that  all 
the  magistrates  and  the  teaching  elders  [ministers  3 
of  the  six  nearest  towns,3  and  the  president  for  the 
time  being,  should  be  governors  of  the  college  for- 
ever. 4 

Lancaster       Some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Watertown  began  a 
led'      plantation  at  Nashaway, which  was  called  Lancaster. s 

r  Hazard  Coll.ii.  320.  a  Hubbuvd  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlis. 

3  Cambridge,  Watertown,  Charlestown,  Boston,  Roxbury  and  Dorchester, 

4  Winthrop  Journ.  319.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  a  I.     They  met  the  first 
time,  by  virtue  of  this  act,  27  December  1643,  "  considered  of  the  officer* 
of  the  college,  and  chose  a  treasurer."     Ibid. 

5  Winthrop  Journ.  321, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  331 

1 644. 

Roger  Williams,  having  been  sent  to  England,  Patent  for 
as  agent  for  Rhode  Island  and  Providence,  by  the 
interest  of  Sir  Henry  Vane  obtained  of  the  earl  of 
Warwick  a  patent  for  the  incorporation  of  the  towns 
of  Providence,  Newport,  and  Portsmouth,  with  the 
power  of  governing  themselves ;  but  agreeably  to 
the  laws  of  England.  * 

An  interesting  change  took  place  In  the  govern- 
ment  of  Massachusetts.  The  deputies  in  the  gen- 
eral  court  moved,  that  the  two  houses  might  set  a-  divided 
part,  the  magistrates  by  themselves,  and  the  depu-  to  two 
ties  by  themselves  ;  and  that  what  the  one  should 
agree  upon  should  be  sent  to  the  other,  and,  if  both 
should  agree,  then  the  act  to  pass.  The  motion, 
after  considerable  controversy,  and  some  delay, 
took  effect ;  and,  from  this  time,  votes  were  sent,  in 
a  parliamentary  way,  from  one  house  to  the  other.  * 

The  castle  on  Castle  Island  having  fallen  into  de-  Castle  on 
cay, 3  the  six  neighbouring  towns  undertook  to  re-  Castle  is- 
build  it,  at  their  own  charges ;  but,  when  completed,  ^dre-Pair 
the  other  towns  in  the  colony  contributed  somewhat 
toward  the  expense.     A  captain  was  now  ordained, 
and  put  in  possession  of  the  castle,  with  a  yearly 
stipend  for  himself  and  his  soldiers,  whom  he  was 
to  keep  in  constant  readiness  on  the  island. 4 

There  were  now  twenty  six  training  bands  in  Military 

state  of 

I  Callender,  43,  44.    Chalmers,  1. 271,  272.     Hutchinson,  i.  39.    Ad-  Massacnu" 
ams  N.  Eng.  66,  67.    The  patent  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  538 — -540.     It  is  8e"*' 
there  dated  14  March  1643  »  but  that  was  according  to  the  old  method  -of 
dating.     Williams  went  to  England  in  1643, 

i  Winthrop  Journ.  328.    Mass.  Laws.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap, 
xlvi.     Hutchinson,  i.  143.     Chalmers,  i.  166. 

3  The  reason  of  this  early  decay  was,  that  "  the  country  afforded  no 
lime,  but  what  was  burnt  .of  osyter  shells."    Coll.  Hist.  -Soc.  iii.  298.  Hub- 
bard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xlix.]- says,  that  the  towns,  which  rebuilt  the  cas- 
tle, were  alarmed  by  the  menaces  of  the  Dutch,  .and  apprehended,  that, 
without  some  fortification  at  the  entrance  into  Boston  harbour,  they  lay 
*'  exposed  to  the  invasion  of  a  mean  and  contemptible  enemy  ;"  that  the 
assistance  from  other  towns  was  in  1645  ;  and  that  afterward  the  genera! 
court  completed  the  establishment. 

4  Wonderwork.  Prov.  194. 


332  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1 644.  Massachusetts  ;  and  .the  soldiers,  composing  them, 
were  ordered  to  "be  exercised  and  drilled,' '  eight 
days  in  a  year. l  Their  officers  were  chosen  by  a 
major  vote  of  the  militia.  *  A  horse  troop  was  also 
enlisted.  *  It  was  ordained,  that  there  be  one  gen- 
eral officer,  in  time  of  war,  under  the  name  of  ma* 
jor  general. 4  Thomas  Dudley,  esquire,  was  appoint- 
ed to  this  office,  at  the  general  election  in  May  ^ 
and  was  the  first  major  general  in  Massachusetts.  * 
The  reverend  Mr,  Wilson  of  Boston,  among  other 
donors,  gave  a  thousand  pounds  for  the  procure- 
ment of  artillery. 6 

Oct.  8.  A  treaty  of  peace  was  made  at  Boston  between 
Treaty  be-  governor  Endicot  and  the  assistants,  on  the  one 
Massachu,  part,  and  M.  Marie,  the  deputy  of  M.  D'  Aulney, 
setts  gov-  the  French  governor  of  Acadie,  on  the  other  ;  with 

ernment  &.  .  T         »      i  •>  .  V  "i          i  •     • 

the  French,  a  proviso,  that  it  be  ratified  by  the  commissioners 

for  the  United  Colonies  at  their  next  meeting. 7 
Lav/ a-          The  Anabaptists  beginning  to  grow  troublesome 
painst  An,  in  Massachusetts,  the  legislature  of  that  colony  pas- 
sed a  law  against  them,  with  the  penalty  of  banish- 
ment for  adherence  to  their  principles,  and  contempt 
of  civil  and  ecclesiastical  authority.8 

Nantasket  Nantasket,  having  now  nearly  twenty  houses, 
named  ancl  a  minister,  was  by  the  general  court  named 
^u^-9  Eastham  was  built  by  the  people  of-Plym- 
outh. '  °  The  reverend  Samuel  Newman  with  part  of 
his  church  removed  from  Wey  mouth,  and  settled 

i  Wonderwork,  Proy.  191. 

a  Pemberton's  MSS.  3  Ibid. 

4  Jealousy  of  the  military  power  is  discernible  in  Johnson's  account  of 
this  transaction.     He  represents  the  government,  as  "  labouring  to  avoid 
high  titles,"  yet  as  ordaining  this  office,  and  conferring  this  title,  from  a 
conviction  of  the  necessity  of  order  and  subordination.     See  p.  304. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xlv.         6  Wonderwork.  Prov.  194. 

7  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  liii ;  and  Hazard  Coll.  1.536,  53 7,  where 
this    Treaty  is   inserted.     See   also  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  53,  54.     Winthrop 
Journ.  360.  The  commissioners  Gratify  it  in  September  1645. 

8  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlv.     Hazard  Coll.  i.  538,  where  the  law 
is  inserted.  9  Winthrop  Journ.  339.  10  Morton,  131. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  333 

Rehoboth.1     The  towns  of  Reading2  and  Wen- Reading  & 
ham,  in  Massachusetts,  were  founded. 3 

Martha's  Vineyard,  by  an  act  of  the  commission-  Martha's 
ers  for  the  United  Colonies,  was  annexed  to  Massa- 
chusetts. 4 

William  Brewster,  ruling  elder  of  the  church  in  Death  of 
Plymouth,  died  in  the  eighty  fourth  year  of  his  age. !  w- Brews- 

St.  Lucia  lying  uninhabited,  Parquet,  a  French-  si  Lucia 
man,    sent  to   that  island  forty  men  under  Rou-  se«ied. 
sellan,  well  provided  with  stores  and  ammunition. 
Rousellan,  marrying  a  Caribbee  woman,  was  left 
unmolested  ;  and  the  Indians  traded  with  his  colony. 6 

1645. 

The  commissioners  for  the  United  Colonies7  sent  Amyrz^ 
messengers  to  the  sachems  of  Narraganset  and  Mo-  ed  against 
heagan,  requiring  their  appearance  at  Boston,  and,  ' 
in  the  mean  time,  a  suspension  of  the  wars  between 
the  two  nations.    The  Narragansets  treated  the  mes- 
sengers kindly  at  the  first,  but  soon,  changing  their 

1  Pres.  Stiles  Lit.  Diary.     Here  he  completed  his  Concordance,  using 
pine  knots  for  his  study  light.  Ib.     He  spent  a  year  and  a  half  at  Dorches- 
ter ;  5  years  at  Weymouth  ;  and  19  years  at  Rehoboth ;  where  he  died  in 
1663,  jEtat.  LXIII.     Mather.  Magnal.  book  iii.  113 — 116.     It  is  bis  work, 
«  which  passes  under  the  name  of  The  Cambridge  Concordance."     ColL 
Hist.  Soc.  ix.  191.     One  edition  Lad  been  printed  in  England. 

2  Wonderwork.  Prov.  188.     Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xlvii.]  says,  a 
church  was  gathered  there  the  next  year. 

3  Wonderwork.  Prov.  189.     Wenham  was  built  between   Salem  and 
Ipswich  ;  and  a  church  was  now  gathered  there. 

4  Pemberton  MSS. 

5  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iv.  108, 113.    Morton,  126  (there  wrongly  placed  in 
1643).     Belknap  Biog.  252*—  266.     He  was  educated  at  the  University  of 
Cambridge  in  England  ;  and  was  a  man  of  considerable  abilities  and  learn- 
ing, and  of  eminent  piety.    Though  well  qualified  for  the  pastoral  office, 
yet  his  diffidence  would  not  allow  him  to  undertake  it.     In  the  destitute 
state  however  of  the  Plymouth  church,  his  public  services  were  of  the 
highest  utility.     In  his  discourses  he  was  discriminating,  yet  pathetic  ;  in 
the  government  of  the  church,  resolute,  yet  conciliatory. 

6  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  217. 

7  The  meeting  of  the  Commissioners 'was  called  28  June,  before  their 
ordinary  time  of  meeting,  "  partly,"   says  Morton  [133.],  "  in  regard  of 
some  differences  between  the  French  and  the  Government  of  the  Massachu- 
setts, about  their  aiding  of  Monsieur  Latore,  and  partly  about  the  Indians, 
who  had  broken  their  former  agreements  about  the  peace,  concluded  the 
year  befoie." 


334  AMERICAN  ANNALS* 

1645.  tone,  declared  their  determination  to  have  no  peace, 
without  the  head  of  Uncas.  Roger  Williams  of 
Providence  giving  notice  to  the  commissioners,  that 
the  Narragansets  would  suddenly  break  out  against 
the  English,  they  drew  up  a  declaration,  containing 
those  facts,  which  they  considered  sufficient  to  justi- 
fy them  in  making  war  against  the  Narragansets. r 
In  prosecution  of  such  a  war,  they  determined  im- 
AugBst  30.  mediately  to  raise  three  hundred  men.*  The  news 
Treaty  of  of  tne  preparation  of  this  army  intimidated  the  Nar- 
ragansets, who  now  submitted  to  peace,  on  terms 
proposed  to  them  by  the  commissioners.  These 
terms  were,  That,  as  their  breach  of  covenant  had 
been  the  cause  of  all  the  expense  in  preparing  for 
war,  and  it  was  but  reasonable  that  they  should  re- 
imburse it,  they  should  pay,  at  different  periods, 
two  thousand  fathoms  of  wampum  ;  restore  to  Un- 
cas all  the  captives  and  canoes,  which  they  had  ta- 
ken from  him,  and  make  satisfaction  for  destroying 
his  corn  ;  submit  all  matters  of  controversy  between 
them  and  Uncas,  to  the  commissioners,  at  their  next 
meeting  ;  keep  perpetual  peace  with  the  English  and 
all  their  allies  and  subjects  ;  and  give  hostages  for 
the  performance  of  the  treaty.  This  treaty  was 
signed  on  the  thirtieth  of  August  ;  and  Indian  hos- 
tages were  left.  The  small  English  army,  already 
prepared  to  march,  was  now  disbanded  ;  and  the 
fourth  day  of  September,  which  had  been  appointed 
for  a  fast,  was  ordered  to  be  observed  as  a  day  of 
thanksgiving. 3 

I  It  is  entitled,  "  A  Dechracon  of  former  passages  and  proceedings  be- 
twixt the  English  and  the  Narrohiggansets,  with  their  confederates,  where- 
in the  grounds  and  justice  of  the  ensuing  warr  are  opened  and  cleared.'* 
This  Declaration  was  published  by  order  of  the  Commissioners  at  Boston, 
on  the  19th.  of  August,  1645.  A  copy  of  it  is  preserved  in  Hazard  Coll. 
ii.  45 — jo,  and  in  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  1.  In  this  Declaration  it  is 
affirmed,  that  the  English  Colonies,  "  both  in  their  Treaties  and  converse 
with  the  barbarous  natives  of  this  wilderness,  have  had  an  awful  respect  to 
tlivine  rules." 

i  Massachusetts  was  to  furnish  190  ;  Plymouth,  40  ;  Connecticut,  40  ; 
New  Haven,  30.  Hutchinson,  i.  139. 

3  Hutchinson,  i.  1,38—142.     Trambull,  :.  152—156.    The  parties  in 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  335 

The  genera]  court  of  Massachusetts  laid  an  im-  1645, 
post  on  wines  and  strong  liquors,  for  the  support  ImP°st- 
of  government,  the  maintenance  of  fortifications,  and 
the  protection  of  the  harbours.1 

Most  English  manufacturers  having  already  be-  iron  work 
gun  to  flourish  in  New  England,  liberty  was  grant-  at  Lynfi 
ed  this  year,  by  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts,  to 
make  iron.     An  iron  work  was  accordingly  set  up 
at  Lynn,   with  good  patronage,  and  for  a  consider- 
able time  was  carried  on  with  spirit  ;  but  at  length, 
through  some  fault,  it  failed.  * 

A  remarkable  instance  of  justice  occurred  in  Mas- 
sachusetts  this  year,  in  the  execution  of  the  law,  a- 
gainst  buying  and  selling  slaves.  A  negro,  who  chaser 
had  been  "  fraudulently  and  injuriously  taken  and 
brought  from  Guinea,'*  and  sold  to  Mr.  Williams 
of  Pascataqua,  was  demanded  by  the  general  court, 
that  he  might  be  sent  home  to  his  native  country.  3 

Manchester,  in  Massachusetts,  was  incorporated. 

A  ship,  built  at  Cambridge,  sailing  for  the  Cana- 
ries,  carrying  fourteen  pieces  of  ordnance  and  about 
thirty  men,  was  attacked  by   an  Irish  man  of  war  tw«en  * 
with  seventy  men  and  twenty  pieces.     A  severe  ac-  N.England 
tion  ensued,  which  continued  a  whole  day  j  but  a  man  ofd  * 

•war. 

this  Treaty  were,  the  Commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  of  New  Eng- 
land, and  Pessecus  Mexanno,  the  eldest  of  the  sons  of  Canonicus,  and  other 
Sagamores  of  the  Narraganset  and  Niantic  Indians.  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  40— 
43,  where  the  Articles  of  this  Treaty  are  inserted  entire. 

The  commissioners,  "  considering  that  the  colonies  of  Connecticut  and 
New  Haven  have  expended  more  than  their  proportions  in  the  late  expedi- 
tion, and  that  they  have  been  out  of  purse  a  good  value  a  considerable  tyme 
before  the  other  colonies  were  at  any  charge  about  the  same,"  ordered,  that 
those  two  colonies  should  have  the  500  fathoms  of  wampum,  due  on  the 
first  payment,  deducting  the  first  hundred  fathoms  ordered  to  be  given 
to  Uncas.  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  44. 

I  Massachusetts  Laws.  Ten  shillings  were  to  be  paid  for  every  butt  of 
Spanish  wine,  landed  in  the  colony.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  £ng.  chap.  lv. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlv.  "  Instead  of  drawing  out  bars  of 
Iron  for  the  country's  use,"  says  thi*  historian,  «  there  was  hammered  out- 
nothing  but  contention  and  lawsuits." 

3  Beiknap  N.  Hump.  i.  75.    The  court  uras  "  resolved  to  send  him  fcacfc 
without  delay."       Ibid. 

4  Coll  Hist.  Soc.  vi,  231. 


4 
te 


AMERICAN    ANNALS. 

1645-  shot  at  length  raking  the  steerage  of  the  man  of 

war,  the  New  England  ship  escaped.  * 
provi-  There  were  in  Providence  and  its  vicinity,  about 

this  time,  one  hundred  and  one  men,  fit  to  bear  arms. l 
Towns  in  In  the  colony  of  Connecticut  there  were  eight 
nlVor"  taxable  towns  ;  Hartford,  Windsor,  Wethersfield, 
Connecti-  Stratford,  Fairfield,3  Saybrook,  Southampton  £on 
Ne'wHa-  Long  Island],  and  Farmington. 4  In  the  colony  of 
ven.  New  Haven  there  were  six  ;  New  Haven,  Milford, 

Guilford,    Southold  [on  Long  Island],  Stamford,, 

and  Branford.5 

Acadie  Charles  de  la  Tour,  for  the  sum  of  two  thousand 

mortgaged.  anj  eighty  four  pounds,  mortgaged  fort  La  Tour, 

and  all  his  lands  and  possessions  in  Acadie,  to  ser- 
geant major  Edward  Gibbons. 6 

Virginia         The  legislature  of  Virginia  prohibited  dealing  by 
currency.    barter  .  ancj  established  the  Spanish  piece  of  eight 

at  six  shillings,  as  the  standard  of  currency  for  that 

colony. 7 

I  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ivi. 
1  Pres.  .Stiles  Literary  Diary. 

3  FAIRFIELD  was  settled  soon  after  the  Pequot  war.     Mr.  Ludlow,  who 
went  with  the  troops  in  pursuit  of  the  Pequots  to  Sasco  (the  great  swamp 
where  the  battle  was  fought),  was  so  pleased  with  that  fine  tract  of  coun* 
try,  that  he  soon  projected  a  settlement  there  ;  and  in   1639  he  with  a 
number  of  others  began  a  plantation  at  Unquowa,  which  was  called  by  the 
settlers  Fairfield.    At  first  there  were  but  8  or  10  families,  which  proba- 
bly removed  from  Windsor  with  Mr.  Ludlow  ;  very  soon  after,  another 
company  from  Watertown  joined  them  ;  and  a  third  company,  from  Con- 
cord.    Trumbull,  i.  104,  105.    The  settlers  from  Concord  brought  with 
them  a  minister,  Mr.  Jones ;  who  came  from  England  an  cldmun,  and  died 
a  few  years  afterward.     Pres.  Stiles  Itinerary. 

4  FARMINGTON  received  its  name  this  year  (1645).     It  was  part  of  a 
tract,  purchased  by  governor  Hayr.es  in  behalf  of  Hartford  in  1640.    The 
Indian  name  of  that  entire  tract  was  Tunxis  ;   which  included  the  towns  of 
Parmington  and   Southington,  and  extended  westward  to  the  Mohawk 

-    country.     Trumbull,  i.  1 15. 

5  Trumbull,  i.  157.     BRANFORD  was  settled  about  1640,  by  a  number 
of  people  from  Wethersfield.    The  Indian  name  of  the  place  wasTotcket  -, 
which  was  sold  to  the  Wethersfield  people  by  New  Haven,  for  what  it  c  • 
riginally  cost  that  tov/n.     The  Rev.  Abraham  Pierson,  v/ith  a  part  of  his 
church  and  congregation  from  Long  Island,  united  with  the  people  or 
Wethersfield  in  the  settlement  of  Branford.    Ibid.  .144. 

6  Hazard  Coll.  i.  541 — 544.  where  fhe^e  i.;  .»  cnny  of  f >.e  trcrfgagr, 

7  Jefferson  Virg.  247. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  337 

A  conspiracy  of  William  Cleyborne  and  Richard  Rebellion 
Ingle,  aided  by  the  turbulent  spirit  of  the  times,  rais- 
'td  a  rebellion  in  Maryland.  Calvert >  the  governor, 
unsupported  by  any  real  power,  was  constrained  tQ 
#ee  into  Virginia.  Cleyborne  and  Ingle  instantly 
seized  the  administration,  which  they  exercised  with 
the  accustomed  violence  of  the  rebellious. * 

The  fort  of  the  Swedes  at  Delaware  was  burnt  ^  Swedish 
with  all  its  buildings  ;   and  all  their  powder  and fort  burjlt< 
goods  were  blown  up.  * 

The  Dutch  governor  at   Santa  Cruz  about  this  SantaCruz, 
time  surprised  the  English  governor  on  that  island, 
and  murdered  him.     A  war  ensued  on  the  island, 
and  the  Dutch  were  defeated.  * 

r      , 

1646. 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  theActofthe 
first  act  to  encourage  the  carrying  of  the  gospel  to 
the  Indians  ;  and  recommended  it  to  the  ministers 
to  consult  on  the  best  means  of  effecting  the  de-  carrying 
sign.*  .  By  their  advice,  it  is  probable,  the  first  In- 
dian  mission  was  undertaken  ;  for  on  the  twenty 
eighth  of  October  the  reverend  John  Eliot  com- 
menced those  pioiis  and  indefatigable  labours  among 
the  natives,  which  ultimately  procured  for  him  the 
title  of  The  Indian  Apostle.  His  first  visit  was  to 
the  Indians  at  Nonantuin,  whom  he  had  apprized 
bf  his  intention « > 

i  Chalmers;  i.  317.     This  rebellion  was  suppressed  an  Augas:  1646, 
a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng>  chap,  xlviii. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  261. 

4  Hutchinson,  i.  161* 

5  Hutchinson,  i.  161 — 163.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  168  ;  v.  156,  257  ;  vii; 
34.     They  were  situated  on  the  south  side  of  Charles  river,  about  4  or  5 
miles  from  his  house  at  Roxbury.     On  his  approach  to  their  village,  ac- 
companied by  three  other  persons,  Waban,  a  wise  and  grave  Indian,  at- 
tended by  five  or  six  others,  met  him,  and  welcomed  him  and  his  compan- 
ions into  a  large  wigwam,  where  a  considerable  number  of  his  country- 
men assembled,  to  hear  the  new  doctrine.     After  a  short  prayer  in  Eng- 
lish, Mr.  Eliot  delivered  a  sermon,  of  an  hour's  length,  in  the  Indian  lan~ 
guage  ;  and  was  well  understood  by  his  new  and  attentive  auditory.     Ma~ 
ny  of  th5  hearers  listened  to  his  discourse  with  teats.     Waban  r^eived  r*~ 

A  a  a    ' 


333  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

2646.       Bf  a.  motion  of  the  general  court  of  Massachu« 
second  sy-  Setts9   a  synod,  called  for  the  purpose  of  settling  a 
uniform  scheme  of  ecclesiastical  discipline,  met  at 


setts.         Cambridge.  * 

In  an  agreement,  made  in  1644,  between  George 

Fenwick  and  agents  of  the  colony  of  Connecticut, 

it  was  stipulated,  that  a  certain  duty  on  corn,  bis- 

cuit, beaver,  and  cattle,  which  should  be  exported 

from  the  river's  mouth,  should  be  paid  to  Fenwick 

for  the  space  of  ten  years.     This  agreement  was 

confirmed,  the  succeeding  year,  by  the  general  court, 

impost  on  which,  at  the  same  time,  passed  an  act,  imposing  a 

exports      duty  of  two  pence  per  bushel  on  all  grain  ;  six  pence 

from  Con-          *  ,r,       .  *       .,          r  i  •        •  i  it 

necticut     on  every  hundred  weight  or  biscuit  ;   and  a  small 

river.        j^y  on  ajj  beaver,  exported  from  the  mouth  of  the 

river  during  the  same  period.     The  object  of  this 

duty  was  the  maintenance  of  the  fort  at  Saybrook. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners  for  the  United 

Colonies  this  year  (1646),  the  commissioners  from 

Connecticut  made  complaint,  that  Mr.  Pynchon  and 

Springfield  the  inhabitants   of  Springfield  refused  to  pay  the 

refuses,      impOst.  a     The  board  of  commissioners  judged  the 

fort  at  Saybrook  to  be  of  great  importance  to  the 

towns  on  the  river  ;    but,  the  subject  of  an  impost 

having  not  been  laid  before   the  general  court  of 

Massachusetts,  and  the  commissioners  of  that  colo- 

ny having  had  no  instructions  respecting  it,  it  was 

deferred  to  the  next  meeting.      At  that  meeting 

lifious  impressions,  which  were  never  afterward  lost,  and  which  happily 
qualified  and  disposed  him  to  aid  the  pious  dssign  of  converting  his  coun- 
trymen to  the  Christian  faith.  Ibid. 

i  Coll.  Hisr.Soc.  vii.  45.     See  A.  D.  1648. 

3,  SPRINGFIELD,  according  to  several  respectable  authorities,  was  set- 
tled by  William  Pynchon  and  others  from  Roxbury  in  1636.  Hutchinson, 
i.  98,  99.  Chalmers,  i.  287.  Trumbull,  i.  57.  For  about  two  years  it  was 
united  in  government  with  the  towns  in  Connecticut.  Trumbull,  ibid. 
Johnson  [Wonderwork.  Prov.  199-]  erroneously  places  the  settlement  of 
this  town  about  1645.  ^n  a  MS.  account  of  ministers  by  Pres.  Stiles,  I 
find,  that  George  Moxon  settled  at  Springfield  in  1637  ;  that  a  church  wa? 
gathered  in  1645,  when  he  was  chosen  pastor  ;  and  that  he  returned  to 
England  in  1652.  This  is  a  traditionary  account  received  from  Rev.  Ste- 
phen Williams  D.  D.  and  Rev.  Mr.  Breck,  ministers  of  Springfield.  Thr 
church  and  town  Records  were  burnt  in  the  Indian  wars. 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  339 

(1647),  the  commissioners,  on  a  full  hearing,  de-  1646. 
termined,  that  it  was  of  weighty  consideration  to  all 
the  plantations  on  the  river,  that  the  mouth  of  it 
should  be  secured,  and  a  safe  passage  for  goods,  up 
and  down  the  river,  maintained,  though  at  some  ex- 
pense ;  and  that,  as  Springfield  enjoyed  the  benefit, 
the  inhabitants  of  that  town  should  pay  the  impost 
of  two  pence  a  bushel  for  corn,  and  a  penny  on  the  q^sdrtej 
pound  for  beaver,  or  twenty  shillings  on  every  hogs-  pay  it. 
head.1 

A  few  persons  of  some  influence  in  Massachu-  Pesisn  to 

....  .        .      ,    .     '    .          introduce 

setts,  opposed  to  its  civil  and  ecclesiastical  mstitu-  presbyteri« 
tions,  and  imagining  that  the  parliament  of  England  angovern- 

II  -•  T  i       i    °          i  • r  r    1          i  ment sup- 

WOUld  establish  the  presbytenan  form  or  church  go-  presgod. 

vernment  only,  presented  a,  petition  to  the  general 
court,  to  establish  that  form  in  this  colony.  The 
court,  being  slow  to  censure  them,  they  associated 
with  themselves  a  few  more  persons,  and  framed  a 
bill  of  complaint,  containing  gross  charges  against 
the  government  of  the  colony,  with  the  intention  of 
presenting  it  to  parliament ;  but  the  magistrates  de» 
tected  and  suppressed  the  design. z  Edward  Wins- 
low,  already  chosen  an  agent  for  the  colony,  to  an- 
swer the  complaint  of  Gorton  and  other  Familists, 
was  now  instructed  to  make  defence  against  these 
new  adversaries,  who  had  actually  taken  measures 
to  render  the  colony  obnoxious  in  England. 3  Wins- 
low,  by  his  prudent  management,  aided  by  the  esti- 
mation in  which  he  was  holden  by  many  members 
of  parliament  and  the  principal  persons  in  power, 
successfully  vindicated  the  colony. 4 

I  Trumbull,  i.  168 — 170.  Previous  to  this  decision  of  the  commission^ 
ers,  Massachusetts  had  unfairly  prejudged  her  own  cause.  For  the  resolu^ 
tions  of  the  general  court  of  this  colony  respecting  the  impost,  and  gov- 
ernor Hopkins'  reply  in  behalf  of  Connecticut,  see  fiazard  ColLii.  8l,  82, 
where  they  are  inserted  entire.  See  also  Trumbull,  vt  supra. 

i  Wonderwork.  Prov.  302.  The  suppression,  «  was  effected  by  a  small 
fine  la;d  on  them."  Ibid. 

3  Ibid.    This  appears,  by  a  petition  to  the  earl  of  Warwick  and  the  01 
ther  commissioners  for  Foreign  Plantations,  found  among  the  papers  of 
these  malcontents.     The  substance  of  it  is  in  Hutchinson,  i.  148,  149. 

4  Morton,  134.    The  Petition  and  Remonstrance  of  the  governor  antf 


340 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1646 

i-aws  in 


setts  against 
Quakers. 


Removals 
from  New 
to  Old  Eng- 
land excite 
concern. 


Freemen 
choos-i 
commis- 
sioners. 


Meanwhile  new  troubles  arose.  The  Quakers 
making  their  appearance  in  Massachusetts,  the  legis-. 
lature  of  that  colony  passed  laws  against  their  toler- 
ation. No  master  of  a  vessel  was,  from  this  time, 
allowed  to  bring  any  one  of  this  sect  into  its  juris- 
diction, on  penalty  of  a  hundred  pounds. * 

The  inclination  of  ministers  and  others  to  return 
to  the  parent  country  exciting  serious  concern  in 
New  England  ;  the  commissioners  for  the  United 
Colonies  proposed,  that  measures  be  taken  to  detain 
in  the  country  such  scholars,  as  should  receive  con-, 
tributions  toward  their  education  at  Cambridge.* 

The  freemen  of  Massachusetts,  viewing  the  com- 
missioners for  the  United  Colonies  as  general  offi- 
cers, now  chose  their  own  commissioners  for  them-; 
selves.3 


yet  strongly  inculcated  the  toleration  of  those^  who  had  bepn  once  drive 
into  exile.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  En<r.  chap.  liv.     The  Letters  are  in  Haza 


company  of  Massachusetts,  to  the  earl  of  Warwick  and  the  other  commis- 
sioners for  Foreign  Plantations,  in  answer  to  the  Petition  of  Gorton,  is  in 
Hazard  Coll.  i.  547 — 550.  The  order,  obtained  by  Gorton  and  others,  to 
lit  suffered  peaceably  to  possess  their  purchase  [See  p.  323  note  5.  of  this 
volume],  was  obtained  this  year.  That  Order,  or  Passport,  is  in  Hazard 
Coll.  i.  546  ;  dated  15  May  1646.  However  disorganizing  and  vexatious 
may  have  been  the  conduct  of  Gorton  and  his  adherents,  ?'t  is  pleasing  to 
find  the  first  characters  in  England  endeavouring  to  moderate  the  exercise 
of  colonial  authority,  and  to  check  the  current  of  popular  ind'gnation. 
The  commissioners  of  parliament,  in  1647,  sent  letters  to  Massachusetts 
colony  (in  reply  to  its  P.emonstrance  and  Petition),  in  which,  with  delicate 
address,  they  at  once  paid  great  deference  to  the  just  rights  of  the  colony, 

driven 
zard 
Coll.i.  jfi— 553. 

i  Massachusetts  La\ys.     Hazard  Coll.  ii.  56.-;. 

1  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  74,  75.  The  claim  to  their  public  services  was  found- 
ed on  the  charity,  that  had  been  repeatedly  bestowed  by  the  colonies  for 
the  maintenance  of  poor  scholars  at  Cambridge.  In  1644,  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Shepard  of  Cambridge  wrote  to  the  commissioners,  representing  the  neces- 
sity of  farther  assistance  ;  and  desired  them  to  encourage  a  general  contri- 
bution in  the  colonies.  The  commissioners  recommended  it  to  the  consid- 
eration of  the  several  legislatures  ;  they  adopted  the  recommendation  :  and 
an  annual  contribution  was  made  through  the  United  Colonies  several  sub- 
sequent years.  Trumbuli,i.  148.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  45.  In  the  difficult 
case  above  stated  (1646),  the  commissioners  for  Massachusetts  desired  to 
advise  with  the  general  court  and  ministers  cf  that  colony,  "  for  the  or- 
dering such  a  course,  and  how  such  schoilars  may  be  imployed  and  iri- 
couraged  when  they  leave  the  Colledge,  either  in  New  Plantations,  cr  as 
schoole  Masters,  or  in  ships,  till  they  be  called  and  fitted  for  other  service.  Ib. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  liii.  They  had  previously  been  chosen, 
ever  since  the  confederation,  by  the  magistrates  ;;nd  deputies.  Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  341 

Captain  Dobson,  in  a  ship  of  eighty  tons,  double    1646, 
manned,  fitted  out  from  Boston  for  trade,  with  a  **°£on 
testimonial  for  the  Gult  of  Canada,  ran,  in  stress  of  seized  and 
weather,  into  a  harbour  at  Cape  Sable,  where  he  ^ont^ated 
discharged  several  pieces  of  ordnance.     While  the  f  Jench. 
natives  were  trading  with  the  people  on  board,  D* 
wAulney  the  French  governor  sent  twenty  men  from 
Port  Royal,  who  captured  the  English,  and  carried 
them  with   their  ship  into  that    port,   where  the 
ship  and  cargo,  valued  at  a  thousand  pounds,  were 
kept  as  confiscated.     The  men  were  sent  home.  * 

By  an  ordinance  of  the  lords  and  commons  of  Co 
England,  all  merchandise,  goods,  and  necessaries  for 
the  American  plantations,  were  exempted  from  duty 
for  three  years  ;  on  condition,  that  no  ship  or  ves- 
sel in  any  of  the  colonial  ports  be  suffered  to  lade 
any  goods  of  the  growth  of  the  plantations,  and  car- 
ry them  to  foreign  parts,  excepting  in  English  bot- 
toms. This  was  tjhe  foundation  of  those  subsequent 
navigation  acts,  which  may  be  termed  the  Commerr 
cial  Palladium  of  Great  Britain.* 

A  great  and  general  battle  was  fought,  near  the  Battle  be- 
confines  of  Connecticut,  between  the  Dutch  and  the 
Indians,  with  mutual  firmness  and  obstinacy.     The 
Dutch  .ultimately  kept  the  field.3 

The  Dutch  governor   (Kieft)  and  the  senate  of 
New  Netherlands  protested  to  governor  Eaton  of 

1  Ibid.  Iv.     The  ground  of  the  seizure  and  confiscation  appears  to  have 
been  an  illicit  trade  with  the  natives. 

2  Anderson,  ii.  404,  405.    T^ie  preamble  of  the  ordinance  recites,"  that 
whereas  the  several  plantations  of  Virginia,  Bermudas,  Barbadoes,  and  oth- 
er places  of  America,  have  been  much  beneficial  to  this  kingdom,  by  the 
increase  of  navigation,  and  of  the  customs  arising  from  the  commodities  of  ' 
the  growth  of  those  plantations  imported  into  this  kingdom  &c."     The  or- 
dinance enacts,  "  that  all  merchandizes,  goods  and  necessaries,  for  the  sup- 
portation,  use,  and  expence  of  the  said  plantations,  shall  pay  no  custom  nor 
duty  for  the  same,  the  duty  of  excise  only  excepted,  for  three  years  to  come, 
except  to  the  plantations  in  Newfoundland  :   Provided  &c." 

3  Trumbull,  i.  163,  164.     In  that  part  of  Horseneck,  commonly  known 
by  the   name  of  Strickland's  Plain.     "  Great  numbers  were  slain  on  both 
sides,  and  the  graves  oi  the  dead,  for  a  century  cr  more,  appeared  like  a 
Dumber  of  small  hills."     Ibid. 


343  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

New  Haven  against  the  English  colonists,  for  enter- 
ing within  their  limits.  * 

The  French  were  expelled  from  Cayenne  by  the 
Dutch  under  the  command  of  admiral  Binks. a 

1647. 

May  19.  The  first  general  assembly  of  Rhode  Island,  con* 
s*st*n£  °^  t^le  co^ective  freemen  of  the  several  plan- 
tations  in  the  colony,  met  at  Portsmouth  on  the 

island.  nineteenth  of  May  ;  established  a  code  of  laws  ;  and 
erected  an  institution  of  civil  government.3  The 
legislative  power  was  invested  in  a  court  of  commis- 
sioners, consisting  of  six  persons,  chosen  by  each 
of  the  four  towns  of  Providence,  Portsmouth,  New- 
port, and  Warwick.  Their  acts  were  to  be  in 
force,  unless  repealed  within  a  limited  time  by  the 
vote  of  the  major  part  of  the  freemen  of  the  prov- 
ince, to  be  collected  at  their  respective  town  meet- 
ings, appointed  for  that  purpose.4  The  whole  exe^ 
cutive  power  appears  to  have  been  invested  in  a  pre- 
sident and  four  assistants,  chosen  from  the  freemen 
by  their  several  towns,  and  constituting  the  supreme 
court  for  the  administration  of  justice.  Every 
township,  forming  within  itself  a  corporation,  elect* 
ed  a  council  of  six,  for  the  management  of  its  pecu- 
liar affairs  ;  and  the  town  court  had  the  trial  of  small 
cases,  but  with  an  appeal  to  the  court  of  the  presi- 
dent and  associates. 5 

The  French      The  French  at  Canada,  in  their  trade  with  the 

solicit  aid   neighbouring  Indians,  had  several  years  been  obstruc- 

from  Mas-          o  o  J 

ted  by  the  Mohawks.     Unable  to  subdue  that  fe* 

1  The  words  of  the  Protest  are  "  for  entering  the  limit  of  New  Nether-t 
land."     New  Haven  is  called  in  that  Protest  "  Red  Hills  ;"  and  elsewhere, 
by  the  Dutch,  "  Red  Mounte  ;"  from  the  colour  of  the  hills,  which  sur- 
round the  town.     The    Protest  and  gov.  Eaton's   Answer  are  in  Hazard 
Coll.  ii.  55,  56.     For  a  farther  correspondence  between  the   English  and 
Dutch  governors  on  this  subject,  see  Hazard,  ibid.  68 — 72. 

2  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  232. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  273.     Backus  N.  Eng.  i.  198.     Adams  N.  Erg.  91. 

4  Callender,  44,  45.     Douglas,  ii.  80. 
j  Callender,  45.     Chalmers.,  i.  373. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  343 

rocious  people,  they,  about  this  time,  sent  M.  Marie   1647* 
as  an  agent,  to  solicit  aid  of  Massachusetts,  with  of- 
fers of  liberal  compensation  ;  but  the  government 
of  that  colony  agreed  not  to  the  'alluring  proposal.  * 

The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  passed  an  act  Act  against 
against  Jesuits.  *  -Tesuits* 

The  town  bridge,  at  the  entrance  of  Salem  from  Saiem, 
Boston,  was  built.     It  was  made  of  earth,  secured 
with  stone.  The  children  of  the  poor  in  Salem  were 
put  under  masters,  and  into  good  families,  by  the 
town.3 

Peter  Stuyvesant,  succeeding  Kieft,  as  governor  Dutch 
of  New  Netherlands,  laid  claim  to  all  the  lands,  riv- 
ers,  and  streams,  from  Cape  Henlopen  to  Cape  Cod.4 

Several  persons  of  good  quality  in  England  ven-  iron  wort 
tured  their  estates  on  an  iron  work,  which  they  be-  at  Braia- 
gan  at  Braintree  ;  but  the  price  of  labour  was  so 
high,  as  to  render  it  unprofitable. s 

An  epidemical  disease  passed  through  the  Ameri-  Epidemic 
can  continent.     The  English,  French,  Dutch,  and  disease. 
Indians,  were  seized  with  it.     Tt  extended  to  the 
West  Indies.     In  each  of  the  islands  of  Barbadoes 
and  St.  Christopher's  five  or  six  thousand  died.    In 
these   islands   it    was   accompanied   with   a  great 
drought,  which  caused  an  extreme  scarcity  of  pro- 
visions.6 

I  Gookin's  Historical  Collections  of  the  Indians,  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i. 
161.  Marie  was  "  a  person  of  orders,  and  most  probably  a  Jesuit."  "  Great 
pay"  was  offered  by  the  French  u  for  such  succour"  against  the  Mohawks. 
"  The  English,"  says  Gookin,  "  were  no:  willing  to  engage  themselves  in 
that  affair,  forasmuch  as  the  Maquas  [Mohawks]  had  never  done  any  injury 
to  the  English,  and  in  policy  and  reason  were  like  to  be  a  good  bulwark 
between  the  English  and  French,  in  case  a  time  should  come  of  hostility, 
between  these  two  nations.  For  these  and  other  reasons,  M.  Marie  return- 
ed without  succour."  Ibid. 

a  Hazard  Coll.  i.  550,  where  the  act  is  entire. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vi.  229,  237. 

4  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  113, 216.     Kieft  took  passage  the  next  year  for  Hol- 
land, in  a  ship,  laden  to  the  value  of  £20,000  ;  but  the  mariners,  mistaking; 
the  channel,  were  carried  into  Severn,  and  cast  away  on  the  coast  of  Wales- 
near  Swansey  ;  and  Kieft  and  about  80  other  persons  were  drowned.     Hub- 
bard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  1.  5  Wonderwork.  Prov.  207. 

6  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng,  chap,  Ivi,  This  historian  denominates  it  ft 
plague  or  pestilential  fever. 


344 


AMERICAN  ANNALS; 


Publication 
of  N.  Ward. 


"  The  Simple  Cobler  of  Aggawam  in,  Atfterica, 
a  ^ork  composed  by  the  reverend  Nathaniel  Ward, 
was  published   this  year^  in  a  quarto   volume,  at 
London.  x 

Death  of        Thomas  Hooker,  minister  at  Hartford,  and  the 
T.  Hooker,  father  of  the  churches  in  Connecticut,  died,  at  the" 
age  of  sixty  one  years*  z 


Proposal  of 


The  New  Eng 


tween  N. 


lonies. 


sett  laws 

printed. 


1648. 

land  colonists  sent  to  the  governor 
council  of  Canada  a  proposal,  that  there  should 
be  perpetual  peace  between  the  colonies,  even  though 
t^le^r  Bother  countries  were  at  war.  The  French 
governor  D'  Ailleboust  and  his  council  were  so  welt 
pleased  with  the  proposal,  that  they  appointed  fa- 
ther Dreuillettes  to  go  to  Boston,  and  finish  the  ne- 
gotiation, on  condition  that  the  English  colonists 
would  assist  the  French  against  the  Iroquois.  The 
same  reasons  however,  that  had  already  prevented 
them  from  acceding  to  a  similar  proposal,  operated 
against  their  compliance  with  this  condition  ;  and 
the  negotiation  was  without  effect.  It  was  after- 
ward renewed  by  the  French,  but  in  vain.  3 

Since  the  consultation,  in    1634,  respecting  a  bo- 
<jy  Of  ia.ws     adaDted  to  the  civil  and  religious  state 

J 

I  Bibliotheca  Americ.  92.  If  this  were  the  year  of  its  first  publication, 
it  must  have  had  a  rapid  currency  ;  for  I  have  seen  a  copy  of  the  fourth  edi- 
tion, printed  in  1647.  ^  i§  a  production  entirely  original,  and  the  work  of 
a  master.  It  was  written  during  the  struggles  between?  Charles  I  and  the 
parliament  of  England  ;  and  seems  to  have  been  intended  to'infiuence  both 
parties  to  moderation.  It  contains  many  important  truths,  seasoned  with 
inimitable  wit  and  humour  ;  but  its  style  is  obsolete.  The  author  was  the 
same  person  (mentioned  p.  317  of  this  volume),  who  composed  The  Body 
of  Liberties  i'or  Massachusetts.  He  was  forced  out  of  England  for  Non- 
conformity in  1634,  and  was  minister  of  Ipswich  until  1645,  when  he  re- 
turned to  England,  v/htre  he  died  at  about  the  age  of  LXXXIII  years,- 
Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  167. 

a  Trumbull,  i.  306.  He  was  preeminently  distinguished,  as  a  preacher 
and  a  writer,  and  as  a  man  of  piety.  His  most  celebrated  work  was  "  A 
Survey  of  the  Summe  of  Church  Discipline  ;"  which  was  printed  at  Lon- 
don, in  a  quarto  volume  of  nearly  500  pages,  in  1648,  under  the  inspection 
of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Thomas  Goodwin.  See  Mather  Magnal.  booK  iii« 
58—68  ;  Morton,  135  ;  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  38  —  41. 
3  Univ.  Ki<t,  xx::.:x.  448.  Sec  A,  D.  1647. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  345 

of  Massachusetts,  committees,  consisting  of  magis-  1648. 
trates  and  elders,  had  been  appointed  almost  every 
year  until  this  time,  to  prepare  a  code  for  that  co- 
lony. Meanwhile  laws  of  the  greatest  necessity  had 
been  successively  enacted.  This  year,  for  the  first 
time,  the  whole  were  collected,  ratified  by  the  court, 
and  printed. * 

The  first  instance  of  capital  punishment  for  witch-  June- 

r       •      ~*.T         T-»       i       j  •         •  i*ii-  Firstexecu- 

craft,  in  New  England,  occurring  in  colonial  his  to-  tion  for 
ry,  was  in  this  year.     Margaret  Jones  of  Charles-  witchcraft. 
town  was  indited  for  a  witch,  found  guilty,  and  ex- 
ecuted. a 

The  synod,  which  met  at  Cambridge  in  1646,  synod  dis- 
protracted  its  session,  by  adjournments,  to  this  year, solved' 
•when  it  was  dissolved.     This  synod  composed  and 
adopted  the  platform  of  church  discipline,  called 
"  The  Cambridge  Platform,"  and  now  recommend-  Cambridge 

i  •  -i      -i       TTT  •  ^>i       r*  f  platform. 

ed  it,  together  with  the  Westminster  Confession  of 
Faith,  to  the  general  court,  and  to  the  churches. 
The  churches  of  New  England  in  general  complied 
with  the  recommendation ;  and  the  Cambridge  plat- 
form, with  the  ecclesiastical  laws,  formed  the  relig- 
ious constitution  of  the  New  England  colonies. 3 

Marblehead,  hitherto  a  part  of  Salem,  had  the  Marble- 
consent  of  the  town  for  separate  town  privileges. 4     head* 

The  town  of  Maiden  was  built  on  the  north  side  Maiden, 
of  Mystic  river,  by  several  persons  from  Charles- 
town,  who  gathered  themselves  into  a  church.5 

The  inhabitants  of  Boston  being  now  too  numer- 

I  Hutchinson,  i.  437.     Josselyn  Voy.  263,  265. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ivi.     Hutchinson,  i.  150. 

3  Mather  Magnal.  book  v.  3 — 38,  where  the  Platform  is  inserted  entire. 
Trumbull,  i.  302.     Neal  N.  Eng.  ii.  33.     Adams  N.  Eng.  89,  90.     Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.  vii.  25.    The  ministers  and  churches  of  Connecticut  and  New 
Haven  were  present  at  the  synod,  and  united  in  the  form  of  discipline, 
which  it  recommended.     By  this  platform  the  churches  of  New  England 
in  general  walked  for  more  than  30  years.      This,  in  connexion  with  the 
ecclesiastical  laws,  was  the  religious  constitution  of  Connecticut  about  60 
years,  until  the  compilation  of  the  Saybrook  Platform.    Trumbull,  i.  30$ 
—305. 

4  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vi.  233. 

5  Wonderwork.  Prov.  an. 

Bbb 


AMERICAN    ANNALS. 

ous  to  meet  in  one  assembly,  the  people  in  the  nortb 
Church  east  part  of  the  town  formed  a  distinct  church  ; r 
north^nd"  anc*>  the  next  year,  erected  an  edifice  for  public 
of  Boston,  worship. z 

New  Lon-  Several  persons  having  begun  a  plantation  at  Pe- 
don  settled- quot  harbour, 3  the  reverend  Richard  Blinman  had 
removed  from  Gloucester  to  this  new  settlement  ; 
which,  after  his  arrival,  received  considerable  acces- 
sion. The  inhabitants  now  consisting  of  more  than 
forty  families,  the  general  court  granted  them,  for 
their  encouragement,  three  years'  exemption  from 
colonial  taxation.  John  Winthrop,  esquire,  was  an* 
thorized  to  superintend  the  affairs  of  the  planta- 
tion ;4  which  was  afterward  called  New  London.5 

A  congregational  church  in  Virginia,  founded  by 
the  ministers  sent  from  New  England  in  1642,  was 
now  increased  to  the  number  of  one  hundred  and 
eighteen  persons  ;  but  its  magnitude  afforded  it  no 
security.  Sir  William  Berkeley,  governor  of  the 
colony,  had  already  banished  Mr.  Durand,  its  elder  ; 

1  Johnson  [Wonderwork.  Prav.  aiz.]  says,  this  vras  the  3Oth  church  ia 
Massachusetts. 

2  Wonderwork.  Prov.  211.     That  part  of  the  town  was  separated  from 
the  rest  "  by  a  narrow  stream,"  which,  Johnson  says,  was  "  cut  through  a 
neck  of  fend  by  industry."     Ibid.     It  is  the  stream,  which  passes  under 
Mill  bridge.     See  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  257. 

3  In  1646.     The  Indian  name  of  the  land,  on  which  the  first  settlements 
\vere  begun,  was  Nameaug,  alias*  Towawog.     Trumbull,  i.  173. 

4  Ibid.     Mr.  Blinman  continued  at  New  London  until  1658,  when  he 
removed  to  New  Haven.     Returning  afterward  to  England,  he  was  settled 
at  Bristol,  where  he  died.     He  wrote  in  defence  of  Infant  Baptism.     Pres. 
Stiles  MSS. 

5  In  1654,  the  whole  tract,  now  comprised  in  New  London  arid  Gro- 
ton,  was  called  Pequot  ;  and  retained  this  name  about  four  years  ;   but  in 
165?  (March  24.)  the  assembly  of  Connecticut  passed  an  act  for  its  altera- 
tion.    "  This  court,  considering  that  there  hath  yet  no  place,  in  any  of  the 
colonies,  been  named  in  memory  of  the  city  of  London,  there  being  a  new- 
plantation,  settled  upon-  that  fair  river  Moheagan,  in  the  Pequot  country, 
being  an  excellent  harbour,  and  a  fit  and  convenient  place  for  future  trade, 
it  being  also  the  only  place  which  the  English  in  these  parts  have  possessed 
by  conquest,  and  that  upon  a  very  just  war,  upon  that  great  and  warlike 
people,  the  Pequots,  that  therefore  they  might  thereby  leave  to  posterity 
the  memory  of  that  renowned  city  of  London,  from  whence  we  had  our 
transportation,  have  thought  fit,  in  honour  to  that  famous  city,  to  call  the 
said  plantation  NEW  LONDON."     The  name  of  the  river  was  also  changed;, 
ynd  called  the  Thames.    Trumbull,  i,  1 73,  174. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  347 

and  Mr.  Harrison,  its  pastor,  now  enjoined  to  depart 
iVom  the  country,  came  to  New  England. x 

Of  the  Susquehannah  Indians,  not -more  than  one  Susquehan- 
hundred  and  ten  were  now  left.     These,  with  the  nah^dian> 
Oneidas  and  Wicomeses/  amounted  to  two  .hun- 
dred and  fifty,-3 

The  island  of  St.  Bartholomew  -was  first  planted,  St/Bartho1- 
rhis  year,  by  fifty  Frenchmen,  under  M.  Poincy,  ^7  set" 
governor  of  St.  Christopher's,  and  at  his  own  ex- 
pense. 4 

Canonicus,  the  great   sachem  of  Narragansets,  Death  of 
died  at  a  very  advanced  age  ;  leaving  the  hereditary  Canomcus< 
quarrel  with  the  English  entailed  on  his  successors*  * 

1649. 

Charles  the  First  of  England  was  beheaded  at  Jan.  3$. 
Whitehall,  at  the  age  of  fifty  one  years.6  Beaded. 

On  the  publication  of  the  accounts  of  the  hopeful 
progress  of  the  Indians  in  New  England  in  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  gospel,  the  attention  of  the  English  na- 
tion was  excited  to  the  subject.     By  the  solicitation  Society  for 
of  Edward  Winslow,  then  hi  England  as  agent  for -j^f^ 
the  United  Colonies,  an  act  of  parliament  was  pas-peiincor- 
sed,  by  which  the  Society  for  propagating  the  Gos-  Porated- 
pel  in  New  England  was  incorporated.7 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.lv.  Mr.  Harrison,  after  residing  a  year 
or  two  in  New  England,  went  to  England  ;  and,  having  taken  the  degree 
of  Doctor  in  Divinity,  settled  at  last  in  Ireland.  Ibid. 

%  Their  "  forced  auxiliaries."     Smith  N.  Jersey,  31.         3  Ibid. 

4  Encyclop.  Methodique,  Art.  BARTUELE.MI.    Univ.  Hist.  xli.  259.  At- 
las Geog.  Amer.  v.  536. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng-.  chap.  1. 

6  Hume  Hist.  Eng.  chap.  x.    Henault  Hist. 'France,  ii.-iiB.     The  house 
of  lords  was  suppressed  ;  the  oaths  of  allegiance  and  supremacy  were  abol- 
ished ;  and  the  whole  power  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  people.     Oliver 

•Cromwell  was  declared  captain  general  of  the  troops  of  the  state  ;  and  af- 
terward rose  to  the  supreme  power,  with  the  title  of  Protector.  Henault,  ib. 

7  Gookin,  in  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  212.     This  Society  was  to  consist  of  16 
persons,  namely,  a  president, treasurer,  and  14  assistants;  who  were  author- 
ized to  purchase  real   estate  not  exceeding  £aooo  per  annum,  and  to  pos- 
sess goods  and  money  without  restriction.     The  Commissioners  for  the 
{United   Colonies  of  N.  England,  or  such  persons  as  they  should  appoint, 
were  to  have  power  to  receive  and  dispose  of  the  monies,  received  by  the 
Society,   "in  such  manner  as  should    best   and  principally  conduce  te 


348  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


&  Potow- 
mac. 


1649.  On  *he  decease  of  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  his  es- 
pfMaine  tate  *n  ^  -^rov^nce  °^  Maine  fell  to  his  eldest  son 
John  ;  who,  through  discouragement  or  incapacity, 
took  no  care  of  it.  Most  of  the  commissioners,  ap- 
pointed to  govern  this  province,  having  deserted  it, 
the  remaining  inhabitants  were  now  obliged  to  com- 
bine for  their  own  security.  r 

July  23.         A  proposal  was  made  to  the  commissioners  for 
TboTptn-  the  United    Colonies,    from  New  Haven  general 
ting  Deia-  court,  What  course  might  be  taken  for  the  speedy 
ware-        planting  of  Delaware.     After  a  deliberate  attention 
to  the  subject,  the  conclusion  of  the  commissioners 
was,  not  to  patronise  the  projected  plantation.  z 
Grant  of        During  the  extreme  distress  of  the  royal  party  in 
England,  this  year,  the  immense  territory,  lying  be- 
tween  the   rivers  Rappahannock  and    Potowmac, 
was  granted  to  lord  Hopton,  Berkeley,  Culpepper, 
and  other  cavaliers,  who  probably  wished  to  make 
Virginia  an  asylum.  3 
Massacre        A  body  of  one  thousand  Iroquois,  in  March,  sud- 
rons.e  ^  l"  denlv  attacked  the  Huron  village  of  St.  Ignatius, 
containing  four  hundred  persons,  all  of  whom,  ex- 
cepting three,  they  massacred.  4 
Death  of        John  Winthrop,  governor  of  Massachusetts,  died, 

gov.  Win- 

throp, and  the  preaching  and  propagating  of  the  Gospel  among  the  Natives,  and  for 
maintenance  of  schools,  and  nurseries  of  learning,  tor  the  education  of  the 
children  of  the  natives.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixxv.  Bibliotheca 
Americ.  93.  Hazard  Coll.  i.  635.  Morton,  143.  Hoornbeek  [de  Con- 
versione  Indorum,  a6i.]  says,  the  English  parliament  began  to  take  meas- 
ures for  the  promotion  of  this  pious  design  so  early"  as  17  March  1647, 
I  Belknap  Biog.  i.  389,  390. 

3.  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  127.  It  was  in  consideration  of"  the  present  state  of 
the  colonies,  generally  destitute  of  sufficient  hands  to  carry  on  their  neces- 
sary occupations,"  that  the  commissioners  judged  it  expedient  to  take  no 
part  in  this  enterprise.  They  declared  however,  that,  if  any  persons  from 
any  of  the  colonies  should  go  to  Delaware,  and,  without  leave  of  the  New 
Haven  merchants,  should  seat  themselves  on  any  part  of  their  land,  or,  in 
any  respect,  be  injurious  to  them  in  their  title  and  interest  there,  they 
•would  neither  protect  nor  own  them  in  such  procedure.  They,  in  fine, 
left  the  New  Haven  merchants  to  their  just  liberty,  to  dispose  of  the  land, 
which  they  had  purchased  in  those  parts,  or  to  improve  or  plant  it,  "  as  they 
should  see  cause."  Ibid. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  330.    See  A.  D.  1669  and  1673. 

4  Univ.  Hist.  xxxk.  448. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  349 

aged  sixty  three  years  ; '  and  Thomas  Shepard,  min-  1649. 
ister  of  Cambridge,  aged  forty  four  years.3  T.shepard. 

Governor  Endicot  of  Massachusetts  and  deputy  r>edara- 
eovernor  Dudley,  with  the  assistants,  signed  a  de- ;ionap!nst 

cr  J  '  •  i  i     •  long  hair. 

claration  against   men  s  wearing  Jong  nair,  as  un- 
scriptural. 3 

The  complete  establishment  of  the  American  Ecclesiastic 
church  in  all  the  Spanish  settlements  in  South  A- 
merica,  at  this  period,  comprised  one  patriarch,  six 
archbishops,  thirty  two  bishops,  three  hundred  and 
forty  six  prebends,  two  abbots,  five  royal  chaplains, 
and  eight  hundred  and  forty  convents. 4 

The  Jesuits,  about  this  time,  remonstrating  at  the  Jesuits  in 
court  of  Madrid  against  the  immorality  of  the  Span-  s-Amenca- 
iards,  ascribing  to  this  cause  the  failure  of  success 
in  their  missions  ;   their  remonstrance  was  listened 
to  with  attention.     The  sphere  of  their  labours  was 
marked  out ;    an  uncontrouled  liberty  was  granted 
to  them  ;  and  orders  were  given  to  the  governors 
of  the  adjacent  provinces,  not  to  interfere,   nor  to 
suffer  any  Spaniard  to  enter  within  this  pale,  with- 
out licence  from  the  fathers. s 

1  Mather  Magnal.  book  ii.  8.     Morton,  142.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  337. 
The  talents  and  virtues,  the  wealth  and  influence,  of  this  eminent  man,  sig- 
nally qualified  him  for  the  chief  magistracy  in  an  infant  plantation,  of  which 
he  was  the  father,  as  well  as  governor  ;  and  the  same  rare  assemblage  of 
qualifications  would  have  enabled  him  to  shine  in  a  larger  sphere,  and  more 
elevated  situation. 

2  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  57 — 68.    Morton,  142.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii. 
42 — 47.     Mr.  Shepard  was  an  eminently  pious  man,  an  impressive  preach- 
er, and  a  very  distinguished  divine.     As  a  writer  on  experimental  religion, 
he  was  one  of  the  most  judicious,  discriminating,  and  useful,  that  has  ever 
appeared  in  New  England. 

3  Hutchinson,  i.  152.    "  Forasmuch  as  the  wearing  of  long  hair,  after 
the  manner  of  Ruffians  and  barbarous  Indians,  has  begun  to  invade  New 
England  &c." 

4  Robertson,  iii.  409. 

5  Europ.  Settlements,  i.  279,  380.     The  Jesuits  agreed  conditionally  tQ 
pay  a  capitation  tax,  in  proportion  to  their  flock  ;    and  to  send  a  certain 
number  of  .their  subjects  to  the  king's  works.     Terms  being  thus  settled, 
they  gathered  about  50  wandering  families,  which  they  united  into  a  lit- 
tle township ;    and  within  a  century  their  subjects  amounted  to  300,000 
families,  and  could  raise  60,000  armed  men.    Ibid. 


350  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1650. 

Sept.  19.         Stuyvesant,  the  Dutch  governor  of  New  Nether- 
Boundaries  lands,  arriving  at  Hartford,  demanded  of  the  com- 
^Jeen  the  missioners  for  the  United  Colonies  a  full  surrender 
Dutch  and  of  the  lands  on  Connecticut  river.     After  a  corres- 
pondence and  an  altercation  of  several  days,  the 
controversy  was  referred  to  arbitrators,  who  con- 
cluded on  articles  of  agreement  at  Hartford.1 
First  char-       Tne  college  at  Cambridge  was  made  a  body  cor- 
ter  of  Har-  porate,  by  an  act  of  the  general  court  of  Massachu- 
i^t. Co1"    setts  '  anc*  rece*ved  a  charter,  under  the  seal  of  the 
colony,  by  the  name  of  "  The  President  and  Fel- 
lows of  Harvard  college."2 

Fire  at  *n  ^e  depth  of  winter,  there  broke  out  in  Charles- 
Charles-  town  a  terrible  fire,  which,  blown  from  one  building 
town.  to  another  by  a  violent  wind,  consumed  the  fairest 

houses  in  the  town. 3 

churches        There  were  now  about  forty  churches  in  New 
in  N.Eng- England,  and  seven  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
fifty  communicants. 4 

i  Gov.  Trumbull's  MS.  State  and  Origin  of  Connecticut.  Hubbard 
MS.  N.  Eng.  c-hap.  xlii.  Hutchinson,  i.  85,  159, 514.  Hazard  Coli.ii.  170 
— 173  ;  218 — 220,  252,  549 — 551.  Trumbull,  i.  197 — 199.  The  com- 
missioners chose  Mr.  Bradstreet  of  Massachusetts,  and  Mr.  Prince  of  Plym- 
outh ;  the  Dutch  governor  chose  Thomas  Willet  and  George  Baxter.  In 
regard  to  limits,  it  was  agreed  :  That  on  Long  Island  a  strait  and  direct 
Hne,  run  from  the  westermost  part  of  Oyster  Bay  to  the  sea,  shall  be  the 
bounds  ;  the  easterly  part  to  belong  to  the  English,  and  the  westermost  to 
the  Dutch  :  and  that  the  bounds  on  the  main  land  begin  at  the  west  side 
of  Greenwich  bay,  about  four  miles  from  Stamford,  and  run  a  northerly 
line  2O  miles,  and,  beyond  that  distance,  as  it  shall  be  agreed  by  the  two 
governments  of  the  Dutch  and  New  Haven,  provided  the  said  line  come 
not  within  10  miles  of  Hudson's  river.  It  was  also  agreed,  that  the  Dutch 
should  not  build  any  house  within  six  miles  of  the  said  line  ;  the  inhabit- 
ants of  Greenwich  to  remain  (till  farther  consideration)  under  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Dutch.  Another  article  of  agreement  was,  that  the  Dutch 
should  hold  all  the  lands  in  Hartford,  of  which  they  were  actually  possess- 
ed ;  and  all  the  residue,  on  both  sides  of  Connecticut  river,  was  to  remain  to 
the  English  there.  These  limits  were  to  be  strictly  and  inviolably  observ- 
ed until  a  full  and  final  determination  in  Europe,  by  the  mutual  consent  of 
England  and  Holland.  Ibid.  The  articles  of  agreement  are  in  the  three 
last  cited  places  of  Hutchinson,  Hazard,  and  Trumbull. 

a  Hutchinson,  i.  171.  Neal  N.  Eng.  i.  297.  The  college  was  governed 
under  this  charter  until  1685,  when  the  colony  charter  was  vacated.  Hut- 
chinson, ibid. 

3  Wonderwork.  Prov.  321. 

4  Stiles  Christian  Union,  nc'>. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  35* 

On  the  island  of  Martha's  Vineyard  there  were  a-     1650. 
bout  forty  families  of  Indians,  who  professed  the  ^ivf8,of 
Christian  religion,  and  attended  the  religious  in-  vineyard 
structions  of  Mr.  Mayhew.     The  whole  island  had,  are  chri*. 
in  a  manner,  embraced  Christianity,  and  adopted  tl 
the  English  customs  and  manners,  in  their  husband- 
ry and  other  concerns. x 

The  south  part  of  the  town  of  Barns  table  in  Mas-  Bamstabie. 
sachusetts  was,  about  this  time,  amicably  purchased 
of  Wianno.and  several  other  sachems.* 

Charles  II  transmitted  from  Breda  a  new  commis-  June, 
sion  to  Sir  William  Berkeley,  as  governor  of  Vir-  s(?°^i9" 
ginia,  declaring  his  intention  of  ruling  and  ordering  Charles  n 
the  colony  according  to  the  laws  and  statutes  of  g^re0|ov<" 
England,  which  were  to  be,  established  there.  Thus,  Virginia, 
while  that  prince  was  not  permitted  to  rule  over 
England,  he  exercised  the  royal  jurisdiction  over 
Virginia. 3 

The  authority  of  the  crown  continuing  to  be  ac-  Oct.  3. 
knowledged  in  Virginia,  and  in  several  of  the  West 
India  islands,  the  parliament  issued  an  ordinance,  mem. 
for  prohibiting  trade  with  Barbadoes,  Virginia,  Ber- 
muda, and  Antego.4 

The  constitution  of  Maryland  was  established.  Constitu- 
A  law  was  passed  for  settling  the  provincial  assem-  tu;nofMi* 

11  T  11          i  i  ii^-i  ryland  set» 

bly.  It  enacted,  that  those  members,  called  by  spe-  tied 
cial  writ,  should  form  the  Upper  House  ;  that  those, 
chosen  by  the  hundreds,  should  compose  the  Low- 
er House  ;  and  that  all  bills,  which  should  be  pas- 
sed  by  the  two  houses,  and  assented  to  by  the  gov- 
ernor, should  be  deemed  the  laws  of  the  province, 

I  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixxv. 
1  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  15. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  iaa.     Robertson,  book  Ix.   no.     For  the  prevention  of 
the  rebellion  of  subjects,  or  the  invasion  of  enemies,  the  commission  em- 
powered the  governor  and  council  "  to  build  castles  and  fortifications,  at  the 
expense  of  the  planters." 

4  Chalmers,  i.  i az,  123.     In  consequence  of  this  ordinance,  Massachu- 
setts, the  next  year,  passed  an  act  against  trade  with  those  places,  until 
their  "  compliance  with  the  Commonwealth  of  England,"  or  farther  ordec 
of  the  General  Court.    Hazard  Coll.  i,  553. 


AMERICAN   ANNALS. 

1650.  and  have  the  same  effect,  as  if  the  freemen  wereper- 
Cobn  di-  sonally  present.     The  colony  was  now  divided  into 
videdinto  three  counties,   which    contained  eight  hundreds. 
SahTtar8'     Laws  were  enacted  for  peopling  Maryland.      An 
laws.         order  was  made  for  the  relief  of  the  poor.     Punish- 
ments were  provided  for  various  crimes.     The  fees 
of  office  were  regulated.     The  interests  of  agricul- 
ture and  commerce  were  encouraged.     Public  pros- 
perity and  private  happiness  were  thus  promoted  by 
salutary  laws,   which  were  as   prudently  executed, 
as  wisely  planned.  * 

Barbadoes.  Barbadoes,  though  settled  but  little  more  than 
twenty  years,  already  contained  more  than  fifty  thou- 
sand whites,  and  a  much  greater  number  of  blacks 
and  Indian  slaves. a 

DU  Par-  The  king  of  France  granted  the  old  French  West 
Martlnllo  India  company  his  licence  to  sell  Martinico,  St.  Lu- 
&  other  cia,  Grenada,  and  the  Grenadines,  to  Du  Parquet, 
governor  of  Martinico  ;  who  purchased  those  islands 
for  fifty  thousand  livres.3  Resolved  on  an  invasion 
of  Grenada,  Du  Parquet  collected  upwards  of  two 
hundred  hardy  Frenchmen  for  the  enterprise.  On 
meeting  unexpectedly  with  a  kind  reception  from 
the  natives,  he  affected  a  regard  to  moderation,  and 
opened  a  treaty  with  the  chief  of  the  Charaibes  for 
the  purchase  of  the  territory.  Having  made  the 
natives  a  few  trifling  presents,4  he  considered  the 

I  Chalmers,  i.  220,221.  The  constitution  of  Maryland  continued  above 
z  2O  years,  until  the  revolutionary  war.  At  the  time  of  its  adoption  the 
most  common  and  useful  arts  must  have  made  but  small  progress  in  the  col- 
ony ;  for  the  preceding  year  (1649)  an  order  was  passed,  "  providing  for 
tbe  smith."  Ibid. 

a  Europ.  Settlements,  ii.  86.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  134, 137.  It  could  muster 
10,000  foot,  and  1000  horse.  Ibid.  About  this  year,  the  planters  in  Bar- 
badoes obtained  the  true  secret  of  making  sugars  ;  by  suffering  the  canes  to 
ripen  15  months,  instead  of  12,  and  by  boiling  and  curing  them  to  a  white 
consistence.  After  this  discovery,  the  value  of  the  lands  on  the  island  in- 
creased to  such  a  degree,  that  land,  which  could  have  been  previously  pur- 
chased for  £200,  cost  afterward  £7000.  Ibid. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  226. 

4  "  Some  knives  and  hatchets,  and  a  large  quantity  of  glass  beads,  beside 
two  bottles  of  brandy  for  the  chief  himself  !"     Du  Tertre,  a  French  histc- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  353 

purchase  as  complete  ;  established  a  colony  in  Gre-  settles 
nada  ;   built  a  Fort  for  its  protection  ;   and  left  the  Grenada- 
government  of  the  island  to  a  kinsman,  named  Le 
Compte.     A  war  soon  after  ensued,  and  the  natives  Natives  ex- 

*  j    t  terminated* 

xvere  exterminated. 

The  Caribbee  isle  of  Anguilla  was  now  first  set-  Anguiiu 
tied  by  some  English  people. 2  settled- 

The  Spaniards  of  the  garrison  on  the  isle  of  St.  st.  Mar- 
Martin,  unable  to  maintain  themselves,  dismantled  tin'8* 
the  fort,  and  destroyed  all  their  houses  and  cisterns* 
The  French  and  Dutch  soon  after,  by  accommoda- 
tion, divided  the  island  between  them. 3 

1651, 

The  parliament  of  England  passed  the  famous  Navigation 
Act  of  Navigation.  It  had  been  observed  with  con-  Act* 
cern,  that  the  English  merchants  for  several  years 
past  had  usually  freighted  the  Hollanders*  shipping 
for  bringing  home  their  own  merchandise,  because 
their  freight  was  at  a  lower  rate  than  that  of  the 
English  ships.  For  the  -same  reason  the  Dutch 
ships  were  made  use  of  even  for  importing  American 
products  from  the  English  colpnies  into  England* 
The  English  ships  meanwhile  lay  rotting  in  the  har- 
bours ;  and  the  English  mariners,  for  want  of  em- 
nan  of  the  expedition,  quoted  by  Edwards,  Hist.  W.  Indies,  i.  346.  The 
French  afterward  "  considered  the  refusal  of  the  poor  savages  to  confirm  the 
agreement,  as  contumacy  and  rebellion." 

I  Edwards  W.  Indies,  i.  345 — 348.  Father  Du  Tertre  says  :  "  Forty 
«f  the  Charaibes  were  massacred  on  the  spot.  About  40  others,  who  had 
escaped  the  sword,  ran  toward  a  precipice,  from  whence  they  cast  them- 
selves headlong  into  .the  sea,  and  miserably  perished.  A  beautiful  young 
jirl  of  I  a  or  13  years  of  age,  who  was  taken  alive,  became  the  object  of 
dispute  between  two  of  our  officers,  each  of  them  claiming  her  as  his  law- 
i'ul  prize  ;  a  third  coming  up,  put  an  end  to  the  contest,  by  shooting  the 
girl  through  the  head.  The  place  from  which" these  barbarians  threw  them* 
•elves  into  the  sea,  has  been  called  ever  since  le  Morne  des  Sautcurs  [Leap- 
ers  Hill]."  The  French,  after  massacring  the  natives,  proceeded  to  massa* 
ere  each  other  ;  and  Du  Parquet,  having  injured  his  fortune  in  plantiug 
the  island,  an«J  supporting  his  authority,  sold  his  property  in  the  island,  in 
1657,  to  the  count  de  Carillac  for  30,000  crowns.  Ibid.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  aa6» 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  230.  Anderson, ii.  414  ;  "  whose  posterity  still  hold  it." 

3  Ifaiv.  Hist.  xli.  263.    Anderson,  ii,  4x2. 

C  C  Q 


354 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1651.  ployment,  went  info  the  service  of  the  Hollanders-. 
These  considerations,  principally,  induced  the  par- 
liament to  enact,  "  That  no  merchandise,  either  of 
Asia,  Africa,  or  America,  including  also  the  English 
plantations  there,  should  be  imported  into  England 
in  any  but  English  built  ships,  and  belonging  either 
to  English  or  English  plantation  subjects,  navigat- 
ed also  by  an  EBglish  commander,  and  three  fourths 
-of  the  sailors  to  be  Englishmen  ;  excepting  such 
merchandise,  as  should  be  imported  directly  from 
the  original  place  of  their  growth  or  manufacture 
in  Europe  solely  :  and  that  no  fish  should  thence- 
forward be  imported  into  England  or  Ireland,  nor 
exported  thence  to  foreign  parts,  nor  even  from  one 
of  their  own  home  ports,  but  what  should  be  caught 
by  their  own  fishers  only."  * 

•WaMen          The  church  at  Maiden  having  called  a  minister  to 
fined  for     the  pastoral  office,  without  if  not  against  the  con- 
k^settS""  sen*  anc^  approbation  of  neighbouring  churches  and 
ment  of  a   allowance  of  the  magistrates  ;  the  general  court,  im- 
posed  a  fine  on  all,  who  were  concerned  in  the  trans- 
action ;  *    and  soon  after  passed  an  order,  that  no 
minister  should  be  called  to  office,  without  the  ap- 
probation of  some  of  the  magistrates,  as  well  as  of 
the  neighbouring  churches.  5 

Sum  tuary      ^  sumptuary  law  was  passed  this  year  by  the  le- 
law.         gislature  of  Massachusetts.4 

i  Anderson,  ii.  415,  416.  Dr.  Robertson  [book  ix.  in.]  assigns  a  dif- 
ferent reason  for  this  act  :  "  Not  satisfied  with  taking  measures  to  subject 
the  colonies,  the  commonwealth  turned  its  attention  towards  the  most  ef- 
fectual mode  of  retaining  them  in  dependence  on  the  parent  state,  and-  of 
securing  to  it  tile  benefit  of  their  increasing  commerce." 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ix.  The  procedure  of  Maiden  was  "  con- 
trary to  the  approved  practice  of  the  country."  The  court,  according  to 
Hubbard  (ib.),u  passed  an  handsome  fine  or  mulct."  The.  people  of  Mai- 
den acknowledged  their  miscarriage.  Ibid. 

3  Ibid.     It  was  now  left  to  the  power  of  every  county  court  throughout 
the  jurisdiction,  to  make  sufficient  provision  for  the  maintenance  of  the 
ministry  in  the  respective  towns  of  the  colony  ;  and  to  rectify  any  defect, 
"  on  romplaint  of  any  such,  for  want  of  means  whereby  comfortably  to 
subsist."     Ibid. 

4  Massachusetts  Laws.    The  law  itself,  and  the  language  in  which  it  is 


ter' 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  35$ 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  having,  at    1651 
die  motion  of  the  reverend  John  Eliot,  granted  the  *^& 
tand  at  Natick  to  the  natives  ;   a  number  of  them  Natick. 
combined  for  the  purpose  of  government. x 

A  forge  iron  manufacture  was  set  up  at  Ray.n- 
2iam  in  Massachusetts,  a  town  recently  settled.  * 

The  town  of  Salem  voted,  to  build  a  fort  .on  the  F°rt a* 

Winter 

-expressed,  are  curious.  The  court,  lamenting  the  ine'fficacy  of  'former 
•"  Declarations  and  Orders  against  excess  of  apparel  both  of  men  and  wo- 
>men,"  proceed  to  observe.:  "  We  cannot  but  to  our  grief  take  notice,  that 
intolerable  excess  and  bravery  hath  crept  in  upon  us,  .and  especially  among 
^people  of  mean  condition,  to  the  dishonour  of -God,  the  scandal  of  our  pro- 
fession, the  consumption  of  estates,  and  altogether  unsuitable  to  our  pover- 
ty." They  M  acknowledge  it  to  be  a  matter  of  much  difficulty,  in  re- 
gard of  the  blindness  of  men's  minds,  andtthe  stubbornness  of -their  wills,  to 
•et  down  exact  rules  to  confine  all  sorts  of  persons  ;"  yet  "  cannot  but  ac- 
count it  their  duty,  to  commend  unto  ail  the  sober  and  moderate  use  of  those 
blessings"  &c.  The  court  proceed  to  order,  that  no  person,  whose  visible 
*state  shall  not  exceed  the  true  and  indifferent  sum  of  £100  shall  wear  any 
;gold  or  silver  lace,  or  gold  and  silver  buttons,  or  any  bone  lace  above  two 
shillings  per  yard,  or  silk  hoods  or  scarves,  on  the  penalty  of  'io  shillings 
for  every  such  offence.  The  law  authorizes  and  requires  the  select  men  of 
every  town  to  take  notice  of  the  apparel  of  any  of  the  inhabitants,  and  to 
assess  such  persons,  as  "  they  shall  judge  to  exceed  their  .rankes  and  abili- 
ties, in  thfr£ostliness  or  fashion  of  their  apparel  in  any  respect,  especially  in 
the  wearing  of  ribbands  and  great  boots,"  at^aoo  estates,  according  to  the 
proportion,  which  such  men  use  to  pay  to  whom  such  apparel  is  suitable  and 
allowed.  An  exception  however  is  made  in  favour  of  public- officers  and 
4heir  families,  and  of  those;  "  whose  education,  and  employment;have  been 
above  the  ordinary  degree,  or  whose  estates  have  been  considerable,  though 
now  decayed."  We  smile  at  the  simplicity  of  our  forefathers  ;  /but  the 
mother  country  had  set  an  example  <of  similar  measures,  effected  in  a  more 
jummary  manner.  In  the  reign.of  queen  .Elizabeth,  "  began  in -England  long 
rtucks  and  rapiers,"  which  succeeded  the  sword  and  buckler ;  "  and  he  was 
held  the  greatest  gallant,  that  had  the  deepest  ruffe^and  longestirapier.  The 
offence  unto  the -eye  of  the  one,  ,and:.the  hurt  ixinto  the  life  of  the  subject, 
that  came  by  the  other,  caused. her  .majesty  .to  make  .proclamation  against 
them  both,  and  .to  place  selected  grave  citizens  at  every  .gate  to  cut  the 
ruffes,  and  breake  the  rapiers  points,  of  all  passengers  that  exceeded  a  yearcl 
in  length  of  their  rapiers,  and  a  nayle  of  a  yeard  in  depth  of  their  ruffes." 
.Stow  Chron.  869. 

i  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  197.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  L  iSo.  Mr. 'Eliot 
advised  them  to  adopt  the  form  of  government,  proposed  by  Jethro  to 
Moses.  Accordingly  on  the  6th  of  August  1651  about  one  hundred  of 
them  met  together,  and  chose  one  ruler  of  a  hundred,  :two  rulers  of  fifties, 
and  ten  rulers  of  tens.  After  this  transaction,  they  entered  into  covenant. 
See  the  form  of  the  covenant,  ibid. 

a  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  170.  It  was  set  up  by  James  and  Henry  Leonard, 
who  came  to  this  town  in  1652,"  which  was  about  two  years  after  the  first 
•settlers  had  planted  themselves  upon  this  spot."  Ibid.  This  article  «ugte 
in  A.  D. 


356  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1651.  south  east  point  of  Winter  Island;  toward  which 

the  general  court  gave  one  hundred  pounds. l 
Mines,          The  assembly  of  Connecticut  passed  an  act  to  en- 
Norwaik    courage  the  discovery  of  mines. a     The  settlement 
&  Middle-  Of  the  towns  of  Norwalk  and  Middletown  in  Con- 
tied!1*      necticut  commenced  about  this  time.3 
Dutch  tra-      The  Dutch  erected  a  trading  house,  rather  than 
a  fortification,,  on  a  low  point  of  land,4  which  corn- 
manded  the  Delaware.     Hudde,  left  to  rule  and 
traiHck  there,  purchased  of  the  Minquaas  the  lands 
on  the  western  shore  of  the  Delaware,  from  Chris- 
tiana creek  to  the  river  of  Bompthook  ;    which  was 
the  earliest  Indian  purchase,  made  there  by  the 
Dutch.     The  Swedes,  observing  this  conduct  of 
their  rivals,  protested  against  it,  with  little  effect. 
Taken  tyr   Risingh  however,  the  Swedish  governor,  took  the 
£nd  named*  place  by  force  the  subsequent  year,  and  named  it 
Fort  Casimir./ 

i  Coll.  Hist.  Soc- vi.  aa8.  "  The  first  fort  was  on  Beverly  sic!e,  and  c* 
rected  by  Conant's  men  before  Endicot  arrived.  It  was  called  Daibie  or 
Derby  fort."  Ibid.  This  article  ought  to  stand  in  A.  D.  1652. 

^  Trumbull,  i.  201.  This  act  was  passed  on  the  motion  of  John  Win- 
throp,  afterward  governor  of  Connecticut,  who  judged  the^e  were  mines 
and  minerals  in  the  colony,  which  might  be  improved  to  great  advantage. 
See  the  entire  act,  ibid.  The  Winthrops  were  men  of  inquisitive  minds, 
and  of  philosophical  learning.  John  Winthrop  (son  of  the  abovenamed), 
who  also  was  governor  of  Connecticut,  sent  a  specimen  of  a  non-descript 
mineral  to  Sir  Hans  Sloane.  Dr.  Ramsay  of  Edinburgh,  a  member  of  the 
Royal  Society,  informs  me,  that  he  saw  that  specimen  in  the  British  Muse- 
um ;  that  it  was  denominated  COLUMBIUM  ;  and  that  it  attracted  much  no- 
tice. The  American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  has  been  some  time 
endeavouring  to  make  farther  discoveries  of  this  mineral ;  but  has  hitherto 
escertained  the  place  merely,  where  the  original  specimen  was  procured, 
formerly  called  by  the  natives  Nant-neague.  It  is,  about  three  miles  from 
New  London. 

3  Ibid.  i.  aoz.     The  Indian  name  of  the  plare,  where  Middletoxvn  iva« 
settled,  was  Mattabeseck.     The  principal  planters  were  from  England, 
Hartford,  and  Wethersfield.    TKere  was  a  considerable  accession  from 
Rowley,  Chelmsford,  and  Woburn,  in  Massachusetts,    The  legislature  nam- 
ed the  town  in  1653  ;  20  years  after,  the  number  of  housholders  was  52.  Ib. 

4  Near  where  Newcastle  now  stands.     Chalmers. 

5  Chalmers,  i.  632.     Having  strengthened  and  enlarged  that  fort,  he 
soon  after,  on  the  same  river  five  miles  higher,  erected  Fort  Christiana,  ip 
honour  of  his  queen.    Ibid. 


sette. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  357 

1652. 

Sir  George  Ayscue,  who  had  been  appointed 
commander  of  the  parliament's  forces  for  the  reduc- 
tion  of  Barbadoes,  sent  captain  Denis,1  pursuant  to  weli- 
instructions,  with  a  small  squadron  of  men  of  war, 
to  Virginia,  to  reduce  to  obedience  that  colony  ; 
which,  last  of  all  the  king's  dominions,  submitted 
to  the  government  of  the  Protector.  * 

The  inhabitants  of  the  Province  of  Maine  were, 
by  their  own  request,  taken  under  the  protection  of  of  Maine  to 
the  colony  of  Massachusetts. 3  Commissioners,  ap-  Mas 
pointed  by  the  general  court  of  that  colony,  repair- 
ing to  Kittery  and  Agamenticus,  summoned  the  in- 
habitants to  appear  before  them,  and  received  their 
submission.  Fifty  persons  then  took  the  oath  of 
freemen.*  Agamenticus  was  now  named  York.* 
The  province  was  made  a  county,  by  the  name  of 
Yorkshire  ;  and  the  towns,  from  this  time,  sent  dep- 
uties to  the  general  court  at  Boston. 6 

i  This  expedition  to  Virginia  was  after  the  reduction  of  Barbadoes  and 
the  other  Caribbee  islands.  Robertson,  book  ix.  in.  Brit.  Emp.  iii.  177. 
Univ.  Hist.  xli.  140 — 142.  Ayscue  arrived  at  Barbadoes  with  the  fleet  16 
October  1651,  "  and  succeeded  at  length  in  bringing  the  island  to  capitu- 
late." Edwards  W.  Indies,  i.  336. 

a  Keith,  147.  Beverly,  8 1.  Univ.  Hist,  xli,  432.  Governor  Berkeley 
took  arms,  to  oppose  the  formidable  armament  on  its  entrance  into  the 
Chesepeak  ;  but  the  contest  was  short.  His  bravery  however  procured  fa* 
vourable  terms  to  the  colony.  A  general  indemnity  for  all  past  offences 
was  granted  ;  and  the  Virginian  colonists  were  admitted  to  all  the  rights 
of  citizens.  Robertson,  book  ix.  in.  The  Articles  of  agreement,  and  the 
Act  of  indemnity,  both  dated  12  March  1651,  are  in  Jefferson  Virg.  un- 
der Query  XIII,  and  Hazard  Coll.  i.  560 — 564.  The  true  date,  according 
to  the  present  reckoning,  is  1652.  The  Instructions  to  Denis  and  others, 
signed  by  President  Bradshaw  at  Whitehall,  are  dated  26  Sept.  1651. 
These  Instructions  are  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  556 — 558. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Iviii.     Belknap  Biog.  i.  390.     Massachu- 
setts claimed  the  jurisdiction  of  that  Province,  as  lying  within  the  limits  of 
its  charter  of  1628.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  8.     Hutchinson,  i.  177. 

4  Hazard  Coll.  i.  575,  where  is  the  Return,  made  by  the  Commissioners, 
taken  from  the  Records  of  the  county  of  York.     The  commissioners  were 
Simon  Bradstreet,  Samuel  Symonds,  Thomas  Wiggin,  and  Brian  Pendle- 
ton.     The  names  of  the  freemen  are  also  in  Hazard,  ibid. 

5  Hazard  i.  576,  where  may  be  seen  the  PRIVILEGES,  granted  to  that 
town  by  the  Commissioners. 

6  Hutchinson,  i.  177.    The  towns  of  Wells,  Cape  Porpus,  and  Saco,  did 
not  subscribe  a  declaration  of  their  submission  until  the  next  year  (5  July 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1652.       The  first  mint  \vas  erected  in  New  England  for 


conng  money. 

To  encourage  the  staple  commodity  of  Virginia, 


Act  about  the  English  parliament  passed  an  act,  which  gave 
legal  force  to  the  injunctions  of  James  and  Charles 
against  planting  tobacco  in  England.  a 

^Parliament  The  government  of  Maryland  was  taken  out  of 
assumes  the  hands  of  lord  Baltimore,  for  disloyalty  to  the 
ment°o7n~  ruling  powers  in  England,  and  settled  in  the  hands 
Maryland,  of  the  parliament.  5 

Rhode  fai-      By  an  order  of  the  council  of  state  for  the  com- 

***•         monwealth  of  England,  the  government  of  Rhode 

Island  was  suspended  ;  but  that  colony,  taking  ad- 

vantage of  the  distractions,  which  soon  after  ensued 

in  England,  resumed  its  government,  and  enjoyed  it, 

without  farther  interruption,  until  the  Restoration.4 

Death  of        John  Cotton,  minister  of  the  first  church  in  Bos- 

j.  cotton.   ton^  W]1O  jlas  been  sty}e(j  the  patriarch  of  New  Eng- 

land, died,  in  the  sixty  eighth  year  of  his  age.  s 

1653).  The  villages,  lying  still  farther  eastward,  appear  not  to  have  sur- 
rendered their  independence  until  1658.  Chalmers,  i.  480,  499,  501. 

I  Hutchinson,  i.  1  78.  Chalmers,  i.  182.  The  money  coined  was  in  shil- 
lings, six  pences,  and  three  pences.  The  law  enacted,  that  "  Massachusetts 
and  a  tree  in  the  centre  be  on  the  one  side  ;  and  New  England  and  the 
year  of  our  Lord,  and  the  figure  XII,  VI,  III,  according  .to  the  value  of  each 
piece,  be  on  the  other  side."  Massachusetts  Laws.  The  several  coins  had 
N.  E.  on  one  side,  and  the  number  denoting  the  number  of  fsncst  with 
the>year  1652,  on  the  other.  This  date  was  never  altered,  though  more 
Soin  was  stamped  annually  for  30  years.  Hutchinson  Coll.  480. 

a  Keith,  148.     Robertson,  book  ix.  112. 

3  Hazard  Coll.  i.  626.     In  1654  it  was  settled  in  the  hands  of  the  Pro- 
tector.   Ibid.     For  the  reasons  oi  this  procedure,  with  evidences,  that  "  the 
province  of  Maryland  had  more  need  of  reducing  than  any  plantation  in 
America,"  see  ibid.  621  —  630. 

4  Chalmers,  1,274.    Douglass,  ii.  8r. 

5  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  14—31.     Hutchinson,  i.  179.    He  is  de- 
scribed by  Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixi.],  as  a  man  "  of  excellent  learn- 
ing, profound  judgment,  eminent  gravity,  Christiaa  c-andou»,  and  sweet 
temper  of  spirit,'* 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  359 

l653- 

The  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  ap-  P 
prehensive  of  hostilities  with  the  Dutch,  concluded 
provisionally,  that  five  hundred  men  should  be  the  the  Dutd* 
number  raised  out  of  the  four  jurisdictions. x  On 
this  occasion,  Plymouth  colony  appointed  a  council 
of  war,  and  agreed  on  several  military  orders.  In 
May,  the  council  of  war  issued  warrants,  in  the  name 
of  the  state  of  England,  for  pressing  sixty  men,  the 
number  required  of  that  colony,  on  condition  of  the 
need  of  them,  to  be  taken  out  of  the  several  towns 
xvithin  the  jurisdiction  of  Plymouth  ;  and  Miles  Stan- 
dish  was  appointed  their  captain.  * 

The  commissioners  of  the  colonies,  finding  it  ne- 
cessary  to  make  war  with  Ninnigret3  the  Niantick 
sachem,  concluded  on  that  measure  ;  and  voted,  that 
two  hundred  and  fifty  foot  soldiers,  officers  and 
commanders  included,  be  immediately  raised  by  the 
several  colonies.4 

I  Hazard  Coll.ii.  231. 

Massachusetts  was  to  send  (commanders  included)      -     - 

Plymouth         -         -         -         -         •  '      - 

Connecticut         -         -         ... 

New  Haven         -        -        •        .      '  . 

MM 

JOO 

a  All  the  commissioners,  excepting  those  of  Massachusetts,  were  of  the  o* 
pinion,  that  there  had  been  a  horrid  and  execrable  plot,  concerted  by  the 
Dutch  governor  and  the  Indians,   for  the  destruction  of  the  English  colo- 
nies."    Trumbull,  i.  209. 

a  Hazard  Coll.  1.580,  581.    The  towns  in  Plymouth  jurisdiction  were 
to  raise  men  in  the  following  proportions  : 

Plymouth     -----     7         Yarmouth     ......     6 

Duxborough     -     -     -     -      6         Barnstable     -----     .     6 

Scituate 9         Marshfield     ------    6 

Sandwich     -----     6         Rehbboth     ------      6 

Taunton      -----      5         Eastham      ------      3 

3  It  appeared,  that  he  had  spent  the  winter  at  Manhattan,  with  Stuyve- 
«mt,  on  the  business  of  the  conspiracy.'    Trumbull,  i.  209. 

4  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  293,  295.  The  250  men  were  to  be  raised  by  the  col-*- 
•nies  in  a  due  proportion,  as  was  agreed  on  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  com* 
jnissioners  at  Boston  this  year. 

Massachusetts  was  to  raise  and  send          ...  -          166 

Plymouth         -         -         -         --         -         »         .  .30 

Connecticut          -.-          ..          .-  .          3$ 

New  Haven        -        -        .        .        -        .        .  .      »§ 


360  AMERICAN   ANNALS. 

i  653.       To  clear  the  title  of  Massachusetts  to  the  province 

North  line  of  Maine,  skilful  mathematicians  were  ordered  to 

chusetts.a"  run  tne  north  line  of  the  Massachusetts  patent  ac- 
cording to  the  late  interpretation  of  its  bounds  ;  and 
it  was  run,  agreeably  to  that  order,  in  October. ' 

Fire  in          The  first  fire  in  Boston,  recorded  by  the  early 

Boston,      historians,  was  in  this  year.  * 

Montreal.  The  incursions  of  the  Iroquois  having  obliged  M. 
de  Maisonneuve,  governor  of  Montreal,  to  repair  to 
France  for  fresh  recruits  ;  he  returned  with  one 
hundred  men.  Margaret  Bourgeois,  a  respectable 
lady,  who  afterward  instituted  the  order  of  the 
Daughters  of  the  Congregation,  now  came  with 
him  to  Montreal.  * 

Death  of        Thomas  Dudley,  formerly  governor  of  Massachu. 

T.Dudley.  settSj  an(j  a  principal  founder  of  that  colony,  died, 
aged  seventy  seven  years.4 

Massachusetts,  not  satisfied  with  the  reasons  for  the  war,  declined  raising 
her  quota.  The  general  court  of  that  colony  resolved,  that  no  determina- 
tion of  the  commissioners,  though  they  should  all  agree,  should  bind  the 
general  court  to  join  in  an  offensive  war,  which  should  appear  to  such 
court  to  be  unjust.  This  declaration  gave  great  uneasiness  to  the  sister  cot- 
onies,  and  nearly  effected  a  dissolution  of  their  union.  Trumbull,  i,  315, 
316.  See  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  a88 — 295  ;  Hutchinson,i.  179 — i8a. 

I  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Iviii.     Hazard  Coll.  i.  591. 

a  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  Hi.  269.  josselyn  [Voy.  267,  N.  Eng.  &ir.  in.]  calls 
it  "  the  great  fire ;"  but  no  particulars  of  it  can  be  found. 

3  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  312,  313.     Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  454.    Char* 
levoix  estimates  M.  Bourgeois  as  a  greater  acquisition  to  the  colony,  than 
all  the  soldiers.    "  Mais  la  plus  heureuse  acquisition,  qu'il  fit  dans  ce  voy- 
age, fut  celle  d'  une  vertueuse  Fille  &c. . .  qui  a  depuis  rendu  son  nom  cher 
et  respectable  a  toute  la  colonie  par  ses  eminentes  vertus  &c." 

4  Morton,  150.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixi.     Hutchinson,  i.  i8;{. 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  1 1.     On  Mr.  Hooker's  removal  to  Hartford,  Mr.  Dud- 
ley removed  from  Newtown  to  Ipswich  ;  and  afterward  to  Roxbury,  where 
he  died.     He  was  a  man  of  sound  judgment,  of  inflexible  integrity,  of  pub- 
lic spirit,  and  of  strict  and  exemplary  piety.     His  intolerance  toward  relig- 
ious sectaries  derives  some  apology  from  the  age,  in  which  he  lived  ;  an 
age,  not  thoroughly  acquainted  with  the  true  principles  of  civil  and  relig- 
ious liberty.     With  strong  passions,  he  was  still  placable  and  generous* 
One  fact  is  at  once  illustrative  of  these  traits  of  his  character,  and  of  the 
patriarchal  kind  of  government,  exercised  in  Massachusetts,  during  the  in- 
fancy of  that  colony.     Governor  Winthrop  having  led  deputy  governor 
Dudley  to  expect,  that  he  would  settle  with  him  at  Nawtown  [See  p.  z6s- 
of  this  volume.]  ;  his  removal  to  Boston  gave  Dudley  great  dissatisfaction. 
"  The  ministers,"  being  appealed  to  on  this  occasion,  "  for  an  end  oi  the 

ordered,  that  the  governor  should  f,rcv":r*  th?:n.<;  r:.. -u^c  H^ 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  361 

1654. 

The  colony  of  Connecticut    receiving  an  order  April  6. 
from  the  parliament,   requiring,    that   the   Dutch  Dutch 

,     .        ti  111         i  house  and 

should  be  treated,  mall  respects,  as  the  declared  en- 
emies  of  England  ;  the  general  court  of  that  colony 
passed  an  act,  sequestring  the  Dutch  house,  lands 
and  property  of  all  kinds,  at  Hartford,  for  the  ben- 
efit of  the  commonwealth. x 

Although  the  colony  of  New  Haven  could  not  New  Ha- 
effectually  engage  the  confederate  colonies  in  a  war  obtains™ 
against  the  Dutch  \  yet  some  of  the  principal  per-  help  from 
sons  of  the  colony,  going  this  year  to  England,  pre-  En£land* 
vailed  so  far  with  those  in  power  there,  as  to  obtain 
a  commission  for  certain  ships  and  soldiers,  to  seize 
the  Dutch  plantation  at  New  Netherlands,  for  the 
use  of  the  English.     A  fleet  sailed  from  England  for 
that  purpose  -,   but  the  voyage  was  long,  and  news 
of  a  peace,  concluded  between  the  States  of  Holland 
and  the  powers  in  England,  reached  America  before 
the  arrival  of  the  fleet.     The  commander  in  chief, 
hence  induced  to  turn  his  forces,  with  those  raised 
in  Massachusetts,   into  another  direction,  attacked 
the  French  forts  about  St.  John's  river,  and  reduced 
them,  and  the  adjacent  places, z  under  the  power  of 
the  English.3     The  peace  with  the  Dutch,  with 

Newtown,  and  contribute  some  to  his  maintenance  for  a  time  ;  or  if  he 
could  not  by  the  spring  effect  that,  then  to  give  the  deputy  towards  his 
charges  in  building  there  £20."  The  governor  promised  compliance ;  but, 
on  making  payment  of  that  sum,  Dudley  returned  it  to  him,  with  strong 
professions  of  personal  estimation.  Winthrop  Journ.  43.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc. 
vii.  II. 

I  Trumbull,  i.  125.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  A  point  of  land,  which  form- 
ed a  part  of  their  possessions,  is  still  called  Dutch  Point.  Ibid. 

a  Penobscot  &c.  The  English  "  met  with  no  great  resistance."  Hut* 
chinson,  i.  183.  All  the  country  from  Penobscot  to  Port  Royal  was  con- 
quered at  this  time.  Sullivan,  158.  Port  Royal  capitulated  in  August. 
Chalmers,  i.  187.  The  French  pretended,  that  they  had  purchased  the 
English  right  at  the  price  of  £5000  ;  a  price,  which,  if  there  was  such  atf 
agreement,  was  never  paid.  The  conquered  country  was  confirmed  to  Eng- 
land the  following  year.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  256. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  lix.  Intelligence  of  the  peace,  signed  5 
April,  was  received  23  June.  Hazard  Coll.  i.  589.  A  short  time  before 
this  intelligence  arrived,  Massachusetts  had  consented  to  the  raising  of 


*62  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

3 

1654.  "  the  hopeful  establishment  of  government  in  Eng* 
Thanks-  land,"  occasioned  a,  public  thanksgiving  in  Massa- 
giving.  chusetts. ' 

September.  Massachusetts  not  joining  her  confederates  in  a 
swriew'of  war  against  Ninnigret,  that  sachem  prosecuted  his 
u.  Colonies  war  with  the  Long  Island  Indians,  who  had  put 
themselves  under  the  protection  of  the  English.2 
The  commissioners  in  September  sent  a  messenger 
to  him,  demanding  his  appearance  at  Hartford, 
\vhere  they  were  convened,  and  the  payment  of  tri- 
bute long  due,  for  the  Pequots  under  him  ;  but  he 
refused  to  appear,  and  sent  them  a  spirited,  inde- 
Betermine  pendent  answer.  Determining  therefore  on  a  war 
with  him,  they  ordered  two  hundred  and  seventy 
infantry,  and  forty  horsemen,  to  be  raised. 3  Orders 
were  given,  that  twenty  horse  from  Massachusetts, 
twenty  four  men  from  Connecticut,  and  sixteen  from 
New  Haven,  should  be  immediately  dispatched  into 
the  Nehantick  country.  The  commissioners  nomin- 
ated three  men  to  the  chief  command,  leaving  the 
appointment  to  Massachusetts  ;  but  the  general 
court  of  that  colony,  disregarding  the  nomination, 
appointed  major  Simon  Willard.  The  commission- 
troops  for  an  expedition  against  the  Dutch  ;  hut  It  was  not  until  Cromwell, 
JLord  Protector,  had  signified  to  them  his  pleasure  that  it  should  be  done. 
The  general  court,  having  received  a  letter  from  his  highness  "  declare 
(9  June),  that  though  they  understand  that  this  colony  is  not  in  such  a  ca- 
pacity as  may  be  apprehended  to  send  forth  such  numbers  of  men,  as  might 
vigorously  assist  in  that  undertaking,  yet  do  freely  consent  and  give  liberty 
to  his  Highness's  commissioners  major  Robert  Sedgwick  and  captain  John 
I^everet  to  raise  within  our  jurisdiction  the  number  of  500  volunteers  fur- 
nished with  all  necessary  accommodations  to  assist  them  in  their  enterprize 
against  the  Dutch  ;  provided  the  persons  be  free  from  legal  engagements." 
Hazard,  1.587.  By  "legal  engagements,"  Hutchinson  [i.  183.]  suppos- 
es, must  be  intended  "  apprenticeship  and  other  servitude,  as  well  as  pro- 
cesses from  courts"  &c.  For  "  Proceedings  of  the  council  of  war  at  Ply- 
mouth," on  the  same  subject,  see  Hazard  Coll.  i.  587 — 590. 

1  Hutchinson,  i.  183.     The  thanksgiving  was  30  September. 

2  Trumbull,  i.  220.     He  had  hired  as  auxiliaries,  the  Mohawks,  Pocom- 
tocks,  and  Wampanoags.     It  was  supposed,  that  his  design  was,  to  destroy 
the  Long  Island  Indians,  and  the  Moheagans  ;    but  a  collection  of  such  a, 
number  of  Indians  from  various  quarters  would  have  endangered  the  gene- 
ral peace  of  the  country.     lb. 

3  Massachusetts  was  to  raise  the  40  horsemen,  and  153  footmen  ;  Cou~ 
flecticut,  45  j  and  New  Haven,  31.    Trumbtill,  i.  231. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  363 

ers  gave  him  a  commission,  to  command  the  troops,    1654. 
with  instructions  to  proceed  with  such  of  them,  as 
should  be  found  at  the  place  of  rendezvous,  by  the 
thirteenth  of  October,  directly  to  Ninnigret's  quar- 
ters, and  demand  of  him  the  Pequots,  who  had  been 
put  under  him,  and  the  tribute,  that  was  still  due  ; 
also  a  cessation  of  hostilities  with  the  Long  Island- 
ers.    If  Ninnigret  should  not  comply  with  these  de- 
mands, the  instructions  were,  to  subdue  him.    Wil- 
lard  marched  with  his  men  into  the  Narraganset 
country  ;   and,  finding  that  Ninnigret  with  his  men  sanset* 
had  fled  into  a  swamp,  fourteen  or  fifteen  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  army,  returned  home,  without  attempt- 
ing to  injure  the  enemy.     About  one  hundred  Pe- 
quots, who  had  been  left  with  the  Narragansets  ev- 
er since  the  Pequot  war,  voluntarily  came  off, with 
the  army,  and  put  themselves  under  the  protection 
and  government  of  the  English.  * 

New  Haven  colony,  from  its  first  settlement,  at-  College 
tended  to  the  interests  ofi  learning,  as  well  as  to  ^°^^ 
those  of  religion  and  civil  polity.     Beside  establish-  Haven, 
ing  a  ministry  in  each  town  by  law,  to  be  supported 
by  the  inhabitants,  it  established  schools  in  each 
town,  for  common  education  ;   and  a  colony  gram- 
mar school,  to  prepare  youth  for  college.     This 
year  the  reverend  Mr.  Davenport  brought  forward 
the  institution  of  a  college,  to  which  the  town  of 
New  Haven  made  a  donation  of  lands.  * 

I  Hutchinson,  i.  185-— 187.  Trumbull.  I.  229 — 232.  Trumbull  (ibid.) 
says,  Ninnigret  had  left  his  country,  c«rn,  and  wigwams,  without  defencej 
and  they  might  have  been  laid  waste,  without  loss  or  danger.  The  com- 
piissioners  were  entirely  dissatisfied  with  the  conduct  of  the  commander  of 
the  expedition  ;  but  historians  ascribe  the  defeat  of  their  design  to  the  se- 
cret intrigue  of  Massachusetts.  Hutchinson,  the  historian  of  that  colony 
(ut  supra),  says,  "  this  was  the  second  time  of  their  preventing  a  general 
war,  contrary  to  the  minds  of  six  of  the  commissioners  of  the  other  colonies." 

a  Pres.  Stiles  Hist.  Judges  of  king  Charles  I.  p.  40.  On  a  donation  to 
this  college  of  perhaps  £400  or  £500  sterling  by  governor  Hopkins,  who 
died  at  London  in  1656,  the  general  assembly  erected  the  colony  school 
into  a  college  for  teaching  "the  three  learned  languages,  Latin,  Greek  and 
Hebrew  ;"  and  for  "  the  education  of  youth  in  good  literature,  to  fit  them 
for  public  service  in  church  and  commonwealth  ;"  and  settled  £40  a  year 


364  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1654.  The  whole  number  of  ratable  persons  in  the  col- 
progiessof  onv  Of  ( ;, ,;  necticut,  this  year,  was  seven  hundred 
cut,  C  anc  seventy  five  ;  and  the  grand  list  was  seventy 

nine  thousand  and  seventy  three  pounds. ' 
May  »3.         Thomas  Prince  having  been  appointed  by  the 
•  ioT°S-  general  court  of  Plymouth  colony,  the  preceding 
•'V-    year,  to  settle  a  government  at  Kennebeek  ;  he  now 
issued  a  warrant,  directed  to  the  marshal  of  New 
Plymouth,   requiring  the  inhabitants  on  the  river 
Kennebeek  to  make  their  personal  appearance  at 
Merry  Meeting  on  the  twenty  third  of  May.     The 
people  generally  assembled  ;   and  sixteen  took  the 
oath  of  fidelity  to  the  State  of  England  and  to  the 
present  government  of  Plymouth  ;  and  fifteen  laws 
were  established  for  their  government. a 
Lands  John  Eliot,  minister  of  Roxbury,  having  previ« 

the  n'athfeT  ousty  received  encouragement  from  the  general  court 
of  Massachusetts  to  proceed  in  preaching  the  gospel 
to  the  native?,  now  obtained  several  parcels  of  land 
for  those  Indians,  who  should  give  any  just  hope  of 
their  embracing  the  Christian  religion. 3 

out  of  the  colony  treasury  on  the  preceptor  or  rector,  beside  the  salary  from 
3S.jw  Haven  school,  with  ^ios>  for  a  library.  Mr.  Davenport  had  the 
ca  of  the  colo  y  school  several  years ;  but  in  1660  the  reverend  Mr.  Peck 
\\  s  established  in  it,  according  to  the  act  of  assembly,  and  taught  the 
learned  languages  and  the  sciences.  The  convulsions  of  the  times  however 
i:  1664,  and  the  want  of  adequate  support,  caused  this  college  to  terminate 
in  d  public  grammar  school ;  which  is  still  preserved,  and  holds  the  Hop- 
kins' funds,  and  the  other  endowments  of  college  estate,  to  this  day.  Yale: 

Coiloge  was  not  built  on  this  foundation.     Ibid. The  general  court  of 

Connecticut  in  1^3  ordered,  that  £3,0  be  paid  to  the  support  of  a  fellow* 
ship  in  Harvard  college.     Trumbull,  i.  222. 

1  Trumbull,  i.  232.     The  number  and  list  of  each  town  are  subjoined  s 
Tov.-ns.  Persons.  Estates. 

Hartford     ------        177     ------ 

Windsor      ------      165      -     -     -      -     - 

Wethersfield 113      -     -      -     -     - 

Fairfield    -------     94...--. 

Saybrook      -      --      ---      53     .-„.-- 

Stratford     --     -      -<     --      7:*     ------ 

Farmington     ------    46     ------ 

3VIiddletown      .-.     --31      ------ 

Norwalk    -------    24    ------ 

775  79P73 

*  Hazard  Coll.  i.  58*3 — 586,  from  Plymouth  Records. 
3  Hubbard  MS,  N.  Eng.  chap,  lyiii.    Hubbard  (ib.)  mentions  lands  at 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  365 


Colonel  Wood,  living  at  the  falls  of  James  river 
in  Virginia,  sent  suitable  persons  on  an  enterprise  of 
discovery.  Having  passed  the  Alleghany  mountains, 
they  entered  the  country  of  the  Ohio,  and,  in  ten 
years,  discovered  several  branches  of  that  river,  and 
pf  the  Missisippi.  ' 

The  Iroquois  about  this  time  so  effectually  exter- 
minated  the  Eries,  that,  without  the  great  lake,  on  5°^  t: 
the  borders  of  which  they  were  situated,  and  which 
still  bears  their  name,  we  should  have  no  evidence 
pf  their  existence.  a  peath 

John  Haynes,  governor  of  Connecticut,  died,  $       of  gor. 

Haynes. 

l655«  ' 

Toward  the  close  of  the  preceding  year  Cromwell  English 
had  fitted  out  a  fleet  of  thirty  sail,  under  vice  admi- 
ral  Penn,  with  land  forces  commanded  by  general 
Venables,  for  the  conquest  of  Hispaniola.     Arriving 
at  that  island  on  the  thirteenth  of  April,  they  were 
repulsed  by  the  Spaniards,  with  great  loss.     On  the  is  repulsed, 
second  of  May  they  landed  on  Jamaica,  and  laid 
siege  to  St.  Jago,  which  at  length  capitulated.    The  Reduction 
whole  island  was  soon  reduced  ;  4  and  has  ever  since  «f  J 
remained  in  the  hands  of  the  English. 

Hasanameset,  "  a  place  in  the  woods  beyond  Medfield  and  Mendon,"  and 
at  Puncapoag,  beyond  Dorchester,  beside  Natick. 

I  Brit.  Emp.  iii.  195.     Adair,  308. 

a  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  322.  This  historian  calls  them"  la  nation 
<Jes  Eriez,  ou  du  Chat"  See  Wynne,  i.  334. 

3  Trumbull,  i.  223,  224.     He  was  distinguished  for  his  abilities,  pru- 
dence, and  piety  ;  and  in  his  death  the  colony  sustained  a  great  loss.  He  was1 
chosen  governor  of  Massachusetts  in  1635,  before  his  removal  to  Connec,* 
ticut  ;  and  was  considered  as  "  not  inferior  to  governor  Winthrop."    On  hc<* 
removal  (1636),  he  was  chosen  governor  of  Connecticut  ;  and  he  was  ct^d 
tinued  in  that  office,  when  the  constitution  would  permit,  until  his  death  f?^ 

4  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  349.     Wynne,  ii.  444,  445.     Cromwell's  commit  *s 
to  general  Venables  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  i.  592  —  594.     Univ.  Hist,  [x!  nor  °£ 
349.]  says,  that  the  fleet,  when  it  sailed  from  England,  had  at  lea?,ff  ear1/ 
Jand  troops,  a  great  part  of  which  was  composed  of  Cromwell's  Ve-ve.ret  *s 
and  th.it   Barbadoes  afterward  furnished  3500  soldiers.     Salmon  ;  aside  ia 
Hist.  i.  162.]  says,  the  combined  forces  consisted  of  9000  men. 

was  suspected  of  an  attachment  to  the  royal  party  ;  and  was  aft<'3*»  where 
strumental  in  restoring  Charks  IT.  He  and  Penn,  on  their  retur  '"  the  mas' 
W.  Jndjes,  were  sent  to  the  tower  by  the  protector  j  but  their  co  Part 


366  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1655.       Governor  Eaton  had,  by  desire,  compiled  a  code 

°^  *aws  **or  t^le  co^ony  °f  New  Haven.  These  laws, 
having  been  examined  and  approved  by  the  minis- 
Hav^d  ters  °f  the  jurisdiction,  were  presented  to  the  gene- 
ral  court,  which  ordered  that  five  hundred  copies 
should  be  printed. x 

h in  ^e  £enera*  court  °f  Massachusetts,  in  conside- 
Massachu"  ration  of  the  straits  of  the  colony  in  the  article  of 
setts.  clothing,  passed  an  ace  of  assessment  on  spinning." 
Execution  This  year  Mrs.  Ann  Hibbins  of  Boston  was  tried 
crrftTt(:h"  anc*  condemned  for  witchcraft  j  and  the  next  year 

was  executed. 3 

Epidemic       An  epidemical  distemper,  similar  to  that  of  1647, 
dise^.      prevailed  through  New  England.  * 
Virginia        The  Virginian  legislature  changed  the   Spanish 
piece  of  eight  from  six  shillings,  and  established  it 
at  five  shillings  sterling,  as  the  standard  of  its  cur- 
rency. s 

Swedes  ex-      The  Swedes  at  the  Delaware  were  extirpated  by 

fromrjeia-  ^e  Dutd1*  who  became  possessed  of  the  west  side 

ware,        of  Delaware  bay. 6      The  fortress  of  Casirair  was 

now  denominated  Niewer  Amstel  by  the  Dutch  ;  by 

the  English,  Newcastle  ;    and  a  village  naturally 

arose  under  its  walls.7 

of  greater  importance  than  Cromwell  then  imagined.     He  gave  order* 
however  to  support  it ;  and  Jamaica  was  the  chief  acquisition,  which  the 
English  owe  to  his  enterprising  spirit.    Allen  Hist.  Eng.  259. 
I  Trumbull,  i.  235.    They  were  printed  in  England, 
a  Massachusetts  Laws.    The  law  required,  "  that  all  hands,  not  necessa- 
nly  employed  on  other  occasions,  as  women,  boys,  and  girls,"  should  "  spin 
.ccording  to  their  skill  and  ability;'*  and  authorized  the  selectmen  in  every 
>wn,  to  "  consider  the  condition  and  capacity  of  every  family,  and  assess 
in"  accordingly, "  at  one  or  more  spinners." 

,  Hutchinson,  i.  188.     The  second  instance  in  N.  England.    See  p.  345. 
j,   lubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  ki.    Hutchinson,  i.  190.     Of  this  disease 
*d  Nathaniel  Rogers,  a  very  respectable  minister  of  Ipswich,  a  descend- 
a^  the  celebrated  John  Rogers,  who  suffered  martyrdom  in  queen  Ma- 
$,tra?n.  Ibid.     Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  104 — 109. 
£ JfvTerson  Virg.  Query  xxi.  See  p.  336  of  this  volume. 
Jr     v  called  the  Three  Lower  Counties.  Smith  N.  York,  6. 

tw'h  N.  York,  ibid.       Chalmers,  i.  633.     The  Dutch   W.  India 

feeling  the  blow,  struck  by  the  Swedes,  had  applied  for  aid  to 

„        Amsterdam  ;    and,  with  this  alliance,  sent  an  armament  from 

l^r,  under  the  command  of  Stuyvesant,  the  governor.  Ibjd,    Stuy- 
Hubp- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS*  367 

The  Onondagas  sent  deputies  to  Quebec,  accom-  French 
panied  by  a  large  number  of  their  nation,  to  solicit 
missionaries  of  the  French.      Missionaries  were  ac- 
cordingly  sent  to  that  tribe  of  natives  ;  and  several 
of  the  heads  of  it  became  their  proselytes. ' 

Edward  Winslow,  distinguished  in  the  annals  of  Ma?  8- 
Plymouth  colony,  died  on  board  the  English  fleet 
in  the  West  Indies,  in  the  sixty  first  year  of  his  age. z 

1656. 

The  Quakers,  at  their  first  appearance  in  New 
England,  were  considered  equally  hostile  to  civil  or-  quakera 
der  and  to  Christian  truth.  The  legislature  of 
Massachusetts  therefore  passed  sentence  of  banish* 
ment  on  twelve  of  that  sect,  the  whole  number  then 
in  the  colony. 3 

vesant  arrived  at  the  Delaware  9  September,  and  soon  after  anchored  bei 
fore  Fort  Casimir,  and  landed  his  troops.    This  fort,  commanded  by  Suen 
Scutz,  surrendered  16  September,  on  articles  of  capitulation.     .The  whole 
strength  of  the  place  consisted  of  4  cannon  (14  pounders),  5  swivels,  and 
some  small  arms  ;    all  of  which  were  delivered  to  the  conquered*     Fort 
Christiana,  commanded  by  Risingh,  surrendered  to  Stuyvesant  25  Septem- 
ber. About  30  Swedes  took  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  States  General ;  the 
rest,  with  a  few  exceptions,  went  to  Sweden.     Smith  N.  York,  6. 
I  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  457,  458.     Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,!.  320% 
a  Morton,  153.     Hutchinson,  i.  187.     Cromwell  appointed  three  com- 
missioners to  superintend  and  direct  the  operations  of  Penn  and  Venablea 
in  their  expedition  to  the  W.  Indies,  of  whom  Winslow,  then  in  England, 
was  chief.     His  reputation  was  so  great,  and  he  found  so  much  employ- 
ment, that  he  had  never  returned  home  after  his  departure  as  agent  in  1646. 
The  commanders  disagreed  in  their  tempers  and  views  ;    and  the  commia- 
woners  could  not  controul  them.     Winslow  participated  the  chagrin  of  the 
defeat  ;  but  not  the  pleasure  of  the  subsequent  victory.     In  the  passage 
between  Hispaniola  and  Jamaica, 'the  heat  of  the  climate  threw  him  into  a 
fever,  which,  aggravated  by  his  dejection,  terminated  his  life.    Belknap 
Biog.  ii,  281 — 309.     His  actions  form  his  best  eulogium.      In   New  Eng- 
land, his  name  will  never  be  forgotten.      His  portrait,  an  excellent  piece 
of  painting,  is  in  possession  of  Dr.  Josiah  Winslow,   who  inherits  the  old 
family  estate,  called  Careswell  farm,  at  Marshfield.     The  eye  is  black  and 
expressive,  and  the  whole  countenance  very  interesting.      The  portrait  is 
taken  with  whiskers.    Josiah  Winslow,  sou  of  Edward  (also  governor  o£ 
Plymouth  colony),  is  drawn  without  them.      "  Beards  were  left  off  early 
in  New  England,  and  about  the  same  time  they  were  in  Old.     Leveret  is 
the  first  governor,  who  is  painted  without  a  beard.      He  laid  it  aside  ia 
Cromwell's  court."     Hutchinson,  i.  153. 

3  Hutchinson,  i.  197.  Ne"al  N.  Eng.  i.  311.  Hazard  1.630 — 632,  where 
the  act  is  entire.  An  act  was  passed,  laying  a  penalty  of  £100  on  the  mas- 
ter of  any  vessel,  who  should  bring  a  known  quaker  into  any  part  of  the 


368  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1656.  Oliver  Cromwell,  protector,  made  proposals  tc* 
Proposal  to  the  colony  of  Massachusetts  for  the  removal  of  some 
SaSi/*"  °f  its  inhabitants  to  Jamaica  ;  but  the  general  court 

very  respectfully  declined  compliance.  * 
Biiierica.        A  township  was  granted  at  Shashin,  which  was 

called  Biiierica  5  and  another,  above  Concord,  cal- 

Groton.       fed  Groton.  * 

Ruler  of  General  Daniel  Gookin  of  Cambridge  was  the 

Indians  fjrst  English  magistrate,  chosen  to  be  ruler  of  the 

°sen*  praying  Indians  in  Massachusetts. 3 

Acadie  Cromwell  granted,  under  the  great  seal  of  Eng- 

it Adeline  Janc*>  to  ^harles  Saint  Etienne,  William  Crown,  and 
and  others.  Thomas  Temple  forever,  the  territory  denominated 
Acadie,  and  part  of  the  country  commonly  called 
Nova  Scotia,  extending  along  the  coast  to  Pentago- 
et  and  to  the  river  St.  George.  It  was  erected  into 
a  province,  independent  of  New  England  and  of  his 
other  dominions,  and  the  three  grantees  were  ap- 
pointed its  hereditary  governors, 4 

colony  ;  and  requiring  him  to  give  security  to  carry  him  back  again,  the 
quaker  to  be  immediately  sent  to  the  house  of  correction,  receive  twenty 
stripes,  and  be  kept  to  hard  labour  until  transportation.  A  penalty  was  e- 
nacted  of  £5  for  importing,  and  the  same  for  dispersing  or  concealing  qua- 
kers' books  ;  and  for  defending  the  doctrines  of  their  books  40  shillings  for 
the  first  offence  ;  £4  for  the  second  ;  and  for  the  nexty  commitment  to  the 
house  of  correction,  "  till  there  be  convenient  passage  for  them  to  be  sent 
out  of  the  land."  Another  severe  law  was  passed  the  next  year  (1657)  a- 
gainst  bringing  quakers  into  the  jurisdiction,  or  harbouring  them  in  it.  Sec 
Hutchinsoiij  i.  198.  This  law  is  entire  in  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  554.  See  A.  D, 
1646,  p.  340  of  this  volume,where  the  quakers  are  noticed  ;  but  that  arti- 
cle seems  to  have  been  inserted  ten  years  too  soon.  If  that  be  an  error,  it 
is  copied  from,  the  printed  laws,  and  from  Hazard's  Collections,  both  of 
which  give  that  date.  Chalmers  [i.  190.]  says,  "  thejirst  quakers  who  ap- 
peared in  Ntw  England,  arrived  from  Barbadoes  in  July,  1656." 

I  The  Letter  of  the  general  court  to  Cromwell  is  in  Hutchinson,  i.  ItyZj 
and  Hazard  Coll.  i.  638. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  £ng.  chap.  Iviii. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  177. 

4  Chalmers,  i.   187.     Hazard  Coll.  i.  616 — 619,  from   Memoires  de  1* 
Atnericme.     "  Thus,  for  the  first  time,  was  introduced  that  confusion  with?- 
regard  to  Acadie  and  Nova  Scotia,  which  so  perplexed  statesmen  in  after- 
times,  by  considering  those  as  two  different  countries,  that  were  in  truth 
the  same  ;  the  former  containing  the  latter  and  more,  and  Acadie  advanc- 
ing westward  till  it  met  with  the  settlements  of  New  England.     For  it 
ought  always  to  be  remembered,  that  the  southern  boundary  of  Acadie,  as 
established  by  the.  grant  of  Henry  IV,  in  1603,  was  the  4Oth  degree  of 
north  latitude  ;  that  the  southwestern  limits  of  Nova  Scotia,  as  appoiutt(f 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  369 

New  Amsterdam,  afterward  called  New  York,  New  York 
was  laid  out  in  several  small  streets. x  Iaid  out- 

An  insurrection  was  raised  in  Maryland  by  Josias  insurrec- 
Fendal,  a  man  of  restless  intrigue,   which  greatly  tion  in  Ma- 
distressed  the  province,  and  added  to  the  burden  of ry  and' 
its  impositions. a 

Miles  Standish,  the  hero  of  New  England,  died  Death  of 
at  Duxborough,  at  an  advanced  age. l  Standish. 

l657- 

The  governor  and  council  of  Plymouth,  about  Indian  plot, 
this  time,  hearing  that  Alexander,  son  and  successor 
of  Masassoit,  was  conspiring  with  the  Narragansets 
against  the  English,  sent  for  him  to  the  court.  Ma- 
jor Wirislow,  with  eight  or  ten  men,  surprising  him, 
and  requiring  his  attendance,  he  was  persuaded  by 
one  of  his  own  chief  counsellors  to  go  to  the  gover- 
nor's house  ;  but  his  indignation  at  the  surprisal 
threw  him  into  a  fever.  On  his  promise  to  come 
back  to  Plymouth,  if  he  should  recover,  and,  in  the 
mean  time,  to  send  his  son  as  a  hostage,  he  had  Death  of 
leave  to  return  \  but  he  died  before  he  reached  home. 4 

The  Indians  at  Ponkipog  having  sold  all  their  Lands  giv- 
land,  the  town  of  Dorchester,  at  the  request  of  the  en  *°  the 
reverend  John  Eliot  of  Roxbury,  empowered  four 
persons  to  lay  out  a  plantation  at  Ponkipog,  not  ex- 

by  the  patent  of  James  I  in  1621,  was  the  river  St.  Croix.  And  thus  was 
the  stream  of  St.  George  now  affixed  as  the  outmost  extent  of  both  towards 
the  south-west."  Ibid.  188.  , 

i  Smith  New  York,  22.  a  Chalmers,  i.  224. 

3  Morton,  155.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixii.     Belknap   Biog.  ii. 
335.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  ii.  4.     Hubbard  (ut  supra)  says,  he  was  allied  to  the 
noble  house  of  Standish  in  Lancashire,  and  inherited  some  of  the  virtues  of 
that  honourable  family,  as  well  as  the  name.     In  the  military  annals  of  Ply- 
mouth he  stands  preeminently  distinguished.     Dr.  Belknap  [Biog.  ii.  335.] 
says,  after  the  encounter  at  Mount  Wollaston  in  1628,  we  have  no  particu- 
lar account  of  him.     We  find  however,  that,  so  late  as  1653,  ne  was  placed 
at  the  head  of  the  troops,  provisionally  raised  by  Plymouth  colony  ;  and 
that  h»  was  chosen  one  of  the  assistants  of  that  colony,  as  long  as  he  lived. 
His  sword  is  preserved  in  the  cabinet  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  So* 
.-iety. 

4  Hubbard  Ind.  War,  49,  50. 


370 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1657. 


Licence  to 
supply  the 

natives 

with  arms, 


A  ship  lost. 


Petaquam- 
scut  pur- 


Canonkut. 


Disputes 

concerning- 

baptism. 


Boston2 


Death  of 

W.  Brad-' 
ford, 


ceeding  six  thousand  acres  of  land,   and  gave  that 

tract  for  the  exclusive  use  and  benefit  of  the  Indians.  x 

Massachusetts  legislature  granted  a  licence  to  cer- 

^{n  persons,  to  supply  the  eastern  Indians  with  arms 

,   A  r  r  r.  J  .  . 

and  ammunition  for  hunting,  on  paying  an  acknowl- 
edgment to  the  public  treasury.  * 

A  ship,  with  many  worthy  passengers  was  lost  in 
a  voyage  from  Boston  to  England.  3 

Several  gentlemen  on  Rhode  Island  and  other  as- 
sociates  made  the  Petaquamscut  purchase  of  the 
chief  sachems  of  the  Narraganset  country.  The 
island  of  Canonicut  was  also  purchased  of  the  In- 
dians by  William  Coddington,  Benedict  Arnold* 
and  others.4 

The  question  of  enlarging  the  subjects  of  baptism 
having  been  much  agitated,  the  magistrates  of  Con- 
nectjcut  hac^  the  }ast  year,  sent  several  of  their  num- 
ber to  Massachusetts  for  consultation.  The  magis- 
trates of  both  those  jurisdictions  united  in  calling 
together  several  of  the  ablest  ministers  of  each  col- 
ony, and  recommended  to  their  consideration  several 
inquiries  on  the  disputed  subject.  Twenty  six  min- 
isters  met  at  Boston  in  June  ;  and  the  result  of  their 
aisPutati°n  was  presented  to  the  magistrates  of  each 
jurisdiction,  and  afterward  printed.  5 

William  Bradford,  governor  of  Plymouth,6  The- 

1  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  100  ;  ii.  9,    Ponkipog    (now  Stoughtcn)  was  then 
within  the  limits  of  Dorchester. 

2  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  160. 

3  Morton,  163.     Among  the  passengers  lost  was  Mr.  Thomas  Mayhew 
jun.  who  had  been  the  principal  instrument  in  the  conversion  of  the  na- 
tives on  Martha's  Vineyard.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixii.    | 

4  Callender,  39.     Brit.  Emp.  ii.  135,  148.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  £17.    The 
smaller  islands  had  been  purchased  before. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xli,  Ixiii.     The  title  of  it  was  "  A»afspu- 
tation  concerning  church  members  and  their  children,  in  answer  to  XXI 
Questions." 

6  Morton,  156.     Hutchinson,  i.  206.     Gov.  Bradford,  at  the  time  of  hia 
death,  was  in  the  LXIXth  year  of  his  age.     Piety,  wisdom,  and  integrity, 
were  prominent  traits  of  his  character.     Though  he  had  not  a  learned  edu- 
cation, he  read  and  wrote  much.     He  very  assiduously  studied  the  Hebrew 
language  ;  the  French  and  Dutch  languages  were  familiar  to  him  ;  and  he 
had  considerable  knowledge  of  the  Latin'  and  Greek.     From  the  time  of 
his  first  election  in  j6ai,  he  was  annually  choien  governor,  as  long  as  lie 


%  AMERICAN  ANNALS.  371 

ophilus  Eaton,  governor  of  New  Haven, x  and  Ed-  T.  Eaton, 
ward  Hopkins,  formerly  governor  of  Connecticut,  £^E'HoI> 
died  this  year. 3 

1658. 

A  considerable  settlement  was  made  this  year  t>e-  Southerton, 
tween  Mistic  and  Pawcatuck  rivers,  by  several  fami-  ed&onmg- 
lies  from  Massachusetts.3  '•• The  settlers,  finding  that  ton, settled. 

lived,  excepting  three  years.  See  Belknap  Bk>g.  ii.  217 — 251.  Hubbard 
[MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixii.]  says,  "  he  was  the  very  prop  and  glory  of  Plym- 
outh colony  during  all  the  whole  series  of  changes  that  passed  over  it.' 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xlii.  Gov.  Eaton  died  7  January,  JEtat. 
.LXVII.  For  several  years  he  had  formerly  been  an  agent  for  the  king  of 
England,  at  the  court  of  Denmark.  He  was  one  of  the  original  patentees 
of  Massachusetts,  and  soon  after  his  arrival  was  chosen  one  of  the  magis- 
trates of  the  colony.  On  the  settlement  of  New  Haven  he  was  chosen  gov- 
ernor of  that  colony  ;  and  was  annually  reelected  until  his  death.  In  pri- 
vate life  he  was  very  amiable ;  his  public  character  was  distinguished  for 
integrity  and  dignity,  wisdom  and  piety.  Trumbull,  i.  240. 

1  Trumbull,  i.  241,  242.  He  was  governor  several  years,  and  highly 
esteemed,  as  a  wise  and  upright  magistrate,  and  as  a  man  of  exemplary  pie- 
ty and  extensive  charity.  Having  occasion  to  go  to  England,  he  was  there 
chosen  first  \varden  of  the  English  fleet ;  then  commissioner  of  the  admiral- 
ty and  navy  ;  and  finally  a  member  of  parliament.  These  unexpected  pre- 
ferments induced  him  to  send  to  N.  England  for  his  family,  and  to  spend 
the  remainder  of  his  days  in  his  native  country,  where  he  died,  ./Etat. 
LVIII.  He  gave  £500  out  of  his  estate  in  England  to  trustees  in  N.  Eng* 
land,  "  for  the  upholding  and  promoting  the  kingdom  of  the  Lord  Jesus 
-Christ,  in  those  parts  of  the  earth  ;"  which  donation  was  considered  as 
made  to  Harvard  college,  and  the  grammar  school  in  Cambridge,  and,  by 
virtue  of  a  decree  in  chancery,  was  paid  in  1710.  The  money  has  been 
laid  out  in  real  estate  in  a  township  in  Massachusetts,  named,  in  honour  of 
the  donor,  Hopkinton.  The  legislature  of  Massachusetts  has  made  such 
addition  to  the  fund,  that  six  bachelors  may  now  reside  at  Harvard  College, 
and  seven  boys  be  instructed  at  the  grammar  school.  Mr.  Hopkins'  whole 
estate  in  New  England,  estimated  at  about  £1000  sterling  [Hutchinson,  i. 
ioi,says,  "  at  least  £2000."],  was  appropriated  to  the  support  of  the  gram- 
mar schools  in  New  Haven  and  Hartford.  Ibid.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  22. 

3  This  tract,  part  of  Pequot,  originally  belonged  to  New  JLondon.  The 
first  man,  who  settled  on  it,  was  William  Cheeseborough  from  Rehoboth, 
in  1649.  The  general  court  of  Connecticut,  claiming  the  land,  summoned 
him  before  them  ;  and,  after  stating  their  claims,  and  taking  bonds  for 
his  good  conduct,  allowed  his  continuance,  promising  at  the  same  time,  that 
if  he  would  procure  a  sufficient  number  of  planters,  they  would  give  them 
all  proper  encouragement  in  making  a  permanent  settlement ;  and  about  10 
or  12  families  began  to  plant  there  this  year.  Massachusetts  claimed  this 
country  by  virtue  of  the  assistance  it  afforded  Connecticut  in  the  conquest 
of  the  Pequots.  After  the  determination  of  the  dispute  by  the  commis- 
sioners, the  planters  petitioned  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  and 
obtained  a  grant  of  8  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Mistic  river  toward  Wek- 
apang,  and  8  miles  northward  into  the  country,  and  named  the  plantation 
Southerton.  It  continued  under  the  government  of  Massachusetts  until  af- 
ter Connecticut  obtained  a  royal  charter.  Trumbull,  i.  242—244.  Gov. 
Trumbull  MS.  State  and  Origin  of  Connecticut. 


37-  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1658.  there  was  a  controversy  between  Connecticut  and 
Massachusetts  about  a  title  and  jurisdiction,  entered 
into  a  voluntary  contract  to  govern  themselves,  un- 
til it  should  be  determined  to  which  colony  they 
should  submit.  The  commissioners  for  the  United 
Colonies,observing  that  thePequot  country  would  ac- 
commodate two  plantations,  determined,  that  Mis- 
tic  river  be  the  boundary  between  them  ;  and  that 
those  people,  already  settled  by  commission  from 
either  of  the  two  governments,  be  not  molested.1 
order  a-  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ordered,  that 
bout  pub-  no  person  should  publicly  and  constantly  preach  to 

he  preach-  r  i  i       i  •  i 

ingf  any  company  or  people,  whether  m  a  church  state 
or  not,  or  be  ordained  to  the  office  of  a  teaching  el- 
der, where  any  two  organic  churches,  council  of 
state,  or  general  court,  should  declare  dissatisfaction 
at  such  public  service,  either  in  reference  to  doctrine 
or  practice,  the  offence  being, declared  to  such  peo- 
ple, church,  or  person,  until  the  offence  be  orderly 
femoved  ;  and  that,  in  case  of  the  ordination 
of  any  teaching  elder,  timely  notice  be  given  to  three 
or  four  of  the  neighbouring  organic  churches,  for 
their  approbation. a 

Differences  concerning  baptism,   in  this  and   the 

Settle-  o  .        r        %    i 

ments  at  two  preceding  years,  terminated  in  the  removal  or 
Northamp-  one  part  of  ^  churches  and  towns  of  Hartford, 

ton  and         ___     f         r    i  i  TTT-      i  i  •  t  •    1 

Hadiey.  Wethcrsiield,  and  Windsor,  to  plantations  higher 
on  Connecticut  river  ;  one  of  which  was  called  Had- 
ley  ;  the  other  Northampton. 3 

Lands  at  Orders  were  given  to  William  Beckman,  lieute- 
Cape  Hen-  nant  governor  at  Newcastle  under  the  command  of 
bought  b  ^  director  general  of  New  Netherlands,  to  purchase 
the  Dutch,  of  the  natives  the  lands  around  Cape  Henlopen,  in 

i  Tnimbull,  i.  342 — 244.  Gov.  Trumbull  MS.  State  and  Origin  of 
Connecticut.  Backus  N.  Eng.  i.  343. 

a  Hazard  Coll.  1.490.  The  Ecclesiastical  Constitution  of  Massachusetts, 
composed  of  laws,  made  at  different  times  by  the  legislature  of  that  colo- 
ny, is  inserted  ibid.  4^8 — 493. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xli.  The  separation  was  "  orderly  an* 
peaceably."  Ibid. 


AMERICAN   ANNALS.  373 

order  to  raise  a  fortification,  and  extend  the  settle- 
ment. ' 

The  affairs  of  Maryland  continuing  in  a  distract-  Disorderly 
ed  state,  the  government  of  that  province  was  sur-  Maryhnd. 
rendered  by  the  commissioners    to  Feudal,*   who 
had  been  appointed  governor  by  the  proprietary  ; 
but  his  intrigues,  instead  of  allowing  the  restora- 
tion of  the  public  quiet,  rather  aggravated  those 
mischiefs,  which  had  long  wasted  the  province." 3 

There  was  a  great  earthquake  in  New  England. 4  Earth- 

Ralph  Partridge,  minister  of  Duxborough  died. s  ^adTof  R. 

Oliver  Cromwell,  protector,  died  on  the  third  Partridge. 
of  September  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  his  son Cromwdl- 
Richard.6 

1659. 

The  Virginians  seized  the  occasion  of  the  death  January, 
of  the  protector's  governor,  to  throw  off  the  govern-  ^orcsT 
ment  of  the  protectorate.     They  applied  to  Sir  Wil-  Berkeley 
liam  Berkeley,  living  privately  on   his  estate,  to  re-  t£^e^°*{ 
sume  the  government  of  the  colony  ;  but  he  did  not  Virginia; 
consent  to  the  proposal  until  they  solemnly  promis- 
ed to  adventure  their,  lives  and  fortunes  with  him 
for  their  king.     Berkeley  was  restored  in  January ; 
and  the  colonists  proclaimed  Charles  II  king  of  Eng-  ™££™~ 
land,  Scotland,  Ireland  and  Virginia,  before  his  res-  Charles  IL 
toration  to  the  crown  of  England. 7 

At  the  meeting  of  the  assembly  of  Maryland,  the  ,uPPer. 

,  ,          IT  •  .  r  -n        i    i     house  m 

burgesses,  by  the  direction  or  connivance  of  Fendal,  the  assem- 
governor  of  the  colony,  dissolved  the  upper  house,  bly°fMa- 

j  j  y  .        -,  8rjr  J  ryland  dis- 

and  assumed  every  power  in  the  state.  8oived. 

1  Smith  N.  York,  7.     Chalmers,  i.  633.     For  want   of  goods,  the  pur- 
chase was  not  made  until  the  next  year.  Smith,  ib. 

2  An  insurgent.     See  A.  D.  1656.         3  Chalmers,  i.  224. 

4  Morton,  164.     Josselyn  Voy.  269. 

5  Magnal.  book  iii.  99.    Morton,  164.         6  Life  Cromwell,  405.        • 

7  Chalmers,  i.  125.     The  firmness,  which  the  Virginians  expressed  in 
the  royal  cause,  drew  from  the  king  a  particular  mark  of  his  favour  ;  for 
some  part  of  his  habit,  at  the  time  of  his  coronation,  it  is  said,  was  compo- 
sed of  Virginian  silk,  sent  to  him  from  the  colony.  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  532. 

8  Chalmers,  i.  224,  225.     The  form'  of  the  procedure  was  singular.  No 
sooner  was  the  assembly  convened,  than  the  burgesses  sent  the  following 
paper  to  the  upper  house  :    "  To  the  honourable  the  governor  and  council, 

"  That  this  assembly  of  burgesses,  judging  themselves  to  be  a  lawful  as- 


374  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1659.  The  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  in  addition 
Grant  to  to  the  income  of  Charlestown  ferry,  formerly  grant- 
ed  t°  Harvard  College,  ordered,  that  there  should 
be  annually  levied  a  hundred  pounds,  by  addition  to 
the  country  rate,  for  the  maintenance  of  the  presi- 
dent and  fellows  of  the  college.1 

Quakers         William  Robinson,  Marmaduke  Stephenson,  and 
executed.    ]y[ary  Dyer,  quakers,   were  brought  to  trial  before 
the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,  and  sentenced 
to  die.     The  two  first  were  executed. z 
Lands  pur-      John  Wmthrop,  Humphrey  Atherton,  and  asso- 
NaTraVan-  ciates,  purchased  of  the  Narraganset  sachems  two 
set.  tracts  of  land,  joining  to  Narraganset  bay,  and  set- 

tled them  with  inhabitants. 3 

Moheagan       Uncas  and  Wawequay,  sachems  of  Moheagan, 
tedtogcra-  granted  all  their  lands  to  major  John  Mason,   agent 
necticut.     for  Connecticut,  who,  the  next  year,  surrendered 
the  lands  to  that  colony.4 

"  sembly,  without  dependence  upon  any  other  power  in  the  province  now 
"  in  being,  is  the  highest  court  of  judicature  :  and  if  any  objection  can  ba 
"  made,  we  desire  to  hear  it."  A  conference  ensued  ;  and  the  upper  house, 
refusing  to  betray  at  once  its  trust  and  its  own  just  authority,  was  dissolv- 
ed by  the  burgesses.  Ibid.  236. 

I  Mass.  Laws.  It  was  to  continue  "  during  the  pleasure  of  the  country.** 
y,  Hutchinson,  i.  200.  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  565.  They  received  this  sen- 
tence "  for  their  rebellion,  sedition,  and  presumptuous  obtruding  themselves 
after  banishment  upon  pain  of  death."  Mary  Dyer  was  reprieved,  on  con- 
dition of  her  departure  from  the  jurisdiction  in  forty  eight  hours,  and,  if 
she  returned,  to  suffer  the  sentence.  She  was  carried  however  to  the  gal- 
lows, and  stood  with  a  rope  about  her  neck  until  the  others  were  executed. 
This  infatuated  woman  returned,  and  was  executed  in  1660.  A  Declara- 
tion .of  the  general  court,  in  justification  of  these  proceedings,  was  soon  af- 
ter printed.  It  is  entire  in  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixiv  ;  and  Hazard 
Coll.  ii.  567 — 572.  An  extract  is  in  Mather  Magnal.  book  vii.  23.  See 
A.  D.  1661. 

3  Coll.  Hist,  Soc.  v.  217,  2i8,  240.     "  One   lying  to  the   southward  of 
Mr.  Smith's  trading  house  [See  p.  320.],  and  the  other  to  the  northward  of 
it."     Ibid.     The  next  year  (1660)  the  Narraganset  sachems,  "  for  valuable 
consideration,  mortgaged  to  major  Atherton  and  partners  the  remaining- 
part  of  the  whole  Narraganset  country,  containing  the  Cowhesset  and  Ni- 
antick  countries."    Ibid.     Atherton  had  about  20  associates.    The  consider- 
ation, here  mentioned,  was  a  sum  of  money  for  the  Indian  sachems,  to  re- 
deem their  lands,  that  they  had  mortgaged.     A  longer  time  was  allowed 
for  payment  ;   but  the  sachems,  failing  also  in  this  new  engagement,   sur- 
rendered their  lands,  in  1662,  to  those  associates,  "  and  gave  them  quiet 
and  peaceable  possession  and  seizin,  by  turf  and  twig."     Ibid.     Backus  N. 
Eng.  i.  343- 

4  Gov,  Trumbull  MS.  State  and  Origin  of  Connecticut.    Coll,  Hist.  Soc. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  375 

Thomas  Macy  removed  his  family  from*Salisbu-    1659. 
ry,  in  Massachusetts,  to  the  west  end  of  Nantucket, 
and  began  a  settlement  at  Madakit  harbour.    There 
were,  at  that  time,  nearly  three  thousand  Indians  on 
the  island. z 

Francis  de  Laval,  who  had  been  abbot  of  Mon-  First  bish- 
tigny,  now  appointed  bishop  of  Canada,  came  over,  F^ce? 
bringing,  for  the  first  time,  monks  of  other  orders 
beside  Jesuits. z 

Sir  Christopher  Minis  took  the  Spanish  town  of  Campea- 
Campeachy.5 

Henry  Dunster,  president  of  Harvard  College,  Dea*h  °f 
died. 4  Peter  Bulkley,  minister  of  Concord,  died,  Sunster* 
in  the  seventy  seventh  year  of  his  age. 5  a"d  p- 

ix.  85.  Trumbull,  i.  424.  The  planters  of  Connecticut  made  repeated 
purchases  of  their  lands.  "  The  colony  not  only  bought  the  Moheagan 
country  of  Uncas,  but  afterwards  all  the  particular  towns  were  purchased 
again,  either  of  him  or  his  successors,  when  the  settlements  in  them  com- 
menced." Ibid*  114. 

i  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  156 — 160.  The  natives  were  willing  to  sell  their 
lands ;  and  the  English  gradually  purchased  them,  until  they  obtained  the 
whole,  excepting  some  small  rights,  which  are  still  retained  by  the  aborig- 
inal proprietors.  Peter  Folger  was  the  most  distinguished  man  among  the 
first  English  settlers  of  the  island.  His  daughter  was  the  mother  of  Dr. 
Benjamin  Franklin,  who,  it  is  thought,  "  inherited  a  part  of  his  noble  pub- 
lick  spirit  from  his  grandfather,  Peter  Folger."  Ibid. 

a  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  339.     Univ.  Hist.  xxxk.  466. 

3  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  141.     Harris  Voy.  ii.  903. 

4  Morton,  170.     Mr.  Dunster  is  considered  as  the  first  president  o£ 
Harvard  College  ;  and  the  commencement  of  his  presidency  was  in  1640. 
[See  p.  315,  and  Harv.  Catalogue.]  But  the  first  master  of  the  college  was 
Nathaniel  Eaton,  "  who  was  chosen  professor  or  master"  of  that  seminary 
in  1637  ;  "  for  not  only  the  tuition  of  the  scholars,  but  the  care  and  man- 
agement of  all  donations  for  erecting  edifices  &c.  were  committed  to  him." 
Pres.  Stiles  MSS.     He  was  a  distinguished  scholar  ;  but  was  removed  front 
his  office  for  his  severities,  and  went  to  Virginia.     See  Winthrop  Journ. 
184 — 187.     Gov.  Winthrop  (ibid.)  says,  Eaton  "  had  been  some  time  in- 
itiated among  the  Jesuits."     Mr.  Dunster  was  well  esteemed  for  his  learn- 
ing, piety,  and  spirit  of  government  ;  but,  imbibing  at  length  the  princi- 
ples of  antipcedobaptism,  he  excited  uneasiness  among  the  overseers  of  the 
college,  and  was  hence  induced  to  resign  the  presidency  24  October,  1654. 
Mather  Magnal.  book  iv*  128.     He  was  a  great  master  of  the  oriental  lan- 
guages ;  and  when  a  new  version  of  the  psalms  had  been  made  by  some  of 
the  New  England  divines,  and  printed  in  1640,  that  version,  requiring  "  a 
little  more  art,"  was  committed  to  him  ;    and,  with  some  assistance,  he  re- 
vised and  refined  it,  and  brought  it  into  that  state,  in  which  the  churches 
of  New  England  used  it  for  many  subsequent  years.     Coll.  Hist,  Soc.  vii. 
19,  20. 

5  Neal  N.  Eng.  i,  331.   [See  A.  D,  1637,  p.  298.]     He  was  descended 


376'  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

l66o. 


King  Charles  the  Second  was  restored  to  the  Brit- 
Charles  ii.  '1S^  throne  on  the  twenty  ninth  of  May  ;   and  made 

his  entrance  into  London  on  the  eighth  of  June.  f 

Navigation      The  parliament  passed  an  act  for  the  general  en- 

firmed"      couragement  and  increase  of  shipping  and  naviga- 

tion, by  which  the  provisions,  made  in  the  celebrat- 

ed Navigation  Act  of  1651,  were  continued,  with  ad- 

ditional improvements.2     It  enacted,  that  no  sugar, 

tobacco,  ginger,  indigo,  cotton,  fustic,  dying  woods, 

of  the  growth  of  the  English  territories  in  America, 

Asia,  or  Africa,  shall  be  transported  thence  to  any 

other  country,  than  those  belonging  to  the  crown 

of  England,  under  the  penalty  of  forfeiture.     The 

most  submissive  colonists  considered  the  act  as  griev- 

ous, and  contrived  various  methods  to  evade  it.  3 

English          The  only  English  colonies  on  the  American  con- 

Amerka!"  tinent,  after  the  emigrations  of  half  a  century,  were 

Virginia,  New  England,  and  Maryland  ;   which  are 

supposed  to  have  contained,  at  this  time,  no  more 

than  eighty  thousand  inhabitants.  4 

Number  of  At  the  commencement  of  the  civil  wars  in  Eng- 
lanc^  ^ie  popula^011  °f  Virginia  had  increased  to  a- 
bout  twenty  thousand  souls.  The  cavaliers  resort- 
ing to  that  colony,  during  the  distresses  of  those 
times,  Virginia  contained,  at  this  epoch  of  the  Res- 

from  an  honourable  family  in  Bedfordshire,  and  educated  at  one  of  the 
English  universities  ;  and  was  distinguished  for  his  knowledge  in  theology, 
for  general  literature,  and  for  piety.  He  was  a  nioderator  (Mr.  Hooker 
was  the  other)  of  the  synod  in  1637.  P.  Stiles  MSS.  and  Election  Sermon, 
109.  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  96  —  98. 

I   Blair's  Chronology.     Henault,  ii.  140. 

a  Anderson,  ii.  453.  [See  A.  D.  1651.]  The  second  article  of  the  act  is, 
*  None  but  natural  born  subjects,  or  naturalized,  shall  henceforth  exercise 
the  occupation  of  a  merchant  or  factor  in  those  places"  [Asia,  Africa,  or 
America],  "  under  forfeiture  of  goods  and  chattels."  This  is  judged  to 
have  been  a  good  improvement  on  the  former  act  ;  "  it  having  been  before 
common  to  have  Dutch  merchants  to  be  factors  and  agents  in  our  colo- 
nies." Ibid. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  341,  24  z.     While  the  parliament  restrained  the  colonial 
trade  to  England,  it  conferred  the  privilege  of  the  sole  production  of  tobac- 
co on  the  plantations.     Ibid.  243. 

4  Chalmers,  I  239. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  377 

toration,  about  thirty   thousand   persons.1      The    1660. 
province  of  Maryland,  notwithstanding  its  various 
distractions  and  revolutions,  continued  to  increase 
in  population,  in  industry,  and  in  wealth  ;  and  con- 
tained about  twelve  thousand  persons.  * 

The  generals  Whalley  and  Goffe,  two  of  thejuiy. 
Judges  of  king  Charles  I,  arrived  at  Boston.     Hav-  whailey  & 

J.          ,    f    T          1 1          ,     r  ii'  t    •        j     Goffe  ar- 

ing  left  London  before  the  king  was  proclaimed,  rive  at  Bo8. 
they  did  not  conceal  their  persons  or  characters. toD- 
They  immediately  visited  governor  Endicot,  who 
gave  them  a  courteous  reception  ;    but,  choosing  a 
situation  less  public  than  Boston,  they  went,  on  the 
day  of  their  arrival,  to  Cambridge. 3 

A  tract  of  land,  six  miles  square,  having  been  Maribo- 
granted  to  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Sudbury  ;    it  roush  in~, 

11         ,  r-mr      n  t         corporated. 

was  now  incorporated  by  the  name  of  Marlborough. 4 

Several  of  the  inhabitants  of  Ipswich,  on  petition  Brookfield 
to  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts,   obtained  a  *e«led« 
grant  of  land,  near  Quabaug  pond,  six  miles  square  ; 
which  was  soon  after  settled,  and  named  Brook- 
field.* 

1  Chalmers,  i.  115. 

2  Chalmers,  i.  226. 

3  Hutchinson,  i.  215,  2t6.     Chalmors,  i.  249.     President  Stiles  Hist,  of 
Three  of  the  Judges  of  king  Charles  I.  23 — 26.     The  act  of  indemnity 
was  brought  over  the   last  of  November.     It  appeared  however,   that 
Whalley  and  Goffe  were  not  excepted,  with  those,  to  whom  pardon  wa* 
offered  ;  and  some  of  the  principal  persons  in  the  government  were  alarm- 
ed.    The  governor  summoned  a  court  of  assistants  22  February  1661,  to 
consult  about  securing  them  ;  but  the  court  did  not  agree  to  it.     Finding 
it  unsafe  to  remain  longer  where  they  were,  they  left  Cambridge  26  Feb- 
ruary, and  arrived  at  New  Haven  7  March.     A  few  days  after  their  remo- 
val, a  hue  and  cry  was  brought  by  the  way  of  Barbadoes  ;  and  the  governor 
and  assistants  issued  a  warrant  8  March  to  secure  them.     To  avoid  all  sus- 
picion of  their  sincerity,  they  sent  Thomas  Kellond  and  Thomas  Kirk, 
zealous  royalists,  to  go  through  the  colonies,  as  far  as  Manhattan,  in  search 
cf  them  ;  but  deputy  governor  Leet  favouring  their  concealment,  and  Mr. 
Davenport,  minister  of  New  Haven,  and  a  few  other  confidential  persons, 
actually  aiding  it,  they  effectually  eluded  discovery.     Ibid. 

4  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iv.  46.     Its  Indian  name  was  Okommakamesit ;  and  it 
appears  to  have  begun  to  be  settled  by  the  English  about  the  year  1654.  Ib. 

5  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  258.    The  court  required  these  conditions  :    "  Pro- 
vided they  have  20  families  there  resident  within  three  years,  and  that  they 
fcive  as  able  minister  *ettled  there  within  the  said  term,  »ucb  as  the  c»wrt 

F  f  f 


378  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Woolwich.      Woolwich,  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  was  settled.  * 
Norwich        The  township  of  Norwich,  in  Connecticut,  hav* 
settled      }ng  1^^  purchased  of  the  natives  ;  the  reverend 
lames  Fitch,  with  the  principal  part  of  his  church 
and  congregation,   removed  from  Saybrook,   and 
planted  that  town.* 

The  town  of  Huntingdon,  on  Long  Island,  was 
received  as  a  member  of  the  Connecticut  jurisdiction. 3 
Towns  of  There  were,  at  this  time,  in  New  England  ten 
Indian  towns,  of  such  as  were  called  Praying  In- 
dians,4 The  first  Indian  church  in  New  England 
was  now  embodied  at  Natkk. s 

About  this  time  a  few  adventurers  emigrated  from 
Massachusetts,  and  settled  around  Cape  Fear.6 

1661. 

Charles  II,   in  his  instructions  to  Sir  William 
governor  of  Berkeley,  governor  of  Virginia,  required  Him  to  call 
Virginia,    an  assembly,  as  soon  as  might  be,  and  to  assure  it 
of  the  royal  intention  to  grant  a  general  pardon  and 
oblivion  of  all  persons,  those  only  exccpted,-  wha 
were  attainted  by  act  of  parliament ;  provided  thaf 
body  should  repeal  all  acts,  made  during  the  rebel- 
lion, derogatory  from  the  obedience,  which  the  col- 
onies owed  to  the  king  and  government  of  England  ; 

shall  approve  ;  and  that  they  make  due  provision  in  some  way  or  other  for 
the  future,  either  by  setting  apart  of  lands,  or  what  else  shall  be  thought 
mete  for  the  continuance  of  the  ministry  among  them."  The  Indian  pro- 
prietor, Shattoockquis,  gave  a  deed  of  the  land  to  the  English  10  Novem-- 
ber  r6.6j.  Ibid.  See  a  copy  of  itr  ibid. 

I   Sullivan,  169.     Mills  were  now  erected  there.     Ibid. 

1  Trumbull,  i.  245,  246.  The  township  is  about  nine  miles  square.  In 
June  1659  tfacas'  and  his  two  sons,  by  a  formal  deed,  made  it  over  to  Thorn-' 
as  Leffingwell  and  34  other  proprietors  ;  who,  at  this  time,  gave  Ulricas  and 
his  sons  about  £70,  as  a  farther  compensation,  in  addition  to  a  former  ben- 
efit, on  account  of  which  Uncas  had  given  Leffingwell  a  deed  of  a  great 
part,  if  not  of  the  whole  town.  Ibid. 

3  Trumbull,  i.  246. 

4  Hutchinson,  i.  166.  5  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.i.  181. 

6  Chalmers,  i.  515.  These  emigrants,  from  the  unpropitious  soil  and 
climate,  and  the  want  of  a  good  fishery,  for  some  years  experienced  the 
miseries  of  want.  On  their  solicitation  of  aid  from  their  countrymen,  the 
general. court  ordered  a  universal  contribution  for  their  relief.  Ibid.  516. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  379 

to  transmit  an  account  of  all  tobacco  shipped  from    1661. 
that  colony,  that  every  one  might  be  punished,  who 
should  transgress  the  act  of  navigation  ;    and  to 
transmit  his  opinion  of  the  practicability  of  establish- 
ing an  iron  work. * 

The  laws  of  England,  which  seem  to  have  been  Virginia 
observed  by  consent  of  the  settlers  of  Virginia,  were  i^^fthe 
now  expressly  adopted  by  an  act  of  the  assembly  of  England. 
that  colony  ;    excepting  so  far,  as  a  difference  of 
condition  rendered  them  inapplicable. a 

The  Society  "  for  the  propagation  of  the  Gospel  Society  for 
among  the  heathen  natives  of  New  England,  and  tpingPtg" 
the  parts   adjacent,"    was  incorporated    by   king  gospel  in- 

CharlesII.3  corporate*. 

The  king  appointed  the  great  officers  of  state  a  MaY- 
committee  "  touching  the  settlement  of  New  Eng- 
land."4  land. 

Complaints  being  made  to  the  king  against  Mas-  Complaint* 
^achusetts,  he  commanded  the  governor  and  coun- to  the  kin& 

•i  i  -n       i        i  i  against 

cil  "  to  send  persons  to  England,  to  answer  these  Massachu- 
various  accusations."     Charles  II  had  not  yet  been  settl- 
proclaimed  by  them.  The  governor,  on  receiving  intel-  ^ 
Jigence  of  the  transactions,  that  were  taking  place  in 
England  to  the  prejudice  of  the  colony,  judged  it  in- 
expedient to  delay  that  solemnity  any  longer.     Cal- 
ling the  court  together,  a  form  of  proclamation  was 
agreed  to  ;    and  Charles  was  acknowledged  to  be  proclaims 
their  sovereign  lord  and  king,  and  proclaimed  "  to  in  that  col- 
be  lawful  king  of  Great  Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  ony' 
and  all  other  territories  thereto  belonging."  * 

i  Chalmers,  i.  245.    The  iron  work  "  is  proposed,"  says  the  king,  « to 
be  undertaken  by  ourself." 
i  Jefferson  Virg.  Query  XIV. 

3  Humphrey's  Hist.  Account,  6.     See  A.  D.  1649. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  244. 

5  Ibid.  253,  254.     Hutchinson,  i.  216 — 218.    The  court  published  an 
•rder  the  same  day,  "  forbidding  all  disorderly  behaviour  on  the  occasion  ; 
declaring,  that  no  perso»  might  expect  indulgence  for  the  breach  of  any 
law  ;  and  "  in  a  particular  manner,  that  no  man  should  presume  to  drink 
his  majesty's  health,"  which,  the  order  says,  "  he  hath  in  aa  especial  man- 
ner forbid."    This  last  prohibition,  whatever  was  it*  origin,  was  very  pru- 


5  go  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1661.       An  address  to  the  king  was  also  agreed  to,  and 
Address  to  ordered  to  be  sent  to  England.1 

kmg.        rj-^g  generaj  court  of  Massachusetts,  received  a 
letter  from  the  king,   signifying  his  pleasure,  that 
there  should  be  no  farther  prosecution  of  the  qua- 
kers,  who  were  condemned  to  suffer  death  or  other 
Penal  laws  corporal  punishment,  or  who  were  imprisoned,  and 
against      obnoxious  to  such  condemnation  ;    but  that  they  be 
wpraded  forthwith  sent  over  to  England  for  trial.     The  court 
accordingly  ordered,  that  the  laws  in  force  against 
the  quakers,  so  far  as  they  respected  corporal  pun- 
ishment or  death,  be  suspended. a 

dential.  Had  what  was  forbidden  been  injofned,  it  might  have  proved  toe 
severe  a  test  of  the  loyalty  ef  the  colonists  ;  especially,  if  what  Chalmers 
says  were  strictly  true,  that  king  Charles  and  New  England  "  mutually- 
hated,  contemned,  and  feared  each  other,  during  his  reign  }  because  the 
one  suspected  its  principles  of  attachment,  the  other  dreaded  an  invasion  of 
privileges."  Ibid.  244.  Hutchinson,  i.  216 — 219.  Chalmers,  1.254. 

I  Hutchinson,  i.  219.     It  is  inserted  in  Hazard,  ii.  593 — 595. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  hiv.  Neal  N.  Eng.  i.  334,  335.  On  this 
occasion,  28  quakers  were  released  from  prison,  anrl  conducted  out  of  the 
jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts.  The  letter  from  the  king  and  the  acts  of  the 
court  are  in  Hazard,  ii.  595,  596.  The  letter  was  superscribed  to  governor 
Endicot,  and  to  all  the  other  governors  of  New  England.  To  vindicate 
the  errors  of  our  ancestors  were  to  make  them  our  own.  It  is  allowed, 
that  they  were  culpable  ;  but  we  do  not  concede,  that,  in  the  present  in- 
stance, they  stood  alone,  or  that  they  merited  all  the  censure,  bestowed  on. 
them.  Laws,  similar  to  those  of  Massachusetts,  were  passed  elsewhere  a- 
gainst  the  quakers,  and  particularly  in  Virginia.  "  If  no  execution  took 
place  here  [Virginia],  as  it  did  in  New  England,  it  was  not  owing  to  the 
moderation  of  the  church,  or  spirit  of  the  legislature."  Jefferson  Virg. 
Query  XVII.  The  prevalent  opinion  among  all  sects  of  Christians,  at  that 
day,  that  toleration  is  sinful,  ought  to  be  remembered  ;  nor  may  it  be 
forgotten,  that  ihejirst  quakers  in  New  England,  beside  speaking  and  writ- 
ing what  was  deemed  blasphemous,  reviled  magistrates  and  ministers  ;  and 
disturbed  religious  assemblies ;  and  that  the  tendency  of  their  tenets  and 
practices  was  to  the  subversion  of  the  commonwealth,  in  that  period  of  its 
infancy.  See  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  Hazard  Coll.  i.  630  ;  ii.  596  ;  and 
the  early  historians  of  N.  England.  In  reviewing  the  conduct  of  our  re- 
vered ancestors,  it  is  but  just  to  make  allowance  for  the  times  in  which 
they  lived,  and  the  occasions  of  their  measures.  It  is  readily  conceded 
however,  that  severe  treatment  of  sectaries  generally  serves  to  increase  their 
real,  and  their  numbers  ;  and  that  it  is  therefore  as  repugnant  to  sound 
policy,  as  to  the  benevolent  spirit  of  Christianity.  The  great  and  learned 
Grotius,  in  reference  to  the  treatment  of  the  sectaries  in  Holland,  says,  with 
equal  candour  and  discrimination  :  "  Nee  illos  plane  damnaveris,  qui  pra- 
va  et  moribus  noxia  docentes  exilio,  aut  honorum  facultatumque  ademtione 
mulctaverunt.  Sed  contra  eventus  fuit.  Quin  ipsa  invitant  pericula"  &c. 
Annales,  16, 17,  It  is  hardly  needful  to  subjoin,  that,  whatever  are  tfe? 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  381 

The  Indian  translation  of  the  New  Testament,  by  Indian  tes- 
the  reverend  John  Eliot,  was  finished  this  year,  and  tament- 
printed.  x 

The  tract  of  land  at  Kennebeck  river,  owned  by  ^and  at 
Plymouth  colony,  was  now  sold  for  fourteen  hun-  80id.ne 
dred  pounds  sterling.  * 


The  charter  of  Connecticut  was  granted  by  king  April  23, 
Charles  II,  with  the  most  ample  privileges,  under  $££^  • 
the  great  seal  of  England.  It  ordained,  among  other  «ut  granted. 
provisions,  that  there  should  be  annually  two  gen- 
eral assemblies,  one  holden  on  the  second  Thursday 
in  May,  and  the  other,  on  the  second  Thursday  in 
October  ;  and  that  the  assembly  should  consist  of 
the  governor,  deputy  governor,  and  twelve  assist- 
ants, with  two  deputies  from  every  town  or  city. 
John  Winthrop  was  appointed  governor,  and  John 
Mar  on,  deputy  governor,  until  a  new  election  should 
be  made.  The  governor  and  company  were  author- 
ized to  have  a  common  seal,  to  appoint  judicatories, 
make  freemen,  constitute  officers,  establish  laws, 
impose  fines,  assemble  the  inhabitants  in  marshal  ar- 
ray for  common  defence,  and  to  exercise  martial  law 
in  all  necessary  cases.  It  was  ordained  by  the  char- 
ter, that  all  the  king's  subjects,  in  the  colony,  should 
enjoy  all  the  -privileges  of  free  and  natural  subjects 
within  the  realm  of  England  ;  and  that  the  patent 
should  always  have  the  most  favourable  construc- 
tion for  the  benefit  of  the  governor  and  company.  * 

religious  theories  of  the  Quakers  or  Friends  at  this  day,  their  deportment 
in  society  excites  respect,  and  conciliates  esteem. 

I  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  1.176.     It  was  dedicated  to  Charles  II. 

i  Sullivan,  117.  It  was  sold  to  Antipas  Boies,  Edward  Tyng,  Thomas 
Brattle,  and  John  Winslow.  Ibid.  See  A.  D.  1628. 

3  Trumbull,  i.  259,  260.  Chalmers,  i.  293,  294.  Stokes  Brit.  Colosius, 
^3  —  67.  Brit.  Emp.  ii.  169—171.  See  the  entire  Charter,  prefixed  to  the 
Acts  and  Laws  of  Connecticut.  The  general  court  of  Connecticut,  in  1661, 
prepared  a  Petition  to  the  king  for  a  charter  ;  and  John  Winthrop,  then 
governor  cf  the  colony,  went  te  England  to  procure  it.  An  extraordinary 


382  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 1662.       The  charter  included  the  colony  of  New  Haven  ; 
b.ut  that  colonv  did  not  accept  it,  nor  agree  to  be  IN 
nited  under  one  government  with  Connecticut. x 
the  charter.     ^  synod  of  all  the  ministers  in  Massachusetts, 
Se  tember. with  messengers  from  the  churches,  was  holden  at 
Synod  at  '  Boston,  by  appointment  of  the  general  court,  to  de» 
Boston,      liberate  and  decide  on  certain  subjects  of  ecclesiasti- 
cal controversy.2     The  result  of  its  deliberations 
was  delivered  to  the  general  court ;   which  ordered 
it  to  be  printed,  and  recommended  its  observance  to 
all  the  churches  in  its  jurisdiction. 3 
Licensers        The  general  court  of  Massachusetts   appointed 

of  the  press.  tWQ  licensers  of  the  preSS.4 

Hampshire  ^e  ^^  townships,  settled  on  Connecticut  riv- 
county  er,  in  the  colony  of  Massachusetts,  were  made  a 
formed,  county,  by  the  name  of  Hampshire. 3 

ring,  that  Mr.  Winthrop  now  presented  to  Charles  II,  which  the  king's  fa- 
ther Charles  I  had  presented  to  Mr.  Winthrop's  grandfather,  is  thought  to 
have  been  influential  in  procuring  the  royal  favour.  Ibid.  Governor  Win- 
throp did  not  arrive  with  the  charter  until  after  the  general  election  in 
May  ;  and  the  freemen  made  no  alteration  in  their  officers  until  9  October ; 
on  which  day  Mr.  Winthrop  was  chosen  governor,  and  Mr.  Mason,  depu- 
ty governor  ;  magistrates,  or  assistants,  were  also  chosen  ;  and  the  charter 
was  publicly  read  to  the  freemen.  Trumbull,  ibid.  Mather  [MagnaL 
book  i.  24.]  says,  it  was  "  as  amply  priviledged  a  charter,  as  was  ever  en* 
joyed  perhaps  by  any  people  under  the  cope  of  heaven."  The  Petition  for 
it  is  in  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  586—588,  and  Trumbull,  i.  Append.  No.  VIL  It 
cost  the  colony  about  £1300  sterling.  Trumbull,  i.  362. 

i  Chalmers,  i.  296.  Trumbull,  i.  260 — 277,  where  the  objections  to 
the  union,  with  the  arguments  for  it,  and  the  negotiations  to  effect  it,  are 
recited  at  large.  See  A.  D.  1665. 

a  Mather  MagnaL  boek  v.  63,  64.  Hutchinson,  i.  223.  Trumbull,  i, 
-315.  Two  questions  were  referred  to  its  decision  :  1.  Who  are  the  sub* 
jects  of  baptism  ?  a.  Whether,  according  to  the  Word  of  God,  there  ought 
to  be  a  consociation  of  churches  ?  In  answer  to  the  first,  the  synod  declar- 
ed, "  That  church  members,  who  were  admitted  in  minority,  understand- 
"  ing  the  doctrine  of  faith,  and  publicly  professing  their  assent  thereunto, 
"  not  scandalous  in  life,  and  solemnly  owning  the  covenant  before  the  church, 
"  wherein  they  give  up  themselves  and  children  to  the  Lord,  and  subject 
"  themselves  to  the  government  of  Christ  in  his  church,  their  children  are 
"  to  be  bapti2ed."  This  answer  "  was  substantially  the  same  with  that 
given  by  the  council  in  1657."  The  synod  also  gave  their  opinion  in  fa- 
vour of  the  consociation  of  churches.  See  "  The  Answer  of  the  Elders  and. 
other  Messengers  of  the  Churches,"  with  Remarks,  in  Mather  MagnaL 
book  v.  64 — 84. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixvi. 

4  Hutchinson,  i.  257.    Daniel  Gookin  Esq.  and  Rev.  Mr.  MitcheL 

5  Ibid.aa6. 


AMERICAN   ANNALS.  383 

The  town  of  Dorchester  voted,  that  Unquety   1662. 
f  Milton]  should  be  a  township,  if  it  have  the  con-  ^°r^ 
sent  of  the  general  court.  * 

Metacom,  sachem  of  Pokanoket,  afterward  cele-  August  6. 
brated  under  the  English  name  and  title  of  king  ^PQ0kfet 
Philip,  made  his  appearance  at  the  court  of  Plym-  re0new3°a- 
outh,  and  solicited  the  continuance  of  the  amity  and  mity  wi£j» 
friendship,  which  had  subsisted  between  the  govern-    ym< 
or  of  Plymouth  and  his  father  and  brother  ;    and 
promised  for  himself  and  his  successors  to  remain 
subjects  of  the  king  of  England.  * 

The  authority  of  lord  Baltimore,  the  proprietary  Govem- 
of  Maryland,  being  reestablished  at  the  Restoration,  J^£ld 
he  appointed  Charles  Calvert,  his-  eldest  son,  go-  reverts  ta 
vernor  of  the  colony  ;    who  now  assumed  the  ad-  l™£.*3'la~ 
ministration.  3   The  assembly  of  Maryland  besought 
the  proprietary  "  to  take  order  for  setting  up  a  Law  for  * 
mint,"  and  a  law  was  passed  for  that  purpose.4  mmtt 
The  prosperity  of  this  province  was  considerably 
checked  by  the  incursions  of  the  Janadoa  Indians  ;  Indian  in- 
but,  by  the  aid  of  the  Susqnehannahs,  they  were  cursi 
repelled,  probably  annihilated.5 

The  ancient  constitution  of  Virginia  being  restor-   March. 
ed,  the  grand  assembly  of  that  colony  was  convened 


I  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i,  100.     It  was  incorporated  this  year.  a     ""S"11 

2.  Neal  N.  Eng.  i.  3  5  a.  Morton,  171,  17  a.  The  court  expressed  its 
willingness  to  continue  the  friendship  ;  and  promised  to  afford  the  ludians 
*'  such  friendly  assistance  by  advice  and  otherwise,  as  they  justly  may  ;" 
end  to  "  require"  their  "  English  at  all  times  to  carry  friendly  towards 
them."  Ibid.  I.  Mather  [Troubles  with  the  Indians,  70.]  says,  it  was  at 
this  time,  that  Metacom  desired  an  English  name,  and  that  the  court  nam- 
«d  him  Philip. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  360.     Univ.  Hist.  xl.  469.     Europ.  Settlements,  ii.  229. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  248.     "  The  great  hindrance  to  the  colony  in  trade,  for 
the  want  of  money,"  is  assigned  as  the  reason  for  the  measure.     It  was  e- 
nacted,  that  the  money  coined  shall  be  of  as  good  silver  as  English  ster- 
ling ;  that  every  shilling,  and  so  in  proportion  for  other  pieces,  shall  weigh 
above  nine  pence  in  such  silver  ;  and  that  the  proprietary  shall  accept  of 
it  in  payment  of  his  rents  and  other  debts.     This  coin  being  afterward  cir- 
culated, the  present  law  was  confirmed  among  the  perpetual  laws  of  Ma- 
ryland in  1676.    This  is  the  only  law  for  coining  money,  which  occurs  in 
colonial  history,  previous  to  the  American  revolution,  excepting  the  ordi- 
nance of  Masachusetts  in  1652.    Chalmers,  i.  248. 

5  Chalmers,  i.  249.    Their  "  name  seems  now  extinct  or  forgotten." 


384  AMERICAN  ANNAtS* 

1 662.  in  March,  agreeably  to  the  governor's  instructions. 
The  church  of  England  was  now,  with  the  approba-* 
tion  of  the  people,  regularly  established  by  the  as- 
sembly ;  churches  were  ordered  to  be  built  ;  glebes 
were  laid  out,  and  vestries  appointed  j  ministers, 
who  had  received  their  ordination  from  some  bish- 
op in  England,  were  to  be  inducted  by  the  govern- 
or ;  and  all  others  were  prohibited  from  preaching, 
on  pain  of  suspension,  or  banishment. T  The  same 
assembly  enacted  a  law  "  against  the  divulgers  of 
false  news."* 

eape  Hen-      The  Dutch  retired  from  the  country  around  Cape 
iopen.       Henlopen  ;  and  Calvert,  governor  of  Maryland  im- 
mediately occupied  it. 3 

By  an  act  of  uniformity  in  religion,  which  took 

effect  on  the  twenty  fourth  of  August,  about  two 

.  thousand  dissenting  ministers  were  ejected  from  their 

Act  of  Urn-  ,          /-.  .  *  «  •         r         i  i 

formity      benefices,  without  any  provision  for  themselves,  or 
passed  in    their  families.     Soon  after,  they  were  banished  five 
England.    miles  distant  from  every  corporation  in   England. 
Several  ultimately  died  in  prison,  for  exercising  their 
ministry  in  private,  contrary  to  law  ;  but  a  consider- 
able number  of  them  found  an  asylum  in  New  Eng- 
land-4 

l  Chalmers,  i.  245.     The  Dutch  left  it,  on  the  remonstrance  of  Calvert. 

a  Ibid.  246.  The  assembly  "  considered  how  much  of  the  late  misery 
had  arisen  from  the  falsehood  of  rumour,"  and  was  hence  influenced  to 
make  the  law.  Ibid.  "  Happy  had  it  been  for  that  colony,"  adds  Chal- 
mers, "  had  a  rule  so  promotive  of  internal  quiet  been  carefully  attended  t» 
and  enforced."  Various  other  beneficial  regulations  were  now  established, 
which  long  served  as  the  code  of  provincial  jurisprudence.  No  other  no-* 
tice  was  taken  of  the  late  "  usurpation,"  than  a  declaration  of  the  assembly, 
•'  that,  in  order  to  avoid  like  inconveniences,  it  had  reviewed  the  whole  bo- 
dy of  laws,  expunging  all  the  unnecessary  acts,  ahd  chiefly  such  as  might 
keep  in  memory  the  late  forced  deviation  of  the  people  from  his  majesty** 
obedience,  and  bringing  into  one  volume  those  that  are  in  force."  The 
Virginians  were  now  happy  in  the  governor  ot  their  choice,  and  in  the 
form  of  government,  that  had  formerly  given  them  great  satisfaction  ;  and, 
in  the  language  of  Chalmers,  "  as  they  neither  felt  the  pressures  of  griev- 
ance, nor  experienced  the  fever  of  distrust,  they  continued,  for  some  time, 
in  that  desirable  but  unimportant  state  of  tranquillity,  which  adds  nothing1 
to  the  stock  of  historic  knowledge."  Ibid.  247. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  654. 

4  Ncal  N.  Eng.i.  556.     Pierce  Vindicat.  Dissenter*,  231,  *3*-    The 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  385 

1663. 

The  immense  territory,  lying  southward  of  Vir-  Grant  of 
ginia,  although  granted  to  Sir  Robert  Heath  by  JJjjjj^* 
Charles  I,1  remained  unsettled.  Edward  earl  of  clarendon 
Clarendon  and  several  associates,  apprized  of  the  ex-  and  others, 
ceilent  soil  of  that  country,  formed  a  project  for 
planting  a  colony  there.  On  application  for  a  char- 
ter,1 Charles  II  granted  them  all  the  lands,  lying 
between  the  thirty  first  and  thirty  sixth  degrees  of 
north  latitude  ; s  and  constituted  them  absolute 
lords  and  proprietors  of  that  tract  of  country,  re- 
serving to  himself  and  his  successors  the  sovereign 
dominion.  He  empowered  them  to  enact  and  pub- 
lish any  laws,  which  they  should  judge  necessary, 
with  the  assent,  advice,  and  approbation  of  the  free- 
men of  the  colony  ;  to  erect  courts  of  judicature, 
and  appoint  civil  judges,  magistrates,  and  officers  ; 
to  erect  forts,  castles,  cities,  and  towns  ;  to  make 
war,  and,  in  cases  of  necessity,  to  exercise  martial 
law  ;  to  build  harbours,  make  ports,  and  enjoy  cus- 
toms and  subsidies,  imposed,  with  the  consent  of 
the  freemen,  on  goods  loaded  and  unloaded.  One 
of  the  provisions  of  the  charter  is  peculiarly  worthy 

learned  and  pious  John  Owen,  D.  D.  who,  under  the  Protectorship,  had 
been  dean  of  Christ  church,  and  vice  chancellor  of  the  university  of  Ox- 
ford, .  was  invited  to  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  first  church  in  Boston, 
and  shipped  his  effects  for  N.  England  ;  but  he  was  forbidden  to  leave  the 
kingdom,  by  express  orders  from  Charles  II.  tbid.  Hutchinson,  i.  aa6.  It 
does  not  satisfactorily  appear,  that  he  was  invited  to  the  presidency  of  Har- 
vard college. 

I  See  A.D.  1630,  p.  259,  a 60,  text  and  note.  , 

a  "  Excited  by  a  laudable  and  pious  zeal  for  the  propagation  of  the  gos- 
pel," they"  beg  a  certain  country  in  the  part*  of  America,  not  yet  cultiva- 
ted and  planted,  and  only  inhabited  by  some  barbarous  people,  who  have 
no  knowledge  of  God."  Charter.  The  applicants,  beside  Clarendon,  were 
George  duke  of  Albemarle,  William  lord  Craven,  John  lord  Berkeley,  An- 
tony lord  Ashley,  Sir  George  Carteret,  Sir  William  Berkeley,  and  Sir  John 
Colleton.  Ibid. 

3  Including  the  territories  of  what  afterward  constituted  North  Caroli- 
na, South  Carolina,  and  Georgia.  Ramsay  S.  Carolina,  i.  1, 12.  By  a  sec- 
end  and  more  ample  charter,  dated  24  March  1667,  the  boundaries  were 
rhade  to  extend  from  the  a9th  degree  of  north  latitude  to  36  deg.  30  min, 
and  from  these  points  on  the  sea  coast  westward  in  parallel  lines  to  the  Pa* 
cific  Or  ran.  Hewet,  i.  45.  Brit.  Emp,  iii,  m— -235, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 


1663 


charter 
given  to 

R.  Island. 


of  notice.1  The  king  granted  the  proprietors  au- 
thority to  allow  the  inhabitants  of  the  province  such 
indulgencies  and  dispensations,  in  religious  affairs, 
as  they,  in  their  discretion,  should  think  proper  and 
reasonable  ;  and  no  person,  to  whom  such  liberty 
should  be  granted,  was  to  be  molested,  punished,  or 
called  in  question,  for  any  differences  in  speculative 
opinions  with  respect  to  religion,  provided  he  dis- 
turbed not  the  civil  order  and  peace  of  the  community. 
The  province,  thus  erected,  was  called  Carolina.  z 

The  privy  council,  considering  the  present  condi- 
tion of  Carolina,  decided,  that  all  former  grants 
were  now  void,  because  they  had  never  been  execut- 
ed.  Animated  by  this  decision,  the  proprietors 
held  their  first  meeting  in  May,  to  agree  on  meas- 
.  ures  for  the  transporting  of  colonists,  and  for  the 
payment  of  various  expenses  ;  and  they  now  pub- 
lished proposals  to  all  who  would  plant  in  Carolina.  3 

Charles  II  conferred  a  charter  on  Rhode  Island 
ancj_  Providence  plantations.  4      By  this  charter  the 

J 

r  fhe  reason1,  assigned  in  the  charter  for  such  a  dispensing  power,  is, 
"  it  might  happen,  that  several  of  the  inhabitants  conld  not  in  their  private 
opinions  conform  to  the  exercise  of  religion  according  to  the  liturgy  and 
ceremonies  of  the  church  of  England." 

2,  Hewet,  i.  45,  46.  Chalmers,  i.  517.  Drayton  S.  Carolina,  5.  Some 
writers  place  this  article  in  1662. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  517.     The  proposals  were  made  at  the  desire  of  "  the 
New  England  people,  settled  around  Cape  Fear."  See  A.  D.  1660.     These 
proposals  offered,  among  other  privileges,  that  the  emigrants  may  present 
to  the  proprietaries  13  persons,  in  order  that  they  may  appoint  a  governor 
and  a  council;  of  six  for  three  years  ;  that  an  assembly,  composed  of  the 
governor,  the  council,  and  delegates  of  the  freemen,  should  be  called,  as 
won  as  the  circumstances  of  the  colony  would  allow,  with  power  to  make 
laws,  which  should  be  neither  contrary  to  the  laws  of  England,  nor  of  any 
validity  after  the  publication  of  the  dissent  of  the  proprietaries  ;  that  every 
one  should  enjoy  the  most  perfect  freedom  in  religion  ;  that,  during  five 
years,  every  freeman  should  be  allowed  too  acres  of  land,  and  50  for  every 
servant,  paying  one  half  penny  only  aa  acre  ;    and  that  the  same  freedom 
from  customs,  which  had  been  allowed  by  the  royal  charter,  should  be  al- 
lowed to  every  one. 

4  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  612  —  623,  where  the  charter  is  entire.     Chalmers, 
i.  274.     Stokes  Brit.  Colonies,  60  —  62.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.   218.      There 
were,  at  that  time,  but   18  representatives  in  the  colony  ;    6  from  New- 
port, 4  from  Providence,  4  from  Portsmouth,  and  4  frem  Warwick.  Doug- 
lass, i.  87.    They  were  chosen  half  yearly  by  the  several  towns.     Callen- 
dcr,  46. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  387 

supreme  or  legislative  power  was  vested  in  an  as-  1663* 
sembly,  the  constituent  members  of  which  were  to 
consist  of  the  governor,  and  assistants,  and  such  of 
the  freemen  as  should  be  chosen  by  the  towns  ;  but 
the  governor,  or  deputy  governor,  and  six  assistants, 
were  to  be  always  present.1  The  legislature  of 
Rhode  Island  passed  an  act,  that  all  men  professing 
Christianity,  and  of  competent  estates,  civil  conver- 
sation, and  obedient  to  the  civil  magistrate,  though 
of  different  judgment  in  religious  affairs,  Roman 
Catholics  only  excepted,  should  be  admitted  free- 
men, and  have  liberty  to  choose  and  be  chosen  offi- 
cers in  the  colony,  both  civil  and  military, z 

A  small  plantation,  that  had  been  several  years  Plantation 
established  within  the  boundaries  of  the  Carolina 
patent,  on  the  north  eastern  banks  of  the  river 
Chowan,  was  now  named,  in  compliment  to  the  ti- 
de of  general  Monk,  Albemarle. 3  « 

A  ship  arrived  from  Holland  at  Delaware  river,  D««H  ao 
with  new  planters,  ammunition,  and  implements  of  Delaware. 
husbandry. 4 

A  terrible  eathquake  was  felt  in  the   northern  Jan-*6- 
parts  of  America. s 

i  Chalmers,  i.  274. 

a  Brit.  Empire,  ii.  148. 

3  Chalmers,  518,  519.    This  plantation  had  been  made  by  settlers  from 
Nansamond,  which  was  settled  so  early  as  1609.  Ib,  See  that  year. 

4  Smith  N.  York,  9. 

5  Morton,  173,  there  placed,  according  to  the  old  computation,  in  1662. 
Josselyn   Voy.  58.     Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  363 — 369.     It  was  felt 
throughout  New  England  and  New  Netherlands  ;  but   Canada  was  the 
chief  seat  of  its  concussions.     It  began  there  about  half  an  hour  after  five 
in  the  evening.     While  the  heavens  were  serene,  there  was  suddenly  heard 
a  roar,  like  that  of  fire.     The  buildings  were  instantly  shaken  with  amaz- 
ing violence.     "  The  doors  opened  and  shut  of  themselves,  with  a  fearful 
clattering.     The  bells  rang,  without  being  touched.     The  walls  split  asun- 
der.   The  floors  separated,  and  fell  down.     The  fields  put  on  the  appear- 
ance of  precipices  ;  and  the  mountains  seemed  to  be  moving  out  of  their 
places."    The  first  shock  continued  nearly  half  an  hour.     Several  violent 
shocks  succeeded  this,  the  same  evening,  and  the  next  day  ;   nor  did  the 
earthquakes  cease  until  the  following  July.     The  effects  of  the  first,  in  Jan- 
jaary,  were  remarkable.     "  Many  fountains  and  small  rivers  were  dried  up. 
In  others,  the  water  became  sulphureous ;  and  in  some,  the  channel  in  whidi 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Death  of       John  Norton,  minister  of  Boston,  *  Samuel  Stone9 
ministers.  m}nister  of  Hartford,1  and  Samuel  Newman,  minis- 
ter of  Rehoboth,  died. 3 

1664. 

March  u.  King  Charles  II  granted  a  patent  to  his  brother, 
SiTduke  t^6  duke  of  York  and  Albany,  for  various  and  ex- 
of  York,  tensive  tracts  of  land  in  America.4  A  part  of  this 

they  ran  before,  was  30  altered  that  it  could  not  be  distinguished.  Many 
trees  were  torn  up,  and  thrown  to  a  considerable  distance  ;  and  some  moun- 
tains appeared  to  be  much  broken  and  moved.  Half  way  between  Tadous- 
sac  and  Quebec,  two  mountains  were  shaken  down  :  and  the  earth  thus 
thrown  down,  formed  a  point  of  land,  which  extended  half  a  quarter  of  a 
league  into  the  river  St.  Lawrence.  The  island  Aux  Coudres  became  larg- 
er than  it  was  before ;  and  the  channel  in  the  river  became  much  altered." 
Memoirs  Americ.  Atad.  Arts  and  Sciences,  i.  2,63 — 265.  This  is  a  credi- 
ble account ;  because  derived  from  original  sources.  But,  that  this  earth- 
quake in  Canada  overwhelmed  a  chain  of  mountains  of  fr-ee  stone  more  than 
300  miles  long,  and  changed  that  immense  tract  into  a  plain,  though  af- 
firmed, must  not  be  believed.  See  Clavigero  Hist.  Mexico,  ii.  Ml. 

i  Morton,  177.  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  32 — 41.  Mr.  Norton  was 
sn  eminent  scholar  and  divine.  He  was  teacher  of  the  church  at  Ipswich  ; 
but,  after  the  death  of  Mr.  Cotton,  he  was  solicited  to  return  to  Boston, 
and  officiated  as  his  successor  until  his  own  death.  He  was  much  respect- 
ed for  his  talents  and  piety  ;  and  had  "  an  eminent  acumen  in  polemical  di- 
vinity." In  the  year  1644  William  Apollonius  having,  at  the  direction  of 
the  divines  in  Zealand,  sent  over  to  New  England  a  number  of  questions, 
i-el'Jting  to  the  way  of  church  government  there,  the  ministers  of  New  Eng- 
land unanimously  requested  Mr.  Norton  to  draw  up  an  answer  ;  which  he 
finished  in  1645.  ^r-  Cotton  Mather  supposes,  this  was  the  first  Latin 
book,  that  ever  was  written  in  the  country.  Mr.  Norton  assisted  in  model- 
ling the  Cambridge  Platform  in  1647.  He  also  wrote  an  answer  to  a  let- 
ter of  the  famous  Dureus,  who  laboured  for  a  pacification  among  the  re- 
formed churches.  On  the  restoration  of  Charles  II,  he  and  Simon  Brad- 
street,  esquire,  were  sent  to  England  by  Massachusetts  colony,  with  an  ad- 
dress to  the  king  ;  but,  returning  with  a  less  successful  embassy,  than  their 
constituents  had  expected,  their  reception  was  at  least  cold  and  suspicious  ; 
and  the  severe  reflections  of  some  of  the  colonists  are  thought  to  have 
preyed  on  his  spirits,  and  accelerated  his  death.  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii. 
32 — 41.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixxiv.  Hutchir.son,  i.  220 — 223. 

a  Trumbull,  i.  326.  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  116 — 118.  Morton, 
179.  Coll.  Hist.  See.  vii.  41.  Mr.  Stone  was  educated  at  Emar.uel  college 
in  Cambridge.  He  was  eminently  pious  and  exemplary.  His  sermons 
were  replete  with  sentiment,  concisely  and  closely  applied.  He  was  an  a- 
cute  disputant.  He  was  celebrated  for  his  wit ;  and  his  company  was 
much  sought  by  men  of  learning. 

3  Morton,  176.     Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  113— n 6.     He  was  an  ani- 
mated preacher,  an  indefatigable   student,   and  a  pious   man.     Ibid.     See 
A.  D.  1644,  p.  333. 

4  Smith  N.  York,  10.    The  boundaries  cf  the  patent  are  described  ibit!. 
and  Trumbull,  i.  27  7. 


AMERICAN   ANNALS.  389 

tract  was  conveyed  soon  after  by  the  duke  to  John    1664. 
Lord  Berkeley,  baron  of  Stratum,  and  Sir  George 
Carteret,   of  Saltrum  in  Devon,  members  of  the 
king's  council,   by  the  name  of  Nova  Csesarea,  or 
New  Jersey. x 

The  same  king  issued  a  commission,  empowering 
colonel  Richard  Nicolls,  Sir  Robert  Carr,  George 
Cartwright,  and  Samuel  Maverick,  esquires, 
"  to  hear  and  determine  complaints  and  appeals,  in 
all  causes,  as  well  military,  as  criminal  and  civil," 
within  New  England  ;  and  to  proceed  in  all  things 
for  settling  the  peace  and  security  of  the  country.  * 
The  commissioners,  arriving  at  Boston,  laid  before 
the  council  their  commission  and  instructions,  requir- 
ing assistance  for  the  reduction  of  New  Netherlands. 
The  council  advised,  that  the  entire  subject  be  sub- 
mitted to  the  general  court,  which  was  soon  to  meet. 3 

Nicolls,  who  had  been  fitted  out  from  England 
with  four  frigates  and  three  hundred  soldiers,4  for  gainst  N. 
the  conquest  of  the  Dutch,  proceeded  directly  to 
Manhattan,  without  waiting  for  auxiliaries.  No 
sooner  had  the  frigates  entered  the  harbour,  than 
Stuyvesant,  the  governor,  sent  a  letter  to  the  Eng- 
lish commanders,  to  desire  the  reason  of  their  ap- 
proach, and  of  their  continuance  in  the  harbour 

I  Smith  N.  York,  10,  n.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  348,  362.  This  name  wa» 
given  in  compliment  to  Sir  George  Carteret,  whose  family  came  from  the 
Isle  of  Jersey.  Thus  the  New  Netherlands  became  divided  into  New  Jer- 
sey and  New  York.  Ibid. 

a  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  Ixv.  This  commission  is  in  Hutchicson,  i.  Ap- 
pend. No.  XV,  and  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  638,  639. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  3?6,  387.     Morton,  185.    The  general  court,  resolving 
"  to  bear  true  allegiance  to  his  majesty  and  to  adhere  to  a  patent,  so  dearly 
obtained,  and  so  long  enjoyed  by  undoubted  right,' 'Raised  200 men  for  the 
king's  service  ;  though  they  did  not  join  the  expedition, because  it  had  been 
crowned  with  success  before  they  embodied.     Chalmers,  ibid,  and  573. 

4  The  authors  of  the  Universal  History  [xxxix.  348.]  say,  that  Sir  Rob- 
ert Carr  was  sent  with  a  strong  squadron,  and  3000  land  troops,  with  or- 
ders to  dispossess  the  Dutch  of  the  country,  given  by  king  Charles  to  his 
brother,  and  to  put  the  duke  of  York  in  possession  of  it.     What  separate 
instructions  may  have  been  given  to  Carr,  we  know  not  ;  but  he  sailed  from 
England  with  Nicolls,  and  acted  subordinatery  to  him.     In  regard  to  the 
number  of  troops,  I  have  followed  Smith  and  Chalmers,  both  of  whom 
say,  there  were  300, 


390  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1664.  without  giving  notice  to  the  Dutch.  Nicolls  an- 
swered the  letter,  the  next  day,  by  a  summons, 
Stuyvesant,  determined  on  a  defence,  refused  to  sur- 
render. Letters  and  messages  were  reciprocally  ex- 
changed.  The  English  commissioners  meanwhile 
published  a  proclamation*  encouraging  the  inhabit- 
ants to  submit  ;  sent  officers  to  beat  up  for  volun« 
teers  on  Long  Island  ;  and  issued  a  warrant  to  Hugh 
Hide,  who  commanded  the  squadron,  to  prosecute 
the  reduction  of  the  fort.  These  preparations,  with 
the  refusal  of  Nicolls  to  treat  about  any  thing  but  a 
surrender,  induced  the  Dutch  governor  to  agree  to 
a  treaty  for  that  purpose  ;  and  on  the  twenty  sev- 
entk  °  August  articles  of  capitulation  were  signed, 
by  which  the  fort  and  town  of  New  Amsterdam 
Amster-  were  surrendered  to  the  English.  The  Dutch  were 

dam;  .  r  , 

which  is     to  continue  free  denizens  ;   to  possess  their  estates 

now  named  undiminishcd  ;  to  enjoy  their  ancient  customs  with 

'regard  to  inheritances,  to  their  modes  of  worship, 

and  church  discipline  ;    and  they   were  allowed  a 

freedom  of  trade  to  Holland. x     In  honour  of  the 

duke  of  York,  New  Amsterdam  now  took  the  name 

of  New  York. * 

Sept.  24-         On  the  twenty  fourth  of  September  the  Dutch 

rort  Ur-  .  „,          *_  .         *  , 

ange  taken  garrison  at  roTt  Orange  capitulated  to  the  English  j 
by  theEng-  ancj   jn  honour  of  the  duke,  was  called  Albany. 3 

hsh,  and 

,  i  Smith  N.  York,  1 2 — 23.  Chalmers,  i.  573,  574.  .The  last  privilege 

Nicolls  had  no  power  to  confer  ;  because  a  king  of  England  could  net  dis- 
pense with  the  laws,  by  permitting  a  commerce,  which  they  had  prohibit- 
ed. Chalmers,  ibid,  and  p.  596.  There  were  XXIII  Articles  in  the  Ca- 
pitulation. See  them  entire  in  Smith  N.  York,  19 — 21,  and  Smith  N.  Jer- 
sey, 43 — 47.  The  English  deputies,  who  signed  the  treaty,  were  Sir  Rob« 
ert  Carr,  George  Carteret,  John  Winthrop,  governor  cf  Connecticut,  Sam- 
uel Wyllys,  one  of  the  assistants  of  that  colony,  and  Thomas  Clarke  and 
John  Pynchon,  commissioners  from  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts, 
who,  Smith  says,  "  but  a  little  before  brought  an  aid  from  that  province.'* 
Gov.  Winthrop  and  several  of  the  principal  men  in  Connecticut  had  previ- 
ously joined  the  English.  Trumbull,  i.  279. 

1  Smith  N.  York,  n,  22.  The  town  was  laid  out  eight  years  before. 
See  A.  D.  1656. 

3  Ibid.  Smith  N.  Jersey,  60.  While  Carteret,  who  had  been  commis- 
sioned to  subdue  Fort  Orange,  was  at  that  place,  he  had  an  interview  with 
the  Indians  of  the  Five  Nations,  and  entered  into  a  league  of  friendship 

f 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  391 

On  the  first  of  October,  articles  of  capitulation    1664. 
were  made  between  Sir  Robert  Carr  and  the  Dutch 
and  Swedes  on  Delaware  bay  and  river  ;*    which  clued. 
completed  the  subjection  of  New  Netherlands  to  the 
English  crown.  * 

Three  inhabitants  of  Jamaica  on  Long  Island  pur-  Elizabeth- 
chased  of  certain  Indian  chiefs  a  tract  of  land,  on  a  SeT Se 
part  of  which  a  town  was  built  this  year,  and  cal- 
led Elizabethtown. 3 

The  reverend  John  Eliot  completed  the  transla-  Indian  bk 
tion  of  the  bible  into  the  Indian  language,  which    e* 
was  now  printed  at  Cambridge. 4 

The  line  between  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts  Line  be- 
and  Plymouth  was  amicably  settled,  by  a  committee  ^STand 
from  each  colony.5  Plymouth 

A  very  large  comet  was  seen  by  the  people  of  comet. 
New  England. 6 

Count  de  Cerillac  sold  the  island  Grenada  to  the 
French  West  India  company  for  a  hundred  thousand 
livres.7 

with  them  ;  "  which,"  adds  Smith  nearly  a  century  afterward  (1756),  "  re- 
markably continues  to  this  day."  Hist.  N.  York,  az.  Golden  Five  Nat.  34. 

i  Chalmers,  i.  634.  Jefferson  Virg.  275.    Encyc.  Brit.  Art.  DELAWARE. 

z  Smith  N.  York,  23.  The  history  of  New  Netherlands,  Chalmers 
[5  7 2-]  observes,  "  contains  nothing,  but  their  settlement,  their  constant  tur- 
moils, their  extinction ;  and  it  ought  to  teach  a  lesson  to  nations  and  to 
men,  how  they  admit  others  to  invade  tkeir  rights,  because  continued  pos- 
session at  length  forms  a  title,  specious  if  not  just." 

3  Smith  N.  Jersey,  62.     The  name  of  the  town  is  said  to  have  been  giv- 
en for  Elizabeth,  the  wife  of  Sir  George  Carteret.     The  entire  tract  was 
called  The  Elizabeth  Town  Grant.     Beside  Elizabethtown,  the  towns  of 
Newark,  Middletown  and  Shrewsbury,  were  soon  built ;  and  these,  with 
the  adjacent  country,  were  in  a  few  years  well  inhabited  by  many  settlers 
from  Scotland  ;  some,  from  England  ;  some  of  the  Dutch,  who  remained  in 
the  country  ;  and  some,  from  the  neighbouring  colonies.     Ibid. 

4  Josselyn  N.  Eng.  Ran  nz.     Douglass,  i.  133.     It  was  republished 
(1685)  with  the  corrections  of  Mr.  Cotton,  minister  of  Plymouth.     Ibid. 
Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  14.    The  title  of  it  is  :  "  Mamusse  Wunneetupanatam- 
we  UP-BIBLUM  GOD  Naneeswe  NUKKONE  TESTAMENT  Kah  Wonfc 
WUSKO  TESTAMENT." 

5  Hutchinson.  i.  229.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  100. 

6  Josselyn  Voy.  50,  272.     Hutchinson,  i.  226.     It  was  visible   from  XJf 
November  to  4  February.     I.  Mather  [Discourse  on  Comets,  113.]  says, 
•*  this  famous  comet  was  conspicuous  to  the  whole  world." 

7  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  226.    Of  500  French  planters,  who  were  settled  on 
the  island  when  Cerillac  bought  it  in  1657,  no  more  than  150  now  lived 


-  392 

New 

French  W. 
India  com- 
pany. 

Martinico. 
St.  Lucia. 


May. 
Union  of 
N.  Haven 
and  Con- 
necticut. 


Code  of 
laws  for 
N.York. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Colbert,  prime  minister  of  France,  erected  on  the 
ruins  of  the  old  Canada  and  West  India  company  a 
new  exclusive  West  India  company,  for  forty  years. c 
Lewis  XIV  redeemed  Martinico  from  the  proprieta- 
ries, and  granted  it  to  this  new  company. a 

The  English  took  the  isle  of  St.  Lucia  from  the 
French.3 

1665. 

At  the  general  election,  New  Haven  and  Connec- 
ticut became  united  in  one  colony. 4  A  proportion- 
al number  of  the  council  was  of  the  former  colony 
of  New  Haven.  All  the  towns  sent  their  deputies ; 
and  the  assembly  appeared  entirely  harmonious.  At 
this  session  counties  were  first  made,  and  county 
courts  were  first  instituted  by  that  name.  *  At  the 
time  of  the  union,  New  Haven  arid  Connecticut  con- 
sisted of  nineteen  towns.6 

The  court  of  assizes 7  in  New  York  collected  in- 
to one  code  the  ancient  customs,  with  such  addition- 
al improvements,  as  the  great  change  of  things  re- 
quired, regarding  the  laws  of  England  as  the  su- 
preme rule.  These  ordinances,  transmitted  to  Eng- 

there.  [See  p.  353,  note  i.]  Ten  years  afterward  (1674)  the  charter  of  the 
French  W.  Indies  being  abolished,  the  island  became  vested  in  the  crown  of 
France.  Ibid.  Edwards  W.  Indies,  i.  349. 

I  Encyc.  Methodique,  Commerce,  Art.  COMPAIGNIE.  Anderson,  ii.  481, 
Its  limits  were, "  j .  That  part  of  the  continent  of  South  America  lying  be- 
tween the  rivers  of  Amazons  and  Oronooko,  with  the  adjacent  islands,  a.  In 
North  America,  all  Canada,  down  to  and  behind  Virginia  and  Florida. 
3.  All  the  coast  of  Africa  from  Cape  Verde,  southward,  to  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope."  The  old  company  had  subsisted  about  40  years.  See  An- 
derson, ii.  311.  Before  this  new  company  was  formed,  France  paid  tribute 
for  her  luxuries  to  the  Dutch.  Voltaire,  viii.  195. 

a  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  230,  244-     See  A.  D.  1650,  p.  352. 

3  Anderson,  ii.  478.     It  was  taken  by  5  ships  of  war,  carrying  about 
Xjoo  men,  who  were  joined  by  600  Carribbeans  in  17  canoes.     The  Eng- 
lish colony,  two  years  after,  reduced  by  epidemical  diseases  to  89  persons, 
abandoned  It,  and  burned  their  fort.     Ibid.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  218. 

4  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  xli.    Hazard  Coll.  ii.  510. 

5  Trumbull,  i.  289,477.    The  superior  court  was  instituted  at  the  next 
session  in  October.     Ibid. 

6  Trumbull,  i.  290.     The  grand  list  was  £153,  620  :  16  :  5. 

7  Erected  by  Nicoils,  composed  of  the  governor,  the  council,  the  justices 
of  the  peace ;  and  invested  with  every  power  inuhe  colony,  legislative  e* 
ecutive,  and  judicial.     Chalmers,  i.  575. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  393 

land,  were  confirmed  by  the  duke  of  York,  the  fol-    1665. 
lowing  year. *     It  was  ordained  by  the  government, 
that  no  purchase  from  the  Indians,  without  the  gov- 
ernor's licence,  executed  in  his  presence,  should  be 
valid. a 

The  inhabitants  of  New  York  were  incorporated 
on  the  twelfth  of  June,  under  the  care  of  a  mayor, 
five  aldermen,   and  a  sheriff.     Until  this  time  the  city  of  N. 
city  was  ruled  by  a  scoutj  burgomasters,  and  sche-  York- 
pens. 3 

Nicolls,  governor  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey,  Carteret 
reluctantly  resigned  the  government  of  New  Jersey 
to  Carteret,  its  appointed  governor,  who  took  pos- 
session of  Elizabethtown,  the  capital,  now  consisting 
of  four  families,  just  settled  in  the  wilderness*4 

The  commissioners,  returning  to  Massachusetts,  Commis- 
from  the  reduction  of  the  Dutch  colony,  began  in  j^1^ 
April  to  execute  their  important  trust  ;  but,  meet-  England, 
ing  with  opposition  from  the  jealous  and  spirited 
Colonists,  they  left  the  country,  with  menaces  of  vin« 
dictive  punishment.5 

i  Chalmers,  1.577; 
a  Smith  N.  York,  a  7. 

3  Smith  N.  York,  27.     Thomas  Willet,  esquire,  an  Englishman,  who  u- 
dually  lived  and  finally  died  at  Swanzey  at  the  head  of  Narragahset  bay, 
Was  the  first  mayor,  after  the  conquest.     He  was  a  merchant,  and  had  fac- 
tories, or  Indian  trading  houses,  from  Kennebeck  to  Delaware,  particularly 
at  New  Amsterdam  and  Fort  Orange.     Pres.  Stiles  MS.  Memorandum  in 
Smith's  Hist.  N.  York.     Nicolls  found  the  town  composed  of  a  few  misera- 
ble houses,  occupied  by  men,  who  were  extremely  poor,  and  the  whole  in 
*  a  mean  condition  ;"'  but  he  foretold  its  greatness,  if  it  were  encouraged 
with  the  immunities,  which  he  then  recommended.     He  informed  the  duke 
of  York,  by  a  letter,  dated  in  November,  1665,  "  such  is  the  mean  condi- 
tion of  this  town  [New  York],  that  not  one  soldier  to  this  day  has  lain  in 
sheets,  or  upon  any  other  bed  than  canvas  and  straw."     Chalmers,  i.  575, 
597.     Some  of  the  houses  however  were  handsomely  built  of  brick  and 
stone,  and  in  part  covered  with  red  and  black  tiles,  and  "  the  land  being 
high,  it  presented  an  agreeable  prospect  from  the  sea."     Brit.  Emp.ii.  308* 

4  Chalmers,  i.  615. 

5  Chalmers,  i.  388,  389.     A  conference  between  the  commissioners  and 
the  general  court  soon  degenerated  into  altercation.     The  commissioners  at 
length  asked  that  body  ;  "  Do  you  acknowledge  the  royal  commission  to 
be  of  full  force  to  all  the  purposes  contained  in  it  ?"    To  this  decisive  and 
embarrassing  question  the  general  court  excused  itself  from  giving  a  direct 
answer,  and  chose  rather  to  "  plead  his  majesty's  charter."     The  commis- 

Hhh 


394 
1665 


setts. 


June  rj. 

chafer  of 
Carolina, 


Governor 


appointed, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

The  militia  of  Massachusetts  consisted  at  this 
t*me  °f  f°ur  thousand  foot,  and  four  hundred  horse. 
The  colony  maintained  a  fort  at  the  entrance  of 
Boston  harbour,  with  five  or  six  guns  ;  two  batter- 
ies in  the  harbour,  and  one  at  Char  lest  own.  The 
number  of  its  ships  and  vessels  was  about  eighty., 
from  twenty  to  forty  tons  ;  about  forty,  from  forty 
to  a  hundred  tons  °y  and  about  twelve  ships,  above  a 
hundred  tons.  * 

The  second  charter  of  Carolina  was  granted  by 
Charles  II  to  the  same  proprietors.  It  recited  and 
confirmed  the  former  charter,  with  enlargements. 
Carolina  was  declared  independent  of  any  other 
province,  but  subject  immediately  to  the  crown  of 
England  ;  and  the  inhabitants  were  never  to  be  com- 
pelled to  answer  m  other  dominions  of  the  crown? 
excepting  within  the  realm.  z 

Several  gentlemen  of  Barbadoes,  dissatisfied  with 
^le^r  condition  on  that  island,  having  proposed  to 
remove  to>  the  county  of  Clarendon,3  recently  laid 
out  by  the  proprietaries  of  Carolina  ;  John  Yeamans, 
a  respectable  planter  of  Barbadoes,  was  now  appoint- 
ed commander  in  chief  of  that  county.  He  was  or- 
dered to  grant  lands  to  every  one,  according  to  the 
conditions  agreed  on  with  the  adventurers,  reserving 
one  half  penny  sterling  for  every  acre,  payable  in 

sicners  however  attempting  to  hear  a  complaint  against  the  governor  and 
company,  the  genera}  court,  with  characteristic  vigour,  published,  by  sound 
of  trumpet,  its  disapprobation  of  this  proceeding,  and  prohibited  every  one 
from  abetting  a  conduct,  so  inconsistent  with  their  duty  to  God,  and  their 
allegiance  to  the  king  ;  and,  in  May,  the  commissioners  departed,  threaten* 
ing  their  opponents  "  with  the  punishment,  which  so  many  concerned  in 
the  late  rebellion  had  met  with  in  England."  Ibid.  Hubbard  MS.  N. 
Eng.  chap.  Ixv. 

I  Hutchinson,  i.  244. 

1  Chalmers,  i.  521,  522.  Drayton  S.  CaroL  6.  Jefferson  Virg.  276, 
According  to  the  limits,  fix«tl  in  this  charter,  St.  Augustine,  as  well  as  the 
whole  of  the  present  State  of  Georgia,  fell  within  the  English  dominions  : 
but  the  Spaniards  alleged,  that  this  grant  was  an  invasion  of  their  rights, 
and  never  admitted  the  limits  of  this  charter,  in  any  subsequent  treaty. 
The  English  therefore  had  recourse  to  the  claim,  founded  on  prior  dis..  ov- 
er y.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  129.  See  A.  D.  1663. 

3  Stretching  from  Cape  Fear  to  the  rJTer  St.  Matheo.    Chalmers. 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  395 

March,  1 670.     King  Charles,  in  aid  of  the  laudable    j  665. 
exertions  of  his  courtiers,  gave  them  twelve  pieces 
of  ordnance,  which  were  now  sent  to  Charles  river, 
with  a  considerable  quantity  of  warlike  stores. x     In 
the  autumn   Yeamans  conducted  from  Barbadoes  a 
body  of  emigrants,  who  landed  on  the  southern  bank  i 
of  Cape  Fear.     He  cultivated  the  good  will  of  the  f™m  Bar- 
natives,  and  insured  a  seven  years  peace.    The  plant-  'J 
ers,  in  opening  the  forest,  to  make  room  for  the  op- 
erations of  tillage,  "  necessarily  prepared  timber  for 
the  uses  of  the  cooper  and  builder  ;   which  they 
transmitted  to  the  island  whence  they  had  emigrated, 
as  the  first  object  of  a  feeble  commerce,  that  kindled 
the  spark  of  industry,  which  soon  gave  animation 
to  the  whole/'2 

The  English  inhabitants  of  Maryland  now  a-  Maryland, 
mounted  to  sixteen  thousand.5 

The  government  of  Rhode  Island  passed  an  order  Order  of  R. 
to  outlaw  quakers,  and  to  seize  their  estates,  because  ernmtmT" 
they  would  not  bear  arms  ;  but  the  people  in  gener-  against 
al  rose  up  against  it,  and  would  not  suffer  it  to  be 
carried  into  effect.4 

Misquamkut  was  purchased  of  the  Indians  ;   and  Westerly 
a  number  of  baptists  of  the  church  in  Newport  re- settled* 
moved  to  this  new  plantation,  which  was  afterward 
called  Westerly. s 

i  Chalmers,  i. 520,  521.  Yeamans  was  directed  K  to  make  every  thing 
easy  to  the  people  of  New  England,  from  which  the  greatest  emigrations 
are  expected,  as  the  southern  colonies  are  already  drained."  Ibid. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  533.  The  next  year,  an  account  of  this  new  "  New  Plan- 
tation, begun  by  the  English  at  Cape  Feare,"  was  published  at  London. 
Bibliotheca  Americana,  98. 

3  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  469.     Brit.  Emp.  iii.  4.     Governor  Calvert,  though  a 
Koman  catholic,  yet  had  caused  the  passing  of  an  act,  by  which  all  profes- 
sing Christians,  of  every  denomination,  had  liberty  to  settle  in  the  province. 
That  act,  with  Calvert's  mild  and  impartial  administration,  accounts  for 
this  considerable  increase  of  inhabitants.     Ibid. 

4  Coll.  Hist.  Soc,  v.  219. 

5  Callender,  39,  65.     The^  afterward  "  .generally  embraced  the  seventh 
•day  sabbath."    Ibid.     Their  plantation  was  constituted  a  township  by  the 
name  of  Westerly,  in   1669.    Ibid.     It  formerly  belonged  to  Stonin^ton 
[Trumbull,  i.  360.] ;  but  it  is  now  in  the  State  of  Rhode  Island. 


396  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1665.       A  baptist  church  was  gathered  in  Boston.1    The 
£rst  prosecution  of  anabaptists,  that  occurs  in  the 
records  of  Massachusetts,  was  in  this  year.  5 
praying         There  were  in  Massachusetts  six  towns  of  Indians, 
Indians,      professing  the  Christian  religion.3 
French          M.  de  Courcellcs,  appointed  governor  of  New 
forces  sent  France,  transported  the  regiment  of  Carignan  Sal- 
l*  ieres  to  Canada.  4     To  prevent  the  irruptions  of  the 
Five  Nations  by  the  way  of  Lake  Champlain,  Cour- 
celles  built  three  forts  between  that  lake  and  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Richlieu.  ; 

Death  of        John  Endicot,  governor  of  Massachusetts,   died 
i-  in  the  seventy  seventh  year  of  his  age.6 


tot. 


1  Hutchinson,  i.  227. 

2  Ibid.     Ant'pcedobaptism  had  appeared  in  the  colony  about  A.  D.  1640 
(ib.)  ;  and  a  law  had  been  made  against  it,  with  the  penalty  of  banishment. 
$ee  p.  332  of  this  volume.  3  Hutchinson,  i.  242. 

4  Charlevaix   Nouv.  France,  i.  381.     Josselyn   [Voy.  274,  N.  Eng.  Ran 
113.]  says,  "  1000  foot."     A  great  number  of  families,  many  mechanics, 
and  hired  servants,  with  horses  (the  first  ever  seen  in  Canada),  cattle  and 
sheep,  were  transported  at  the  same  time.     This  was  a  more  considerable 
colony,  than  that,  which  it  carneto  supply.     The  100  associates  [See  p.  242 
of  this  volume]  soon  grew  weary  of  the  expense  of  maintaining  their  coio* 
ny  ;  and  from  the  year  1644  abandoned  the  fur  trade  to  the  inhabitant?,  re- 
serving to  themselves,  for  their  right  of  lordship,  an  animal  homage  of 
1000  beavers.     Reduced  at  length  to  the  number  of  45   associates,  they 
m-ade  a  total  resignation  of  their  rights,  in  1662,  to  the  French  king,  who 
soon  after  included  New  France  in  the  grant,  which  he  made  of  the  French 
colonies  in  America  in  favour  of  the  West  India  company.     Charlevoix,  ib. 
379'  38o. 

5  Charlevoix,!.  381.     Smith  N.  York,  44.     Jefferys  Hist.  Canada.    The 
first  was  placed  on  the  spot,  where  that  of  Richlieu  had  formerly  stood  ; 
and  has  since  been  called,  as  also  the  river,  by  the  name  of  Sorel,  from  a 
captain  of  the  regiment  of  Carignan,  who  had  the  charge  of  building  it. 
The  second  fort,  built  at  the  foot  of  a  water  fall  on  the  river,  was  called 
Fort  St.  Lewis  ;  but  M.  de  Chambly  having  afterward  bought  the  land  on 
which  it  was  situated,  the  whole  canton,  together  with  the  stone  fort, 
since  built  on  the  ruins  of  the  old  fort,  bears  the  name  of  Chambly.     The- 
third,  built  three  leagues  higher  than  the  second,  was  called  St.  Theresa.  Ib. 

6  Morton,  188.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vi,  261.     This  is  the  same  person,  who 
came  to  Salem  in  1628.     He  continued  at  Salem  until  he  was  requested  to- 
remove  to  Boston,  "  for  the  more  convenient  administration  of  justice,"  as 
governor  of  that  jurisdiction.     The  historian  of  Salem  characterises  him  as 
"  a  sincere  Puritan."     Ibid. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  397 

1666. 

The  Mohawks,  by  incursions  on  the  French  in  French  ex- 
Canada,  not  merely  prevented  their  commerce  with  Peditiona- 

i  T     i.  i  r>  i     i     •          i    eainst  the 

the  western  Indians,  but  often  endangered  their  col-  Mohawks. 
ony.  It  was  to  repel  or  subdue  this  ferocious  ene- 
my, that  a  regiment  had  been  lately  sent  over  from 
France.  M.  de  Tracy,  viceroy  of  America,  and  M. 
Courcelles,  the  Canadian  governor,  with  twenty 
eight  companies  of  foot,  and  all  the  militia  of  the 
colony,  marched  from  Quebec  above  seven  hundred  Sept.  14. 
miles  into  the  Mohawk  country,  with  the  intention 
of  destroying  its  inhabitants  ;  but,  on  their  approach, 
the  Mohawks  retired  into  the  woods  with  their  wo- 
men and  children  ;  and  the  French  did  nothing  more, 
than  burn  several  villages,  and  murder  some  sachems, 
who  chose  to  die,  rather  than  to  desert  their  hab- 
itations. x 

The  natives  at  Sandwich  had  made  such  proficien-  Indians  at 
cy  in  the  knowledge  and  observance  of  the  gospel.,  Sandwach- 
that  the  governor  of  Plymouth  colony  and   several 
principal  men  took  measures  toward  forming  them 
into  a  church  state.  * 

The  first  act,  which  occurs,  of  any  colonial  assem-  Act  ofnat- 
bly,  for  the  naturalization  of  aliens,  was  passed  this  uralization< 
year  in  Maryland. 3 

The  assembly  of  Carolina  transmitted  a  petition  Petition  of 
to  the  proprietaries,  praying,  that  the  people  of  Al-  Carohna- 
bemarle  might  hold  their  possessions  on  the  same 

1  Charlevoix,  Nouv.  France,  i.  385,  386.     Colden,  33.     Smith  N.  York, 
43.     Gookin  (author  of  Hist.  Collect,  of  the  Indians),  who  conversed  with 
fome  Frenchmen,  "  that  were  soldiers  in  this  exploit,"  says,  that  the  march 
of  the  French  was  in  the  dead  of  winter,  when  the  rivers  and  lakes  were 
covered  with  a  firm  ice,  upon  which  they  travelled  the  most  direct  way  ; 
that  they  were  obliged  to  dig  into  tht»  snow  on  the  edges  of  the  rivers  and 
lakes,  to  make  their  lodgings  in  the  night ;   and  to  carry  their  provisions, 
arms,  and  snow  shoes,  at  their  back.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  161.     M.  de  Tra- 
cy, though  upwards  of  7  o  years  old,  chose  to  command  the  expedition  in 
person.     Charlevoix. 

2  Morton,  192. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  315.     The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  had,  as  early 
as  1662,  granted  to  a  few  French  protestant  refugees  "  liberty  to  inhabit" 
in  their  colony.     Ibid. 


398  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1666.  terms,  as  those  on  which  the  Virginians  held  their*s» 
The  proprietaries  acceded  to  the  request  ;  and  com- 
manded the  governor  to  grant  the  lands  in  future  ou 
the  terms  prescribed  by  themselves. x 

The  bucaniers  of  America,  about  this  time,  begaa 
their  depredations.  They  consisted  of  various  dar- 
*°£  ^venturers ,  wh°  originally  combined  for  the 
spoliation  of  the  Spaniards  in  the  West  Indies, 
Lewis  Scot  sacked  the  city  of  Canipeachy  ;  and,  af- 
tter  exacting  an  excessive  ransom,  left  it  nearly  in 
ruins,2  John  Davis,  with  eighty  men?  surprised 
Nicaragua  ;  plundered  the  wealthiest  houses  and 
churches  ;  and  carried  off  money  and  jewels,  to  the 
Yalue  of  fifty  thousand  pieces  of  eight.  Not  long 
after,  he  was  chosen  commodore  ;  and  with  seven  or 
eight  vessels  went  to  Florida,  where  he  landed  his 
men,  and  pillaged  the  city  of  St.  Augustine. s 
Henry  Henry  Morgan,  a  Welshman,  having  gone  from 

?^^    Wales  to  Barbadoes,   and  commenced  pirate,  was 
pirates.     BOW  made  vice  admiral  by  Mansvelt,  an  old  pirate 
at  Jamaica.     Sailing  together,  with  fifteen  ships  and 
five  hundred  men,  chiefly  Walloons  and  French,  on 
a  spoliating  enterprise,  they  took  possession  of  the 
Takes  St.   island  of  St.  Catharine,4  and  left  a  hundred  men  for 

- 

Its  defence  ;  but  it  was  soon  after  recovered  by  the 
Spaniards.  Morgan  afterward  took  the  castle  at 
Panama,  and  obliged  the  city  to  pay  for  its  ransom 
one  hundred  thousand  pieces  of  eight.  * 

Maracaybo,  a  rich  town,  the  capital  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Venezuela  in  South  America,  was  pillaged 
by  the  French  bucaniers  ;  who  carried  off  the  im- 
ages, pictures,  and  bells  of  the  great  church,  and 

I   Chalmers,  1.520, 

"Z  Hist.  Bucaniers,  i.  49.     Harris  Voy.  £21.     He  was  the  first  pint?] 
who  attempted  to  land  in  the  Spanish  dominions.     Ibid. 

3  Hist.  Bucan.  i.  49,  50.     Harris  Voy.  8zJ .     Davis  was  born  at  Jamai- 
ca.    The  castle  of  Augustine  had  a  garrison  of  200  men  ;  yet  Davh  diduci 
k?se  a  single  man.     Ibid. 

4  Near  Costa  Rica  in  12  deg.  30  min.  north  lat. 

5  Hist.  Bucan.  i.  79 — 8j,  98.     Harris  Voy.  824—826. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  39$ 

For  the  ransom  and  liberty  of  the  inhabitants  exact- 
ed twenty  thousand  pieces  of  eight,  and  five  hua- 
dred  cows* ' 

1667. 

The  proprietaries  of  Carolina  were  induced,,  foy  Bahama 
Intelligence  they  received  respecting  the  Bahama  M-  «fa»d* 
ands,  to  apply  to  the  king  for  a  grant  of  them ;  aiad^^^ 
behave  them  a  patent  for  all  those  islands,  lying  *&***&  <* 

°  *  i  -, J  * 6  C^roliBi. 

between  the  twenty  second  and  twenty  seventh  de- 
grees of  north  latitude.  * 

A  treaty  of  peace  was  concluded  at  Breda  be-  *****  <* 
tween  England  and  Holland.     By  this  treaty  New8*8^ 
Netherlands  were  confirmed  to  the  English ;  aaid 
Surinam  was  confirmed  to  the  Dutch.3     A  treaty 
was  also  concluded,  at  the  same  place,  between  Eng- 
land and  France.     By  this  treaty,  France  yielded  to 
England  all  her  part  of  the  island  of  St.  Christo- 
pher, together  with  the  islands  of  Antigua  and  Mont- 
serrat  ;  and  England  yielded  Acadie  to  France.4 

A  general  treaty  of  commerce  was  concluded  be-  Timy 
tween  England  and  Spain,  comprehending  the  inter- 
ests  of  both  kingdoms,  in  Europe  and  America.  * 

i  Encyc.  Methodique,  Geog.  Art.  MARACAYBO.     The  pirates  are  tdher? 
called  Flibustiers.     They  again  pillaged  it  in  1678.  Ib.  Hist.  Bucan,  i.  65, 

z  Hewet,  i.  48.     The  proprietaries  had  fitted  out  a  ship,  and  sent  cap- 
tain William   Sayle  to  bring  them  some  account  of  the   Carolinian  coast, 
Sayle  was  driven  by  a  storm  among  the  Bahama  islands,  of  which  (partic- 
ularly the  island  of  Providence)  he  acquired  come  knowledge.     Hs  ajfeer- 
ward  explored  the  coast  and  the  mouths  of  the  rivers  in  Carolina  ;  aiwS,.  re- 
turning to  England,  gave  intelligence  of  the  Bahamas.     Ibid.     Andaraes^ 
ii.  490.     The  island,  on  which  Sayle  was  driven,  was  St.  Salvador ;  amdlae 
is  the  first  Englishman,  mentioned  in  history,  who  landed  on  it. 
Ibus  made  no  settlement  on  this  or  any  other  of  the  Bahama  islands. 
Hist.  xli.  331. 

3  Encyc.  Brit.  Art.  DELAWARE.     Chalmers,  i.  578.     Brit.  Emp.  ii. 
400.     Surinam  had  recently  been  taken  by  the  Dutch ;  and  the  utipcss 
was  the  basis  of  the  treaty.     Anderson,  ii.  493.     The  English  plaiftars  at 
Surinam  now  principally  retired  to  Jamaica.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  65,    Tfcetr 
number,  at  the  time  of  this  evacuation,  amounted  to  above  1500,  beside 
their  families.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  359. 

4  Anderson,  ii.  492.     Acadie  was  restored  generally,  without  spsdfka- 
tion  of  limits,  and  particularly  Pentagoet,  St.  John,  Port  Royal,  La  Have, 
and  Cape  Sable,  lying  within  it.     Chalmers,  i.  393.     This  article  of  tfes 
Ireaty  was  not  concluded  until  February,  1668.     Ibid. 

5  Univ.  Hist,  xli.  358.    Anderson,  ii.  494. 


I 


406  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 667.       Peace  was  established  between  the  French  in  Cafi* 
Peace  b^   acja  and  the  Five  Nations,  which  continued  several 

tween  the  .        rr«i_       •          T\  -n  i 

French  &  years.  1  he  sieur  rerot,  a  French  missionary,  trav- 
Indians.  elled  above  twelve  hundred  miles  westward  from 
French  Quebec,  making  proselytes  of  the  Indians  to  the 
missionary.  French  interest. a 

GOV.  NIC-       Governor  Nicolls  of  New  York  retired  from  hi^ 
oils  retires,  government.     It  is  recorded  to  his  honour,  that  he 
exercised  his  extraordinary  powers  with  moderation 
and  integrity.3 

New  at-          Several  persons  of  distinction  in  England  fitted 
Nmwestra°ut  captain  Gillam,  on  a  renewed  attempt  for  a 
passage,     north  west  passage  through  Hudson's  Bay  to  Chi- 
na.     Gillain  passed  through  Hudson  straits  to  Baf- 
fin's Bay,  as  far  as  seventy  five  degrees  north  lati- 
tude ;  and  next  sailed  south  to  fifty  one  degrees  some 
minutes,  where,  on  the  river,  which  he  named  after 
Charles      prince  Rupert,  he  built  Charles  Fort,  and  laid  the 
fort  built,   foundation  of  a  fur  trade  with  the  natives.4 
Towns  Liberty  was  granted  by  the  legislature  of  Massa- 

bmlt*  chusetts  for  erecting  a  township  thirty  or  forty  miles 
Mendon.  west  of  Roxbury  ;  and  it  was  called  Mendon. 5  The 
Brookfield.  Ufa  liberty  was  given  to  Brookfield  ; 6  and  to  West- 
Lymt.  field.7  The  town  of  Lyme,  in  Connecticut,  was 
incorporated. 8 

i  Smith  N.  York,  43.     They  now  cultivated  a  mutual  trade. 
2,  Ibid.  44.     Golden  Five  Nations,  35. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  578.     He  was  succeeded  by  governor  Lovelace  ;  the 
most  memorable  act  of  whose  administration  was  the  purchase  of  Stater- 
island  from  the  natives.     Ibid.  599. 

4  Anderson,  ii.  492.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  87.     This  was  the  first  fort  that 
the  English  ever  had  in  Hudson's  Bay.     Ib.     We  have  no  account  of  uu 
attempt  for  this  discovery,  since  the  voyages  of  Fox  and  James,  until  this 
year.     See  A.  D.  1631,- p.  264  of  this  volume. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixvii.     It  was  settled  by  people  from 
Roxbury.     Ibid. 

6  Ibid.     Liberty  had  been  granted    to   Brookfield  In  1660  [See  tha.t 
year.]  ;  but  the  grantees  having  forfeited  the  first  grant,  and  six  or  seven 
families  being  row  settled  there,  it  was  now  renewed  ;   and  the  regulation 
of  the  settlement  fell  into  the  power  of  the  general  court.     Ibid. 

7  Ibid.    Then  a  village  7  miles  west  of  Springfield. 

8  Trumbull,  I.  332.  .    About  the  your  1664,  toct'erner.ts  commences 
here, or.  ;:  trp.ct  of  land  originally  belonging1  to  Sa  :>id. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  40* 

John  Wilson,  minister  of  Boston,  died,  at  the  age  Death  of 

-   r  •  T.  Wilson. 

of  seventy  nine  years.  * 

1668. 

As  soon  as  the  royal  commissioners  had  returned 
to  England,  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  ap- 
pointed  four  commissioners  "  to  settle  all  aiFairs  for  govern- 
the  government  of  the  people"  in  the.  Province  of  JSe°.f 
Maine.  In  execution  of  their  commission,  they  en- 
tered the  province,  accompanied  by  a  troop  of  horse, 
and  easily  reestablished  the  colonial  authority  on  the 
ruins  of  a  feeble  proprietary  government.  * , 

To  promote  a  reformation  of  manners,  the  gener-  Attempts* 
al  court  of  Massachusetts  sent  a  printed  letter  to  ev-  reforma- 

1  .  tion  01 

ery  minister  in  the  colony,  requesting  a  particular  manners, 
attention  to  that  pious  design* 3 

A  township   of  land,    eight  miles    square,    was  Grant  of 
granted  by  the  legislature  of  Massachusetts  to  Dan-  Worcester. 
iel  Gookin  and  others,  by  the  name  of  Worcester. 4 

The  first  settlements  on  the.  Bass  river  side,  near  Beverlyin* 
Salem,  were  incorporated  by  the  name  of  Beverly. s  corporate,!; 

r  Morton,  104.  He  was  the  first  minister  of  Boston,  and  was  in  the 
ministry  in  the  first  church  in  that  town  37  years ;  3  years,  before  Mr.  Cot- 
ton ;  ao  years,  with  him  ;  10  years,  with  Mr.  Norton  ;  and  4  years,  after 
him.  Ibid.  He  is  represented  by  his  contemporaries,  as  0116  of  the  most 
humble,  pious,  and  benevolent  men  of  the  age,  in  which  he  lived.  Se« 
Hutchinson.  i.  158  ;  Mather  MagnaLbook  iii.  41-^-51.  His  portrait  is  in 
the  Historical  Society. 

i  Chalmers,  i.  484.  ttutchinson,  i.  260—26 8.  The  province  appears 
to  have  been  in  a  confused  state  ;  and  some  of  the  principal  persons  applied 
to  the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  to  reassume  the  jurisdiction  over 
them.  The  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  court,  were  major  general 
Leveret,  Mr.  Edward  Tyng,  captain  Richard  Waidron,  and  captain  Rob- 
ert Pike.  Ibid. 

.  3  Neal  N.  Eng.  i.  370.  Tne  effect  appears  to  have  been  salutary.  The 
pious  zeal  of  the  government,  though  highly  commendable  in  its  principle, 
was  n6t  always  exercised  according  to  knowledge.  .  A  licefice  having  been  ob- 
tained this  year  (i66£)  for  printing  Thomas  a  Kempis  de  Irnitatione  Chris- 
ti,  the  general  court  was  alarmed  ;  recommended  to  the  licensers  a  more 
full  revisal  ;  and  ordered  the  press,  in  the  mean  time,  to  stop ;  giving  for  a 
reason,  "  that,  being  written  by  a  popish  minister,  it  contained  some  things 
less  safe  to  be  infused  among  the  people."  Hutchinson,  i.  258.  Chal- 
mers, i.  392. 

4  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  115.    The  Indian  war,  which  commenced  soon  af- 
ter, prevented  the  settlement  of  the  town  until  A.  D.  1685.     Ibid. 

5  Coil.  Hist.  Soc,  vi.  233.  They  had  a  church  built  as  early  as  1657.  Ibv. 


402T  AMERICAN  ANNAL& 

i668v-       Haddarn,  in  Connecticut,  was  incorporated.3 

ffrg  governor  and  council  of  New  York  gave  di- 
rections  for  a  better  settlement  of  the  government 
Customs  at  on  Delaware. z     Governor  Lovelace  of  New  York 

gave  order  for  customs  at  the  Hoarkills.3 
g  Lord  Willoughby,  governor  of  Barbadoes,  sent 

subdue  s«-  forces  to  St.  Vincent  and  Dominica,  and  obliged  the 
Vincent  &  natives  of  those  islands  to  submit  to  the  English ' 

Dominica. 

government.4 

towrfbu          Bridgetown,  in  Barb  adoes,  was  destroyed  by  fire.5 
Death  S-"  '      Jonathan1  Mitchel,  minister  of  Cambridge,  diedy 
ministers.    at  the  age  of  forty  three  years.6     Henry  Flint,  min- 
ister of  Braintree,7   Samuel  Shepard,  minister  of 
Rowley,  and  John  Eliot*  minister  of  New  town  Vil- 
lage* died  this  year.8 

1  Trambull,  i.  33  &     There  were  28  original  proprietors.    They  began 
their  settlements  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  ;  and  these  were  now  incor- 
porated. The  extent  o£  the  town  was  6  miles  east  and  west  of  the  river.  IK 

2  Jefferson  Virg.  Query  XXIII,  from  Smith  N.  Jersey. 

3  Ibid. 

4  Univ.  Hist,  xli,  i6o/.  5  Salmon  Chronol.  Hist.  i.  tp 3. 

6  Mather  Magna}.  bo«k  iv.  158 — 185.     Morton,  200-^204.     Hutchin- 
son,  i.  260.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  47 — 51.     Mr.  Mitchel  possessed  a  capac- 
ious mind,  and  extraordinary  talents  ;  and  is  always  mentioned  by  the  New 
England  writers,  as  one  of  the  most  learned  men  and  best  preachers  in  his 
day.     He  was  also  distinguished  for  the  sweetness  of  his- temper,  for  his 
meekness,  humility,  and  piety.     He  was  about  18  years  in  the  ministry  at 
Cambridge  ;  and 4'  was  most  intense  and  faithful"  in  performing  its  sacred 
duties. 

7  Mather  Klagnal.  book  Hi.  :r23.     Morton  (200.)  says,  he  was  a  man  of 
known  piety,  gravity,  and  integrity,  and  of  other  accomplishments  ;   and 
Hubbard  [MS.  N.-Eng.  chap.  Ixix.j,  that  he  was  an  eminent  minister. 

8  Tv'Ibrton,  200,  204.     Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixix.     The  two  last 
named  ministers,  though  of  early  standing  in  the  ministry,  are  represented 
as  very  worthy  and  useful  men.     Mr.  Eliot   (who  died  at  the  age  of  about 
35  years)  was  tne  sen  of  the  celebrated  minister  of  Roxbury ;  and  he  fol- 
lowed the  example  oi  his  father,  in  endeavouring  to  Christianize  the  In- 
dians. Ib.     Gcoki.n   [Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  17 1-]  says,  he  was  a  very  excellent 
preacher  in  the  English  tongue;  that,  beside  preaching  to  his  English 
churchy  fee,  for  several  years,  preached  the  gospel  to  the  Indians,  once  a 
fortnighr  constantly  at  Pakeaiit,  and  sometimes  at  Natick,  and  otker  places  ;. 
and  that  the  most  judicious  Christian  Indians  (as  he  had  often  heard  them 
s«y)  esteemed  him  as  a  most  excellent  preacher  in  their  language. 


AMERICAN   ANNALS, 

1669. 

The  first  assembly  was  constituted  and  convened  First 
*n  Albemarle  county  in  Carolina. *      One  of  the  laws  * 
of  this  assembly  indicates  the  state  of  religion  and  marie, 
morals.     It  was  entitled  "  an  act  concerning  mar-  Actcoa- 
riage  ;".and  it  declared,  that,  as  people  might  wish  "ming 

.y  r  .   \  °.  ,       marriage. 

to  marry,  and  there  being  yet  no  ministers,  m  order 
that  none  might  be  hindered  from  so  necessary  a 
work  for  the  preservation  of  mankind,  any  two  per- 
sons, carry  ing  before  the  governor  and  council  a  few 
*)f  their  neighbours.,  .and  declaring  their  mutual  as- 
sent, shall  be  deemed  husband  and  wile, z 

The  inhabitants  of  Boston  being  now  so  mimer-  Thc  dla 
ous,    that  the  two  houses  of  worship  could  not  con-  ^urchin 
tain  them,  and  some  of  the  brethren  of  the  first  Boston 
church  being  dissatisfied  with  Mr.  Davenport  on  ac-  satheredo 
count  of  his  leaving  New  Haven  for  a  settlement 
there  ; 3   a  third  church  was   gathered  in  May,  of 
\vhich  Mr.  Thomas  Thacher  was  ordained  the  first 
pastor ;     and   an  edifice  was  built   on    die  maia 
street,  for  its  use.4 

The  friendly  Indians  m  New  England,  having  ^^f^? 
raised  an  army  of  six  or  seven  hundred  men,  march-  Indians  a- 
,ed  into  the  country  of  the  Mohawks,  to  take  revenge  sainst  the 

r          i     •       •    «       •        f         AC          i  r      r     •     Mohawks, 

ior  their  injuries.5     After  besieging  one  of   their 

1  Chalmers,  i.  525.     A  constitution  had  been  given  to  thtft  colony  in 
1667.     The  governor  was  to  act  altogether  by  the  advice  of  a  council  of 
twelve  ;  the  one  half  of  which  he  was  empowered  to  appoint,  the  other 
•six  were  to  be  chosen  by  the  assembly.     The  assembly  was  composed  of 
the  goverEor,  of  the  council,  and  of  iz  delegates  chosen  annually  by  the 
freeholders.     Ib.  524. 

2  Chalmers,  1.525.    "  During  almost  20  years  we  can  trace  nothing  of 
clergymen  in  the  history  or  laws  of  Carolina."     Ibid, 

3  On  the  death  of  Mr.  Wilson,  he  was  invited  to  the  pastoral  care  of  the 
•first  church  in  Boston,  and  accepted  the  invitation.  Hutchinson,  i.  270. 

4  Neal  N.  Eng.  i.  584.     Hutchinson,  i,  260,  270 — 274.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc, 
iii.  258  ;  iy.  21 1.     The  church  was  built  of  cedar.  Ib. 

5  There  had  been  a  war  between  these  nations  about  six  years.     This 
enterprise  of  the  Indians  was  contrived  without  the  knowledge,  and  under- 
taken contrary  to  the  advice,  of  their  English  friends.     "  Mr.  Eliot  and 
myself,  in  particular   (sayo  Mr.  Gookin),  dissuaded  them,  and  jgave  them 
several  reasons  against  it,  but  they  would  not  hear  us  ;  but  the  praying  In- 
dians were  so  cautioned  by  our  advice,  that  not  above  five  of  them  went  ^ 
and  all  of  them  were  killed,  b»t  one.*'  CoJJ,  Hist.  Soc.  i,  166. 


404 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 


1669. 


Acadie  de- 
livered up 
to  the 
French. 


May  2t. 
Hudson's 
Bay  com- 
pany. 


forts  several  days,  their  provisions  becoming 
with  nearly  ajl  their  ammunition,  and  some  of  their 
number  being  taken  sick,  they  abandoned  the  siege, 
and  retreated  toward  home  ;  but  they  were  pursue4 
and  intercepted  by  the  Mohawks ;  and,  though  they 
fought  with  great  valour,  their  commander1  and  a? 
bout  fifty  of  their  chief  men  were  slain.  This  was 
the  last  and  most  fatal  battle,  fought  between  the 
Mohawks  and  the  New  England  Indians.  * 

Sir  Thomas  Temple  having  but  partially  executed 
the  king's  order  for  the  surrender  of  Acadie  to  the 
French,  agreeably  to  the  treaty  of  Breda,  a  defini- 
tive order  ha4  been  transmitted  to  him,  to  deliver  up 
that  territory,  according  to  the  letter  of  the  agree- 
ment ;  and  it  was  now  effectually  obeyed. 3 

Charles  II  gave  to  prince  Rupert,  and  several 
lords,  knights,  and  merchants,  associated  with  him, 
a  charter,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Governor  and 
Company  of  Adventurers  trading  from  England  tq 
Hudson's  Bay."4 

I  Josiah,  alias  Chickatawbut,  the  principal  sachem  of  Massachusetts. 
Gookin  says,  he  was  a  wise  and  stout  man  of  middle  age,  but  a  very  vicious 
person.  He  was  a  descendant  of  Chicketawbut  formerly  mentioned  [See 
p.  262.].  For  a  time  he  seemed  attentive  to  the  Christian  religion  ;  "  far 
he  was  bred  up  by  his  uncle,  Kuchamakin,  who  was  the  first  sachem  and  his 
people  to  whom  Mr.  Eliot  preached."  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  166 — 169.  Presi- 
dent Adams  showed  me  a  deed  of  Braintree,  given  by  Indian  Josiah  to  th,e 
Inhabitants  of  that  town  between  the  years  1660  and  1670. 

a  Cqll.  Hist.  Soc,  i,  166, 167.  It  does  not  appear,  what  other  tribes,  be- 
side the  Massachusetts,  were  concerned  in  this  expedition.  Gookin  say?, 
Josiah  was  "  the  ch,iefest  general ;  but  there  were  divers  other  sagamores 
.and  stout  men  that  assisted."  The  inarch  of  the  Indian  army  was  about 
'j, oo  miles.  The  Mohawks  laid  an  ambush  for  the  retreating  enemy,  in  a 
•defile,  with  thick  swamps  on  each  side,  and  fought  to  the  greatest  advan7 
tige.  The  reason  of  the  loss  of  such  a  number  oftbiefj  was,  that  almost  all 
the  stoutest  leaders  and  sagamores  pursued  the  Mohawks  into  the  thick- 
ets. Ibid. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  393.     Brit.  Emp.  i.  173, 174,     He  at  first  refused  to  give 
up  the  forts  of  Pentagoet,  St.  John,  Port  Royal,  La  Have,   and  Cape  Sable, 
alledging  that  they  did  not  belong  to  Acadie.  Ibid. 

4  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  87.     Brit.  Emp.  i.  4 — 22,  where  the  charter  is  entire. 
See  A.  D.  1668.     The  charter  ceded  to  them  the  whole  trade  of  the  waters 
within  the   entrance  of  Hudson's  Straits,  and  of  the  adjacent  territories. 
The  entire  sum,  which  constitutes  the  original  funds  of  the  company,  a- 
mounts  to  £10,500  sterling.     The  general  opinion  is,  that  the  proprietors 
of  this  stock,  who  are  at  present  riot  90  iu  number,  gain  about  2000  per 
cent.  No  trade  in  the  world  is  so  profitable,  as  this.  Forsttir  Voy.  378 — 380. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  405 

Richard  Mather,  minister  of  Dorchester,  died,  Death  of 
$t  tfre  age  of  seventy  three  years. '  *• Mather- 

1670. 

The  proprietaries  of  Carolina  having  procured  two  A  colony 
ships  for  the  transportation  of  adventurers  to  their 
projected  settlement ;  William  Sayle,  appointed  the 
first  governor,  embarked  wirh  a  colony  of  settlers, 
with  provisions,  arms,  and  utensils  for  building  and 
cultivation.  On  his  arrival  at  Port  Royal  he  began 
to  carry  his  instructions  into  execution. J  He  issued 
writs  to  the  freeholders  for  the  election  of  the  com- 
plement of  the  grand  council,  and  of  twenty  dele- 
gates, the  two  bodies  composing  the  parliament, 
wjiich  was  invested  with  legislative  power.  As  an 
encouragement  to  settle  at  Port  Royal,  one  hundred 
and  fifty  acres  of  land  were  given  to  every  emigrant, 
at  an  easy  quit  rent  5  clothes  and  provisions  were  dis- 

1  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  bux.     Hutchir.con,  i.  259.     He  was  orr 
jdained  by  Dr.  Morton,  bishop  of  Chester,  in  1618  ;  and  silenced  by  Dr. 
Neale,  archbishop  of  York,  in  1634.  Pres.  Stiles  Lit.  Diary      He  came  to 
New  England  in  1635,  and  arrived  on  the  coast  15  August,  when  he,  with 
all  the  passengers,  very  narrowly  escaped  shipwreck   by  the  tremendous 
storm,  which  occurred  that  day.     [See  p.  283  of  this  volume.]     After  the 
removal  of  Mr.  Warham,  with  the  first  church  of  Dorchester,  to  Windsor, 
a  new  church  was  gathered,  and  Mr.  Mather  was  installed  the  pastor.    He 
was  an  exemplary  man,  a  good  scholar,  and  a  solid,  practical  preacher.   He 
wrote  several  treatises,  which    were  well  received  ;   and  he  was  gen- 
erally   consulted   in   difficulties  relating    to   church  government.         He 
wrote  the  Discourse  about  church  government,  and  the  Aniwer  to  the 
XXX11  questions,  in   behalf  of  the  ministers  of  Kew  England,  both  pub- 
lished in  1639  ;  and  the  Platform  of  Church  Discipline,  in  1648,  was  chief- 
ly taken  from  his  model.     Attending  a  council  at  Boston  16  April,  he  was 
seized  with  the  strangury,  and  died  on  the  aid  of  that  month.     Mather 
Magual.  book  iii.  122. — 130.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  99  ;  ix.  170 — IJ2. 

2  Gov.  Sayle's  commission  is  dated  26  July  1669.     He  was  constituted 
governor  of  that  part  of  the  coast,  lying  souihwestward  of  Cape  Caxteret. 
The  expense  of  the  equipment  was  £  12.000  sterling.     Sayle  was  accom- 
panied by  Joseph  West,  who  was  entrusted  with  the  commercial  affairs  of 
the  proprietaries.  These  noblemen  were,  for  some  time,  the  only  merchants 
for  the  supply  of  the  wants  of  the  colonises,  rather  than  the  acquirement  of 
profit.     They  employed  vessels,  to  carry  on  a  circuitous  traffic,  for  the  purr 
pose  of  procuring  colonists,  cattle,  and  provisions,  from  Virginia,  Bermu- 
das, and  Barbadoes,  and  of  carrying  off  the  inconsiderable  products  of  the 
land.     "  Before  the  year  1679  they  had  expended  / 18,000  on  a  project, 
which  had  then  only  yielded  then,  v;xx;ior»  and  puverty."     ChalmerSj  }, 
520.    Drayton  S.  Carol,  xci. 


4op  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 670,  tributed,  from  the  store  of  the  proprietaries,  to  those, 
who  could  not  provide  for  themselves  ;  and,  to  se- 
cure the  good  will  of  the  neighbouring  tribes,  con- 
siderable presents  were  made  to  the  Indian  princes. r 
rtestruc-         j±  bloody  war  between  the  Westoes  and  the  Ser- 

lion  of  the  T     «•  •  -^v  •     * 

natives  fa-  annas,  two  Indian  nations  in  Carolina,  was  carried 

Ye  En 1C  ^  °n  W**k  SU°k  ^UTy*  aS  tO  PrOVe  fatal  t0  both.       ThlS 

i-sh  setde-  event  providentially  opened  the  way  to  the  introduc- 
went.        tion  and  establishment  of  the  English  colony. z 
Treaty  cf       The  treaty  of  Madrid  was  made  between  Eng- 
Madrid,     land  and  Spain,  for  ascertaining  the  American  terri- 
tories of  both  kingdoms.     By  this  treaty  it  was  a- 
greed,  that  each  should  retain  what  it  then  posses- 
sed ;   and  that  the  subjects  of  neither  should  enter 
the  fortified  places  of  the  other,   for  purposes  of 
trade.3     In  consequence  of  this  treaty,  the  pirates, 
or  bucaniers,  who,  for  several  years,  had  greatly  an- 
noyed Spanish  America,  were  cut  off  from  all  future 
protection  from  England  5  and  all  commissions  to 
them  were  annulled.4 
Mode  of  e-      The  election  of  governor,  magistrates.,  and  civil 

kction  m         _.  . 9          o 

Connecti-  officers,  in  Connecticut,  hitherto  consummated  by 
m  altered,  fae  foody  of  the  people,  convened  on  the  day  of  gen- 
eral election  at  Hartford,  was  now  allowed  by  the 
legislature  to  be  completed  by  proxy  ;  and  a  law 
was  made,  for  regulating  the  freemen's  meetings, 
and  the  mode  of  election. s 

I  Chalmers,  i.  530.    Dray  ton  S.  Carol,  joi. 

3  Hewet,  i.  64.  The  Westoes  are  said  so  have  been  a  numerous  and 
powerful  tribe.  Ib.  The  Catawba  nation  mustered,  at  that  time,  1500 
fighting  men.  Drayton  S.  Carol.  94.  Governor  Drayton  (ib.  92.)  "  haz- 
ards an  opinion,"  that  the  number  of  the  natives  in  Carolina,  at  the  sanie 
time,  was  "  perhaps  not  less  than  30  or  40  thousand  souls." 

3  Chalmers,  i.  n.     It  was  called  the  American  Treaty.    Univ.  Hist.  xlf. 
358.     From  this  time  until  A.  D.  1702,  a  considerable  trade  was  earned 
on  by  the  English  from  Jamaica  with  the  Spaniards  ;  by  which  the  Eng" 
li;,h,  for  goods,  negroes,  and  flour,  received,  by  computation,  from  250  to 
£  300,000  a  year.  Polit.  Tracts  in  Harv.  Coll.  Library. 

4  Anderson,  ii.  504. 

5  Ti  umbull,  i.  333.     The  original  choice  of  public  officers  was  made  then, 
as  it  is  still,  by  the  freemen  of  the  colony  in  their  respective  towns,  Ib.  £ee 

Laws,  p,  151. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  46? 

A  considerable  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  New    1 670, 

Haven  removed  to  Wailingford,  about  this  time,  and  Waiiing- 
1  ,,  °,  ,  .  -,  ford  set- 

began  the  settlement  of  that  town,  which  was  attbd. 

first  called  New  Haven  Village,1      Massacoe  was 

made  a  distinct  town,  by  the  name  of  Symsbury.2  symstnuy. 

£)eerfield,  in  Massachusetts,  began  to  be  built. 3        Deerfieid. 

A  mortal  disease  broke  out  among  the  Indians  in  Disease  a- 
the  north  of  Canada,  and  swept  off  whole  tribes,  c°"fd-^ 
particularly  the  tribe  of  the  Attikamegues,  who  have  Indians. 
never  since  been  heard  of,  under  that  name.     Ta- 
doussac,  the  chief  mart  of  the  Indian  fur  trade  with 
the  French,  began  to  be  deserted,  as  also  Trois  Ri- 
vieres, where  the  small  pox  carried  off  fifteen  hun- 
dred Indians  at  once. 4 

John  Davenport,  minister  at  Boston,5   John  Al-  r>?a*!l rf 

ministers* 

I  Trumbull  Century  Sermon,  aa.  Dr.  Trumbull  [Hist,  Connect,  i.  333.] 
says,  it  was  incorporated  that  year  by  the  name  of  Wallingford;  that  it  was 
purchased  by  governor  Eaton,  Mr.  Davenport,  and  other  planters  of  New 
Haven,  in  1638  ;  that  its  settlement  was  projected  in  1669  ;  and  that  a 
committee  was  appointed  by  the  town  of  New  Haven,  with  powers  to  man- 
age the  whole  affair  of  the  settlement. 

2,  Trumbull,  i.  332.  The  settlement  of  the  town  was  made  about  this 
time.  The  lands  lay  on  Tunxis  river.  In  1644,  the  general  court  of  Con- 
necticut gave  leave  to  governors  Hopkins  and  Haynes  to  dispose  of  them 
to  such  of  the  inhabitants  of  Windsor,  as  they  should  judge  expedient ;  and 
in  1647  resolved,  that  those  lands  should  be  purchased  by  the  country.  A 
purchase  was  made  of  the  Indians,  and  settlements  began  under  the  town  of 
Windsor,  of  which,  at  first,  this  plantation  was  considered  an  appendix.  Ib. 

3  Williams  Vermont,  21  o. 

4  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  428.     Univ.  Hist.  xl.  5. 

5  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  51-— 57.     Trumbull,  i.  490 — '492.     Mr. 
Davenport  died  of  an  apoplexy,  jfEtat.  JLXXI1I.     He  was  the  first  minister 
of  New  Haven,  whence  he  removed  to  Boston  in  1677.     He  possessed  an 
energetic  mind,  and  is  characterized  as  a  hard  student,  an  universal  schol- 
ar, a  laborious,  prudent,  exemplary  minister,  and  a  man  of  eminent  piety. 
Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixix.]  says,  that  Mr.  Davenport  was  "  a  per- 
son beyond  exception   and  compare  for  all  ministerial  abilities  ;  and  upon 
that  account  highly  esteemed  and  accepted  in  both  Englands."     He  was 
profound  in  counsel,  and  intrepid  in  action.     When  the  pursuers  of  king 
Charles'  judges  were  coming  to  New  Haven,  he  preached  publicly  from, 
this  text   (Isai.  xvi.  3,  4.)  :     Take  counsel,  execute  judgment,  make  thy  sJjadaiu  as 
the  night  in  the  midst  of  the  noon  day,  hide  the  outcasts,  ieivray  not  him  that  ivander* 
etb.     Let  min:  outcasts  drvdl  'with  the?,  Moab^  be  tbou  a  covert  to  them  from  the 
face  of  the  spoiler.     "  It  was  Davenport's  intrepidity,  that  saved  the  judges." 
Pres.  Stiles  Hist.  Judges  of  Charles  I,  32,  69.     See  p.  377  pf  this 

There  is  a  portrait  of  Mr,  Davenport  at  Yule  Coll  ego. 


AMERICAN  ANN?ALS. 

lin,  minister  of  Dedham,  *  and  John  Warham,  min- 
ister of  Windsor,  died,  this  year. l 

1671. 

A  settle-  Governor  Sayle,  dissatisfied  with  the  situation 
at  ^ort  R°ya^  removed  to  the  northward,  and  took 
possession  of  a  neck  of  land,  between  Ashley  and 

ley  &  Coo-  C00per  rivers.     Deputies,  authorized  to  assist  the 

per  rivers.  •    •  r  •        »      i     •       •  •  i        i 

governor,  soon  after  arrived,  bringing  with  them 
twenty  three  articles  of  instruction,  called  Tempora- 
ry Agrarian  Laws,  intended  for  the  equitable  divis- 
ion of  lands  among  the  people  ;  and  the  plan  of  a 
magnificent  town',  to  be  laid  out  on  the  neck  of  land 
between  the  above  named  rivers,  and  to  be  called, 
in  honour  of  the  king,  Charlestown. 3  Governor 

I  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  132.  133.  Mr.  Allen  took  the  pastoral  care 
of  the  church  of  Dedham  the  same  year  in  which  it  was  gathered  (1638). 
He  was  a  judicious  and  able  divine,  and  was  distinguished  in  polemical 
divinity.  He  died  in  the  LXXVth  year  of  his  age.  Ib. 

a  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  iai.  Trumbull,  i.  492.  Mr.  Warham  was 
distinguished  for  his  piety  ;  but  was  subject  to  melancholy.  He  is  suppos- 
ed to  have  been  the  first  minister  in  New  England,  who  used  notes  in 
preaching  ;  "  yet  he  was  applauded  by  his  hearers,  as  one  of  the  most  ani- 
mated and  energetic  preachers  of  his  day."  He  was  one  of  the  principal 
pillars  of  the  churches  of  Connecticut.  Ibid. 

3  Hewet,  i.  49 — 52.  Ramsay  S.  Carol,  i.  3-.  The  proprietaries  in  the 
mean  time,  dissatisfied  with  every  system  previously  created  for  their  prov- 
ince, signed  in  July  a  body  of  Fundamental  Constitutions,  which  had  been 
compiled  by  the  celebrated  John  Locke ;  assigning  as  a  reason,  "  that  we 
may  establish  a  government  agreeable  to  the  monarchy,  of  which  Carolina 
is'  a  part,  that  we  may  avoid  making  too  numerous  a  democracy."  By  this' 
edict  a  palatine  was  to  be  chosen  from  among  the  proprietaries  for  life,  who 
was  empowered  to  act  as  president  of  the  palatine  court,  composed  o/  the 
whole  :  A  body  of  hereditary  nobility  was  created,  and  denominated  land- 
graves and  caciques,  because  they  were  to  be  in  name  unlike  those  of 
.England.  The  provincial  legislature,  dignified  with  the  name  pf  parlia- 
ment, was  io  be  biennial,  and  to  consist  of  the  proprietaries,  or  of  the  dep-. 
uty  of  each  ;  of  the  nobility  ;  of  the  representatives  of  the ,  freeholders  of 
every  district ;  and,  like  the  ancient  Scottish  parliament,  all  were  to  meet 
in  one  apartment,  and  every  member  to  enjoy  an  equal  vote  ;  no  business 
however  was  to  be  proposed  until  it  had  been  debated  in  the  grand  council, 
to  be  composed  of  the  governor,  the  nobility,  and  deputies  of  proprietors. 
The  church  of  England  alone  was  to  be  allowed  a  maintenance  by  parlia- 
ment ;  but  every  congregation  might  tax  its  own  members  for  the  support 
of  its  own  ministers  ;  and  to  every  one  was  allowed  perfect  freedom  in  re- 
ligion. *'  Yet,"  says  Chalmers,  "  the  most  degrading  sldvery  was  introduc- 
ed by  investing  in  every  freeman  the  property  of  his  negro."  This  gov- 
ernment v;;v  intcnde.1  to  h*  thi-  miniatur'-  of  the  cM  Saxon  cop?titutionr 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  409 

Sayle  falling  a  victim  to  the  climate,1  the  command  1671. 
of  Sir  John  Yeamans,  who  had  hitherto  discreetly 
ruled  the  plantation  around  Cape  Fear,  was  now  ex- 
tended over  that,  which  lay  southwestward  of  Cape 
Carteret.  The  shores,  the  streams,  and  the  coun- 
try, having  now  been  accurately  surveyed,  the  plant- 
ers, from  Clarendon  on  the  north,  as  well  as  from 
Port  Royal  on  the  south,  resorted  to  the  banks  of 
Ashley  river,  as  furnishing  the  most  eligible  situa- 
tion for  settlement  ; 3  and  here  was  now  laid  the  old 
foundation  of  Old  Charles  Town.3  The  province  charle9^ 

T    •  i  r  •  11    j   TO      i     1          town. 

•was  now  divided  into  rout  counties,  called  i5erkeley, 
Colleton,  Craven,  and  Carteret  counties  ;  and  the 
people,  who  had  hitherto  lived  under  a  kind  of  mil- 
itary government,  began  to  form  a  legislature  for  es- 
tablishing civil  regulations. 4 

These  Fundamental  Constitutions,  consisting  of  120  articles,  though  declar- 
ed to  be  the  sacred  and  unalterable  rule  of  government  in  Carolina  forev- 
er, were  instantly  discovered  to  be  wholly  inapplicable  to  the  circumstances 
of  an  inconsiderable  colony,  and,  in  a  variety  of  cases,  to  be  altogether  im- 
practicable, and  were  therefore  immediately  changed.  Mr.  Locke  was  not 
long  after,  in  reward  of  his  services,  created  a  landgrave  ;  but,  were  it  not 
for  the  writings,  by  which  his  name  is  immortalized,  he,  like  the  other 
Carolinian  nobles,  had  been  consigned  to  oblivion.  Chalmers,  i.  526 — 529, 
Univ.  Hist.  xL  423.  Biblioth.  Americ.  [99.]  mentions  Fundamental  Con- 
stitutions of  Carolina,  printed  at  London,  in  quarto,  in  1669. 
I  His  death  is  ascribed  to  "  the  damps  of  the  climate." 
»  Chalmers,  i.  530.  "  For  the  convenience  of  pasture  and  tillage." 

3  Chalmers,  i.  530.     This  town  was  built  "  on  the  first  high   land  ;" 
and  it  was  for  some  years  the  capital  of  the  southern  settlements.  Ib.    [See 
A.  D.  1680.]     "  Its  site  is  now  known  [1802.]  as  part  of  a  plantation,  cal- 
led Old  Town,  belonging  to  Mr.  Elias  Lynch  Hqrry.  Several  grants  of  land 
in  its  vicinity  ''•  bound  on  Old  Charlestown,  or  Old  Town  Creek."  No  traces 
of  a  town  however  are  now  to  be  seen  there,  excepting  a  small  hollow,  run- 
ning directly  across  the  point  of  land  on  which  the  town  stood,  said  by  tra- 
dition to  be  a  wide  ditch,  made  for  the  purpose  of  defence  against  the  In- 
dians.    Little  of  it  can  now  be  seen  ;  but  it  can  be  traced  quite  across  the 
point  of  land  where  Old  Charlestown  stood.  Drayton  S.  Carol.  200.    In  an- 
swer to  some   inquiries  concerning  the  history  and  antiquities  of  Carolina, 
Dr.  Ramsay  wrote  to  me  :  "  We  have  no  early  records  of  our  first  settlers. 
The  records  in  our  public  offices  about  the  year  1680,  or  even  1700,  are 
scarcely  legible.     A  durable  ink,  to  stand  ou"r  climate,  is  a  desideratum." 

4  Hewet,  i.  60.     Ten  members  were  elected  as  representatives  for  Col- 
leton county,  and  ten,  for  Berkeley.     A  committee,  appointed  to  frame 
some  public  regulations,  proposed  these  three  ;  the  first,  to  prevent  persons 
from  leaving  the  colony  ;   the  second,  to  prohibit  all  men  from  disposing 
6f  arms  and  ammunition  to  Indians  ;  and  the  third,  for  the  regular  building 
of  Charlestown.  Ibid, 

Kkk 


AMERICAN  ANNALS 

1671,  The  first  act  in  Virginia  for  the  naturalization  of 
aliens  was  Passed  this  year.  All  the  freemen  in* 
that  colony,  supposed  to  be  nearly  eight  thousand^ 
were  bound  to  train  every  month.1  There  were 
five  forts  in  the  colony  ; 2  but  not  more  than  thirty- 
serviceable  great  guns.  The  Indian  neighbours  were 
absolutely  subjected1,'  The  colony  contained  about' 
forty  thousand  persons,  men,  women,  and  children  ;. 
of  whom  two  thousand  were  black  slaves,  and  six ., 
thousand,  Christian  servants.3 

The  assembly  of- Maryland  passed  acts  for  "  en- 
Maryland.  couraging  the  importation  of  negroes  and  slaves  ;'* 
for  making  void  and  punishing  fraudulent  practices, 
tending  to  defraud  real  purchasers  and  creditors; 
for  quieting  possessions  -7-  for  the  advancement  of 
foreign  coins  ;  and  for  the  encouragement  of  ther 
sowing  and  making  of  hemp  and  flax. 4 

Philip,   chief  sachem  "of  Pokanoket,  pretending/ 
some  trifling  injuries  done  to  him  in  his  planting* 

tites. 

i  "  Horse  we  have  none  ;  because  they  wotrld  be' too  chargeable  to  the 
poor  people."  Gov.  Berkeley. 

1  "  But,"  says  Berkeley,  "  we  have  neither  ski!!  nor  ability  to  make  or 
maintain  them  ;  for  there  is  not,  nor,  as  far  as  my  enquiries  can  reach,  ever 
was,  one  engineer  in  the  country." 

3  Chalmers,  i.  315,  325.  327.     It  was  judged,  there  arrived  annually  at* 
Virginia  about  1500  servants,  of  which  most  were  English,  few  Scotch., 
and  fewer  Irish  ;  and  not  above  two  or  three  ships  of  negroes  in  seven 
—ears.     Nearly  80  sHips  'came  o\it  of  England  and  Ireland  every  year  for 
iobacco  ;  a  few  New  England ^k'<?tch^  ;  '•  but  of  our  own,"  says  Berkeley/ 
{C  we  never  yet  had  more  than  two  at  a  time,  and  those  not  more  than  20' 
tons  burden."     This  account  of  Virginia  in  the  slxi\  fourth  year  of  its  exist- 
ence, is  taken  from  Answers  of  the  famous  Sir  William  Berkeley  to  Inquir- 
ies of  the  lords  of  the  committee  of  colonies.     See  those  Answers  entire  in 
Chalmers,  i.  325 — 328.     The  23d  answer,  which  concludes  the  whole,  it 
characteristic  of  the  man,  as  well  as  descriptive  of  the  colony  :  "  The  same 
course  is  taken  here,  for  instructing  the  people,  as  there  is  in  England  r  Out 
of  towns  every  man  instructs  his  own  children,  according  to  his  ability., 
We  have  48  parishes,  and  our  ministers  are  well  paid,  and  by  my  consent1' 
••hould  be  better,  if  they  would  pray  oftetier,  and  preach  less  :   But,  as  of  all 
othvr 'commodities,  so  of  this,  the  worst  are  sent  us,  and  we  have  few  that 
we  can  boast  of,  since  the  persecution  in  Cromwell's  tyranny  drove  divers-' 
v.'orthy  men  hither.     Yet,  I  thank  God,  there  are  no  free-schools,  nor 
printing  ;  and  I  hope  we  shall  not  have,  these  hundred  years.     For  learning-4 
has  brought  disobedience,  and  heresy,  and  sects,  into  the  world,  and  print.-" 
ing  has  divulged  them  and  libels  against  the  best  government :    God  keep* 
*r-  from  both  !"  4  Chalmers,  i.  362. 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  ~>i£ 

,  was  ready  to  break  out  into  an  open  war  with    1671, 
the  inhabitants  of  Plymouth  ;  but,  on  a  formal  in- 
quiry into  the  controversy,  he  acknowledged,   that 
.his  meditated  hostilities  were  without  provocation,  ^jj,10' 
and,  together  with  his  council,  subscribed  an  instru-  submission, 
.rnent  of  submission.  x 

Articles  of  agreement  were  made  between  .  the  Julx  24- 
/court  of  Plymouth    colony    and  Awasuncks,    the  A^SlcS 
..-squaw  sachem  of  Saconnet.  a  and  Piym- 

The  Indians  of  Dartmouth  and  its  vicinity,  to,  the  ^'4. 
number  of  between  forty  and  fifty,  entered  into  an  Dartmouth 
engagement  of  fidelity  to  the  English.  5  Indians* 

The  number  of  men  from  sixteen  to  sixty  years  of  Population 

4       onaec* 


age,  in  Connecticut,  was  two  thousand  and  fifty. 
The  town  of  Derby,  in  that  colony,  was  settled.  5      Derby  set- 
A  grand  congress  of  the  French  and  of  many  of  ^  resg 
the   Canadian  Indians  was   holden  at   St.   Mary's  of  French 
Pall  ;   and  the  Indians  professed  submission  to  the  &  Indians- 
Jcirig  of  France.  6 

i  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  51,  ja.  Kutchjaocn,  i.  479.  I.  Mather,  7  T, 
Philip  appears  to  have  been  on  very  good  terms  with  the  .  English,  the 
,.*iext  year,  and  to  have-  maintained  a  princely  credit  among  them. 
I  have  before  me  the  copy  of  a  letter,  which  he  then  sent,  by 
aa  Indian,  *'  To  the  honoured  capt.  Hopestill  Foster  att  Dorchester/'  in 
which,  after  reminding  him  of  a  promise,  that  he  had  made  him  of  £6  in 
goods,  he  adds  :  "  My  request  is,  that  you  would  send  5  yards  of  white  or 
iight  coloured  serge  to  make  me  a,  Coat,  and  a  good  Holland  Shirt  ready 
made,  and  a  pair  of  good  Indian  Breeches,  all  which  1  have  present  need 
ef  ;  therefore  I  pray  Sir  fail  not  to  send  them  by  my  Indian,  and  -with  then. 
the  several  prices  of  them,  and  silk  and  buttons  and  7  yards  of  Gallown  for 
trimming."  The  letter  is  dated  ""Mount  Hope  the  ijth  of  May  1672  ;" 
and  closed  with  "the  subscription  cf  king  Philip.  His  majesty  :  p.  P.'" 
for  this  latter,  and  some  other  rare  historical  morsels,-!  -am  indebted  to  my 
literary  and  worthy  friend,  the  reverend  TIIADDEUS  M.  HARRIS,  who  oblig- 
icgly  seat  me  hib  "  Memoranda  relating  to  the  Geography,  History,  and 
-Antiquities  of  America."  He  obtained  the  letter  from  a  copy  -on  file  iu 
-ihe  town  of  Dorchester,  attested  by  Noah  Clap,  town  derk. 
a  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  193.  Ker  people  had-  given  umbrage. 
3  Ibid.  194.  They  signed  a  written  agreement.  Dartmouth  is  in  Ply- 
mouth colony.  4  Chalmers,  i.  209. 

5  Trumbull,  i.  336,337.     The  India*  name  of  the  place  was  Pauga^set, 
Attempts  had  been  made  to  settle  it,  during  18   or  20  years.  •  Governor 
X^oodyear  and  several  other  gentlemen  in  Mew  Haven  purchased  a  consid- 
erable tract  there,  in  1653  5  an^  "  sonie  fey/  settlements"  were  made  there 
j?«oon  after.     In  1657   and  1659  a  purchase  was  made  of  the  lands  of  the 
,  -chief  sagamores,  Wetanamow  and  Raskenute.     The  planters  applied  for 
>£own  privileges  in  1671  ;  but  their  number  was  so  small,  that  they  wer<^ 
^iut  allowed  to  be  incorporated  until  1675.  Ibid. 
.6  ,Charlevou,  i,  488,  489.    Univ.  Hist.  si.  S,  9. 


412  AMERICAN  ANNALS* 

1672. 

The  commerce  of  the  American  colonies  had  al- 
ready  been  regulated  and  restrained,  by  the  parlia- 

thecoio-  ment  of  England.  The  parliament,  now  considering 
the  colonies  as  proper  objects  of  taxation,  enacted  : 
That  if  any  vessel,  which  by  law  may  trade  in  the 
plantations,  shall  take  on  board  any  enumerated 
commodities,  and  a  bond,  with  sufficient  security, 
shall  not  have  been  given  to  unlade  them  in  England, 
there  shall  be  rendered  to  his  majesty,  for  sugars, 
tobacco,  ginger,  cocoa  nut,  indigo,  logwood,  fustic, 
cotton,  wool,  the  several  duties  mentioned  in  the 
law,  to  be  paid  in  such  places  in  the  plantations,  and 
to  such  officers,  as  shall  be  appointed  to  collect 
them.  For  the  better  collection  of  those  taxes?  it 
was  enacted  :  That  the  whole  business  shall  be  man- 
aged, and  the  impost  shall  be  levied,  by  officers,  who 
shall  be  appointed  by  commissioners  of  the  customs 
in  England,  under  the  authority  of  the  lords  of  the 
treasury.  The  duties  of  tonnage  and  poundage  had 
been  imposed,  and  extended  to  every  dominion  of  the 
crown,  at  the  Restoration  ;  but  this  was  the  first 
act,  which  imposed  customs  on  the  colonies  alone, 
to  be  regularly  collected  by  colonial  revenue  officers.  ' 

Spaniards  The  Spanish  garrison  at  Augustine  receiving  in- 
'  telligence  of  a  civil  dissension  in  Carolina,  a  party 

"  advanced  from  that  fortress,  under  arms,  as  far  as 
the  island  of  St.  Helena,  to  dislodge  or  destroy  the 
settlers  ;  but  fifty  volunteers,  under  the  command  of 
colonel  Godfrey,  marching  against  them,  they  evac- 
uated the  island,  and  retreated  to  Augustine.  a 

Sept.  5.          The  union  between  the  three  colonies  of  IVlassa- 

NEn"iand  chusetts,  Plymouth,  and  Connecticut,  was  renewed 

renewed. 

1  Chalmers,  i.  317?  318-    The  commissioners  of  the  customs  did  accord- 
ingly  appoint  collectors  for  Virginia,  who  were  v/sli  received  "  ia  that  Icy* 
al  dominion."     Ibid.  350. 

2  Hewet,  i.  63. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  413 

at  Plymouth,  by  commissioners  duly  authorized,  who  1672. 
subscribed  new  articles  of  confederation. x 

An  insurrection  was  made  in  New  Jersey,  to  e-  Insu«'e(> 

,  ~  n-i       •  J  tion  in  N. 

vade  the  payment  of  quit  rents.      1  he  insurgents  ex-  jersey. 
pelled  Carteret,  and  appointed  another  governor. a 

The  first  code  of  Connecticut  laws  was  printed  ;  Connect, 
and  the  assembly  enacted,  that  every  family  should 
have  a  law  book.3  >:^'-;.' 

A  mission  was  attempted,  about  this  time,  from  Indian 
Massachusetts  to  the  Massawomek^.     Six  or  seven  missioc' 
Indians,  one  of  whom  was  a  teacher,  accompanied 
by  other  persons,  who  could  speak  both  the  Eng- 
lish and  Indian  languages,  were  employed  in  this  pi- 
ous design  ;  but,  after  proceeding  to  Connecticut 
river,  they  returned  home,  discouraged. 4 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  a  new  New  char* 
act,  for  confirming  the  charter  of  Harvard  College,  terf 

'  .  P  o    3  yard 

and  for  encouraging  donations  to  that  seminary. s       iege. 

I  Hazard  Coll.  II.  521 — 526,  where  the  Articles  are  inserted  entire. 
The  names  of  the  commissioners,  who  subscribed  them,  were  John  Win* 
thorpe,  James  Richards,  Thomas  Prince,  Josias  Winslow,  Thomas  Dan- 
forth,  mid  William  Hawthorn.  The  proportion  of  men  for  any  general 
service  was  settled,  for  15  years  to  come,  as  follows  :  Massachusetts,  100  ; 
Plymouth,  30  ;  Connecticut,  60.  Ibid.  Kutchinson,  i.  283,  A  particular 
reason  for  the  renewal  of  the'  confederation,  with  some  alterations,  was3 
that  New  Haven  and  Connecticut  had  now  become  one  colony. 

3.  Chalmers,  i.  616. 

3  Trumbull,  i.  226,  338.     It  was  printed  at  Cambridge  ;  and  consisted: 
of  between  70  and  80  pages,  in  small  folio.     The  colony  had  previously 
kept  its  laws  in  manuscript,  and  had  promulgated  them  by  sending  copies 
to  be  publicly  read  in  the  respective  towns.     The  compiler  of  this  code 
was  Roger  Ludlow,  esquire.    Jbid. 

4  Coll  Hist.  Soc.  i.  157,  158.     This  mission  took  its  rise  from  Indian  in- 
telligence of  such  a  people,  "  great  and  numerous,"  3  or  400  miles  south- 
\7esterly  from  Boston,  who  spake,  or  at  least  understood,  the  language  of 
the  New  England  Indians.     The  missionaries  were  provided  with  Indian* 
bibles,  primers,  catechisms,  and  other  books,  translated  into  the  Indian  Ian? 
guage  ;  and  with  necessaries,  to  the  expense  of  30  01  £40.  Gookin,  ib. 

5  Neai  N.  Eng.  i.  391.     The  first  college  edifice  being  small  and  decay- 
ed, a  collection  was  made  this  year  for  erecting  a  new  building.  It  amount^ 
ed  to  £1895.  2.  9.     In  Boston  were  collected  £800,  of  which  £100  was 
given  by  Sir  Thomas  Temple,   "  as  true  a  gentleman,"  says  C.  Mather, 
f  as  ever  sat  foot   on  the  American  strand."     Hatchinson,  i.  284.     The 
town  of  Portsmouth,  "  which  was  now  become  the  richest"  in  New  Hamp- 
shire, made  a  subscription  of  £60  per  annum  for  seven  years.    Dover  gave 
£32  ;  and  Exeter,  £10.     Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  117.     These  donations  in, 
N.  Hampshire  were  made  earlier  (i66p),  but  fo*  the  same  pttrpose,    Jbid,\ 
See  A  D,  5677, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


1672.       From  the  gathering  of  the  first  church  in  Mas-sa* 

Progress  of  chusetts  at  Salem,  in  1629,  to  this  time,forty  church- 

ld*es  \vere  gathered,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty 

towns  built,  in  New  England.  J 
May  s8.        War  having  been  recently  declared  in  England  a- 

War  a-  o 


.  .         .  1-1 

gnst  the  gainst  the  Dutch,  it  was  proclaimed  at  Boston  in 

Dutch. 


j*.  shore-        Manisses  [Block  Island]  was  made  a  township  by 

the  name  of  New  Shoreham.  3 

Newcastle       r^^£  town  °f  New  Castle,  on  the  Delaware,  was 
incorpo-     incorporated  by  the  government  of  New  York.     It 

was  to  be  subject  to  the  direction  of  a  bailiff,  who 

was  constituted  president  of  the  corporation,  and 

six  assistants.4 
Indian?        The  Scahcook  Indians,  about  this  time,  left  their 

country,  lying  eastward  of  Massachusetts,  and  set- 

tled above  Albany,  on  the  branch  of  Hudson's  riv- 

er, that  runs  toward  Canada.  * 

Fort  at  L.       M.  de  Courcclles,  governor  of  Canada,  built  a 
.Ontario.    fort  on  the  north  side  of  the  east  entrance  of  Lake 

Ontario.6 

of        Richard  Bellingham,  governor  of  Massachusetts, 
s~  died,   aged   upward   of  eighty   years.7       Charles 

I  Josselya  N.  Eng.  Rar.  105. 

2,  Hutchinson,  i.  283.  This  was  the  first  instance  of  a  public  declara*- 
tion  of  war  in  that  colony.  In  the  preceding  Dutch  wars  with  England, 
•until  forces  came  to  reduce  Manhattan,  correspondence  and  commerce  ^oa- 
tinued  between  the  English  and  Dutch  colonies.  Ibid. 
•  3  Callender,  39.  After  conjecturing  the  origin  of  the  name  of  Block 
Island  (See  p.  289.),  I  discovered  it,  in  Laet  (71.)  :  "  Extima  insularum  est 
<juam  Navarchus  Adrlanus  Block  de  suo  nomine  appellavit.'  ' 

4  Smith  N.  Jersey,  72.     Encyc.  Brit.  v.  718.     The  inhabitants  were  now 
entitled  to  a  free  trade,  without  being  obliged,  as  formerly,  to  make  entry 
at  New  York.  Ibid. 

5  Golden  Fire  Nat.  95. 

6  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  443.     Minot  Mass.  i.  181.     Courcelles 
projected   this  fort  as  a  barrier   against   the   Iroquois  ;    but  he  persuaded 
those  Indians,  after  caressing  them,  and  making  them  presents,  that  he  in* 
tended  it  merely  as  a  place  of  trade,  for  their  mutual  accommodation.  "  11s 
iie  s'apercurent  pas  d'abord  que,  sous  pretexte  de  chercher  leur  utiiite,  le 
gouverneur  n'avoit  en  vue,  que  de  les  tenir  en  bride,  et  de  s'  assurer  un  eiir 
ucpot  pour  ses  vivres  et  ses  munitions"  tvc.     Charlevoix,  ibid. 

7  JNcal  N,  Eng.  i.  390.    He  had  lived  to  be  the  only  survivirg  patentee, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Chauncy,  president  of  Harvard  College,  died,  in  ' 
the  eighty  second  year  of  his  age. * 

1673. 

A  second  Dutch  war  having  recently  commenced,  A  Dutcn 
a  small  squadron  was  sent  from  Holland,  under  the  ^rhrtsTt 
conduct  of  Binkes  andEvertzen,  to  destroy  the  com-  Virginia. 
merce  of  the  English  colonies  in  America.     This 
service  they  effectually  performed  on  the  Virginian 
coast  ;  and,  procuring  intelligence  of  the  defenceless 
state  of  New  York,  they  seized  the  opportunity  to 
regain  what  had  been  formerly  lost.     On  their  arri-  July  &. 
val  at  Staten  Island,  the  commander  of  the  fort  at  j^ 6astthG 
New  York  sent  a  messenger,   and  made  his  peace  N.  York, 
with  the  enemy.     On  that  very  day  the  Dutch  ships 
moored  under  the  fort,  landed  their  men,  and  enter- 
ed the  garrison,  without  giving  or  receiving  a  single  Entire  safe-' 
shot.     The  city  instantly  followed  the  example  of  mission  of 
the  fort ;  and,  soon  after,  all  New  Netherlands  con-  j^s? 
rented  to  the  same  humiliating  submission.  * 

Lord  Culpeper,  having  in    1669  purchased  the  Lease  te 
shares-  of  his  associates  in  the  Virginian  grant,  now  ^Jr 

tiamed  in  the  charter.  Hutchinson,  i.  269.  Hubbard  [MS.  N.  Eng.  chap. 
Ixx.]  says,  "  he  was  a  notable  hater  of  bribes  ;"  and  a  man  "  of  larger  com- 
prehension, than  expression." 

i  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  Ixix.  Hutchinson  [i.  259.]  has  placed 
president  Chauncy 's  death  in  1671,  not  adverting  to  the  old  method  of  com- 
putation. I.  Mather,  in  his  Discourse  on  Comets,  remarks,  "  there  was  a 
total  eclipse  of  the  sun  in  N.  England  August  ia,  A.  D.  1672.,  the  day  be- 
fore the  commencement,  and  that  year  the  Colledge  was  eclipsed  by  the 
death  of  the  learned  President  there,  worthy  M.  Chauncy."  The  late 
president  Willard  corrected  the  date,  in  the  catalogues  of  Harvard  College. 
President  Chauncy  was  an  indefatigable  student,  and  a  very  learned  and 
pious  man.  He  was  eminently^  skilled  in  all  the  learned  languages,  espe- 
cially in  the  oriental.  Before  he  came  to  America,  he  was  chosen  Hebrew 
Professor  in  the  University  of  Cambridge  in  England,  where  he  was  edu- 
cated ;  but,  instead  of  that  office,  he  was  made  Greek  Professor.  While 
minister  of  Ware,  he  made  submission  to  the  High  Commission  Court 
(Feb.  ii.  1635.)  ;  but  he  soon  repented  of  that  submission,  and,  before  he 
came  to  N.  England,  made  a  solemn  "  Retractation,"  which  was  afterward 
printed  in  London.  Mather  Magnal.  book  hi.  133 — 141. 

a  Smith  N.  York,  19.  Chalmers,  i.  579.  All  the  magistrates  and  con- 
stables from  East  Jersey,  Long  Island,  Esopus,  and  Albany  were  immediate- 
ly summoned  to  New  York  ;  and  the  greater  part  of  them  swore  allegi- 


4i 6  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1673.  obtained  from  king  Charles  a  lea-se,  For  thirty  one 
^ears,  of  the  quit  rents,,  escheats,  and  other  casual- 
ties of  the  whole.  * 

^ew  England  *s  supposed  to  have  contained,  at 
this  time,  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand 
souls*  of  whom  about  sixteen  thousand  were  able  to 
bear  arms.     The  town  of  Boston  contained  fifteen 
hundred  families.2     The  militia  of  Connecticut  a~ 
mounted  to  two  thousand  and  seventy  men. 3 
Horthfieid       A  number  of  religious  people  from  Northampton, 
planted.     Hadley,  Hatfield,  and  that  vicinity,  planted  the  town- 
ship of  Northfield,  on  Connecticut  river. 4 
£ortFron-       Count  Frontenac  completed  the  fort  at  Ontario, 
tenac bmit.  "begun  the  preceding  year  by  Courcelles,  and  called 
it  after  his  own  name. s     The  French  also  built  a 
fort,  this  year,  at  Michilimackinac.6 

Discovery  Father  Marqiiette,  and  Joliet  a  citizen  of  Quebec, 
employed  by  M.  Talon  for  the  discovery  of  the  Mis- 
sisippi,  entered  that  noble  river  on  the  seventeenth 
of  June  ;  and,  after  descending  it,  until  they  came 

ance  to  the  States  General,  and  the  Prince  of  Orange.  This  conquest  ex- 
tended to  the  whole  province  of  New  Jersey.  Smith,  ibid. 

I   Chalmers,  i.  330.     See  A.  D.  164^. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  43,  435.  "  Observations  made  07  the  curious  in  N.  Eng- 
land, about  the  year  1673,"  given  to  Randolph  for  his  direction,  contain,  in 
addition  to  what  is  inserted  in  the  text,  the  following  statements  :  "  There 
fee  5  iron  works,  which  cast  no  guns.  There  are  15  merchants,  worth  a~ 
bout  £50,000,  or  about  >^5OO,  one  with  another.  500  persons,  worth 
3^3000  each.  No  house  in  N.  England  has  above  20  rooms.  Not  20  in 
Boston  hath  10  rooms  each.  The  worst  cottages  in  N.  England  are  lofted. 
No  beggars.  Not  three  persons  put  to  death  for  theft  annually.  There 
are  no  musicians  by  trade.  A  dancing  school  was  set  up  ;  but  put  down,. 
A  fencing  school  is  allowed.  All  cordage,  sail  doth  and  nets,  come  from, 
England.  No  cloth  made  there  worth  45.  a  yard.  No  linen  above  2s.  6d- 
No  allum,  nor  copperas,  nor  salt,  made  by  their  sun."  Chalmers,  ib. 

3  Trumbull,  i.  340.     One  quarter  were  mounted  as  dragoons. 

4  Coll.  Hist.  Sec.  ii.  30.     The   Indian  name  of  the   place  was  Squaw- 
keague.     The  English  town-was  laid  out  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  6  mile-; 
in  breadth,  and  12  in  length.     The  planters  built  small  huts,  and  covered 
them  with  thatch ;  made  a  place  for  public  worship  ;  and  built  a  stockade 
and  fort.     The  township. was  granted  "  to  Messrs.  Finchion,  Peirsons,  and 
their  associates,  in  1672."  Ibid. 

5  Charlevoix  >ouv.  France,  i.  444.  Smith  N.  York,  44.  Chalmers,  1.587.. 

6  Minot  Mass.i.  181. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  417 

three  days  journey  of  the  gulf  of  Mexico, 
they  returned  toward  Canada.  * 

Thomas  Prince,  governor  of  Plymouth  colony,  Death  of 
'died,  at  the  age  of  seventy  three  years.* 

l674:  . ... 

All  the  freemen  of  Carolina,  meeting  by  sum- -Free?nea  Of 
nions  at   Charlestown,   elected  representatives,   to  Carolina 
make  laws  for  the  government  of  the  colony.  There  res°enTa-ep" 
were  now  a  colonial  governor,  an  upper  and  a  lower  lives. 
house  of  assembly  ;   and  these  three  branches  took 
the  name  of  parliament,  agreeably  to  the  constitu- 
tions.    This  was  the  first  parliament,   that  passed  First  parii- 
acts,  which  were  ratified  by  the  proprietaries,  and  ament  on 
preserved  in  the  records  of  the  colony. 3     The  pro- 
prietaries transmitted  to  Carolina  vines  and  other 
useful  plants,  and  men  skilled  in  the  management  of 
them. 4 

A  treaty  of  peace  between  England  and  the  States  &&.  ^ 
General  of  Holland   was  signed  at  Westminster.  Treaty  be- 
The  sixth  article  of  this  treaty  restored  New  Neth-  £d2?* 
erlands  to  the  English,5  and  the  English  territories  Holland 
In  Guiana  to  the  Dutch.6      On  this  pacification,  the  ^^1^ 
duke  of  York,  to  remove  all  doubt  and  controversy  lands  to 

1  CharleVoix  Nouf.  France,  i.  454 — 457.     Univ.  Hist.  xl.   12.    Thej^^"2*' 
French  received  information  of  this  river  from  the  natives.     Charlevoix 

(ib,)  says,  Marquette  and  Joliet  went  toward  the  <j  3d  deg.  of  latitude, 
54  jusques  aux  Akansas"  Encyc.  Methodique  [Geog.  Art.  MISSISIPPI.]  says, 
they  descended  froth  43  deg.  20  min.  to  33  deg.  49  min.  Ferdinand  de 
Soto  had  discovered  the  cdlmtry  on  the  Missisippi*  130  years  before  ;  but, 
dying  toward  the  close  of  the  expedition,  the  Spaniards  did  not  see  fit  to 
settle  it.  Encyc.  Method'que,  Geog.  Art.  LOUISIANE.  See  A.  £>.  1542. 

2  Morton  [Supplement],  206.     He   Was  an  upright  and  ver^  useful 
^magistrate  ;  a  piohs  and  exemplary  rhan.     He  was  a  distinguished  patrbri 
of  learning,  and  procured  revenues  for  the  support  of  grammar  schools  in 
Plymouth  colony.     Mather  Magnal.  book  ii.  6. 

3  Hewet,  i.  74,  75,     Sir  John  Yeamans,  reduced  to  a  feeble  and  sickly 
condition  by  the  warm  climate  and  his  indefatigable  labours  for  the  suc- 
cess of  the  settlement,  returned  to  Barbadoes,  where  he  died.    Ib.     Joseph 
West,  who  is  justly  celebrated  for  his  courage,  wisdom,  and  moderation, 
succeeded  him  in  the  government.     Ibid.     Chalmers,  i.  540. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  5 3 1. 

5  Smith  N.  York,  31.     Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  349. 

6  Bancroft    Guiana,  id      F.ncyc.  Methodioufe,  Geog.  Art.  SCRIVAM, 

LU 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 
1674.    respecting  his  property  in  America,  took  out  a  new 


E. .  Andros    patent 

- 


of  N.  ward  Andros  to  be  governor  of  New  York  and  all 
York,        hjs  territories  in  these  parts,     The  Dutch,  in  Octo- 
ber, resigned  their  authority  to  Andros,  who  imme- 
diately recerved  the  submission  of  the  inhabitants, 
as  far  westward  as  Delaware. r 
B.Gookin  .     Daniel   Gookin,   of   Cambridge,   completed  his 

Collect. of    TT»  •      i    /^    11         •  r     i       T     i-  •       -vS-          -r^ 

Historical  Collections  or  the  Inaians,  m  New  Lng- 
land  ;   which  furnish  an  authentic  account  of  their, 
numbers,  customs y  manners,  religion,  government,, 
1'  condition^* 

Quebec  v/as  made  a  bishopric. 3 
John  Oxenbr idge,  minister  of  Boston,  died. 4 

/•  yxen~       Bancroft  says, "  in  exchange  ;"  but  it  was  on  the, principle  of  utl  poisldetis  ; 
ondge.         £or  tjie  treaty  provided,  (<  that  whatsoever  may  have  been  taken,  during 
the  war,  shall  be  restored  to  the  former  possessor.     Chalmers,  i.  579. 

1  Smith  N- York,  32.     Smith  N".  Jersey,  no.    Chalmers,  i.  579.  Trum- 
bull,  i.  341.     Univ.  Hisf.  xxxix.  362.     Brit.  Emp.  ii.  210,  400,  401. 

2  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  T42.     This  work  war,  dedicated  to  king  Charles  II., 
and  seems  to  have  been  prepared  for  publication  ;  but  it  was  not  published 
until  the  year  1792,  when  it  was  printed  in  the  Collections  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society  [i.  141- — H7-1-     From  this  respectable  authori- 
ty we  learn  the  numbers  of  the  principal  Indian  nations  in  N.  England,  in 
"-674.     There  were  then  within  the  jurisdiction  of  Massachusetts  : 

Men.  - 

i.  The  Pequ-cds  (formerly  4000  -.-varr-ors)  then  containing  300 

a.  The  Narraganstts  (formerly  5000  do.)      ...     -     about  2000 
;$,  The  Pawkunnawkuts  (formerly  about  3000)     nearly  extinct 

4.  The  Massachusetts  (formerly  3000)      -      ------     300 

5.  The  Pawtuckets  (formerly  abcut  3000)      -      -----     250 

There  were,  at  that  time,  7  old  towns-  of  Praying  Indians : 

Families.  Soul'?. 

I.  N;>.tick         -         »-        -         -         -         -  29  145 

£.  Pakemit,  or  Punkepaog,  (Stoughtcn)          -  I  z  about  60 

•5.  Hassanamesit  (Grafton)          -          -          »  12  60             , 

4.  OkommakajTiesit  (Marlborough)         -         -  10  50 

5.  Wamesit  (Tewksbury)          -         -          -  15  75 

6.  Nashobah  (Littleton)  IO  50 

7.  Magunka^uog  (Hoplunton)         -         *  1 1  55 

99 •         495 
I  See '  next  ficFe-} 

3  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,-}.     Heiiault,  ii.  ^74. 

4  Mathtr  A'lagnal.  book  iii.  »2I.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  300;  vi.  5  (TiUrodA 
?Te  was  educated  at  the  universities  of  Oxford  and  Cambridge  in  England- 
Tn  the  persecution  of  Nonconformists,   A.D.  1662,   he  went  to  Surinam  ; 
thence  he  went  to  Uarbadoes  ;  thence,  in  1669,10  New  England,  where  he- 
succeeded  Mr.  Davenport,  as  pastor  of  the  first  church  in  Boston.     Maj>~ 
nal.  ibid.     Ho  was  one-  of  "  the  most  popular  ministers"  in  N,  Engh- 
Chalmers,  i.  435- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  .41 9 

.16,75, 

Andres,  governor  ,of  New  York,  made  efforts  to  Andros  d«- 
..acquire  the  .country,  lying  westward  of  Connecticut  neac^csut°n' 
river  ;  but  he  was  effectually  frustrated -by  the  spir-  territory. 
ited  conduct. of  the  colony  of  Connecticut.1 

The  public,  revenue,  arising  from  the  customs  -G.DL  srtate.of 
the  productions  of  Virginia,  amounted  to  one  hun- 
dred  thousand  pounds. a  year.     That  colony  now 
contained  fifty  .thousand  inhabitants*  * 

7"here  were  ajso  seven  other  towns  of  Praying  Indians,  within  the  jurisdic- 
tion of  Massachusetts,  "vyhid.i  were  c*dl«d  the  New  fraying  towns  in  tLe 
Hipnuick  country. 

Souls, 

Manchage  [Oxford]  contained          «•  60 

Chabanakongkomun  (Dudley)  4$ 

Maanexit  [N.  K  part  of  Woodstock]  -  IOO 

Quantisset  [o.  E,  part  oi  Woodstock]          •-  lop 

•  Wabquissit  [S.  W.  corner  of  Wooxistockj         -  ijo 

jPakachoqg  [  part  of  Worcester]  •         -          I  GO 

Wueuntug'  [Ux&ridge]  supposed         ,.«•-•  jo 

605 
In  all  14  towns  and  about  iico  souls.  "  yielding  -obedieace  to  the  gospel." 

In  Plymouth  colony,  there  were  497  praying  Indians,  of  whom  14-2,  read 
Indian,  72  wrote,. 9  read  English.  There  were  supposed  to  be  upward  of 
loo  more  young  Indian  children,  who  .had  commenced  Learning,  not  in- 
cluded in  this  estimate.  Martha's  Vineyard  contained  at  .least  300  fami- 
lies, and  they  w.ere  generally  -praying  Indians  ;  and  the  island  of  Nantuck- 
et,  about  300  families,  many  of  whom  also  were  praying  Indians. 

I  Chalmers,  i,  581.  That  country  had  been  conferred  on  the  duke  of 
York,  though  it  had  been  possessed  by  the  Connecticut  colonists  from  the 
year  1637,  and  confirmed  to  them  by  a  royal  charter  in  166*.  Ib.  On  the 
intelligence,  that  Andros  was  about  to  invade  the  colony,  and  to  demand  a 
surrender  of  its  most  important  posts  to  the  government  of  the  duke  •of 
York,  detachments  of  the  militia  of  Connecticut  were  sent  to  New  JLondoa 
and  Saybrook.  Andros  arrived  at  Saybrook  in  July  with  an  armed  force, 
find  demanded  a  surrender  of  the  fortress  and  town  ;  but  captain  Bull,  of 
Hartford,  arriving  at  this  juncture  with  a  party  of  militia,  raised  the  king's 
colours,  and  made  an  instant  show  of  readiness  for  resistance,  which  stop- 
ped their  hostile  procedure.  The  assembly  ojf  the  colony,  then  in  session, 
immediately  drew  up  a  protest,  and  seiit  it,  by  an  express,  to  Saybrock, 
•with  instructions  to  captain  Bull,  to  propose  to  major  Andros  a  reference  cf 
the  affair  in  dispute  to  commissioners.  Androt,,  with  his  suit,  was  permitted 
to  land.  The  proposal  of  reference  to  commissioners  was  rejected.  Andrew 
.commanded,  in  his  majesty's  name,  that  the  duke's  patent,  and  his  own 
.commission,  should  be  read.  Bull,  in  his  majesty's  name,  commanded  him  to 
forbear  reading.  When  his  clerk  attempted  to  persist  in  reading,  Euli  repeat- 
^d  his  prohibition  with  energy,  and  with  effect.  He  then  read  the  assem- 
bly's protest.  Andros,  despairing  of  success,  abandoned  hir,  design,  and  rex 
turned  to  New  York,  Trumbuli,  i.  346,  4  Chalmers,  i,  330, 


420 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


of  king 
Philip's 


1675.       The  first  English  ship,  that  arrived  at  West  Jer~ 

w.  jersey.  seYj  arrived  ttts  year.  x 

p.ofMaine.     "j^  militia  in  the  Province  of  Maine  now  amount- 
ed to  seven  hundred.  *• 

ticuwiiT"        r^wo  insurrections,  raised  in  Virginia,  this  year, 

Virginia,    without  grounds,,  and  without  concert,  were  easily 
suppressed.  3 

'^^  memorable  war  between  Philip,  king  of  the 
Wampanoags,  and  the  New  England  colonists,  now. 
commenced.  Sausaman,  a  friendly  Indian,  having 
given  notice  to  the  English  of  a  plot,  that  he  had 
discovered  among  Philip's  Indians  against  the  Eng- 
lish, was  soon  after  murdered.  Three  Indians,  one 
of  whom  was  a  counsellor  and  particular  friend  of 
Philip,  were  convicted  of  the  murder,  at  Plymouth 
court,  and  executed.  4  Philip,  apprehensive  of  per- 
sonal danger,  used  no  farther  means  to  exculpate 
himself  either  from  the  charge  of  conspiracy,  or  of 
having  concern  in  the  death  of  Sausaman  ;  but  had 
recourse  to  arms.  Finding  his  strength  daily  in- 
creasing, by  the  accession  of  neighbouring  Indians, 
he  prepared  for  war.  The  Indians,  having  sent 
their  wives  and  children  to  the  Narragansets  for  se- 
curity, began  to  alarm  the  English  at  Swanzey.  Af- 
ter oifering  them  insolent  menaces,  they  proceeded 
to  kill  their  cattle,  and  rifle  their  houses.  Provoked 
by  these  abuses,  an  Englishman  discharged  his  gun 
at  an  Indian,  and  gave  him  a  mortal  wound.  TRQ 
Indians  instantly  fell  on  the  English,  and  killed  all 

,      .  &          9  ,    .       .      0 

m  their  power.     Eight  or  nine  were  slam  in  Swan- 
zey and  its  vicinity,  on  the  twenty  fourth  of  June  ; 


June  24. 

First  hos- 


I  Smith  N.  Jersey,  79.     No  other  arrived  for  nearly  two  years. 

1  Chalmers,'  i.  507.     The  town  of  Kittery  contained      -     -     -  iSo 

York     ......           80         Black  Point      -     -     -  -     100 

'Wells  and  Cape  Porpus     -     -    80         Casco  Bay       -      -      -  -      80 

-     -  -     go 


Black  Point 
Casco  Bay 
Saco  and  Winter  Harbour     -    100         Sagadahock 

3  Chalmers,  i.  329.    "  By  the  prudent  vigour  of  the  governor." 

4  This  court  was  in  June.     Philip  and  several  of  his  Indians  had  been. 
previously  examined  ;  and,  though  they  would  own   nothing,    yet  they. 
«  could  not  free  themselves  from  just  suspicion."     Hubbard. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  421 

and  on  that  day  the  alarm  of  war  was  given  in    1675. 
Plymouth  colony.     A  company  of  foot,  under  cap- 
tain  Daniel  Henchman,  another  company  of  horse, 
under  captain  Thomas  Prentice,  with  one  hundred 
and  ten  volunteers,  marching  from  Boston,  joined 
the  Plymouth  forces  at  S wanzey,  on  the  twenty 
eighth.     Twelve  men  of  the  cavalry,  toward  the 
evening  of  the  same  day,  passing  over  a  bridge,  that 
led  into  Philip's  lands,  for  the  purpose  of  discovery, 
were  fired  on  by  the  Indians  from  the  bushes  ;  one 
was  killed,  and  another,  whose  horse  was  shot  down 
under  him,  was  wounded.     The  next  morning,  the 
shout  of  war  was  heard  at  half  a  mile's  distance  ; 
and  nine  or  ten  Indians  showed  themselves  on  the 
English   side  of  the  bridge.     Their  challenge  was 
instantly  accepted.     All  the  horse,  with  the  entire 
body  of  volunteers  under  captain  Mosely,  chased  They39< 
them  precipitately  over  the  bridge,  and  pursued  them  charge  the 
a  mile  and  a  quarter  beyond  it.     When  the  advanc-  €r 
ed  soldiers  were  just  retreating  to  the  main  guard, 
they  discharged  their  guns  on  the  Indians,  who  were 
running  into  a  swamp,  and  killed  five  or  six  of  them,  ^ho&zn. 
This  resolute  charge  of  the  English  made  great  im-  don  Mount 
pression  on  the  enemy  ;  and  Philip,  with  all  his  Hope' 
forces,  left  Mount  Hope  that  very  night,  abandon- 
ing the  country  to  the  English.  * 

Captain   Hutchinson   arriving    as    commissioner  July 
from  Massachusetts  government,  with  orders  to  treat 
with  the  Narragansets  ;    it  was  resolved,  the  next  gansets, 
morning,  to  march  all  the  forces  into  theNarragan- 
set  country,  and  to  make  the  treaty,  sword  in  hand. 
A  treaty  was  accordingly  concluded  on  the  fifteenth 
pf  July/' 

I  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  1  ;  Ind.  Wars,  78 — 87.  Hutchinson,  i. 
286,  287.  Church,  ii — 13.  Cullender,  73. 

a  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  6j — 67  ;  Hutchinson,  i.  289—291  ;  where  the 
Articles  are  inserted.  The  date  is  "  Petaquamscot,  July  15,  1675."  The 
commissioners  for  Massachusetts  were  major  Thomas  Savage,  captain  Ed- 
ward Hutchinson,  and  Mr.  Joseph  Dudley  j  those  for  Connecticut  (who 


,422 


-AMERICAN  -ANNALS. 


.1675.  During  this, negotiation  for  peace,  captain :Fuller 
A  party  and  lieutenant  Church  *  were  dispatched  with  .fifty 
fflocassel  men  to  Pocasset/  to  conclude -a  peace  with  the  In- 
dians, .if  .pacific  and  friendly  ;  or  to  fight  then),  if 
hostile.  They  found  the  enemy'  on  Pocasset  Neck  ; 
but,  such  were  their  numbers,  that,  after  some  skir- 
mishing, in  which  the  English  expended  their  ammu* 
nition,  they  .were  taken  off  by  water  to  Rhode  IsU 
and.  Church,  hastening  to  the  Massachusetts  for- 
ces, borrowed  three  files  of  men  of  captain  Hench- 
man, .with,  his  lieutenant,  and  returned  to  Pocasset, 
where  he  had  another  skirmish  with  the  enemy,  in 
which  fourteen  or  fifteen  Indians  were  shin.  This 
loss  struck  such. a  terror  into  Philip,  that  he  betook 
himself  to  the  swamps  about  Pocasset,  where  he  lay 
secreted  until  the  arrival  of  the  other  English  forces 
from  Narraganset.  These  forces  arrived  on  the 
July  i«.  eighteenth  of  July,  and ;  resolutely  charged  the  ene^ 

dwrgethe  my  m  *^G*r  recesses  >  but  tne  Indians,  taking  advan^ 
Indians  in  tage  .of  the  thick  under  wood,  and  firing  at  them, 
Wg0  £rst  £ntere(j?  killed  five  on  the  spot, and  woui>d-» 
ed  four  ;  and,  deserting  their  wigwams,  retired  deep- 
er, into  the  -swamp,3  The  English  followed  them, 
in  .vain,  until  night  approached,  when  the  command^ 
er.  ordered  -.a  retreat.  Most  of  the  Massachusetts 
companies  were  now  drawn  oiF,  and  captain  Hench- 
man only,  with  a  hundred  foot,  together  with  the 

had  been  seasonably  sent  forward)  were  major  Wait  Winthrop,  and  Mr, 
Richard  Smith.  There  were  four  Indians,  who  subscribed  the  treaty,  as 
counsellors  and  attornies  to  Canonicus,  Nimgret,  Mattatoag,  old  queen 
Quaiapen,  Quananshit,  and  Pornham,  "  the  six  present  sachems  of  the  v/hole 
jSTarraganset  country."  Ibid.  The  Narragansets  were  still  very  powerful.*" 
This  tribe  had  promised  Philip  to  rise,  in  the  spring  of  1676,  with  4000 
men  ;  but  this  number,  it  is  supposed,  was  meant  to  contain  all  the  Indians 
within  the  bounds  of  Rhode  island,  who,  being  under  the  authority  of  the 
great  Narraganset  sachem,  were  often  called  by  this  general  name.,  Catr 
lender,  75.  Hubbard  Incl.  Wars,  126.  Hutchinson,i.  458.  *  SM  f.  418. 

I   Benjamin  Church,  afterward  colonel,  a  hero  of  great  fame. 

a  Now  Tiverton  £c.  18  miles  from  Taunton.     Hubbard. 

3  This  swamp  on  Pocasset  Neck  is  7  miles  long.  The  Indians  had  new* 
iy  made  wigwams  here  (about  roo  in  all)  of  green  bark,  which  they  r.o\v 
left  i  but  the  materials  would  not  udaiit  th^n  to  burn.  Id, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

Plymouth  forces,  was  left  to  watch  tlie  motions  of    1675; 
the  enemy*     It  being  impossible^  for  the  English  to 
fight  in  the  swamp,  >but  to  the  greatest  disadvantage, 
they  resolved  to  starve  out  the  enemy  :   but  Philip,  ^l11? 

,,    ,         ,  .  .%•?  makes  his 

aware  or  the  design,  contrived  means  to  escape,  with  escape. 
the  greatest  part   of  his   company.1     Fleeing  into 
the  country  of  the  Nipmucks,*   this  ferocious  and: 
Vindictive  prince,   kindled  the  flame  of  war  in  the 
\vestern  plantations  of  Massachusetts. 3 

The  Nipmuck-  Indians  had  already  committed  hos-  - 
tilities  against  the  English.     On  the  fourteenth  of  JuI7  **-    ,. 
July  they  had  killed  four  or  five  people  at  Mendo'n  §evS 
in  Massachusetts.4     The  governor  and  council,  inPeoPIeilt" 
hopes  of  reclaiming  the  Nipmucks,  sent  captain  Hut- 
chinson  with  twenty  horsemen  to  Quabaog  [Brook- 
field],  near  which  place  there  was  to  be  a  great  ren- 
dezvous of  those  Indians,  xvho  had  promised  to  hold 
a  treaty  with  the  inhabitants  of  Brookfield.     Hut- 
chinson,  with  some  of  the  principal  people  of  that 
town,  went  to  the  place  appointed  t  but,  not  finding 
the  Indians,  they  proceeded  four  or  five  miles  to- 
ward their  chief  town,  until  they  were  ambuscaded 
by  two  or  three  hundred  Indians,  who  shot  down 
eight  of  the  company,  and  mortally  wounded  eight  "ear,  f 

.    rrn  11  11  -•          ^G        Brookfield, 

more.*  ihe  rest  escaped  through  a  by  patn  to  Qua- 
baog. The  Indians,  closely  pursuing  them,  violent- 
ly assaulted  the  town,  killed  several  persons,  and  set 

1  The  swamp  being  not  far  from  an  arm  of  the  sea,  extending  up  to 
Taunton,  the  Indians,  either  taking  advantage  of  a  low  tide,  waded  over, 
or  wafted  themselves  over  on  small  rafts  of  timber,  very  early,  before  break 
cf  day,  i  August.     About  100  v/omen  and  children,  left  behind,  soon  after 
resigned  themselves  to  the  mercy  of  the  English.     Hubbard.     I.  Mather. 

2  About  Worcester,  Oxford,  Grafton,  Dudley,  &c.     Cburcb. 

3  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  72,  73.     Neal  N.  Eng.  ii,  8.    Church,  ai — 23. 

4  Mather  Ind.  War,  5.     Hutchinson,  i.  291.     "  Blood  was  never  shed  in 
Massachusetts,  in  a  way  of  hostility,  before  this  day."     Mather,  ib. 

5  Captain  Hutchinson  was  one  of  the  wounded.     He  was  carried  to 
Quabaog, -and  afterward  to  Marlborough,  where  he  died  19  August.  Hut- 
chinson.    The  ambuscade  was  laid  at  a  place  called  Meminimisset,  "  a  nar- 
row passage  between  a  steep  hill  and  a  this,!:  s\v-.imp,  rxt  the  her.d  of  Wick*- 

•      ig  nond."     Co!!.  HI st.  Soc,  i.  259.  , 


424  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1675.  fire  to  every  house,  excepting  one,  into  which  all 
Brookfieid  the  inhabitants  had  gathered  for  security. x     This 
house  they  soon  surrounded ;  and,  after  repeated  at- 
tempts to  set  fire  to  it,  they  filled  a  cart  with  hemp, 
flax,  and  other  combustible  matter,  which  they  kin- 
Aug.  4.      died,  and  thrust  toward  it  with  long  poles.      At 
its  inhabit-  thjs   critical    moment,    major  Willard  happily  ar- 

ants  re-  •    '«.'«/•  •    •»       i 

lieved.       rived  with  forty  eight  dragoons,  and  dispersed  them. a 
Indian  hos-      ^he  Incuans  on  Connecticut  river,  near  Hadley, 
Hatfield,  and  Deerfield,  and  those  at  Penicook  and 
other  places  on  Merrimack  river,  began  their  hostil- 
the  Merri-  ities  about  this  time  ;  and  before  the  end  of  August 
mack.        fae  whole  colony  of  Massachusetts  was  in  the  ut- 
most terror.     The  Hadley  Indians,  by  fleeing  from 
their  dwellings,  betraying  their  conspiracy  with  the 
hostile  Indians,3  were  pursued  by  captains  Lothrop 
and  Beers,  and  overtaken  about  ten  miles  above  Hat- 
skirmish    field,  at  a  place  called  Sugarloaf  Hill,  where  a  skir- 
lotfHffl"    m*sn  xvas  fought,  in  which  nine  or  ten  of  the  Eng- 
lish were  slain,  and  about  twenty  six  Indians.     The 
Indians^  who  escaped,  joining  with  Philip  and  his 
Sept.t.      company j  were  so.  emboldened,  that,  about  seven 
Deerfield    days  after,-  they  fell  upon  Deerfield,  killed  one  man, 
and  laid  most  of  the  town  in  ashes.,    On  the  same 
Hadley  as-  ^a7?  Hadley  was  alarmed  by  the  Indians  in  the  time 
sauited  by  of  public  worship,  and  the  people  thrown  into  the 
utmost  confusion  j   but  the  enemy  were  repulsed  by 
the  valour  and  good  conduct  of  an  aged,  venerable 
man'  w^°?  suddenly  appearing  in  the  midst  of  the 
affrighted  inhabitants,  put  himself  at  their  head  ;.  led 
them  to  the  onset ;  and,  after  the  dispersion  of  the 
enemy,  instantly  disappeared.  This  deliverer  of  Had- 

I  There  were  about  20  dwelling  houses,  and  76  souls  in  the  town. 

a  Mather  Ind.  War,  6,  7.  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  J  n — 114.  Hutchin- 
son,  i.  291 — 293.  The  next  day  (Aug.  5.)  Philip,  with  about  40  men,  be- 
side a  much  greater  number  of  women  and  children,  joined  the  Nipmuck 
Indians  in  a  swamp,  ten  or  twelve  miles  from  Brookfieid  ;  about  30  of  them 
were  armed  with  guns,  the  rest  had  bows  and  arrows.  Ibid. 

3  Philip  and  the  Nipmuck  Indians  were  harboured,  at  that  time,  in  the 
adjacent  woods.  Kubbard. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  425 

ley,   then  imagined  to  be  an  angel,   was    general  1675. 
GofFe,  one  of  the  judges  of  Charles  I,  who  was,  at 
that  time,  concealed  in  the  town. ' 

Early  in  October,   the  Springfield  Indians,  who  ^f  ^j 
had  been  uniformly  friendly  to  the  English,  having  Indians/ C 
perfidiously  concerted  with  the  enemy  to  burn  the 
town  of  Springfield,  received  in  the  night  into  their 
fort,  about  a  mile  from  the  town,  above  three  hun- 
dred of  Philip's  Indians.     The  plot  however  being 
disclosed  by  .a  friendly  Indian  at  Windsor,  dispatches 
\vere   immediately    sent    to  major  Treat,    then   at 
Westfield  with  the  Connecticut  troops,  who  arrived  Oct 
at  Springfield  so  opportunely  as  to  save  a  consider-  Springfield 
able  part  of  the  town  from  the  flames  ;  but  thirty  gj^ 

two  houses  were  already  consumed.2      On  the  nine- 19. 

teenth  of  October,  seven  or  eight  hundred  Indians 
furiously  assailed  the  town  of  Hadley,  on  all  sides  ; 
but  they  were  repulsed  by  the  Connecticut  and  Mas- 
sachusetts forces. 3 

The  commissioners  of  the  three  United  Colonies 


having  declared  the  war  with  the  Indians  to  be  just  ^T°"e"  °.f 

o  ill          i  1111          -ill  U.Colomes 

and  necessary,  had  already  concluded,  that  it  should  make  the 
be  jointly  prosecuted  by  all  those  colonies.4     Find-  waracom- 

J  J    l  mon  cause. 

I  Stiles  Hist.  Judges,  109.  Hutchinson,  i.  219,  See  p.  377  of  this  vol- 
ume. From  N.  Haven  the  judges  Whalley  and  Goffe  went  to  West  Rock 
(a  mountain  about  300  feet  high,  and  about  two  miles  and  a  half  from  the 
town)  ;  and  were  some  time  concealed  in  a  cave  "  on  the  very  top  of  the 
rock,  about  half  or  three  quarters  of  a  mile  from  the  southern  extremity.'* 
Stiles,  ib.  72,  76.  They  afterward  lived  in  concealment  at  Milford,  at  Der- 
by, and  atBranford;  and,  in  1664,  removed  from  Milford  to  Hadley,  where 
they  were  soon  after  joined  by  colonel  Dixwell,  another  of  the  king's 
judges.  Dixwell  took  the  name  of  Davids,  and  some  years  after  removed 
to  New  Haven,  where  he  married,  and  left  several  children.  His  grave 
stone  may  still  be  seen  in  the  old  burying  ground  in  New  Haven,  with  this 
inscription  :  "  J.  D.  Esq.  deceased  March  i8th,  in  the  Sad  year  of  his  age 
1688." 

•3,  Hubbard  Tnd.  Wars,  129—131.  "  The  sad  tidings  of  Springfiald  ca- 
lamity" reached  Boston  7  October,  at  the  close  of  a  day  of  Humiliation,  ap- 
pointed by  the  Council.  Mather  Ind.  War,  16.  Trumbull,  i.  351. 

3  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  138.     Hutchinson,  i.  296. 

4  Hazard  Coll.  ii.  534.    The  commissioners  for  Plymouth  colony  pre- 
sented to  the  body  of  commissioners  a  Narrative, "  showing  the  manner  of 

M  m  ra 


4-26-  AMERICAN'"  ANNALS. 

1675.  ing  that  the  Narragansets,  in  violation  of  their  en- 
gagements, were  accessory  to  the  hostilities  of  the 
enemy,  they  now  determined,  that  one  thousand 
soldiers  should  be  raised,  to  march  into  the  Narra- 
ganset  country,  to  obtain  satisfaction  of  those  In- 
dians,  or  to  treat  them  as  enemies.  Josiah  Winslow, 
governor  of  Plymouth,  was  appointed  commander 
in  chief;  The  Massachusetts  forces  marched  from 
Boston  on  the  eighth  of  December,  and  were  soon 
joined  by  those  of  Plymouth^  The  troops  from 
Dec.  iS1.  Connecticut  joined  them  on  the  eighteenth,  at  Pet- 
coioniai  tyquamscot.1  At  break  of  day  the  next  morning, 
meet  at  Pe-  they  commenced  their  march,  through  a  deep  snow,, 
tyquam-  toward  the  enemy,  who  were  about  fifteen  miles  dis- 
tant ia  a  swamp,  at  the  edge  of  which  they  arrived 
at  one  in  the  afternoon*-  The  Indians,  apprized  of 
an  armament  intended  against  them,  had  fortified' 
themselves  as  strongly,  as  possible, within  the  swamp. 
The  English,  without  waiting  to  draw  up  in  order 
of  battle,  marched  forward  in  quest  of  the  enemy's 
camp.  Some  Indians,  appearing  at  the  edge  of  the 
swamp,  were  no  sooner  fired  on  by  the  Englijji,  than 
they  returned  the  fire;  and  fled.  The  whole  army 
now  entered  the  swamp,  and  followed  the  Indians  to 

19.    their  fortress.     It  stood  on  a  rising  ground  in  the 

Attack  the  midst--ofthe-swamp  i  and  was  composed  of  palisades, 

fort  of  the  ,     *  r 

Narragau-  which  were  encompassed  by  a.  -Hedge,  nearly  a  rod* 

sets. 

beginning  of  the  present  war  with-  the  Indians  of  Mount  Hope -and  Poca?- 
set  ;"  which  was  the  basis  of  that  determination.  It  is  inserted  ib.  532 — . 
5  34.  The  meeting  of  the  commissioners,  at  which  the  war  was  declared  to 
he  just  and  necessary,  was  9  Sept.  1675.  They  the*  concluded  to  raise  im- 
mediately 1000  soldiers  out  of  the  colonies,  in  such  proportions,  as  the  arti- 
cles of  Confederation  established  :  Massachusetts,  527  ;  Plymouth,  158  ; 
Connecticut,  315.  Ibid.  535.  -At  'an  adjourned  meeting  a  November,  they 
declared  the  Narragansets  to  be  "  deeply  accessory  in  the  present  bloody 
vui.trages"  of  the  natives  that  were  at  open  war,  and  determined,  that  icco 
wre  soldiers  be  raised,  for  the  Narraganset  expedition,  "  in  like  proper^ 
tionsin  each  colony,  as  the  former  were."  Ib.  531. 

I  The  Connecticut  troops  consisted  of  300  English  men,  and  150  ]YTo- 
Iieagan  and   Pecjuod  Indians  ;  and  were  divided  into  5  companies.     Thr. 
was  commanded  by  major  Treat.    Trumbull,  1-354. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  42? 


thick.  It  had  but  one  practicable  entrance,  which 
was  over  a  log  or  tree,  four  or  five  feet  from  the 
ground  ;  and  that  aperture  was  guarded  by  a  block 
house.  Falling  providentially  on  this  very  part  of 
the  fort,  the  English  captains  entered  it,  at  the  head 
of  their  companies.  The  two  first,  Johnson  and 
Davenport,  with  many  of  their  .men,  were  shot  dead 
at  the  entrance.  Four  -other  captains,  Gardner, 
Gallop,  Siely,  and  Marshal,  were  also  killed.  When 
the  troops  had  effected  an  entrance,  .they  attacked 
the  Indians,  who  fought  desperately,  and  beat  the 
English  out  of  the  fort.  After  a  hard  fought  battle 
of  three  hours,  the  English  became  masters  of  the  Fort.  taken» 

i  r  i  •  m<i  i  r  &  wipwams 

place,  and  set  nre  to  the  wigwams.  1  he  number  or  burnt. 
tnem  was  five  or  six  hundred,  and'in  the  conflagra- 
tion many  Indian  women  and  children  perished.  The 
surviving  Indian  men  fled  into  a  cedar  swamp,  at  a 
-small  distance  ;  and  the  English  retired  to  their 
quarters.  Of  the  English  there  were  killed  and 
wounded  about  two  hundred  and  thirty  •;  of  which 
number  eighty  five  were  killed,  or  died  of  their 
wounds.  Of  the  Indians  one  thousand  are  suppos- 
ed to  have  perished. * 

The  Massachusetts  and  Plymouth  troops  kept  the  close  of  the 
field  several  weeks  ;  but  without  any  considerable  c^^p^n- 
achievement.     The  Connecticut  troops,  who   had 
suffered  most  in  the  action,  were  so  disabled,  that  it 
was  judged  necessary  for  them  to  return  home.    The 
great  body  of  the  Narraganset  warriors  soon  after 
repaired  to  the  Nipmuck  jcountry0  * 

I  Potock,  an  Indian  counsellor  of  Narraganset,  afterward  taken  at  R. 
Island,  and  executed  at  Boston,  acknowledged,  that  the  Indians  lost  700 
fighting  men  that  day,  beside  300,  who  died  of  their  wounds.  What  num- 
•Jber  of  old  men,  women,  and  children,  perished  by  fire,  or  by  hunger  and 
cold,  the  Indians  themselves  could  not  tell.  Hubbard. 

a  Hubbard  Ind.  Wars,  141 — 166.  Mather  Ind,  War,  19,  2O.  Htttchia- 
j-piij  i,  297 — 301,  TnuubuJlj  i.  353 — 359. 


42 S  AMERICAN  ANNALS, 

1676. 

Jan.  27.         The  Narragansets,  in  retreating  from  their  coun-. 
ii"ti0n  at°"  try>  drove  off  from  one  of  the  inhabitants  of  War- 
Warwick,  wick  fifteen  horses,  fifty  neat  cattle,  and  two  hun- 
dred sheep.     On  the  tenth  of  February,  several  him-* 
Lancaster   dreds  of  the  Indians  fell  upon  Lancaster  ;  plundered 
burnt.        and  burned  the  greatest  part  of  the  town  ;  and  kil-. 
led  or  captivated  forty  persons.     Two  or  three  hun- 
dred of  the  Narraganset  and  other  Indians,  not  long 
Medfieid.    a^ter'  surprised  Medfieid,  and  burned  nearly  one 

25.     half  of  the  town. r      On  the  twenty  fifth  of  Februa- 

weymouth.  ry9  tke  incjians  assaulted  the  town  of  Weymouth, 
and  burned  seven  or  eight  houses  and  barns.     On 
tlle  thirteenth  of  March,   they. burned  the  whole 
town  of  Groton 3  to  the  ground,  excepting  four  gar^ 
17.     risoned  houses  ;   and,  on  the  seventeenth,  they  en- 
tjrejy  burned  Warwick,  with  the  exception  of  one 
house.     On  the  twenty  sixth  of  March,  they  laid 
rough.0"     most  of  the  town  of  Marlborough  in  ashes. 3      On 
the  same  day,  captain  Pierce  of  Scituate,  who  had 
been  sen-   out  ^7  tne  governor  and  council  of  Ply- 
mouth colony  with  about  fifty  English,  and  twenty 
friendly  Indians  of  Cape  Cod,   was  cut  off  by  the 
r~~",a8-    enemy  with  most  of  his  party,     Two  days  after- 

Rahoboth  J     .  r  ..  '  -i J  .  J. 

burnt.       ward,  the  Indians  fell  upon  Kenoboth,  and  burned 
forty  dwelling  houses,  and  about  thirty  barns  ;  and,, 
- —  2-9.     j-he  jay  after,  about  thirty  houses  in  Providence. 

Providence.          A  t  /  r  T     .. 

Although  there  were  several  parties  or  Indians 

scattered  over  the  country,   yet  the  main  body  of 

them    lurked   in   the   woods    between    Brookfield, 

April.       Marlborough,  and  Connecticut  river.     Early  in  Ai 

cheims-    pril  they  did  some  mischief  at  Chelmsford,4  Ando- 

i  Although  there  were  z  or  300  soldiers  there,  the  Indians  did  that  mis- 
chief, and  killed  about  1 8  persons,  men,  women,  and  children.     I.  Mather. 
2,  It  contained  about  40  dwelling  houses.    Its  inhabitants  now  deserted  it. 

3  The  inhabitants  were  hence  constrained  to  desert  the  town.     What 
few  houses  were  left  were  burnt  by  the  Indians  1 9  April.     I.  Mather. 

4  Hubbard  ascribes  this  mischief  to  the  Indians  of  Wamesit,  a  place  near 
Chelmsford,  bordering  on  the  Mcnimack  j  but  he  does  them  the  justice 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  429 

ver,  and  in  the  vicinity  of  those  places. '     Having,    1676. 
on  the  seventeenth  of  the  same  month,  burned  the 
few  deserted  houses  at  Marlborough,  they,  the  next  April  lg> 
day,   violently  attacked  Sudbury  ;   burned  several  sudbury 
houses  and  barns  ;  and  killed  ten  or  twelve  of  the  attacked' 
English,  who  had  come  from  Concord  to  the  assist- 
ance of  their  neighbours.      Captain   Wadsworth, 
sent  at  this  juncture  from  Boston  with  about  fifty 
men,  to  relieve  Maiiborough,  after  having  marched 
twenty  five  miles,  learning  that  the  enemy  had  gone 
through  the  woods  toward  Sudbury,  turned  imme- 
diately back,  in  pursuit  of  them.     When  the  troops 
were  within  a  mile  of  the  town,  they  espied,  at  no 
great  distance,  a  party  of  Indians,  apparently  about 
one  hundred  5  who,  by  retreating,  as  if  through  fear, 
drew  the  English  above  a  mile  into  the  woods  ; 
when  a  large  body  of  the  enemy,  supposed  to  be  a- 
bout  five  hundred,  suddenly  surrounded  them,  and  Ca  t 
precluded  the  possibility  of  their  escape.     The  gal-  Wadswortb 
lant  leader  and  his  brave  soldiers  fought  with  des-  and  his 
per  ate  valour  ;   but  they  fell  a  prey  to  the  numbers, 
the  artifice,  and  bravery  of  their  enemy.     The  few^ 
who  were  taken  alive,  were  destined  to  tortures,  un- 
known to  their  companions,  who  had  the  happier 
lot  to  die  in  the  field  of  battle.  * 

to  say,  that  they  "  had  been  provoked  by  the  rash,  unadvised,  cruel  acts  of 
some  of  the  English,"  toward  the  close  of  the  preceding  year.  CHELMSFORD 
appears  to  have  been  incorporated  about  A.  D.  1655  ;  but  it  was  not  men* 
tioned  that  year,  because  not  noticed  in  the  early  histories. 

I  Hubbard  says,  that  on  the  ijth  of  April  15  houses  were  burnt  on  the 
north  side  of  the  river,  near  Chelmsford. 

a  Some  historians  say,  that  captain  Wadsworth's  company  was  entirely 
cut  off  ;  others,  that  a  few  escaped.  Some  represent  his  company,  as  con- 
sisting of  50  ;  some,  as  consisting  of  70  men.  All  agree,  that  50  at  least 
were  killed.  Captain  Broclebank  and  some  others  "  fell  into  his  company 
as  he  marched  along  ;"  and  this  accession  may  account  for  the  difference  in 
the  narratives.  President  Wadsworth  (of  Harvard  College),  a  son  of  cap- 
tain Wadsworth,  who  fell  on  this  occasion,  caused,  a  decent  monument  to 
be  afterward  erected  over  the  grave  of  these  heroes,  from  which  I  copied 
the  following  Inscription  : 

"  Captain  Samuel  Wadsworth  of  Milton,  his  Lieut.  Sharp  of  Brooklin, 
:<  Capt.  Broclebank  of  Rowley,  with  about  Twenty  Six*  other  Souldiers, 

*    This,  it  is  fjppg;sd%  ivas  the  number  of  bodies  found, 


43 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


16760 

sdtuate. 


8. 


ter. 

Plymouth. 

Middle-' 
borough. 


iff. 

Fall  Fight, 


About  the  same  time,  the  Indians  burned  nine- 
teen  houses  and  barns  at  Scituate  ;  but  they  were 
bravely  encountered  and  repulsed  by  the  inhabit- 
ants.  On  the  eighth  of  May,  they  burned  and  des~ 
trOyej  seventeen  houses  and  barns  at  Bridgewater.1 
On  the  eleventh,  they  assaulted  the  town  of  Plym*. 
out^  and  burned  eleven  houses  and  five  barns  ;  and, 
two  days  after,  they  burned  seven  houses  and  two 

i  •  '         i  t       i  •    • 

WBS  m  that  town,  and  tae  remaining  houses  m 
Namasket.  z 

Several  large  bodies  of  Indians  having  assembled 
at  Connecticut  river,  in  the  vicinity  of  Deerfteld,  the 
inhabitants  of  Hadley,  Hatfield,  and  Northampton, 
on  receiving  the  intelligence,  combined  for  their  ex- 
tirpation.  On  the  eighteenth  of  May  one  hundred 
and  sjxty.  soldiers,  destined  for  that  enterprise, 
marched  silently  twenty  miles  in  the  dead  of  night, 
and,  a  little  before  break  of  day,  surprised  the  ene- 
my, whom  they  found  asleep,  and  without  guards., 
at  their  principal  quarters.  The  first  notice,  that 
they  gave  of  their  approach,  was  by  a  discharge  of 
their  guns  into  the  wigwams.  Some  of  the  Indians, 
in  their  consternation.,  ran  directly  into  the  river^ 

*'  fighting  for  the  defence  of  their  country,  were  slain  by  the  Indian  enemy 
*'  April  j  8th.  1676,  and  lye  buried  in  this  place."  The  monument  stands 
to  the  west  of  Sudbury  Causeway,  about  one  mile  southward  of  the  church 
in  Old  Sudbury,  and  about  one  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  great  road,  that 
leads  from  Boston  to  Worcester. 

I  The  inhabitants  courageously  sallied  forth  from  their  garrisons,  to 
fight  the  enemy  ;  and  a  storm  of  thunder,  lightening,  and  rain,  at  that 
juncture,  providentially  coatributed  to  save  the  town  from  entire  confla- 
gration. It  is  remarkable,  that  Bridgewater,  though,  by  its  local  situation, 
peculiarly  exposed,  never  lost  one  of  its  inhabitants  in  this  war.  Mather 
Magnal.  book  vii.  52.  1  now  find,  that  the  settlement  of  BKIDGEWATICK. 
was  begun  in  the  year  1651,  by  a  very  religious  people  ;  "  though,  by  rea- 
son of  the  snvallness  of  their  number  and  ability,  aad  the  scarcity  of  candi- 
dates, they  had  not  an  ordained  minister  till  the  year  1663."  Their  first 
was  the  reverend  James  Keith,  who  died  23  July  1719,  "  having  been  56 
years  a  faithful  minister  of  the  gospel."  Preface  to  a  Sermon,  preached  at 
Bridgewater  by  Rev.  Mr.  Keith  in  1717,  zd  edit,  printed  1768. 

Z  Soon  after  the  war  broke  out  (about  July  1675)  the  Indians  killed 
several  English  people  at  Taunton  ;  burned  about  half  the  town  of  Swan* 
Key  ;  and  principally  burned  the  towns  of  Namasket  [Middkboroughl  and, 
Eter.cmou.th,  Mather  Ind.  W^r,  4. 


AMERICAN  ANNAL&.-  -43.* 

were  drowned.  Others  betook  themselves  to  1676 
their  bark  canoes  ;  and,  having  in  their  hurry  for- 
gotten their  paddles,  were  hurried  down  the  falls, 
and  dashed  against  the  rocks.  Many  of  them,  en- 
deavouring to  secrete  themselves  under  the  banks  of 
the  river,  were  discovered  and  slain.  In  this  action, 
distinguished  by  the  name  of  the  Fall  Fight,  the  en- 
emy lost  three  hundred  men,  women,  and  children.1 
The  Indians,  recovering  from  their  surprise,  and 
falling  on  the  rear  of  the  English  on  their  return, 
killed  captain  Turner,  commander  of  the  expedition, 
and  thirty  eight  of  his  men.  z 

On  the  thirtieth  of  May,  a:  great  body  of  Indians,  - 
supposed  to  be  six  or  seven  hundred,  appeared  be- 
fore  Hatfield.  Having  burned  twelve  houses  and 
barns,  without  the  fortification,  they  attacked  the 
houses  in  the  centre  of  the  town,  that  were  surround- 
ed  with  palisadoes  ;  but  twenty  five  resolute  young 
men  of  Hadley,  adventuring  over  the  river,  and 
boldly  charging  the  enemy,  they  instantly  fled  from 
the  town,  with  the  loss  of  twenty  five  of  their  men. 

Though  Massachusetts  was  the  chief  theatre  of  Connecti- 
the  war  •,   Connecticut,  her  sister  colpny,  was  active  c. 

•L  r     i  TT    i  tl 

in  the  suppression  of  the  common  enemy.  Volun-  war. 
teer  companies  had  been  formed,  early  in  the  year, 
principally  from  New  London,  Norwich,  and  Ston- 
ington  j  which  associated  with  them  a  number  of 
Moheagans,  Pequots,  and  Narragansets.  These 
companies  ranged  the  Narraganset  country,  and 
greatly  harassed  the  hostile  Indians.  In  one  of  these 
excursions,  in  March,  captain  Denison,  of  Stoning- 

i  See  a  particular  account  of  this  Fight,  by  the  reverend  Mr.  Taylor  of 
Deerfieid,  in  the  Appendix  to  his  edition  of  Williams'  Redeemed  Captive, 
141  —  143.  Of  the  300  there  were  170  fighting  men.  Mather  Ind.  War, 
31.  But  one  of  the  English  was  killed  in  the  engagement.  Hubbard  Ind. 
Wars,  225,  note. 

z  The  English,  going  out  on  horseback,  had  alighted  about  a  quarter  of 
a.  mile  from  the  Indian  rendezvous,  and  tied  their  horses  to  the  trees.  The 
/ndiiiiis  fell  on  the  guards,  left  with  the  horses,  and  killed  some  of  them. 
These  are  included  in  the  38. 


c.ut  i.sac 

tlve  in 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1676.  ton,  rendered  signal  service  to  the  cause,  by  the  cap* 
ture  of  Nanunttenoo,  the  head  sachem  of  all  the 
Narragansets. '    Between  the  spring  and  the  succeed- 
ing autumn,  the  volunteer  captains,  with  their  flying 
parties,  made  ten  or  twelve  expeditions,  in  which 
they  killed  and  captivated  two  hundred  and  thirty 
of  the  enemy  ;  took  fifty  muskets  ;  and  brought  in 
one  hundred  and  sixty  bushels  of  their  corn.     They 
drove  all  the  Narraganset  Indians,   excepting  those 
of  Ninnigret, a  out  of  their  country. 
Assembly        The  assembly  of  Connecticut,  at  their  session  in 
Ma7>  voted  three  hundred  and  fifty  men,  who  were 
to  be  a  standing  army,  to  defend  the  country,  and 
harass    the  enemy.     Major  John  Talcot  was  ap- 
pointed to  the  chief  command.     Early  in  June,  ma-* 
jor  Talcot  marched  from  Norwich  with  about  two 
hundred  and  fifty  soldiers,  and  two  hundred  Mo- 
heagan  and  Pequot  Indians,  into  the  Wabaquasset 
country  ; 3   but  found  the  country  entirely  deserted, 
as  well  as  the  fort  and  wigwams  at  Wabaquasset. 
On  the  fifth  of  June,  the  army  marched  to  Ghana- 
gongum,  in  the  Nipmuck  country,  where  they  killed 
nineteen  Indians,   and  took  thirty  three  captives  ; 
and  thence  marched  by  Quabaog  to  Northampton* 
June  ia.     Qn  the  twelfth  Of  June,  four  days  after  their  arrival 

Attack  on         __        ,  ,  i          i       i  T     T 

at  Northampton,  about  seven  hundred  Indians  made 

* 

I  He  had  ventured  down  from  the  northern  wilderness  toward  Seaconck, 
near  the  seat  of  Philip,  to  procure  seed  corn,  to  plant  the  towns,  which  the 
English  had  deserted  on  Connecticut  river.  This  sachem  was  a  son  of 
Miantonimoh,  and  inherited  the  pride  of  his  father.  He  would  not  accept 
his  life,  when  offered  on  the  condition,  that  he  should  make  peace  with  the 
English.  When  he  was  informed,  that  it  was  determined  to  put  him  to 
death,  he  said,  "  I  like  it  well  ;  I  shall  die  before  my  heart  is  soft,  or  I  shall 
have  spoken  any  thing  unworthy  of  myself."  The  Moheagan  sachem,  his 
counsellors,  and  the  principal  Pequots,  shot  him  at  Stonington.  Trumbull, 
i.  363. 

I  This  sachem  had  formerly  given  the  colonies  much  trouble  ;  but,  in 
this  war,  he  refused  to  join  the  other  Narraganset  sachems.  The  Narra- 
ganset Indians,  who  joined  the  Connecticut  volunteers,  were  bis  men. 
It  is  very  remarkable,  that,  in  all  these  expeditions,  the  English  had  not 
one  man  killed  or  wounded.  Trumbull,  i.  360,  362, 

3  See  p.  419.  It  is,  to  this  day,  called  at  Woodstock,  as  it  is  fare  writ" 
ten  after  Dr.  Trumbull,  Wab-a-qna$-set, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  433 

a  furious  attack  upon  Hadley  ;   but  major  Talcot  16760 
with  these  gallant  soldiers,  soon  appeared  for  the 
relief  of  the  garrison,  and  drove  off  the  enemy. 

On  the  third  of  July,  the  same  troops,  on  their 
march  toward  NarraganVet,  surprised  the  main  body 
of  the  enemy  by  the  side  of  a  large  cedar  swamp, 
and  attacked  them  so  suddenly,  that  a  considerable 
number  of  them  was  killed  and  taken  on  the  spot. 
Others  escaped  to  the  swamp,  which  was  immedi- 
ately surrounded  by  the  English  ;  who,  after  an  ac- 
tion of  two  or  three  hours,  killed  and  took  one  hun- 
dred and  seventy  one.  Soon  aft£r,  they  killed  and 
captured  sixty  seven,  near  Providence,  and  War- 
Wick.  About  the  fifth  of  July,  the  army  returned 
to  Connecticut  j  and  in  their  return  took  sixty  more 
of  the  enemy. * 

The  enemy,  thus  pursued,  and  hunted  from  one  Ind':ansj><> 
lurking  place  to  another  ;  straitened  for  provisions  ;  courage!" 
and  debilitated  by  hunger  and  disease  ;  became  di- 
vided, scattered,  and  disheartened  ;  and,  in  July  and 
August,  began  to  come  in  to  the  English,  and  to 
Surrender  themselves  to  the  mercy  of  their  conquer- 
ors.    Philip,  who  had  fled  to  the  Mohawks,  having 
provoked,  instead  of  conciliating,  that  warlike  na- 
tion, had  been  obliged  to  abandon  their  country  ;a 
and  he  was  now,  with  a  large  body  of  Indians,  lurk- 
ing about  Mount  Hope;     The  Massachusetts  and 
Plymouth  soldiers  were  vigilant  and  intrepid,  in  pur- 
suit of  him  ;  and,  on  the  second  of  August,  captain  Aug.  2. 
Church,   with  about   thirty  English   soldiers  and  |^j?Jdife 
twenty  confederate  Indians,  surprised  him  in  his  loses  many 
quarters  ;  killed  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  of  ofhism.en- 

i  Trumbiill,  i.  363 — 365.  From  about  the  beginning  of  April  to  the 
«>th  of  July,  the  Connecticut  volunteers,  and  the  troops  under  major  Tal- 
tot,  killed  and  captured  about  420  of  the  enemy.  Ibid. 

%  It  was  commonly  reported,  that,  with  the  design  of  drawing  the  Mo- 
hawks into  the  war,  Philip  had  killed  some  of  that  nation  in  the  wcodsj. 
and  imputed  their  death  to  the  English  ;  but  that  one  of  the  Indians,  who 
was  left  for  dead,  revived,  and  informed  his  countrymen  of  the  truth.  H^*- 
chiitson, 

Nnn 


43*  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

16 76.  his  men,  and  took  his  wife  and  son  prisoners.  Phil- 
ip himself  but  just  escaped  with  his  life. 

About  ten  days  after,  Church  being  then  on 
Rhode  Island  with  a  handful  of  volunteers,  an  In- 
dian, deserter  brought  him  information,  that  Philip 
was  in  Mount  Hope  neck  ^  and  offered  to  guide 
him  to  the  place  and  help  to  kill  him. l  Church, 
who  never  allowed  himself  to  lose  a  moment's  time, 
instantly  set  out,  in  pursuit  of  him,  with  a  small 
company  of  English  and  Indians.  Chi  his  arrival  at 
the  swamp,  he  made  a  disposition  of  his  men  at 
proper  distances  aud  stations,  so  as  to  form  an  am- 
buscade, putting  an  Englishman  and  an  Indian  to- 
gether behind  such  coverts,  as  were  found  5  and  hi& 
company  soon  commenced  a  fire  on  the  enemy's 
shelter,  which  was  discovered-  on  the  margin  of  the 
swamp.  It  was  open,  in  the  Indian  manner,  on  the 
side  next  to  the  swamp,  to  favour  a  sudden  flight. 
Philip,  at  the  instant  of  the  fire  frdm  the  English,, 
seizing  his  gun,  fled  toward  the  thickets,  but  ran  in 
a  direction  toward  an  English  soldier  and  an  Indian, 
who  were  at  the  station,  assigned  them  by  captain 
Church.  When  he  was  within  fair  shot,  the  Eng- 
ug.  i«,  lishman  snapped  his  gun,  but  it  missed  fire.  He 
iiLXIS  then  bade  the  Indian  fire  j>  and  he  instantly  shot 
him  through  the  heart. z 

1  He  said,  Philip  killed  his  brother  jirst  before  he  came  away,  for  giv~ 
ing  some  advice,  that  displeased  him  ;  and  that  he  had  fled,  for  fear  of  the 
same  fate.     He  wanted  to  kill  Philip,  in  revenge  of  his  brother's  death. 

2  The  death  of  Philip,  in  retrospect,  makes  different  impressions  from 
what  were  made  at  the  time  of  the  event.     It  was  then  considered  as  the 
extinction  of  a  virulent  and  implacable  enemy  ;-it  is  now  viewed  as  the  fall 
of  a  great  warrior,  a  penetrating  statesman,  and  a  mighty  prince.     It  then 
excited  universal  joy  and  congratulation,  as  a  prelude  to  the  close  of  a  mer- 
ciless war ;  it  now  awakens  sober  reflections  on  the  instability  of  empire, 
the  peculiar  destiny  of  the  aboriginal  racei  and  the  inscrutable  decrees  of 
Heaven.     The  patriotism  of  the  man  was  then  overlooked  in  the  cruelty 
of  the  savage  ;   aud  little  allowance  was  made  for  the  natural  jealousy  of 
the  sovereign,  on  account  of  the  barbarities  of  the  warrior.     Philip,  ii:  the 
progress  of  the  English  settlements,  foresaw  the  loss  of  his  territory,   and 
the  extinction  of  his  tribe  ;   and  made  one  mighty  effort  to  prevent  these 
calamities.     Our  pity  for  his  misfortunes  would  be  still  heightened,  if  \\.-. 
could  entirely  rely  on  the  tradition  (mentioned  by.  Callender,  73.),  That 


AMERICAN    ANNALS,  435 

The  death  of  Philip  was  the  signal  of  complete  vie-     1676. 
iory.     The  Indians,  in  all  the  neighbouring  coun- 
try, now  generally  submitted  to  the  English  ;   or 
fled,  and  incorporated  themselves  with  distant  and 
strange  nations.     In  this  short  hut  tremendous  war,  Effects  of 
about  six  hundred  of  the  inhabitants  of  New  Eng- the  war* 
land,  composing  its  principal  strength,  were  either 
killed  in  battle,  or  murdered  by  the  enemy  .;   twelve 
or  thirteen  towns  were  entirely  destroyed  ;    and  a- 
bout  six  hundred  buildings,  chiefly  dwelling  houses, 
were  burnt.     In  addition  to  these  calamities,  the 
.colonies  contracted  an  enormous  debt  ;   while,  by 
the  loss  of  their  substance,  through  the  ravages  of 
the  enemy,  their  resources  were  essentially  dimin- 
ished.1 < 

Philip  and  ;his  chief  :old  men  wer.e  at  first  averse  to  the  war  ;  that  Philip 
wept  with  grief,  at  the  news  of  the  first  English  who  were  killed  ;  and 
that  he  was  pressed  into  his  measures  by  the  irresistible  importunity  of  his 
young  warriors.  The  assurance,  pn  the  other  hand,  of  the  equity  of  our  an- 
xestors,  in  giving  the  natives  an  equivalent  for  their  lands,  is  highly  con- 
soling. The  upright  and  pious  governor  Win  slow,  in  a  letter  dated  at 
Marshfield  I  May  1676,  observes  :  "  I  think  I  can  clearly  say,  that  before 
these  present  troubles  broke  out,  the  English  did  not  possess  one  foot  of 
land  in  this  colony,  but  what  was  fairly  obtained  by  honest  purchase  of  the 
Indian  proprietors.  We  first  made  a  law,  that  none  should  purchase  or  re- 
ceive of  gift  any  land  of  the  Indians,  without  the  knowledge  and  allowance 
of  our  Court.  And  lest  yet  they  should  be  streightened,  we  ordered  that 
Mount  Hope,  Pocasset,  and  several  other  necks  of  the  best  land  in  the  col- 
ony, because  most  suitable  and  convenient  for  them,  should  never  be 
bought  out  of  their  hands."  See  Hubbard's  Narrative  (where  this  impor- 
tant letter  is  inserted  entire.)  and  Hazard  Coll  ii.  531 — 534. 

I  Hubbard's  Narrative  of  the  Indian  Wars  in  New  England.  Increase 
Mather's  Brief  History  of  the  War  with  the  Indians  in  New  England. 
Church's  History  ot  King  Philip's  War.  Mather  Magnal.  book  vii.  45 — > 
55.  Calender's  Historical  Discourse,  73 — 81.  Neal's  History  of  New 
England.  Hutchinson's  History  of  Massachusetts,  i.  285 — 30  S.  Trum- 
buii's  History  of  Connecticut,  i.  342 — 369.  Adams'  History  of  New  Eng- 
land, 118 — 12,7.  Morse  and  Parish's  Compendious  History  of  New  Eng- 
land, 249 — 264.  A  sketch  of  the  Indian  war  in  another  part  of  New  Eng- 
land is  subjoined.  Within  twenty  days  after  Philip  kindled  the  war  at  the 
southward,  the  flame  broke  out  in  the  most  northeasterly  part  of  the  coun- 
try, at  the  distance  of  aoo  miles  ;  and,  in  the  years  1675  and  1676,  most  of 
the  plantations  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  with  those  on  the  river  Pascata- 
qua,  partook  in  the  general  calamity.  After  the  death  of  Philip,  the  Mus- 
sacuusetts  forces,  which  were  then  at  liberty  to  turn  their  arms  into  that 
quarter,  surprised  about  400  of  the  Eastern  Indians  at  Cochecho  (Sept.  6, 
1676)  and  took  them  prisoners.  One  half  of  them  being  found  accessory. to 
the  Luc  rebellion.,  7  or  8,  who  were  knovvu  to  have  killed  any  Englishmen, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1676.       The  New  England  colonies,  in  this  impoverished 
Complaints  and  calamitous  state,   were  destined  to  a  new  scene 

in  England     r  i  i  •  •   i  -i  •  '    •  • 

against  the  or  trouble,  which  closed  at  length  very  mauspicious- 
M.Enghnd  ly  to  their  liberties.   Complaints  having  been  brought 

colonies.         J      .  ./  »  '   °i 

against  them,  the  preceding  year,  by  the  merchants 
and  manufacturers  of  England,  for  their  disregard 
to  the  acts  of  navigation  ;  *  the  governors  of  these 
colonies  were  now  commanded,  by  royal  authority, 
to  enforce  a  strict  obedience  to  the  laws  of  trade. 
Commissions  were  transmitted,  empowering  prop- 
er persons  to  administer  an  oath,  framed  to  secure  a 
strict  observance  of  those  laws.  To  add  weight  to 
these  measures,  it  was 'determined,  "  that  no  Medi- 
terranean passes  should  be  granted  to  New  England, 
to  protect  its  vessels  against  the  Turks,  till  it  is  seen 
what  dependence  it  will  acknowledge  on  his  majesty, 
pr  whether  his  custom  house  officers  are  received  as 
in  other  colonies." 2 

Bacon's  re-  T^e  maleContcnts  in  Virginia,  taking  advantage 
beiiion  in  of  a  war  with  the  Susquehaftnah  Indians,  excited 
the  people  to  insurrection.  Nathaniel  Bacon,  a 
bold,  seditious,  and  eloquent  young  man,  who  had 
been  concerned  in,  a  recent  insurrection,  now  offer- 
were  condemned  and  hanged  ;  the  rest  were  sold  in  foreign  parts,  for 
slaves.  These  were  called  strange  Indians,  who  had  fled  from  the  south- 
ward, and  taken  refuge  among  the  Penacooks.  This  stroke  humbled  the 
Indians  in  the  east,  although  the  war  with  them  continued  until  the  spring 
of  1678.  See  the  above  cited  authorities,  and  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  133 — 
163.  A  treaty  of  peace  (though  of  little  effect)  was  made  6  November 
1676  between  the  governor  and  council  of  Massachusetts  and  Mogg,  a  Pe- 
uobscot  Indian,  in  behalf  of  the  sachems  of  Penobscot.  This  was  the  first 
treaty,  made  with  any  of  the  Tanateens,  or  eastern  Indians.  Belknap,  ib. 
Hutchinson,  i.  347.  Hubbard  lad.  Wars,  377 — 380,  where  the  Treaty  is 
inserted. 

i  The  complaints  stated,  "  that  the  inhabitants  of  New  England  not  on- 
ly traded  to  most  parts  of  Europe,  but  encouraged  foreigners  to  go  and 
traffic  with  them  ;  that  they  supplied  the  other  plantations  with  those  for- 
eign productions,  which  ought  only  to  be  sent  to  England  ;  that,  having 
thus  made  New  England  the  great  staple  of  the  colonies,  the  navigation  oi' 
the  kingdom  was  greatly  prejudiced,  the  national  revenues  were  impaired, 
the  people  were  extremely  impoverished ;  that  such  abuses,  at  the  same 
time  that  they  will  entirely  destroy  the  trade  of  England,  will  leave  no, 
tort  of  dependence  from  that  country  to  this,"  Chalmers,  i.  400. 
•2,  Chaliners,  i.  400—402. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS,  437 

ing  himself  as  the  leader  of  the  insurgents,  was  cho-    1676* 
sen  their  general ;    and  soon  after  entered  James- 
town with  six  hundred  armed  followers.     Having 
besieged  the  grand  assembly,  then  convened  in  the 
capital,  he  compelled  it  to  grant  whatever  he  de- 
manded.    On  finding  himself  denounced,  after  his 
departure,  as  a  rebel,  by  a  proclamation  of  governor 
Berkeley,  he  returned  indignantly  to  Jamestown. 
The  aged  governor,  unsupported,  and  almost  aban- 
doned, fled  precipitately  to  Accomack,  on  the  east- 
ern shore  of  the  colony  ;  and,  collecting  those,  who 
were  well  affected  toward  his  government,  began  to 
oppose  the   insurgents.     Several   skirmishes   were 
fought,  with  various  success.     A  party  of  the  insur-  Jamestown 
gents  burned   Jamestown.     Those  districts  of  the  burnt> 
colony,  which  adhered  to  the  old  administration, 
were  laid  waste.     The  estates  of  the  loyalists  were 
confiscated.     Women,   whose  fathers  or  husbands 
obeyed  what  they  deemed  the  legal  government, 
were  carried  forcibly  along  with  the  soldiers.     The 
governor,  in  retaliation,  seized  the  estates  of  many 
of  the  insurgents,  and  executed  several  of  their  lead- 
ers by  martial  law.     In  the  midst  of  these  calam- 
ities Bacon,  the  author  of  them,  sickened  and  died  ; 
and  the  flames  of  war  expired.     This  rebellion  cost 
the  colony  one  hundred  thousand  pounds. *     On  in- 
formation of  this  rebellion,  Charles  II  dispatched 
Sir  John  Berry  with  a  small  fleet,  which  transported 
the  first  troops,  ever  sept  to  Virginia.  * 

The  whole  custom  of  tobacco  from  Virginia,  col-  Custom  of 
lected  in  England  this  year,  was  one  hundred  and tobacco- 
thirty  five  thousand  pounds  sterling.3 

I   Chalmers,  i.  332 — 335.     Beverly,  105. 

1  Chalmers,  i.  336.  These  were  the  first  troops  sent  to  any  of  the  colo- 
nies for  the  suppression -of  a  revolt.  It  was  determined,  in  November 
1681,  to  disband  them,  "  unless  the  assembly  will  pay  them;"  and  they 
were  soon  after  paid  off.  Ibid.  35  2.  Beverly  [116.]  says,  these  troops 
were  one  regiment  of  infantry.  The  whole  value  of  warlike  stores,  sent 
$o  Virginia  by  Sir  J.  Berry,  amounted  to  £11,178.  35.  7d.  sterling.  Chal- 
mers, i.  350.  See  Univ.  Hist.  xli.  538. 

Chalmers,  i.  354,     Maryland  \vas  probably  included;  Ib, 


43  $  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1676.  Maryland  now  contained  about  sixteen  thousand 
inhabitants  ;  of  whom  the  Roman  Catholics  were  to 
tne  number  of  Protestants  in  the  proportion  of  one 
to  a  hundred.  Cecilius  Calvert,  the  father  of  the 


°!t  province,  died,  in  the  -forty  fourth  year  of  his  gov* 
eminent,  "covered  with  age  and  reputation."1 
Charles  Calvert,  now  succeeding  his  father,  immedi- 
ately called  an  assembly  ;  which,  among  other  acts, 
passed  a  law  "  against  the  importation  of  convicted 
persons  into  the  province."  * 

Division  of      The  country  of  New  Jersey  v/as  formed  into  East 

N.  jersey    and  West  Jersey.  5     Carteret,  who  had  returned  to 

w'jersey.  ^at  province  the  preceding  year,  began  now   to 

clear  out  vessels  from  East  Jersey  ;   but  he  was 

steadily  opposed  by  Andros,  governor  of  New  York.4 

Nov  z?t         A  fire  in  Boston  burned  down  about  forty  five 

Fire  in       dwelling  houses,  the  north  church,  and  several  ware 

Bo*on'      houses.* 

Death  :  of        j^  winthrop,  governor  of  Connecticut,  died, 

gov.  Win-     .       ,  r    *  r  .  . 

throp.        in  the  seventy  first  year  or  his  age.  6 

I  Chalmers,  i.  363.  That  province  had  been  previously  divided  into  ten 
counties.  No  parishes  were  yet  laid  out,  nor  churches  erected,  nor  public 
maintenance  granted  for  the  support  of  a  ministry  ;  and  there  were  in  the 
whole  colony  three  clergymen  only  of  the  church  of  England.  Ib. 

I  Ibid.  364. 

3  Ibid.  617.     East  Jersey  was  released  in  July  by  the  assignees  of  lord 
Berkeley  to  Carteret  ;   and  he,  in  return,   conveyed  to  them  West  Jersey. 
The  government  of  the  last  was  retained  by  the  duke  of  York  as  a  depen- 
dency of  New  York  ;    the  government  of  the  first  was  resigned  to  Carter- 
et :  "  And  here  commenced  a  confusion  of  jurisdiction,  and  an  uncertainty 
of  property,  which  long  distracted  the  people,  and  at  length  ended  in  the 
annihilation  of  the  rule  of  the  proprietors."  Ib.     See  the  instrument  of  the 
release  of  N.  Jersey  in  Smith  Hist.  N.  Jersey,  80-  —  83  ;  and  "  The  Conces- 
sions and  Agreements  cf  the  proprietors,  freeholders  and  inhabitants  of  the 
province  of  West  New  Jersey,"  ib.  521  —  539. 

4  Ibid.  618.  Andros  saw  that  Carteret's  clearance  "  tended  equally  to  ru* 
in  the  commerce  and  to  lessen  the  customs  of  New  York."  Ibid. 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixxiv  ;  Ind.  W^rs,  194.     Hutchinson,  i, 
349.     The  church  was  rebuilt  the  next  year.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  269. 

6  Mather  Magnal.  book  ii.  30  —  33.     He  was  the  eldest  son  of  the  first 
governor  of  Massachusetts.     He  was  educated  at  the  university  of  Dublin, 
and  afterward  travelled  into  France,  Holland,  Germany,  Italy,  and  Turkey. 
With  these  advantages,  he  became  a  very  accomplished  gentleman,  as  well 
as  a  great  scholar.     He  wiis  a  puritan  of  distinguished  piety.     To  Connec- 
ticut he  rendered  most  important  -services,  aadhe  was  very  highly  respect- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  439 

1677. 

The  controversy  between  the  colony  of  Massa-  Controver- 
ehusetts  and  the  heirs  of  John  Mason  and  of  Ferdi-  g^fof 
nando  Gorges  was  now  settled  in  England. *    It  was  Maine  de- 
determined,  that  the  boundaries  of  Massachusetts Clded* 
could  not  be  construed  to  extend  farther  north- 
ward, along  the  river  Merrimack,  than  three  Eng- 
lish miles  beyond  it.     Maine,  both  as  to  soil  and 
government,  was  adjudged  to  the  heirs  of  Gorges. 
Before  the  complaints  were  fully  adjusted,  and  while  Maine 
kino;  Charles  was  in  treaty  with  Gorges3  to  acquire  !;°ught1bf 

«  ,       6-  Massachu- 

his  interest,  an  agent,  employed  by  Massachusetts  setts. 
for  the  same  end,  purchased  of  that  proprietor  the 
whole  territory  ;  and  assigned  it  over  to  the  gover- 
nor and  company. 3 

The  second  ship  arrived  from  London  at  West  ^*'  jf"  f 
Jersey,  bringing  two  hundred  and  thirty  passengers,  passengers 
most  of  whom  were  quakers,  some  of  good  estates  at  w-  Jer- 
in  England.  They  landed  about  Rackoon  Creek,  S£ 

cd  and  esteemed  by  that  colony.  He  was  one  of  the  greatest  chymists  and 
physicians  of  his  age  ;  a  member  of  the  Royal  Society  ;  and  one  of  the  most 
distinguished  characters  in  New  England.  Having  gone  to  Boston,  to  at- 
tend the  court  of  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  he  was  taken 
sick,  and  died  there  on  the  5th  of  April,  and  was  interred  in  the  same  tomb 
with  his  father.  Ib.  Trumbull,  i.  362. 

i  Edward  Randolph,  a  kinsman  of  Mason,  had  been  sent  to  New  Eng« 
land  the  preceding  year,  with  a  letter  to  Massachusetts,  requiring  that  col- 
ony to  send  over  agents  within  six  months,  fully  empowered  to  answer  the 
complaints,  which  Mason  and  the  heirs  of  Gorges  had  made,  of  its  usurp- 
ing jurisdiction  over  the  territories  claimed  by  them  ;  and  the  colony  sent 
William  Stoughton  and  Peter  Bulkley.  On  their  arrival,  an  hearing  was 
ordered  before  the  lords  chief  justices  of  the  king's  bench  and  common 
pleas ;  and  their  judgment  was  confirmed  by  the  king  in  council.  See  the 
authorities  in  note  3. 

a  Ferdinando  Gorges,  grandson  of  Sir  £erdinando.   Belknap. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  397.  Hu-bbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixx.  Hutchinson,  I, 
311 — 318.  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  164 — 169  ;  Amer.  Biog.  i.  391,  392. 
John  Usher  was  the  agent,  employed  by  Massachusetts  to  make  the  pur- 
chase ;  and  he  gave  to  Mr.  Gorges,  for  his  interest  in  the  Province  of 
Maine,  £1250  sterling.  Thi&  territory  has  ever  since  been  a  part  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. It  is  now  formed  into  two  counties,  York  and  Cumberland  ; 
but  the  District  of  Maine,  as  established  by  the  laws  of  the  United  States, 
comprehends  several  other  counties,  and  extends  from  Pascataqua  to  St. 
Croix  ;  a  territory  sufficiently  large,  when  duly  populated,  to  form  a  di** 
tinct  state,  Ibid. 


440  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1677.  on  Delaware,  where  the  Swedes  had  some  few  hab- 
itations ;  but  ndt  sufficient  for  their  reception.  Com- 
missioners, who  came  over  in  this  ship,  proceeded 
farther  up  the  river,  to  a  place,  called  Chygoe's  Isl- 
and, where  they  treated  with  the  Indians,  and  began 
the  regulation  of  their  settlements.  At  that  place 
Burlington  the  town  of  Burlington  was  now  laid  out  by  mutual 

settled.  r    ,        °  -  . 

agreement  or  the  proprietors  ;  and  it  was  soon  set- 
tled by  a  considerable  number  of  reputable  families 
from  Yorkshire,  and  other  parts  of  England.  * 
GOV.  Sir  William  Berkeley  was  recalled  from  the  gov- 

Berkeiey    ernment  of  Virginia,  after  an  administration  of  forty 

years  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  colonel  Jeifereys. z 
First  col-        Miller,  a  person  of  some  consideration,  arrived  in 
lector  of    Carolina  in  July,  as  chief  magistrate  and  collector  of 
the  royal  customs. 3     He  found  the  colony  at  Albe- 
marle  to  consist  of  a  few  inconsiderable  plantations, 
dispersed  over  the  northeastern. bank  of  Albemarle 
river,  and  divided  into  four  districts.     In  attempting 
to  reform  some  abuses  he  rendered  himself  obnox- 
insurrec-    ious  ;  and  an  insurrection  broke  out  at  Albemarle  in 
,coiony.that  December.     The  insurgents,  conducted  chiefly  by 
Culpeper,  imprisoned  the  president  and  seven  pro- 
prietary deputies  ;  seized  the  royal  revenue  ;  estab- 
lished courts  of  justice  ;  appointed  officers  ;  called  a 
parliament ;  and,  for  two  years,  exercised  all  the  au- 
thority of  an  independent  state.4 

I  Smith  N.  Jersey,  93,  102.  Proud,  i.  142 — 149.  Another  ship  arriv- 
ed from  London  in  November,  with  about  60  or  70  passengers,  some  of 
whom  settled  at  Salem  and  others  at  Burlington.  Another  also  arrived  in 
the  autumn,  with  114  passengers.  Ibid. 

%  Chalmers,!.  336,  337.  The,  assembly  some  time  after  declared, 
"  that  he  had  been  an  excellent  and  well  deserving  governor,"  and  recom- 
mended to  the  king  the  payment  to  lady  Berkeley  of  £300,  "  as  not  only 
a'  right,  but  as  due  from  that  colony  to  his  services  and  merits."  Ib. 

3  Miller  collected,  from  July  to  December  (1677),  327,068  Ibs.  weight 
of  tobacco,  and  £1341.  8s.  id.  sterling,  being  the  parliamentary  duty  of 
one  penny  a  pound  on  tobacco  exported  to  other  colonies.     The    annual 

>  parliamentary  revenue,   arising  in  that  little  colony,  amounted  to  £3°°° 

sterling.    Chalmers,  i.  558. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  532 — 535.     Culpeper  had,  in  1671,  been  appointed  sur- 
7eyor  general  of  Carolina,  and  had  raised  commotions  on  Ashley  river, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  441 

Commissioners  were  sent,  about  this  time,  from    1677. 
Massachusetts  and  Connecticut  to  the  Mohawks,  to 
secure  their  friendship.1      Mutual  promises  were 
made  at  Albany  between  the  Five  Nations  and  colo-        s 
nel  Coursey,  an  agent  in  behalf  of  Virginia  and  Ma-  and  of'the 
ryland.  z     The  whole  force  of  the  Five  Nations  was  Kve  Na- 
then  estimated  at  two  thousand  one  hundred  and  fif-  tl( 
ty  fighting  men.3 

The  general  court  of  Massachusetts  passed  a  new  New  law 

1         r  i  •  i  •          i       £  J  against  at- 

Jaw  tor  apprehending  and  punishing,  by  line  and  cor^-  tending 


rection,  every  person,  found  at  a  quakers*  meeting.4 

The  contributions  for  rebuilding  Harvard  Col-  ni 
lege  had  been  so  liberal,  that  a  fair  and  stately  brick 
edifice  was  erected  this  year  ;  and  so  far  finished,  built, 
that  the  public  exercises  of  the  commencement  were 
performed  there.5 
East  Greenwich,  in  Rhode  Island,  was  incorporated.  6 

The  royal  revenue,  now  seized,  amounting  to  £3000,  was  appropriated  for 
supporting  the  revolt.  The  colonists  at  Albemarle  were  far  from  being 
numerous  ;  for  the  tit&ables,  consisting  of  all  the  working  hands,  from  16  to 
60  years  of  age,  one  third  of  which  was  composed  of  Indians,  Negroes,  and 
IVomcn,  amounted  to  1400  only;  and,  exclusive  of  the  cattle  and  Indian 
corn,  800,000  pounds  cf  tobacco  were  the  annual  productions  of  their  la- 
bour. "  These  formed  the  basis  of  an  inconsiderable  commerce,  which 
was  almost  entirely  carried  on  by  the  people  of  New  England,  who  supplied 
their  little  wants,  who  sent  their  commodities  all  over  Europe,  who,  in  a 
great  measure,  governed  the  colony,  and  directed  the  pursuits  of  the  plant- 
er to  their  own  advantage."  Some  men  of  New  England  are  charged  with 
cooperating  with  the  conductors  of  the  insurrection,  that  they  "  might  get 
the  trade  of  this  country  into  their  own  hands."  Ib.  See  papers,  ib.  560 
——562,  illustrative  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  an  insurrection,  Httle  no- 
ticed by  historians,  and  which,  until  Chalmers  published  his  Annals,  had 
*'  remained  in  perfect  obscurity." 

i  Hub-bard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixxiii.  Hutchinson,  i.  348.  This  treaty 
Hutchinson  supposed  to  be  the  first  between  the  Mohawks  and  Massa- 
chusetts. a  Golden,  37. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  609.  Fighting  men. 
The  Maquas  [Mohawks]  were  estimated  at          •  300 

Oneidas  ._.--.          .  2OO 

Onondagos         ---.-.-  350 

Cayugas  .......  300 

Senekas  -  lOoo 

2150 

4  Hutchinson,  i.  320.    "  This  law  lost  the  colony  many  friends." 

5  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixx.     See  A.  D.  1672. 

6  Cullender,  3  9.     Petequamscut  and  the  adjacent  parts  Were  in  corporal* 
ed  in  1674,  by  the  name  of  KINGSTON.     Ibid, 

O  oo 


442  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1678. 

Magazines      The  assembly  of  Virginia  caused  magazines  to  be 

built  at  the  heads  of  ^e  four  great  rivers  in  tliat  co1" 
oiiy  \   and  filled  them  with  arms,  ammunition,  and 

guards,  to  awe  the  Indians,  and  prevent  their  depre- 
dations. * 

The  province  of  New  York  contained,   at  this 
Fme>  about  twenty  four  towns,  villages,  or  parishes, 
in  six  precincts,  ridings,  or  courts  of  sessions.     All 
the  militia  of  the  province  were  about  two  thousand. 
Its  annual  exports,  beside  pease,  beef,  pork,  tobac- 
co, and  peltry,  were  about  sixty  thousand  bushels 
of  wheat.     Its  annual  imports  were  to  the  value  of 
city  of      about  ^y  thousand  pounds.*     There  were  now  in 
w.  York,     the  city  of  New  York  three  hundred  and  forty  three 
houses. 3 

Major  Andros,  governor  of  New  York,  Raving 

1  Keith,  162.     During  the  administration  of  lord  Culpeper,  who  suc- 
ceeded governor  Jeffereys,  those  magazines  were  removed  ;  and  a  small  par- 
ty of  light  horse,  called  Rangers,  was  appointed  to  scour  the  woods.  Ib.  166. 

2  Chalmers,  i.  601.     "  There  is  one  standing  company  of  soldiers,"  says 
Andros,  "  with  gunners  and  other  officers,  for  the  forts  of  Albany  and  New 
York.     Fortresses  are,  James  Fort,  situated   upon  a  point  of  New  York- 
town,  between  Hudson's  river  arid  the  Sound  :    It  is  a  square,  with  stone 
walls,  four  bastions  almost  regular,  and  in  it  4-6  gunsrmounted.     Albany  is 
n  small  long  stockadoed  fort  with  4  bastions  in  it,  with  ia  guns,  which  is 
sufficient  against  Indians.     There  are  no  privateers  about  our  coasts.     Our 
merchants  are'  not  many  ;  but,  with  inhabitants  and  planters,  about  aooo 
able  to  bear  arms,  old  inhabitants  of  the  place  or  of  England  ;  except  in 
and  near  New  York,  of  Dutch  extraction,  and  some  of  all  nations  :  But 
few  servants,  who  are  much  wanted,  and  but  very  few  slaves.  A  merchant, 
worth  £1000,  or  £500  is  accounted  a  good  substantial  merchant  ;  and  a 
planter,  worth  half  that  in  moveables,  is  accounted  rich.     All  the  estates 
may  be  valued  at  £150,000.     There  may  have  lately  traded  to  the  colony, 
in  a  year,  from  10  to  15  ships  or  vessels,  upon  an  average, of  roo  tons  each,' 
English,  New  England,  and  of  our  own,  built.     There  are  religions  of  all 
fr.orts ;    one  church  of  England;   several  Presbyterians,  and  Independents, 
Quakers  and  Anabaptists,  of  several  sects  ;  some  Jews ;  but  the  Presbyteri-0 
nns  and  Independents  are  the  most  numerous  and  substantial.     There  are 
about  ao  churches  or  meeting  places,  of  which  above  half  are  vacant.  Few 
ministers  till  very  lately."     Answers  of  Sir  Edmond  Andros,  dated  in  A- 
pril  1678,  to  the  Inquiries  of  the  committee  cf  colonies.     See  the  Answers- 
entire  in  Chalmers,  i.  6co — 604. 

1  Ibid.  597-  It  was  found,  that,  instead  of  the  common  proportion  of 
inhabitants,  there  were  10  for  each  house ;  but,  thus  computed,  there  wer-e 
th'va  in  the  city  no  more  than  3450  souls.  Ib.  598. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  443 

the  preceding  year  sent  a  sloop  with  some  forces  to    1678. 
the  Province  of  Maine,  and  built  a  fort  at  Pemaquid  ;  Eoitbmk 
the  eastern  Indians,  who,  until  that  time,  had  been 
hostile  from  the  commencement  of  Philip's  war,  dis- 
covered pacific  dispositions.     All  the  succeeding  au- 
tumn and  winter,  they  remained  quiet,  and  lived  in 
harmony  with  the  new  garrison.     In  these  auspic-  ^Prl1 12« 
ious  circumstances,  a  treaty  was  made  at  Casco,  be-  c^2  * 
tween  the  chiefs  of  those  Indians  and  authorized 
commissioners  ;  and  an  end  put  to  a  distressing  war. * 

Massachusetts  received  but  small  accessions  ofMassachu- 
planters  from  Europe  for  several  preceding  years,.  sc 
The  colony,  at  this  time,  imported  no  negroes. z 

M.  de  la  Sale  rebuilt  fort  Fronienac  with   stone.  Fort  Fron- 
He  also,  this  year,  launched  a  bark  of  ten  tons  into 
Lake  Ontario  ;  and,  the  year  following,  another  of 

I  Belknap  N.  Harup.  L  15-8.  .Andres  sent  his  forces  in  August,  1677, 
*'  to  take  possession  of  the  land,  which  .had  been  granted  to  the  duke  of 
York."  In  the  preceding  July  after  the  Province  had  sustained  various 
sufferings  from  the  Indians,  an  affecting  occurrence  had  heightened  -the 
terror  and  perplexity  of  the  inhabitants.  The  government  having  ordered 
aoo  Indians  of  Natick,  with  40  English  soldiers,  under  captain  -Benjamin 
Swett  of  Hampton,  to  the  assistance  of  the  eastern  settlements,  they  an- 
chored off  Black  Point  ;  and,  being  joined  by  some  of  the  inhabitants, 
inarched  to  seek  the  enemy,  who  showed  themselves  on  a  plain  in  three 
parties.  By  a  feigned  retreat,  the  Indians  drew  them  two  miles  from  the 
tort,  and  then,  turning  suddenly  and  violently  upon  them,  threw  them  into 
confusion.  Swett,  with  a  few  of  the  more  resolute,  fought  bravely  on  the 
retreat,  until  he  came  near  the  fort,  when  he  was  killed  ;  60  more  were  left 
dead  or  wounded  ;  the  rest  got  into  the  fort.  The  victorious  savages  then 
surprised  and  captured  about  ao  fishing  vessels,  which  put  into  the  eastern 
harbours  by  night.  Ibid.  157.  Mr.  Bentley  mentions  [Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vi. 
263.],  that,  "  in  1677,  13  Salem  ketches  were  taken  by  the  Indians,  and 
some  of  them  returned,  with  19  wounded  men."  These  ketches  were 
probably  a  part  of  the  20  vessels,  mentioned  by  Dr.  Belknap. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  436,  437  ;  where  are  extracts  from  Answers  of  the  agents 
Stoughton  and  Bulkley  to  the  Inquiries  of  the  committee  of  colonies,  de- 
livered in  April  that  year  j  some  of  which  are  subjoined.  "  Cases  of  ad- 
miralty are  decided  by  the  court  of  assistants.  Foreign  merchants  we  know 
of  none.  The  number  of  English  merchants  is  very  small  ;  and  of  the  ci- 
ther inhabitants,  who  are  chiefly  planters,  we  know  of  no  calculation  that 
hath  been  made.  New  planters  have  rarely  come  over  for  many  years 
past ;  much  less  Irish  or  Scotch,  or  any  foreigners  :  Nor  are  any  blacks  im- 
ported. A  considerable  number  of  small  vessels  are  built  in  the  country 
under  a  hundred  tons  burden  ;  bu.t  those  that  aje  larger  belong  . 
ic.  England,  or  to  other  colonies," 


444  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

sixty  tons  into  Lake  Erie  ;  about  which  time  he  in- 
closed with  palisadoes  a  little  spot  at  Niagara. * 

The  town  of  Salem  contained  eighty  five  houses3 
and  three  hundred  polls. 3 
jamesT.in-      Canonicut  Island,  in  Rhode  Island  colony,  was 

d-  incorporated  by  the  name  of  James  Town. 3 
w'cLf      •  Wi.iiiam  Coddington,  governor  of  Rhode  Island, 
<i<-ngton~&  ^e£?  in  the  seventy  eighth  year  of  his  age. 4   Thorn- 
T.Thacher.  as  Thacher,  minister  in  Boston,  died,  in  the  fifty 
eighth  year  of  his  age. s 

i679. 

Divme  aid  While  the  agents  of  Massachusetts  were  in  Eng- 
land, days  of  fasting  and  prayer  were  repeatedly  ap- 
pointed by  authority,  to  implore  the  divine  blessing 
on  their  endeavours  for  obtaining  favour  with  the 

I  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  457, 458.  Smith  N.  York,  44.  See  AD, 
1673.  The  fort,  built  that  year,  appeals  to.  have  been  merely  a  stockade  ; 
"  n'  etoit  que  de  pienx." 

a  Coll.  Hist.  See.  vi.  223, 

3  Callender,  39. 

4  He  came  to  N.  England  with  governor  Winthrop,  as  an  assistant,  in 
1630  ;   and  was  a  principal  merchant  in  Boston,  where  he  built  the  first 
brick  house.     In  1637,  when  the  contentions  ran  high  in  Massachusetts,  he 
was  grieved  at  the  proceedings  of  the  court  against  Air.  Wheelwright  and 
others ;  but,  not  availing  in  his  opposition  to  those  measures,  he  relinquish-, 
ed  his  advantageous  situation  at  Boston,  and  "  his  large  propriety  and  im- 
provements at  Braintree  ;"  accompanied  the  emigrants,  who,  on  that  occa- 
sion, lef:  the  colony  ;  and  was  "  the  great  instrument"  in  effecting  the  orig- 
inal settlement  of  Rhode  Island.     In  1647,  fie  assisted  in  forming  a  body  of 
laws  for  that  colony,  and  was  the  next  year  chosen  governor  ;   but  he  de- 
clined the  office.     In  16^1,  he  received  a  commission  from  England,  to  be 
governor  ;  but,  finding  the  people  jealous,  lest  "  the  commission  might  af- 
fect their  lands  and  liberties,"  he  resigned  it.     He  was  afterward  repeated- 
ly prevailed  on  to  accept  the  chief  magistracy ;  and  was  in  that  office  at  the 
time  of  his  death.     He  appears  to  have  been  prudent  in  his  administration, 
and  active  in  promoting  the  welfare  of  "  the  little  commonwealth,  which 
he  had  in  a  manner  founded."     See  Dedication  of  Caliender's  Hist.  Dis- 
course.    See  also  A.  D.  1638. 

5  Mather  Magnal.book  iii.  148 — 153.      Mr.  Thacher  was  the  first 
minister  of  the  Old  South  church  in  Boston.    [See  A.  D.  1669,  in  which 
year  that  church  was  gathered.]     He  was  ordained  pastor  of  the  church  in 
Weymonth  a  January,  1644;  and  was  installed  at  Boston  16  February,  1670, 
He  was  well  versed  in  oriental  learning,  particularly  in  the  Hebrew  lan- 
guage, a  compendious  Lexicon  of  which  he  composed.     His  prayers  wert: 
distinguished  for  copiousness  and  fervency.     He  was  a  «  popular  preacher."' 
an  exemplary  man,  and  a  faithful  minisisr.  Ib.    Coil  Hist,  3oc.  viii.  2  7  8. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.     .^  445 

king,  and  the  continuance  of  charter  privileges.*     1679. 
By  desire  of  the  general  court,  a  synod  was  holden  Reforming 
at  Boston,  this  year,  to  give  counsel,  adapted  to  the  synod, 
state  of  the  colony,  which  was  believed  to  be  suffer- 
ing judicial  calamities  from  heaven. a   Suitable  meas- 
ures, in  the  mean  time,  were  taken,  to  avert  the  roy- 
al displeasure.     The  general  court  sent  respectful 
addresses  to  the  king  ;  enacted  laws,  to  remove  the 
causes  of  some  of  the  complaints  against  the  colony  > 
and  passed  an  ordinance,   to  punish  high  treason 
with  death,  and  to  require  all  persons  to  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance.     The  king's  arms,  at  the  same 
time,  were  put  up  in  the  court  house.     The  colony 
however  neglected  to  conform  to  the  acts  of  trade, 
and  to  send  new  agents,   as  required,   to  England,  evaded. 
For  the  first  neglect,  the  court  alledged  to  her  a- 
gents,  "  that  the  acts  of  navigation  were  an  invasion 
of  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  subjects  of  his  ma- 

i  Hutchinson,  1.324.  It  was  the  usage  of  our  pious  ancestors  in  New 
England  to  observe  special  days  of  fasting  and  of  thanksgiving,  beside  an  an- 
nual observance  of  those  two  solemnities. 

a  Hutchinson,  i.  324.  The  general  court  appointed  this  synod  at  it* 
session  in  May,  1679,  an<^  referred  to  its  consideration  two  questions  : 
"  t.  What  are  the  reasons,  that  have  provoked  the  Lord  to  bring  his  judg- 
ments upon  New  England.  1.  What  is  to  be  done,  that  so  those  evils  may 
be  removed  ?"  The  synod  convened  at  Boston  10  September  1679.  Mr. 
John  Sherman,  and  Mr.Urian  Oakes  were  its  moderators.  After  a  day 
of  prayer  and  fasting,  the  synod  spent  several  days  in  discoursing  on  the 
two  great  questions.  The  Result,  pointing  out  the  sins  of  the  time,  and 
recommending  a  reformation,  was  presented  to  the  General  Court ;  which, 
by  an  act  of  15  October  1679,  "  commended  it  unto  the  serious  considera- 
tion of  all  the  churches  and  people  in  the  jurisdiction."  See  Mather  Mag- 
nal.  book  v.  85 — 96.  Dr.  C.  Mather  says,  "  the  admonitibns  of  the  Synod 
were  not  without  very  desirable  effects."  Governor  Hutchinson  [i.  324.] 
does  "  not  censure  the  authority  of  the  colony  for  their  great  anxiety  on 
this  occasion,  or  for  using  every  proper  measure  to  obtain  the  smiles  of 
heaven,  as  well  as  the  favour  of  their  earthly  sovereign  ;"  though,  he  thinks, 
**  we  have  no  evidence  of  any  extraordinary  degeneracy."  An  English  his- 
torian of  more  recent  date,  and  of  high  respectability,  but  of  less  candour, 
sees,  or  thinks  he  sees,  in  these  questions, "  pious  arts,"  and  the  "  baneful  in- 
fluence of  fanaticism."  We  know  very  well  what  was  the  character  of 
Charles,  and  what  were  the  manners  of  his  court,  at  that  very  time  ;  but  is 
it  inconceivable,  that  the  principal  men  in  a  colonial*- government,  at  the 
distance  of  3000  miles  from  that  court,  could  be  religious  ?  It  will  be  re- 
corded, to  the  everlasting  honour  of  New  England,  that  her  rulers,  when 
gf  her  own  election,  have  generally  been  aklt  men.  fearing  God, 


446  AMERICAN    ANNALS. 

1679.  jesty  in  that  colony,  they  being  not  represented  in 
the  parliament  ;"  for  the  second,  it  apologized,  by 
saying,  "  that  the  country  was  poor  ;  that  proper 
persons  were  afraid  of  the  seas,  as  the  Turkish  pi- 
rates had  lately  taken  their  vessels  ;  and  that  his 
majesty  was  still  employed  in  the  most  important 
affairs." ' 

E.  Ran.          Although  a  commission  for  the  appointment  of  a 
coiPectorSof  customhouse  officer   for  New  England   had  been 
rustoms  in  granted  the  last  year,  it  was  then  judged  expedient 
^.England.  ^  tQ  SUSpenj  t]le  departure  of  such  an  officer  for  the 
present."  Edward  Randolph,  who  had  at  that  time 
been  recommended  to  the  lord  treasurer,  as  the  most 
suitable  person  for  collector  of  Boston,  now  came 
over  in  that  capacity  ;  but  "  he  was  considered  as 
an  enemy,  and  opposed  with  the  steady  zeal  of  men, 
who  deemed  their  chartered  privileges  invaded."  * 
Fire  in  -^  t€rrible  fire  broke  out  near  the  dock  in    Bos- 

Boston,  ton  about  midnight  on  the  eighth  of  August,  and 
continued  until  near  noon  the  next  day.  Above 
eighty  dwelling  houses,  seventy  ware  houses,  with 
several  vessels  and  their  lading,  were  consumed. 
The  entire  loss  was  computed  to  be  two  hundred 
thousand  pounds. 3 

Protestants      Charles  II  ordered  two  small  vessels  to  be  pro- 

«*ttp       vided  at  his  own  expense,  to  transport  to  Carolina 

several  foreign  protestants,  who  proposed  to  raise 

wine,  oil,  silk,  and  other  productions  of  the  south,4 

I  Chalmers,  i.  407,  410.  z  Ibid.  320,  406,  409. 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap.  Ixxrv,  who  says,   it  was  justly  suspected 
to  have  been  kindled  by  design.     Hutchinson,  i.  349.     Coll,  Hist.  Soc.  iii, 
269.     The  houses  and  ware  houses  near  tfce  town  dock,  which  were  rebuilt 
after  this  great  fire,  were  either  constructed  with  brick,  or  plastered  on  thy 
outside  with  a  strong  cement,  intermixed  with  gravel  and  glass,  and  slated 
on  the  top.     Several  of  these  plastered  houses  are  yet  remaining  in  Ann 
Street,  in  their  original  form.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iv.  189,  190. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  541.     Many  foreigners  of  various  nations  emigrated  to 
Carolina,  from  this  time  to  the  Revolution  of  William  and  Mary.  Ib.   Hew- 
<*  [*•  73>  74-1  savs>  tnat>  a^ter  tne  conquest  of  N.  Netherlands  in  1664,  tht 
colony,  then  in  its  earliest  infancy,  received  a  great  addition  to  its  strength 
from  the  Dutch,  who  formed  a  town  on  the  southwest  side  of  Ashley  river, 
Dvhich  they  afterward  abandoned. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  44? 

1680. 

ISfew  Hampshire  became  separated  from  Massa-  N.  Hamp- 
chusetts.     A  commission  for  the  separate  govern- 
ment  of  that  colony  had  passed  the  great  seal  the 
preceding  year  }  and  it  was  now  brought  to  Ports-  setts* 
mouth  by  Edward  Randolph.    By  the  form  of  gov- 
ernment, described  in  this  commission,  the  people 
had  a  representation  in  a  body  chosen  by  them- 
selves ;  and  the  king  was  represented  by  a  president 
and  council  of  his  own  appointment,  he  retaining  the 
prerogative  of  disannulling  the  acts  of  the  whole,  at  March  16. 
his  pleasure.     The  first  assembly  met  at  Portsmouth  First  as- 
on  the  sixteenth  of  March. '  semb1^ 

Plymouth  colony  petitioned  for  a  new  charter,  Plymouth 
with  the  same  privileges,  that  had  been  granted  to  anew^hlr- 
other  colonies,  but  without  success  ;  for  king  Charles  ter. 
xvas  then  meditating  extensive  plans  of  reformation 
for  New  England. a 

Connecticut  contained,  at  this  time,  twenty  six  State  °f. 

11  •  i'ii  Connect** 

small   towns,    m   which   there   were   twenty   one  cut. 
churches  ;  and  in  every  one,  excepting  two  newly 
planted,  there  was  a  settled  minister.     The  value  of 
its  annual  exports  was  judged  to  be  nine  thousand 
pounds.  It  owned  twenty  four  small  vessels.    There 

i  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  170 — 177.    The  number  of  qualified  voters  in 
all  the  towns  was  209  ;  viz. 

In  Portsmouth     -    -    -     71  Hampton     -    -     -     -    57 

Dover      -     -     -     -      61  Exeter     -----     ao 

Portsmouth  sent  to  the  assembly  3  members  ;  Dover,  3  ;  Hampton,  3  ;  and 
Exeter,  1.  John  Cutts  was  the  first  president.  He  was"  a  principal  mer- 
chant, of  great  probity  and  esteem  at  Portsmouth  ;  but  then  aged  and  in- 
firm." Ib.  See  also  Hutchinson,  i.  319.  The  public  expense  of  the  prov- 
ince of  New  Hampshire  during  that  year,  exclusively  of  the  ministers'  sal- 
aries and  the  town  rates,  including  the  charges  of  the  assembly  and  coun- 
cil, the  stipends  of  the  marshal  and  jailers,  and  the  bounty  for  the  killing  of 
•wolves,  amounted  to  £131. 135.  4d.  The  province  rate  on  estates,  real 
and  personal,  of  one  penny  in  the  pound  of  the  value,  was  laid  on  the  only 
four  towns,  as  follows  : 

Portsmouth     -     £29.  17. 3  Hampton     -     -     £13.17.3. 

Dover       -  ao.   -    -  Exeter      -     -     -      n.    9. 4. 

Ckaltxers,  1.  5 II. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  98.    The  agent  died  ;   and  the  papers  were  lost.     The 
Address  of  the  general  court  to  Charles  II  is  inserted  ib.  108. 


448 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


- 

State  of 

"Rhode 
Island. 


1680.  were  In  the  colony  twenty  merchants,  some  of  whom 
traded  to  Boston  ;  and  some,  to  the  West  Indies  and 
to  other  colonies.  There  were  few  servants,  and 
not  more  than  thirty  slaves.  The  militia  amounted 
to  two  thousand  five  hundred  and  seven.1 

The  militia  of  Rhode  Island  colony  consisted  prin- 
cipally of  ten  companies  of  foot.  There  were  "  nine 
towns  or  divisions"  in  the  Colony.  The  principal 
place  of  trade  was  Newport,  where  the  buildings 
were  generally  of  wood,  and  small.  The  principal 
exports  were  horses  and  provisions.  The  imports 
•were  chiefly  the  productions  of  Barbadoes.* 

i  Chalmers,  i.  307 — 310,  where  are  Answers  of  the  assembly  to  the  In-* 
quiries  of  the  lords  of  the  committee  of  colonies,  which  disclose  a  variety 
of  curious  particulars  of  the  State  of  Connecticut  at  the  end  of  44  years. 
The  date  is  15  July,  1680.  Some  other  articles  are  subjoined,  "  We  have, 
for  the  present,  only  one  troop,  which  consists  of  about  60  horse  ;  but  we 
are  upon  raising  three  more.  .  Our  forces  are  train  bands  :  In  each  county 
there  is  a  major,  who  commands  its  militia,  under  the  general. 

In  Hartford  county  there  are  835  New  Haven  -  -  -  623 
New  London  -  -  -  -  509  Fairfield  -  -  -  -  540 
The  whole  militia,  3567.  The  number  of  our  planters  is  included  in  our 
trainbands  ;  which  consist  of  all  from  16  to  60  years  of  age.  We  have  one 
small  fort  at  the  mouth  of  Connecticut  river.  As  for  our  Indian  neighbours  ^ 
tve  compute  them  to  be  about  500  fighting  men.  We  are  strangers  to  the 
}*rehch,  and  know  nothing  of  their  strength  or  commerce.  There  are  but 
few  servants,  and  fewer  slaves  ;  not  above  30  in  the  colony.  There  come 
sometimes  three  or  four  blacks  from  Bnrbadoes,  which  are  sold  for  £.22- 
t--;;ch.  Mhe  increase  [of  inhabitants]  is  as  follows  :  The  numbers  of  msn,  in, 
the  year  1671,  were  2050  ;  in  1676,  were  2303  ;  in  1677,  were  2362  ;  in 
1678,  were  2490  ;  in  1679,  were  2507.  Our  buildings  are  generally  of 
wood  ;  some  are  of  stone  and  brick  ;  and  some  of  them  are  of  good  strength, 
and  comely,  for  a  wilderness.  The  commodities  of  the  country  are  pro- 
visions, lumber  and  horses.  The  property  of  the  whole  corporation  doth 
not  amount  to  £110,788  sterling.  There  are  no  duties  on  goods,  exported. 
or  imported,  except  on  wines  and  liquors  ;  which,  though  inconsiderable, 
;*re  appropriated  to  maintain  free-schools.  The  people  are  strict  congrega- 
uonaiists  ;  a  few  more  large  congregationalists  ;  and  some,  moderate  pres- 
!>yterians.  There  are  about  4  or  5  seven  day  men,  and  about  as  many  qua- 
Iicrs.  Great  care  is  taken  of  the  instruction  of  the  people  in  the  Christian 
religion,  by  ministers  catechizing  and  preaching  twice  every  sabhath,  and 
sometimes-  on  lecture-days  ;  and  also  by  masters  of  families  instructing  their 
children  and  servants,  which  the  law  commands  them  to  do.  Every  town 
maintains  its  own  poor  :  But  there  is  seldom  any  want,  because  labour  is 
dear  ;  being  from  as.  to  2s.  6d.  a  day  for  a  labourer  ;  because  provisions  are 
cheap  ;  wheat  is  4s.  a  bushel  Winchester,  pease  3s.  Indian  corn  2s.  6d.  pork 
3d.  a  pound,  betf  2d.i-2  a  pound,  butter  6d.  and  so  other  matters  in  pro- 
portion. Beggars  and  vagabonds  are  not  suffered  ;  but,  when  discovered, 
they  are  bound  out  to  service  ;  vagabonds,  who  pass  tip  and  down,  are, 
punished  by  law." 

i  Chalmers,  i.  283 — 284,  where  are  Answers  of  the  governor  and  coun- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  449 

The  assembly  of  Virginia,   "  with  a  view  to  the    7680. 
more  speedy  peopling  of  the  colony,  and  to  give  all  Ti 
possible  encouragement  to  persons  of  different  na 


tiotis  to  transport  themselves,  their  families,  and  mel'jtit°rs 
stock,  to  settle  there,"  empowered  the  governor,  by 
an  instrument  under  the  great  seal,  to  declare  any 
alien,  on  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance,  to  be  com- 
pletely naturalized.  '  An  act  of  "  free  and  general 
pardon  and  oblivion/'  in  reference  to  the  late  rebel- 
lion,  with  the  exception  of  the  principal  authors  and 
promoters  of  it,  was  also  passed  by  that  assembly.  2 
The  half  armed  trainbands  in  Virginia  amounted  to  Militia 
eight  thousand  five  hundred  and  sixty  eight.  3 

cil  of  Rhode  Island  to  the  same  inquiries,  as  those  mentioned  in  the  last 
note.  A  few  more  articles  are  here  subjoined.  "  The  French,  seated  at 
Canada,  and  upon  the  bay  of  Fundy,  are  a  considerable  number  ;  as  we 
judge,  about  2000  :  But  as  for  the  Indians  that  were  inhabitants  of  this  col- 
ony, they  are  generally  cut  off  by  the  late  war.  We  have  several  men, 
who  deal  in  buying  and  selling,  though  they  cannot  be  properly  called  mer- 
chants ;  and,  for  planters,  we  conceive  there  are  above  500,  and  about  500 
men  besides.  We  have  no  shipping  belonging  to  the  colony,  but  only  a 
few  sloops.  As  for  goods,  exported  or  imported,  there  are  very  few  ;  and 
there  is  no  custom  imposed.  We  have  lately  had  few  or  no  new-comers, 
either  of  English,  Scotch,  Irish,  or  foreigners  ;  only  a  few  blacks  imported. 
There  may  be,  of  whites  and  blacks,  about  200  born  in  a  year.  We  have 
50  marriages  a  year.  The  burials  for  the  last  7  years,  according  to  com- 
putation, amount  to  455.  Those  people  who  go  under  the  name  of  Bap- 
tists and  Quakers  are  the  most  that  congregate  together  ;  but  there  are 
others  of  divers  persuasions  and  principles,  all  which,  together  with  them. 
enjoy  their  liberty  according  to  his  majesty's  gracious  charter.  We  leave 
every  man  to  walk  as  God  shall  persuade  their  hearts,  and  do  actively  or 
passively  yield  obedience  to  the  civil  magistrate.  As  for  beggars  and  vag- 
abonds, we  have  none  among  us." 

1  Chalmers,  1.316.     This  condition  however  Was  annexed  ;  "  that  no- 
thing shall  be  construed  to  give  power  to  foreigners  to  execute  any  matter, 
which,  by  acts  made  in  England  concerning  his  majesty's  plantations,  they 
are  disabled  to  do."   Ibid.     This  was  an  act  of  the  first  assembly  after  the 
arrival  of  lord  Culpeper  as  governor  of  Virginia. 

2  Ibid.  341.     The  same  act,  reciting,  that,  during  the  licentiousness  o£ 
late  times,  ill  disposed  persons  had  taken  upon  them  to  asperse  the  govern- 
ment, without  which  the  inhabitants  could  not  have  been  so  easily  led  a- 
way,  imposed  severe  penalties  on  those,  who  should  maliciously  excite  the 
people  to  a  dislike  of  the  governor,  or  who  should,  by  words  or  writing, 
defame  the  administration  of  the  colony.     Similar  laws  against  "  the  prop- 
agation of  false  news"  occur  among  the  more  early    acts  of  assembly  of  all 
the  colonies.     Thau  shalt  not  raise  a  false  report,  was  a  precept  of  Moses,  act- 
ing under  a  divine  commission,     A  law  of  Alfred,  the  admirable  founder 
of  the  jurisprudence  of  England,  declared,  "  whosoever  spreads  a  false  re- 
port among  the  vulgar  shall  have  his  tongue  cut  out."     Ibid.  353, 

3  Ibid.  357.     "  From  actual  returns,  7268  foot  ;  1300  horse," 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1680.       *f  The  Oyster  point/*  delightfully  formed  by  the 
cori^uence  °*'  the  rivers  Ashley  and  Cooper,  being 
of    found  a  more  eligible  place  for  settlement,  than  that 
' on  t^le  kanks  °f  l^e  Ashley,  chosen  by  the  first  set- 
tlers of  Carolina,   the  proprietaries  encouraged  the 
inclination  of  the  inhabitants  to  remove  to  it.     The 
preceding  year  a  removal  had  commenced  ;    but  it 
was  in  this  year  that  the  foundation  of  the  new  town 
was  laid  ;   and  during  the  year  thirty  houses  were 
built.     It  received  the  name  of  the  old  settlement, 
Charlestown  ;    and  was   immediately   declared  the 
port  for  the  various  purposes  of  traffic,  and  the  cap- 
ital for  the  general  administration  of  government.  * 
ith        Though  the  proprietaries  had  given  early  instruc- 
the  natives,  tkms  to  cultivate  the  good  will  of  the  natives,  and 
more  recent  orders  to  prohibit  all  trade  with  them 
for  seven  years  ;  yet  a  war  commenced  in  the  begin- 
ning of  this  year  with  the  Westoes,  a  powerful  tribe 
on  the  southern  boundary  of  Carolina,  and  endan- 
gered the  ruin  of  "  that  hopeful  settlement."     A 
peace  however  was  concluded  the  next  year  ;  and,  to 
prevent  the  return  of  similar  mischiefs,  commission- 
ers were  appointed  by  the  proprietaries,   to  decide 
all  complaints  between  the  contending  parties.2 
w  Terev       ^^  proprietors  of  West  Jersey  having  importun- 
restored  to  ed  the  duke  of  York  to  be  restored  to  the  rights, 
M  -  rights,   which  they  derived  from  his  grant  of  1 664 ;   their 
pretensions  were  at  length  referred  to  Sir  William 
Jones,  in  compliance  with  whose  judgment  the  duke 
confirmed  West  Jersey  to  the  proprietors.     Thus 
that  province,  after  being  ruled  for  some  time  as  a 
conquered  country,  was  reinstated  in  its  former  priv- 
ileges. 3     The  customs  at  the  Hoarkills,  which  had 

I   Chalmers,  i.  541.     See  A.  D.  1671,  p.  409. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  542.  "  The  cause  of  hostilities  may  be  found  Jn  injuries 
v.-hich  had  been  for  some  years  mutually  given  and  received."  Ib. 

3  Ibid.  618, 619.  The  various  taxes,  imposed  by  the  governor  and  coun- 
cil of  New  York  on  that  province  in  1678,  were  at  the  same  time  extend- 
ed to  Jersey.  Cartr-ivt  endeavoured  in  vain  to  establish  there  a  free  port  ; 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  451 

been  complained  of  as  a  hardship  from  the  begin-    1680, 
niiig,  were  taken  off  this  year.  *     About  this  time, 
a  watermill  was  built  near  Rankokas  creek,  and  an- 
other at  Trenton. z 

A  number  of  families  removed  from  Windsor  in  East  wind- 

.  ,         *    ,  ,  ,  sor  settled 

Connecticut  to  the  east  side  of  the  river,  and  began 
the  settlement  of  East  Windsor. 3 

M.  de  la  Sale,  having  undertaken  a  farther  discov-  FortCre- 
ery  of  the  Missisippi,  had,  the  preceding  year,  built  v< 
a  tort  on  the  river  Illinois,  and  called  it  Crevecoeur. 4 
He  now  sent  out  M.  Dacan  with  father  -Hennepin, 
to  trace  the  Missisippi,  if  possible,  from  its  conflu- 
ence with  the  Illinois,  up  to  its  source.  These  two 
voyagers  left  fort  Crevecoeur  on  the  twenty  eighth 
of  i' ebruary,  and  ascended  the  Missisippi  to  the  for- 
ty sixth  degree  of  north  latitude  ;  where  they  were 
stopped  by  a  fall  in  the  river,  to  which  father  Hen- 
nepin  gave  the  name  of  the  Fall  of  St.  Anthony. s 

A  great  comet  surprised  and  terrified  the  people  comet 
of  New  England, 6 

for  the  governor  of  New  York  seized  and  condemned  the  vessels  trading 
ilutaer  ;  "  and,  however  unjust,  this  measure  was  decisive,  because  it  was 
supported  by  superior  power."  Ibid. 

I  Smith  N.  Jersey,  117 — 124.  See  the  arguments  against  this  impost,  ib. 

a  Smith  N.  Jersey,  114,  The  inhabitants  of  W.  Jersey  had  hitherto  ei- 
ther pounded  their  corn,  or  ground  it  with  handrhills. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  169.     Fifteen  years  they  passed  the  river  in  boats, 
to  attend  public  worship  on  the  west  side.  Ib. 

4  "  Heart  breaker,"  on  account  of  troubles  he  met  with  there. 

5  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  460  ;   ib.  Pastes  €hron.  35.     Harris  Vo^. 
ii.  900.     Du  Pratz  Louisiane,  i.  5. 

6  Mather  on  Comets,  123.  t  Hutchinson,  i.  348.    It  was  seen  in  N.Eng- 
land from  1 8  November  to  10  February.     It  was  also  seen  in  Europe  ;  and 
Henault  [ii.  192.]  says,  that  it  was  the  largest  comet,  which  had  ever  been 
seen  ;    and  .that  this  phenomenon  struck  a  great  terror  into  the  minds  of  the 
people  in  France  ;  "  but,"  he  justly  remarks,  "  we  are  too  much  astonished 
at  uncommon  events,  and.  not  enough  at  those,  which  happen  every  day." 
It  was  by  observations  on  this  comet,  that  the  great  Sir  Isaac  Newton  ascer- 
tained the  parabolic  form  of  the  trajectory  of  comets  ;  and  demonstrated 
their  regular  revolutions  round  the  sun.     This  admirable  discovery,  while 
it  made  a  new  epoch  in  astronomy,  contributed  to  the  removal  of  those  ter- 
rors, which  the  appearance  of  a  comet  had  always  excited.     This  phenom- 
enon, in  ail  ages,  and  among  ail  nations,  had  been  previously  viewed  as  a 
presage  of  some  direful  event.     It  has  since  been  considered  as  a  constituent 
part  of  an  august  system,  which,  whether  examined  by  vulgar  or  by  philo- 


45- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS, 


Death  of  Josiah  Winslow,  governor  of  Plymouth,  died,  In 
Jj^Tow>  the  fifty  second  year  of  his  age. *  Urian  Oakes, 
&'.  conant,  president  of  Harvard  College,  died,  in  the  fiftieth 

wSheel"  }rear  °^  k*s  a£e* Z  R°ger  Conant,  who  had  the  ear- 
ly care  of  the  settlement  of  Cape  Ann,  died. 3  About 
tins  time  also  died  John  Wheelwright,  the  founder 
of  the  town  of  Exeter. 4 

1681. 

state  of         Virginia  contained,  at  this  time,  about  fourteen 

Virginia,    thousand  "  tithables,  or  working  hands."      The 

house  of  burgesses  consisted  of  forty  one  persons. s 

sophic  eyes,  ought  to  lead  man  to  "  wonder  and  adore."  The  learned  pro* 
i'esaoi  Winthrop  [On  Comets,  Lect.  II.  p.  44.]  says,  "  No  comet  has  threat- 
ened the  earth  with  a  nearer  approach  than  that  of  1680  ;  which,  had  it 
eome  down  to  the  sun  a  month  later,  would  have  passed  as  near  the  earth 
as  thre-iroon  is."  They,  who  are  curious  to  know  what  opinions  learned 
men  of  an. -Lint  times  entertained  concerning  comets,  are  referred  to  Aris- 
tot!>,  M«Js.'jgjA.  cap.  v,  vi,  vii  ;  Seneca,  Natur.  Quaest.  lib.  vii  ;  and  Travels 
of  Anacharsis,  i..  93,  196.  1  cannot  forbear  to  subjoin  the  following  re- 
mark of  Seneca  [ut  supra,  p.  759.]  on  this  subject  ;  because  it  has  been  r,o 
exactly  verified,  since  th-j  discovery  of  Newton  :  rt  Veniet  tempus,  quo  ista 
qune  nunc  latent,  in  lucem  dies  extrahat,  et  longioris  a^-i  diligentia.  Ad 
inquisition  em,  tantorum  atas  una,  non  suiiiut,  ut  tota  coeio  vacet.  Venice 
tempus,  quo  posteri  nostri  tarn  aperta  nos  nescisse  mireritur." 

I  Morton  [Supplement],  207  "  He  was  a  worthy  and  well  accom- 
plished gentleman,  deservedly  beloved  by  the  people,  being  a  true  friend  to 
their  liberties,  generous,  affable  and  sincere  ;  qualities  incident  to  the  fam- 
ily." ,  Ibid,  fie  was  the  son  of  governor  Edward  Winslow  ;  and  the  first 
governor,  born  in  New  England.  His  discretion  as  a  civil  magistrate,  and 
his  bravery  as  a  military  commander,  procured  him  much  respect  in  both 
offices.  Mather  Magnal.  book  ii.  7. 

^  Mather  Magnal.  Book  iv.  186 — 188.  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  vii.  5  r— 54, 
He  was  educated  at  Harvard  College.  Soon  after  he  graduated,  he  went 
to  England,  where  he  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Tichfield.  Such  was 
his  celebrity  for  ministerial  qualifications,  learning  and  piety,  that,  on  the 
decease  of  Mr.  Mitchel,  the  church  arid  society  at  Cambridge  ?ent  a  mes- 
senger to  England  to  invite  him  to  their  pastoral  charge  ;  and  he  commenc- 
ed his  ministry  at  Cambridge  8  November  1671.  On  the  deatn  of  president 
Hoar,  he  was  invited  to  the  presidency  of  Harvard  College,  and  entered  on 
that  office  in  1675.  He  was  a  man  of  extensive  erudition,  and  of  distin- 
guished usefulness.  Dr.  I.  Mather  says,  "  he  was  one  of  the  greatest  lights, 
that  ever  shone  in  this  part  of  the  world," 

3  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng.  chap,  xviii.     See  A.  D.  IOZ5,  p.  236. 

4  Ibid.  chap,  xliii.     The  sentence  of  banishment  of  Mr.  Wheelwright 
having  been  taken  off  by  the  general  court,  he  was  settled  as  minister  at 
Hampton  ;  but  afterward  went  to  England.     On  the  change  of  times  there, 
he  returned  to  New  England,  and  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Salisbury, 
where  he  continued  until  his  death.     See  A.  D.  1638,  p.  304. 

jf  Chalmers,  i.  355,  356,  from  the  state  of  Virginia,  as  delivered  to  the 


AMERICAN    ANNALS.  453 

The  legislature  of  Maryland,  in  this  and  the  sub-    1681. 
sequent  year,  made  an  attempt  to  introduce  manu-  Maryland, 
factures  into  that  colony  ;   but  without  much  sue* 
cess. '     Feudal,  who  had  formerly  raised  an  insur* 
rection  in  Maryland,  and  had  been  pardoned,  was 
now  tried  for  seditious  practices,  and  found  guilty. 
He  was  fined  forty  thousand  pounds  of  tobacco  ; 
imprisoned  until  payment  ;   and  banished  the  prov- 
ince. * 

Edward  Randolph  came  over,  the  second  time,  to  Randolph 
Massachusetts,  as  collector  for  Boston,  and  made  a  ILeturnsto 

r   ,  T  .     Boston. 

vigorous,  but  unsuccessful,  attempt  to  execute  his 
office.3 

Mason  arrived  at  New  Hampshire,  and  was  ad-  Mason 
mitted  to  a  seat  in  the  council.     Asserting,  soon  af-  comes  to  N. 

i  .        .    ,  ,  .  .  •  i         r  Hampshire. 

ter,  his  right  to  the  province,  assuming  the  title  or 
lord  proprietor,  and  proceeding  to  act  according  to 

committee  of  colonies  in  December,  1681,  by  lord  Culpeper,  Other  par- 
ticulars are  here  subjoined.  There  were  20  counties,  each  of  which  sent 
two  members  to  the  house  of  burgesses  ;  Jamestown  sent  one.  The  charges 
of  government  were  maintained,  i.  By  private  levies,  raised  in  each  parish, 
for  the  minister,  church,  courts  of  justice,  burgesses'  wages  &c.  2.  By  pub- 
lic levies,  raised  by  act  of  assembly.  3.  By  the  2s.  a  hogshead,  with  is.  3d. 
a  ton,  paid  for  fort  duties,  which  amount  to  £3000  a  year.  "  The"  eccle- 
siastical "  livings  are  76  or  77;  but  the  poorness  of  the  country  and  the 
low  price  of  tobacco  have  made  them  of  so  much  less  value,  scarcely  the 
half.  As  to  the  military  power  :  There  is  not  oue  fort  in  the  whole  coun- 
try, that  is  defensible  against  an  European  enemy.  There  may  be  ijOOO 
fighting  men  in  the  country  ;  and  yet  they  used  to  count  300  an  army  roy- 
al. In  relation  to  the  Indians  :  We  are  at  peace  with  all,  at  least  in  war  • 
with  none.  But  that  which  bids  fair  to  be  the  speedy  and  certain  undoing 
of  this  colony,  is  the  low  or  rather  no  price  of  the  only  product  of  our 
lands,  an4  our  only  commodity,  tobacco  :  For  the  market  is  overstocked, 
tnd  every  crop  overstocks  it  more.  Our  thriving  is  our  undoing  ;  and  our 
buying  of  blacks  hath  extremely  contributed  thereto,  by  making  more  to- 
bacco :  We  are  too  many  for  that,  and  too  few  for  any  thing  else."  Ib. 

I  Chalmers,  i.  366,  367.  It  made  laws  for  promoting  tillage,  and  rais- 
ing provisions  for  exportation  ;  for  restraining  the  export  of  leather  and 
hides  ;  for  the  support  of  tanners  and  shoemakers ;  and  for  encouraging  the 
making  of  linen  and  woolen  cloth. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  237.     See  A.  D.  1656,  and  1659. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  410.  ?lutchinson,  ii.  73.  By  a  letter  to  the  governor, 
Randolph  demanded  the  final  resolution  of  the  general  court,  whether  it 
would  admit  his  commission  to  be  in  force,  or  not  ;  that  he  might  know 
how  to  govern  himself.  The  court  remained  silent ;  "  thus,"  says  Chal- 
mers, "  showing  equally  its  contempt  for  the  man,  and  the  embarrassment 
of  its  situation.'*  Chalmers,  ib.  411. 


454  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1 68 1.  these  pretensions,  his  conduct  was  deemed  "  an 
usurpation  of  his  majesty's  authority  here  establish- 
ed/' and  a  warrant  was  issued  for  apprehending 
him  ;  but  he  fled  to  England. * 

Entries  at       During  the  year  ending  with  April    1681,  there 

Ports-       were  entered  at  Portsmouth  forty  nine  vessels,  from 

momh.      ten  to  one  huncired  ancj.  fifty  tons  burden.  *     The 

amount  of  the  provincial  customs,  levied  at  that  port 

during  the  same  year,  arising  from  taxes  on  wines 

\mount  of anc^  B<jUQtt(,  and  one  penny  a  pound  of  the  value  on 

customs,     the   first  cost  of  goods   imported,  was  sixty   one 

pounds,  three  shillings  and  one  penny.3 
March  4.        William  Penn,  the  son  of  Sir  William  Penn,4 
Grant  of    having  petitioned  Charles  II  for  a  tract  of  territory 
nTaTw?"  between  the  bay  and  river  of  Delaware  and  lord  Bal- 
Penn.       timore's  province  of  Maryland ;  a  charter  making 
conveyance  of  that  territory,  was  signed  and  sealed 
by  the  king,  on  the  fourth  of  March.     It  constitut- 
ed William  Penn  and  his  heirs  true  and  absolute 
proprietaries  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  saving 
to  the  crown  their  allegiance  and  the  sovereignty. 
It  gave  him,  his  heirs  and  their  deputies,  power  to 
make  laws,  by  advice  of  the  freemen,  and  to  erect 
courts  of  justice  for  the  execution  of  those  laws, 
provided  they  be  not  repugnant  to  the  laws  of  Eng- 
land.5    The  charter  being  thus  obtained,  Penn,  by 

i   Belknap  N.  Hamp.i.  182, 183. 

2,  Chalmers,  i.  510.  "  Many  of  the  said  ships  were  driven  in  by  stress 
of  weather,  and  made  no  stay."  Ih.  Dr.  Belknap,  from  the  Council  records, 
says,  from  15  June  1680  to  i*  April  1681,  were  entered  az  ships,  18 
ketches,  a  barks,  3  pinks,  i  shallop,  and  one  flyboat ;  in  all  47.  N.  Hamp. 
1.187. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  51 1.     This  was  money  of  the  province,  which  was  of  less 
value  than  sterling  33   1-3  per  cent.     No  parliamentary  duties  were  then 
collected  at  Portsmouth.     Ibid. 

4  Sir  Wiliium  was  the  admiral,  who  assisted  in  taking  Jamaica.     See 
A.  D.  1655. 

5  See  the  Charter  entire  in   Proud's  Hist.  Pennsylvania,  i.  171 — 187, 
and  a  summary  of  it  in  Chalmers,  i.  636.     The  preamble  and  the  first  sec- 
tion declare  the  reasons  for  the  grant  to  be,  the  commendable  desire  of 
William  Penn  to  enlarge  the  British  empire,  to  promote  commodities  of 
trade,  to  reduce  the  savage  natives,  by  just  and  gentle  manners,  to  the  love 
of  civil  society,  and  the  Christian  religion  ;  together  with  a  "  regard  to  the 
memory  and  merits  of  his  late  father.'* 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  455 

a  public  advertisement,  invited  purchasers.     Many 
single  persons,  and  some  families,  chiefly  of  the  de- 
nomination of  quakers,   were  induced  to  think  of  a 
removal  ;    and  a  number  of  merchants  and  others 
forming  themselves  into  a  company,  purchased  twen- 
ty thousand  acres  of  his  land. '      On  the  eleventh  of  july  IIt 
July,  Penn  entered  into  certain  articles  with  the  pur-;  Conditions 
chasers  and  adventurers,  which  were  entitled  "  Con-  ce^ions." 
ditions    and    Concessions."*      These   preliminaries 
being  adjusted,  a  colony  came  over  to  America,  this  First  coio- 
year,  and  commenced  a  settlement  above  the  conflu-  "J 
cnce  of  the  Schuylkill  with  the  Delaware. 3  syi 

Thomas  Mayhew,  the  first  settler  of  Martha's  T- 
Vineyard,  died,  in  the  ninety  third  year  of  his  age. 4  hew* 

1682. 

William  Penn,  the  proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  Penn  pub* 
published  a  frame  of  government ;   with  a  body  of  fo^* *£ 
laws,5   agreed  on  in  England  between  himself  and  govern- 
the  purchasers.     To  prevent  all  future  pretence  of  ra 
claim  to  the  province  by  the  duke  of  York,  or  his 
heirs,  he  obtained  of  the  duke  his  deed  of  release  for  9b.tam!tJlJ 

duke  of 

I  The  land  was  sold  at  the  rate  of  £20  for  every  1000  acres.  lease. 

2,  These  are  inserted  in  Proud,  ii.  Append.  No.  I. 

3  Proud,  i.  170 — 196.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  395 — 402,  410.     Chalmers,  i. 
640.     Univ.  Hist.  xli.  2.     Three  ships  sailed  for  Pennsylvania,  that  year  ; 
2  from  London,  and  I  from  Bristol.     The  John  and  Sarah,  from  London, 
is  said  to  have  been  the  first,  that  arrived  there  ;  the  Amity,  from  London, 
with  passengers,  was  blown  off  to  the  W.  Indies,  and  did  not  arrive  at  the 
province  until  the  ensuing  spring  ;   the  Bristol  Factor  arrived  at  the  place, 
where  Chester  now  stands,  on  the  nth  of  December.     The  passengers, 
seeing  some  houses,  went  on  shore,  near  the  lower  side  of  Chester  creek  ; 
and,  the  river  freezing  up  that  night,  they  remained  there  all  winter. 
Proud,  ibid. 

4  Coll.  Hist.Soc.  i.  202.     See  A.  D.  1642,  p.  322. 

j;  The  frame  of  government  was  published  in  April  j  and  the  chief  inten- 
tion of  this  famous  charter  was  declared  to  be  "  for  the  support  of  power 
in  reverence  with  the  people,  and  to  secure  the  people  from  the  abuse  of 
power  :  For  liberty,  without  obedience,  is  confusion  ;  and  obedience,  with- 
out liberty,  is  slavery."  The  body  of  laws,  agreed  on  by  the  adventurers, 
and  intended  as  a  supplement  to  the  frame,  was  published  in  May  ;  "  and  it 
does  great  honour  to  their  wisdom  as  statesmen,  to  their  morals  as  men,  to 
their  spirit  as  colonists."  Chalmers,  i.  641 — 643.  The  Frame  of  Govern- 
ment and  the  Laws  are  in  Proud's  Hist.  Pennsylv.  Appendix,  No.  II. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1682.  it ;   and,  as  an  additional  territory  to  the  province* 

he  procured  of  the  duke  his  right  and  interest  in  that 

Theterri-  tract  of  ]anc|5  which  was  at  first  called  the  territories 

of  Pennsylvania,  afterward.  The  three  lower  counties 

on  Delaware.  * 

In  the  month  of  August,  Penn,  accompanied  by 

about  one  hundred  passengers,  chiefly  quakers,  em- 

Oct.a*     barked  for  America  ;   and  landed  at  New  Castle  on 

Arrives  at  ^g  twenty  fourth  of  October.     The  next  day  the 

Newcastle.  .  ,  ,  ,  < 

people  were  summoned  to  the  court  house ;  where, 
after  possession  of  the  country  was  legally  given 
him,  he  made  a  speech  to  the  old  magistrates  and 
the  people,  acquainting  them  with  the  design  of  his 
coming,  the  nature  and  end  of  government,  particu- 
larly of  that,  which  he  came  to  establish  ;  assuring 
them  of  "  liberty  of  conscience  and  civil  freedoms," 
and  recommending  them  to  live  in  sobriety  and 
peace.  He  also  renewed  the  commissions  of  the 
CaHsan  as-  magistrates.  Proceeding  afterward  to  Upland 
[Chester],  he  there  called  an  assembly  on  the  fourth 
of  December. 3  This  assembly  passed  an  act  of 
union,  annexing  the  three  lower  counties  to  the  prov- 
ince ; 3  and  an  act  of  settlement,  in  reference  to  the 

I  Proud,  i.  196 — 202.  Chalmers,  i.  641,  645.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  403 — 
408.  The  duke  of  York  gave  two  deeds  of  feoiFment  for  the  territories  : 
the  first  was  for  NeAvcastle  and  a  district  of  is  miles  round  it,  as  iar^as  the 
rivsr  Delaware  ;  the  second  comprehended  the  tract  from  12  miles  south  of 
Newcastle  to  the  Hoarkills.  "  otherwise  called  Cape  Hinlopen."  The  first 
tract  formed  the  county  of  Newcastle  ;  the  second,  the  counties  of  Kent 
and  Sussex.  Ibid. 

z  This  assembly  consisted  of  72  delegates  from  the  6  counties,  into 
which  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware  had  been  already  divided.  The  free- 
men, though  allowed  by  the  frame  to  come,  for  this  time,  in  their  own  per- 
sons, yet  declared,  that  the  fewness  of  the  people,  their  inability  in  estate, 
and  unskilfulness  iu  matters  of  government,  would  not  permit  them  to  act ; 
and  desired  therefore,  that  the  tleputies,  now  chosen,  might  serve  both  for 
the  provincial  council  and  general  assembly  ;  3  out  of  every  county  for  the 
former,  and  9  for  the  latter.  Chalmers,  i.  645. 

3  Until  this  union  with  Pennsylvania,  these  counties,  from  the  year 
1667,  had  been  holden  as  an  appendage  to  the  government  of  New  York. 
Encyclcp.  Brit.  v.  719.  The  want  of  the  royal  authority  for  this  act,  with 
the  operation  of  r-'-her  eau^s,  produced  difficulties,  which  afterward  render- 
ed this  union  void  ;  and  the  three  lower  counties  had  a  separate  assembly? 
frh<!i:«h  under  the  same  governor.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  411. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  457 

cc  frame   of  government."     The  Dutch,    Swedes,    1682. 
and  other  foreigners  were  then  naturalized  ;  and  all 
the  laws,  agreed  on  in  England,  were  passed  in  form. " 

Penn  immediately  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  Holds  a 
natives,  from  whom  he  purchased  as  much  of  the  treatr  with 

.,  ,  r     t  i  -i    t"e  native* 

soil,  *as  the  circumstances  or  tne  colony  required, 
and  "settled  a  very  kind  correspondence"  withthem.2 

The  proprietary  next  proceeded,  with  the  assist-  ckyofPhi- 
ance  of  his  surveyor  general,  Thomas  Holme,  to  lay 

1  Proud,  i.  204 — 206.     On  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware,  on  the  lands 
granted  to  Penn,  the  Dutch  had,  at  this  time,  one  place  for  religious  wor- 
ship at  Newcastle  ;  the  Swedes,  3,  one  at  Christeen,  one  at  Tenecum,  and 
one  at  Wicocoa  (now  in  the  suburbs  of  Philadelphia).  Ib.     Smith  N.  Jer- 
sey, 22.     Chalmers  [i.  643.]  says,  "  when  the  proprietary  arrived  on  the 
banks  of  the  Delaware,  he  found  them  inhabited  by  3000  persons,  composed 
of  Swedes,  Dutch,  Finlanders  and  English." 

2  Chalmers,  i.  644.     Proud  [ii.  212.]  says,  the  friendship,  now  begun, 
was  never  interrupted  for  the  space  of  more  than  70  years.     One  part  of 
Penn's  agreement  with  the  Indians  was,  that  they  should  sell  no  lands  to 
any  person,  but  to  himself  or  his  agents  ;  another  was,  that  his  agents  should 
not  occupy  nor  grant  any  lands,  but  those  which  were  fairly  purchased  of 
the  Indians.     These  stipulations  were  confirmed  by  subsequent  acts  of  As- 
sembly ;  and  every  bargain,  made  between  private  persons  and  the  Indians 
without  leave  of  the  proprietor,  was  declared  void.     Belknap  Biog.  ii.  416. 
We  have  no  disposition  to  detract  from  the  merits  of  the  wise  and  philan- 
thropic founder  of  Pennsylvania,  or  of  his  pacific  colony  ;  but  an  exclusive  ti- 
tle to  the  praise  of  justice  and  fidelity  toward  the  natives  cannot  be  granted 
them.     The  author  of  The  History  of  Pennsylvania  has  cited,  on  this  occa- 
sion, poetical  lines  from  Descriftlo  Pennsylvania,  by  Thomas  Makin  of  Phil- 
adelphia, dated  1729,  in  which  New  England,  in  contrast  with  that  colony, 
is  stigmatized  as  involving  herself  in  wars  with  the  natives  by  her  owa 
perfidy. 

"  Non  regio  hsec  Indos  armis  subigwido  tenetur, 

Sed  certa  emptori  conditione  data  est. 
Dira  sed  infelix;heu  !  bella  NotSAnglia.  sensit ; 

Indis  quse  semper  gens  malefida  fuit." 

This  language  of  a  poet,  when  transcribed  and  translated  by  an  historian, 
without  stricture,  becomes  injurious.  A  little  softening  in  the  translation 
does  not  absolve  the  charge.  The  facts,  recorded  in  the  early  histories  of 
New  England,  and  especially  the  laws  of  the  New  England  colonies,  dem- 
onstrate a  great  regard  to  the  rights  of  the  natives,  both  in  the  purchase  of 
lands,  and  in  the  observance  of  treaties.  Beside  what  may  be  found  in  this 
volume,  in  proof  of  the  assertion,  the  observations  of  Dr.  Belknap  [Amer. 
Biog.  ii.  417 — 419.]  deserve  attention.  That  discriminating  yet  candid 
historian,  after  mentioning  the  instances  of  New  England,  and  of  the  Dutch 
at  Delaware,  observes,  that  "  it  may  be  proper  to  consider  Mr.  Penn  as 
having  followed  the  '  examples  of  justice  and  moderation,'  which  had 
been  *et  by  former  Europeans,  in  their  conduct  toward  the  jiatives  of  Amer- 


45 3  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1682.  out  a  place  for  the  projected  city  ;  to  which  he  had 
already  assigned  the  name  of  Philadelphia.  The  city 
was  immediately  begun  ;  and,  within  less  than  a  year, 

and  built.  ejg]lty  houses  and  cottages  were  built. z  The"  first 
settlers  were  generally  quakers,  who  had  suffered 
persecution,  on  account  of  their  religion  ;  and, who, 
with  other  dissenters  from  the  church  of  England, 
sought  liberty  of  conscience  in  a  country,  which  of- 
fered to  the  persecuted  a  peaceful  asylum. z 

B.Jersey.  Governor  Carteret  of  East  Jersey,  early  in  the 
year,  transferred  his  rights  in  that  province  to  Wil- 
liam Penn  and  eleven  associates  ;  who  immediately 
conveyed  one  half  of  their  interest  to  the  earl  of 
Perth  and  eleven  others. 3  In  the  towns  of  East  Jer- 
sey there  were  supposed  to  be  settled  about  seven 

I  Proud,  i.  233,  234.  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  419 — 421.  Chalmers  [i.  645.] 
says,  "  we  are  assured,"  that  near  100  houses  and  cottages  were  built  in 
that  time.  The  ground,  chosen  for  the  purpose  of  this  city,  was  claimed 
by  some  Swedes ;  to  whom  Penn  gave,  in  exchange  for  it,  a  larger  quantity 
of  land,  at  a  small  distance.  Coaquannock  (the  Indian  name  of  the  place, 
selected  for  the  city)  then  exhibited  an  agreeable  prospect.  It  had  a  high 
and  dry  bank  next  to  the  Delaware,  and  was  finely  ornamented  with  pine 
trees.  Proud,  i.  211,233.  Smith  [N.  Jersey,  108.]  says,  that,  in  1678,  a 
ship  from  Hull  passed  the  first  time  so  high  up  the  Delaware,  as  Burling- 
ton ;  that  off  against  Coaquannock,  where  was  a  bold  shore,  she  passed  so 
near  it,  in  tacking,  that  a  part  of  the  rigging  struck  the  trees  j  and  that 
some  of  the  passengers  remarked,  it  was  a  fine  spot  for  a  town. 
.  2  Proud,  i.  216,  217.  Chalmers,  i.  644.  Chalmers  (ib.)  says,  Penn  was 
"  accompanied"  to  Pennsylvania  by  about  2000  emigrants  ;  but  he  proba- 
bly meant  to  include  all  the  emigrations  of  this  year.  Penn,  in  a  letter  to 
the  ministers  of  England,  dated  14  August,  1683,  writes  that  he  had  com- 
pleted "  the  settlement  of  six  and  twenty  sail  of  people  within  the  space  of 
one  year."  Proud  (ut  supra)  says,  "  the  settlers  amounted  to  such  a  large 
number,  that  the  parts  near  Delaware  were  peopled  in  a  vary  rapid  manner, 
even  from  about  the  falls  of  Trenton,  down  to  Chester,  near  50  miles  on 
the  river  ;  besides  the  settlements  in  the  lower  counties." 

3  Chalmers,  i.  620.  Univ.  Hist,  xxxix.  363.  The  reason,  assigned  by 
Chalmers  for  Carteret's  transfer  (in  February)  is,  that  he  was  "  offended 
with  a  province,  which  he  could  neither  please  nor  govern."  The  reason, 
assigned  for  the  conveyance  made  by  Penn  and  his  associates,  is,  that  "  they 
wished  for  aid  in  the  arduous  task  of  peopling  and  ruling  a  distant  colony." 
Ibid.  Governor  Carteret  died  in  November  ;  and  Robert  Barclay,  the  fa- 
mous author  of  the  Apology,  was  chosen  governor  of  East  Jersey,  the  next 
year.  Smith  N.  Jersey,  69, 1 66.  Douglass  [iu  288.]  says,  Barclay  "some- 
times officiated  by  a  deputy."  During  Carteret's  administration,  the  gen- 
eral assemblies  and  supreme  courts  sat  at  Elizabethtown.  Smith. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  459 

hundred  families.1     Newark  was  already  a  compact    1682. 
town,  said  to  contain  about  one  hundred  families,  * 
A  ship  arrived,  this  year,  at  West  Jersey,  and  land-  w.  jersey, 
ed  three  hundred  and  sixty  passengers  on  the  Jersey 
shore,  between  Philadelphia  and  Burlington.3 

Lord  Cardross,  a  nobleman  of  Scotland,  having  Scotch  col- 
formed  a  project  for  carrying  over  some  of  his  coun-  ^POT"  ei 
trymen  to  Carolina,  embarked  with  a  few  families,  Royal  isl- 
and made  an  attempt  to  establish  a  colony  on  Port  an<i< 
Royal  island  ; 4   but  this  colony,  claiming,  from  an 
agreement  with  the  proprietaries,  coordinate  author- 
ity with  the  governor  and  grand  council  of  Charles- 
town,  was  compelled,  with  circumstances  of  outrage, 
to  acknowledge  submission.* 

Carolina  was   now  first  divided  into  three  coun-  Carolina 
ties  ;   Berkeley,  Craven,  and  Clarendon.6      Cover-  divided  in- 
nor  West,    in  autumn,   held  a  parliament,  which  a 
enacted  laws  for  settling  a  militia  ;  for  making  high 
ways  "  through  the  boundless  forest,  which  sur- 
rounded the  capital  ;"  for  suppressing  drunkenness 
and  prophane  swearing  ;   and  for  the  observation  of 
the  Lord's  day. 7 

Randolph,  collector  of  the  port  of  Boston,  having  Ranaoiph 
written  home,  that  he  was  in  danger  of  being  pun-  returns  to 
ished  with  death,  by  virtue  of  an  ancient  law,  as  a  Enslandt 
subverter  of  the  constitution,  was  ordered  to  return 
to  England.     Massachusetts  was  again   threatened  Massachu- 
with  a  writ  of  quo  warranto  ;  and  her  agents  in  Eng-  • 

QUO 

1  Smith  N.  Jersey,  161.     This  number  was  exclusive  of  die  out  planta-  tp> 
tions,  which  were  supposed  to  contain  half  as  many  inhabitants  as  the  towns. 

2  Ibid.  159.  3  Ibid.  150. 

4  Hewet,  i.  88.     Cardross  soon  returned  to  Britain.  Ib. 

5  Chalmers,  i.  544.     See  A.  D.  1686. 

6  Ibid.     Berkeley  filled  the  space  around  the  capital,  as  far  as  Stpno 
creek  on  the  north,  and  the  Sewee  on  the  south  ;   Craven  occupied  the  dis- 
trict to  the  northward  of  it,  toward  Cape  Fear,  formerly  denominated  Clar- 
endon ;  and  Colleton  contained  Port  Royal  and  the  lands  in  its  vicinity,  to 
the  distance  of  30  miles.     The  first  of  these  counties  was  the  only  one,  so 
populated,  as  to  have  a  county  court  for  the  determination  of  its  local  af- 
fairs ;  and  the  20  members,  which  composed  the  lower  house  of  parliament, 
were  chosen  at  Charlestown.     Ibid. 

,     7  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  425.     Chalmers,  i.  544. 


460  AMERICAN    ANNALS. 

land  represented  to  the  general  court  the  case  of  the 
colony  as  desperate.  * 

state  of  N.  Edward  Cranfield,  arriving  at  New  Hampshire  as 
:e' lieutenant  governor  and  commander  in  chief,  found 
that  the  province  contained  four  townships,  with 
four  thousand  inhabitants,  and  mustered  four  hun- 
dred and  fifty  militia.  *  His  administration  was  ex- 
tremely arbitrary  and  oppressive. 3 

M.  de  la  Sale  descended  the  Missisippi  to  the  sea ; 
takes  Pos-  and,  in  the  name  of  Louis  XIV  king  of  France,  talc- 
session  of  'mg  possession  of  all  the  country  watered  by  that 

Louisiana.  .  ,,.,  r    i       i  •  T 

great  river,  named  it,  in  honour  or  the  king,  Lou- 
isiana. 4 

1683. 

Firstassem-  The  first  assembly  of  Pennsylvania  was  holden  at 
biyofPenn-  Philadelphia  on  the  twelfth  day  of  March.  On  the 
request  of  the  assembly  and  of  the  freemen  for  a 
new  charter,  it  was  given  them  by  the  proprietary 
on  the  second  of  April,  and  accepted  by  the  provin- 
cial council  and  assembly  on  the  same  day. 5 

I  Chalmers,  i.  411,  413.  The  agents  desired  the  general  court  to  deter- 
mine, since  many  cities  in  England,  and  some  of  the  plantations,  had  sub- 
jmitted,  whether  it  were  better  to  resign  itself  to  the  king's  pleasure,  or  to 
suffer  a  writ  to  issue.  After  considerable  debate  and  consideration,  it  was 
concluded  by  the  court,  and  by  the  inhabitants  generally,  that  it  were  "  bet- 
ter to  die  by  the  hands  of  others,  than  by  their  own."  The  ministers  ad- 
vised the  people  to  this  conclusion  ;  and  Hutchinson  [i.  337.]  says,  "  the 
clergy  turned  the  scale  for  the  last  time."  Massachusetts  had  at  length 
sent  Joseph  Dudley  and  John  Richards  as  agents,  in  the  room  of  those,  who 
returned  in  1679.  They  sailed  31  May,  1682.  Hubbard  MS.  N.  Eng. 
chap.  Ixx.  The  instructions  to  these  agents  were  given  with  great  caution, 
and  restriction. 

2-  Chalmers,  i.  494. 

3  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  chap.  viii.     Adams  N.  Eng.  137. 

4  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  464  ;   Pastes  Chrou.  36.     Du  Pratz,  i.  3. 
Univ.  Hist.  xl.  19,  20,  271.     Wynne,  i.  393.     Some  of  these  authors  place 
this  discovery  in  1683  ;   I  have  followed  Charlevoix.     The  chevalier  de 
Tonti,  who  had  been  left  at  Fort  Crevecceur  [See  p.  451.]*  was  obliged  by 
the  Illinois  to  abandon  that  fortress  ;  but  the  persevering  Sale  placed  anoth- 
er garrison  there  in  1681  ;  and  built  a  second  fort,  which  he  called  St.  Lew- 
is*    Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  464.      See  p.  417,  note  i. 

5  Proud,  i.  239,  240.     This  second  charter  entitled,  "  The  Frame  of  the 
Government  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  and  Territories  thereunto  an~ 
nexed,  in  America,"  is  in  Proud,  ii.  Append.  No.  III.     By  this  charter  the 
provincial  council  was  to  consist  of  18  persons,  three  from  each  county  ; 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  461 

Among  the  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  some,  who    1683. 
came  from  Germany,  of  the  denomination  of  qua- 
kers,  settled  seven  miles  distant  from  Philadelphia, 
and  called  their  settlement   Germantown.  *      A  set- 
tlement was  also  made  in  that  province  by  a  large  North 
number  of  the  ancient  Britons,  and  called  North 
Wales.3 

The  inhabitants  of  New  York  now  first  partici- 
pated  in  the  legislative  power.  Thomas  Dongan, 
arriving  as  governor  of  that  province,  issued  orders  N.  York, 
to  the  sheriffs,  to  summon  the  freeholders,  for  choos- 
ing representatives  to  meet  him  in  assembly  on  the 
seventeenth  of  October. 3 

Articles  of  high  crimes  and  misdemeanor  were  Quo  war. 
presented  to  the  committee  of  plantations,  by  Ran-  raa^t^as- 
dolph,  against  the  corporation  of  Masssachusetts  in  sachusetts. 
June  ;  and  an  order  of  council  was  passed  on  the 
twenty  sixth  of  July,  for  issuing  a  quo  warranto  a- 
gainst  the  charter  of  Massachusetts,  with  a  declara- 
tion from  the  king,  that  if  the  colony,  before  prose- 
cution, would  make  full  submission  and  entire  re- 
signation to  his  pleasure,  he  would  regulate  their 

and  the  assembly  was  to  be  composed  of  36,  six  from  each  county,  "  men 
of  most  note  for  their  virtue,  wisdom  and  ability."  The  amendments,  in- 
troduced into  this  second  charter,  had  previously  been  agreed  on.  Ib.  239. 

1  Pfoud,  i.  219,  220,  230.     They  consisted  of  about  20  families,  from 
the  Palatinate. 

2  Ibid.     Several  of  these  settlers  were  of  the  original  or  early  stock  of 
the  society  of  Friends  in  Wales.     They  had  early  purchased  of  the  proprie- 
tary, in  England,  40,000  acres  of  land.     In  the  three  first  years,  there  ar- 
rived at  Pennsylvania,  from  London,  Bristol,  Ireland,  Wales,  Cheshire,  Lan- 
cashire, Holland,  Germany,  &c.  about  50  sail  of  ships,  with  passengers  or 
settlers.     Ibid. 

3  Smith  N.  York,  44.     The  council,  the  court  of  assizes,  and  the  corpo- 
ration of  New  York,  had  concurred  in  soliciting  the  duke  of  York  to  per- 
mit the  people  to  have  a  share  in  the  government  ;  and  the  duke  informed 
the  deputy  governor  of  the  province,  that  he  intended  to  establish  the  same 
form  of  government,  as  the  other  plantations  enjoyed,  "  particularly  in  the 
choosing  of  an  assembly."     Dongan,  "  a  man  of  integrity,  moderation,  and 
genteel  manners,  though  a  professed  papist,"   was  appointed  governor  in 
1682,  and  instructed  to  call  an  assembly.     It  was  to  consist   of  a  council 
composed  of  10  members,  and  of  a  house  of  representatives,  chosen  by  the 
freeholders,  composed  of  18  members.     The  laws  of  this  legislature  were 
to  be  of  no  force,  without  the  ratification  of  the  proprietary.  Chalui.  i.  584. 


462  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1683.  charter  for  his  service  and  their  good,  and  with  no 

farther  alterations,  than  should  be  necessary  for  the 

support  of  his  government  there.     Randolph,  the 

evil  genius  of  Massachusetts,   arrived  wirh  the  quo 

ivarranto  in  October. '      The  day  after  his  arrival,  a 

Fire  in       great  fire  happened  in  the  richest  part  of  the  town 

Bosto-      of  Boston.  • 

printing  Lord  Effingham,  appointed  governor  of  Virginia, 
press  not  was  expressly  ordered  "  to  allow  no  person  to  use  a 
virjinfa!11  p™ting  press  on  any  occasion  whatsoever."3 

To  remedy  the  distress,  felt  by  the  want  of  a  corn- 
Acts  Of  11-  r  ^ 

Carolina,  mon  measure,  of  commerce,  the  parliament  of  Caro- 
lina "  raised  the  value  of  foreign  coins."  It  also 
suspended  all  prosecution  for  foreign  debts. 4 

The  French  erected  a  fort  between  the  lakes  Erie 
and  Huron. 5 

1684. 

The  high  court  of  chancery  in  England,   on  the 
a'lu-  eighteenth  of  June,  gave  judgment  for  the  king  a- 
settsde-      gainst  the  governor  and  company  of  Massachusetts  ; 
Fts'IhartL.  tneir  charter  was  declared  to  be  forfeited  ;  and  their 
liberties  were  seized  into  the  king's  hands.6     Colo- 
nel Kirk,  of  opprobrious  memory,  was  now  appoint- 
ed governor  of  the  colonies  of  Massachusetts,  New 

I  Hutchinson,  i.  338.     Eibliotheca  Americ.  104.    Chalmers,  1.414,  462. 
a  Hutchinson,  ib.     It  consumed  a  great  number  of  dwelling  houses, 
ware  houses,  and  vessels.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  269. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  345  ;  "  agreeably  to  the  prayers  of  Sir  W.  Berkeley." 
See  A.  D.  1671. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  545.     Thejirst  of  these  acts  gave  rise  to  the  currency  of 
Carolina,  which   afterward  became  extremely  depreciated.     The  second^ 
though  at  first   confirmed   by  the  proprietaries,   was  afterward  dissented 
from,  "  because  it  was  contrary  to  the  king's  honour,  since  it  was  in  effect 
to  stop  the  course  of  justice  ;  because  the  parliament  had  no  power  to  enact 
a  law,  so  contrary  to  those  of  England."     They  also  issued  orders, "  that  all 
officers  should  be  displaced,  who  had  promoted  it."     Ibid. 

5  Minot,  i.  181.     "  During  the  peace,  from  1667  to  1683,  the  French, 
with  a  spirit  of  enterprise  and  perseverance,  which  do  them  honour,  form- 
ed a  settlement  at  Detroit,  established  a  fort  still  farther  westward  at  Mis- 
silimakinack,  and  extended  their  commerce  among  the  numerous  tribes 
that  hunt  on  the  banks  of  the  Missisippi.      They  were,  however,  steadily 
opposed  by  the  Five  nations."     Chalmers,  i.  589. 

6  Hutchinson,  i.  340  ;  ii.  5.     Chalmers,  i.  415. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  463 

Hampshire,  Maine,  and  Plymouth  ;  but,  before  his     1684, 
commission  and  instructions  could  be  finally  settled, 
the  demiseof  king  Charles  annulled  his  appointment.  * 

The  Ffve  Nations,   since  the  peace  of  1671,  had 
turned  their  arms  to  the  southward,  and  conquered 
the  country  from  the  Missisippi  to  the  borders  of 
the  plantations,  as  far  as  Carolina.     Virginia  and 
Maryland,  often  involved  in  the  calamities  of  their 
Indian  allies,  whom  they  were  unable  to  protect,  ex- 
cept by  treaties,  found  it  expedient  to  settle  a  peace 
with  the  ferocious   conquerors.     A  treaty  was  ac-  Aug<  z> 
cordingly  holden  at  a  grand  convention  in  Albany  ;  Peacemade 
and,  on  the  second  of  August,  a  peace  concluded  by  ^^  Jj£ 
lord  Effingham  and  governor  Dongan  in  behalf  of  tions. 
all  the  settlements. a 

Penn,   the  proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  went  to  penngoes 
England,  leaving  his  province  under  the  administra-  to  England, 
tion  of  five  comissioners,  chosen  from  the  provincial 
council.3       Philadelphia    already   contained  nearly 
threehundred  houses,  and  two  thousand  inhabitants.4 

In  every  town  in  East  Jersey,  there  was  a  house  E.  jersey, 
for  public  worship,  where  religious  service  was  per- 
formed every  week. s 

The  line  of  partition  was  run  between  New  York  Line  be- 
and  Connecticut. 6  JJ-J* 

All  the  land  in  the  towns  of  Dorchester  and  Mil-  Connect. 
ton,  in  Massachusetts,  with   the  exception  of  six  New  grant 
thousand  acres  previously  reserved  for  the  Indians,  °efrDa°nr^hes" 

Milton, 
i  Chalmers,  i.  417. 

a  Colden,44.     Chalmers,  i.  587.     Smith  N.  York,  46. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  650.  Thomas  Lloyd  was  at  the  head  of  them,  as  president. 

4  Belknap  Biog.  ii.  424.     Twenty  other  settlements  were  begun,  includ- 
ing those  of  the  Dutch  and  Swedes.     Ibid.     Proud,  i.  288. 

j  Smith  N.  Jersey,  186.  The  people  "  being  mostly  New  England 
men,  do  mostly  incline  to  their  way.  They  have  no  public  laws  in  the 
country  for  maintaining  public  teachers,  but  the  towns  that  have  them, 
make  way  within  themselves  to  maintain  them."  Kewark  appears  to  have 
been  the  only  town  in  the  province,  which  had  a  settled  preacher,  who 
"  followed  no  other  employment."  Ibid.  Letter  from  John  Barclay  and 
others  to  the  proprietors. 

6  Trumbull,  i.  385.  It  was  confirmed  by  the  governors  of  those  cola- 
Mies  24  February,  1685., 


464  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1684.  was  granted  and  conveyed  in  a  confirmatory  deed 
from  Charles  Josiah,  an  Indian  sachem,  grandson  of 
Chickatawbut. * 

Expedition       M.  de  la  Barre,  with  a  large  army  from  Canada, 
Barre  de  **  mac^e  an  unsuccessful  expedition  into  the  country  of 
the  Five  Nations. z 

i  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  i.  195.  For  this  deed  he  received  a  valuable  sum  of 
money  from  William  Stoughton,  esquire.  The  same  land  had  been  previ- 
ously conveyed  by  Josiah  the  father,  and  Chickatawbut  the  grandfather,  of 
this  sachem.  Ibid.  See  A.  0.1657. 

a  Charlevoix,  i.  489 — 493.  The  army  was  composed  of  700  Canadians, 
130  soldiers,  and  200  Indians,  principally  the  Iroquois  from  the  Fall  of  St. 
Anthony  and  the  Hurons  of  Lorette.  Ib.  After  a  delay  of  six  weeks  at 
Fort  Frontenac,  during  which  time  a  great  sickness  broke  out  in  the  French 
army,  De  la  Barre  found  it  necessary  to  conclude  the  campaign  with  H 
treaty.  Crossing  the  lake  for  that  purpose,  he  was  met,  at  a  place  design- 
ated, by  the  Oneidas,  Onondagos,  and  Cayugas  ;  the  Mohawks  and  Sene- 
kas  refused  to  attend  the  treaty.  Seated  in  a  chair  of  state,  the  Indians  and 
French  officers  forming  a  circle  around  him,  he  addressed  himself  to  Ga- 
rangula,  an  Onondago  chief,  in  a  haughty  speech,  which  was  concluded  with 
a  menace  of  burning  the  castles  of  the  Five  Nations,  and  destroying  the  In- 
dians, unless  the  satisfaction,  which  he  demanded,  were  given.  Garangu- 
la,  seated  at  some  distance  before  his  men,  with  his  pipe  in  his  mouth,  and 
the  great  calumet  of  peace  before  him,  did  nothing  but  look  at  the  end  of 
his  pipe,  during  this  harangue.  When  it  was  finished,  he  walked  five  or 
six  times  round  the  circle,  and  then,  standing  upright,  thus  answered  the 
French  general,  who  was  still  seated  in  his  elbow  chair  :  "  Onnuntio,  I 
"  honour  you,  and  all  the  warriors,  who  are  with  me,  honour  you.  Your 
"  interpreter  has  finished  your  speech  ;  I  now  begin  mine.  My  words 
"  make  haste  to  reach  your  ears  ;  hearken  to  them.  Onnuntio,  in  setting 
"  out  from  Quebec,  you  must  have  imagined,  that  the  scorching  beams  of 
"  the  sun  had  burnt  down  the  forests,  which  render  our  country  inaccessi- 
"  ble  to  the  French  ;  or  that  the  inundations  of  the  lakes  had  shut  us  up  in 
"  our  castles.  But  now  you  are  undeceived  ;  for  I  and  my  warriors  have 
"  come  to  assure  you,  that  the  Senekas,  Cayugas,  Onondagos,  Oneidas,  and 
"  Mohav/ks,  are  yet  alive."  After  ascribing  the  pacific  overtures  of  the 
general  to  the  impotence  of  the  French,  and  repelling  the  charges  brought 
against  his  countrymen,  he  added  ;  "  We  are  born  free  ;  we  have  no  de- 
"  pendence  either  on  the  Onnuntio  or  the  Corlar."*  This  speech,  which 
furnishes  an  interesting  specimen  of  the  spirit  and  eloquence  of  the  aborig- 
inals, has  this  admirable  conclusion  :  "  My  voice  is  the  voice  of  all  the  Five 
"  Nations.  Hear  what  they  say  ;  open  your  ears  to  what  they  speak.  The 
"  Senekas,  Cayugas,  Onondagos,  Oneidas,  and  Mohawks  say,  that  when 
"  they  buried  the  hatchet  at  Cataracuoy,  in  the  presence  of  your  predeces- 
"  sor,  in  the  very  centre  of  the  fort,  and  planted  the  tree  of  peace  in  the 
"  same  place,  it  was  then  agreed,  that  the  fort  should  be  used  as  a  place  of 
"  rendezvous  for  merchants,  aud  r.ot  as  a  refuge  for  soldiers.  Hear,  On- 
"  nuntio,  you  ought  to  take  care,  that  so  great  a  number  oi  soldiers,  as  ap- 
t:  pear  thsre,  do  not  choke  the  tree  of  peace,  planted  in  so  small  a  fort,  and 
"  hinder  it  from  shading  both  your  country  and  ours  with  its  branches.  I 
"  do  assure  you,  that  oyr  warriors  shall  dance  to  the  calumet  of  peace  un- 

*    Titles  gi'^-x.  by  the  Indians  to  the govfrnan  of  Canada  and  A". 


AMERICAN  ANNALS..  465 

l685. 

Charles  II  died  on  the  sixteenth  of  February.    He  Death  of 
was  succeeded  by  his  brother  James  II,  who  was  ^^i/1' 
proclaimed  at  Boston  on  the  twentieth  of  April. f  proclaimed 
Connecticut,  with  the  other  Colonies,  congratulated  atBoston- 
him  on  his  accession  to  the  throne,  and  begged  the 
protection  of  her  chartered  privileges  ;   but  in  July        ^^ 
a  quo  ivarranto  was  issued  against  the  governor  and  ranto  a- 
company  of  that  colony.2   A  similar  writ  was  issued  £ainftCon- 

^S       {  -rn       *    T  *        *  *%     .  4    i   1  necticut  & 

in  October  against  Rhode  Island. 3      Randolph  was  R.  isiand. 
now  appointed,  by  the  lord  treasurer  Rochester,  dep-  First  post> 
uty  post  master  of  New  England.4    King  James,  on  master  in 
the  eighth  of  October,  issued  a  commission,  in  which  ^'^j^*' 
Joseph  Dudley,  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  was  ap-  appointed 
pointed  president  of  New  England.5  president. 

The  colony  of  Plymouth  was  divided  into  three  Plymouth 
counties  ;  Plymouth,  Barnstable,  and  Bristol. 6      In  c?]°"y  di- 

J  vided  mta 

"  der  its  leaves,  and  that  we  will  never  dig  up  the  ax  to  cut  it  down,  until 
"  the  Oanuntio  or  the  Corlar  shall  either  jointly  or  separately  endeavour 
"  to  invade  the  country,  which  the  great  Spirit  has  given  to  our  ancestors. 
"  This  belt  confirms  my  words  ;  and  this  other,  the  authority,  which  the 
"  Five  Nations  have  given  me."  Enraged  at  this  bold  reply,  De  la  Barre 
retired  to  his  tent,  and  prudently  suspended  his  menaces.  Two  days  after, 
at  the  conclusion  of  the  peace,  the  Indian  chief  and  his  retinue  returned  to 
their  country,  and  the  French  army  embarked  in  their  canoes  for  Montreal. 
Baron  la  Hontan  in  Harris  Voy.  ii,  916.  Golden,  59.  Smith  N.  York, 
46 — 50.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  491 — 493. 

I  Sewall  MS.  Diary.  Hutchinson,  i.  340.  Chalmers  [i.  417.]  says, 
"  with  sorrowful  and  affected  pomp." 

a  Chalmers,  i.  297.  Trumbuil,  i.  386.  The  Articles  of  high  misde- 
meanor, which  were  exhibited  against  the  governor  and  company,  are  in 
Chalmers,  i.  301 — 304.  They  are  signed  by  Edward  Randolph. 

3  Callender,  47.     Adams  N.  Eng.  141. 

4  Chalmers,  i.  463.     This  appears  to  be  the  first  instance  of  such  an  ap- 
pointment in  the  English  colonies.  Ibid. 

5  Hutchinson,   1.341—345;    350 — 353.     Belknap  N.  Hamp.i.  230 — 
232.     Trumbuil,  i.  388.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  v.  244.     Chalmers,  i.  418.     The 
royal  grasp  did  not  at  first  take  in  all  the  New  England  colonies.     The  ju- 
risdiction of  the  president  and  council  extended  over  Massachusetts,  New 
Hampshire,  Maine,  and  the  Narraganset  or  king's  province.     The  royal 
commission  was  received  on  the  ijth  of  May,  1686,  and  published  on  the 
ajth  of  that  month  ;  at  which  time  Dudley's  administration  commenced. 
It  was  short,  and  "  not  very  grievous."    The  house  of  delegates  was  indeed 
laid  aside  ;  but  the  ancient  ordinances  of  the  general  court  were  declared  to 
be  in  force  ;  and  the  laws  and  customs  of  the  colony  were  continued.  Ib. 

6  Morton  [Supplement],  307. 

Rrr 


466  AMERICAN  ANtfALS. 

that  colony  there  were,  at  this  time,  one  thousand 
four  hundred  and  thirty  nine  praying  Indians.1 

* ^e  commerce  of  Charlestown,  the  capital  of  Ca- 
rolina,  began  to  attract  notice  in  England,  and  the 
town.  first  collector  was  established  for  that  port.  * 
charts  ^le  assembly  of  Carolina  passed  an  act  for  clear- 
town  sTc.  ing  the  l°ts  and  streets  of  Charlestown,  and  for  set- 
regulated,  tling  and  regulating  a  nightly  watch  in  the  town.3 

The  town  of  Branford,  in  Connecticut,  after  a 
resettki   -ong  Period  of  desertion,  became  resettled,  and  rein- 
vested with  town  privileges.4 

Population      The  inhabitants  of  Canada  amounted  to  seventeen 
of  Canada,  thousand  ;  three  thousand  of  whom  were  supposed 
to  be  capable  of  bearing  arms. 5 

1686. 

The  Spaniards  at  St.  Augustine,  suspecting  that 

Port  Royal  ^e  English  colonists  inflamed   the  natives  against 

broken  up  them,  invaded  the  southernmost  frontiers  of  Caroli- 

Spaniards   na>  an<^  k"^  waste  tne  feeble   settlements  of  Port 

Royal.6     A  writ  of  quowarranto  was  issued,  about 

this  time  against  the  patent  of  Carolina. 7 

I  Hutchinson,  i.  349. 

At  Pawmet,  Billingsgate  7  /  Monamet     -     -     -     -     -  iro 

and  Eastham  or  Nauset  }  "*  Saltwater  Pond     -     -     -  90 

Manamoyet     -     -     -     -  115  Namasket  and  Titicut     -     -  70 

iSackatucket  and  Nobscusset  121  Namatakeeset                -     -  40 

Matake'esee     -----  70  Moxisset     -----  85 

Scarnton  or  Scanton     -     -  51  Cooxit     ------120 

Marshpee     -----  141  Seconet     ------  90 

Suckanesset     -     -     -  '  -     -     72  

1439 

Beside  boys  and  girls  under  12  years  old,  who  were  supposed  to  be  more 
than  three  times  that  number.  Ib. 

1  Chalmers,!.  548.     Drayton,  S.  Carol.  160. 

3  Drayton  S,  Carol.  201.  *  The  "  first  known  act"  for  that  purpose. 

4  Trumbull,  i.  189,  290.     Mr.  Pierson,  minister  of  Branford,  and  almost 
his  whole  church  and  congregation,  were  so  dissatisfied  with  the  union  of 
New  Haven  and  Connecticut  in  1665,  that  they  soon  removed  into  New- 
ark, in  New  Jersey.     People  from  various  parts  of  the  colony  gradually 
moved  into  the  deserted  town. 

5  Chalm.  i.  609.  "An  accurate  account  taken  by  order  of  the  governor." 

6  Chalmers,  i.  557,  548.     The  Carolinians  prepared  to  attack  St.  Augus- 
tine ;  but  were  restrained  by  the  remonstrance  of  the  proprietaries,  and 
relinquished  the  project.     Hewet  [i.  89.]  says,  no  attempts  were  afterward 
fnade  for  many  years  toward  establishing  a  colony  in  that  quarter. 

7  Chalmers,  i.  549.    "  The  proprietaries,  prudently  bending  before  A 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  467 

The  attorney  general  of  England  was  ordered  to     1686. 
prosecute  writs  of  quo  warranto  against  East  and  Quo  war- 
West  Jersey  with  effect. x     Several  persons  in  East  rgah°staE.& 
Jersey  having  received  abuses,  and  been  put  in  great  w.  jersey. 
fear  by  quarrels  and  challenges,  a  law  was  made  for 
their  suppression.* 

King  James,  determining  to  establish  the  same  state  of  thp 
arbitrary  rule  in  New  York,  as  he  designed  for  New 
England,  deprived  that  colony  of  its  immunities.  York, 
Dongan,  whose  commission  was  now  renewed,  was 
instructed,  among  other  articles,  "  to  allow  no  print- 
ing press."  Deprived,  at  the  same  time,  of  the  as- 
sembly, New  York  was  reduced  to  the  condition  of 
a  conquered  province.  There  were  now  in  that 
province  four  thousand  foot,  three  hundred  horse, 
and  one  company  of  dragoons.  The  shipping,  belong- 
ing to  the  city  of  New  York,  had  increased  to  nine 
or  ten  three  mast  vessels,  of  about  eighty  or  ninety 
tons  j  two  or  three  hundred  ketches  or  barks,  of 
about  forty  tons  j  and  about  twenty  sloops,  of 
twenty  five  tons. 3  The  city  was  now  first  regular- 
ly incorporated  by  a  charter.4  Albany,  on  the 
Hudson,  was  incorporated  this  yean* 

storm,  which  it  seemed  vain  to  resist,  eluded  the  force  of  a  blast,  that 
had  laid  the  charters  and  governments  of  New  England  in  ruins."  They 
offered  a  treaty  of  surrender.  See  ibid.  564 — 566.  Carolina  had  as  yet  no 
commodity  fit  for  the  markets  of  Europe,  but  a  few  skins,  and  a  little  cedar  ; 
both  of  which  did  not  amount  yearly  to  £2000.  Ib. 

i  Chalmers,  i.  62  J.  The  proprietaries  now  represented  to  king  James, 
that  they  had  paid  for  this  province  £12,000,  and  that  they  had  already 
sent  to  it  several  hundreds  of  people  from  Scotland. 

a  .Smith  N.  Jersey,  195.  The  law  declared,  that  none,  by  word  or 
message,  shall  make  a  challenge  upon  pain  of  tis.  months  imprisonment, 
without  bailor  mainprize,and  a£io  fine  ;  that  whoever  accepts  or  con- 
ceals, the  challenge  shall  also  forfeit  £10  ;  that  no  person  shall  wear  any 
pocket  pistols,  skeins,  stilladers,  daggers  or  dirks,  or  other  unusual  weapons, 
upon  pain  of  £5  forfeiture  for  the  first  offence,  and  for  the  second  to  be 
committed  ;  and,  on  conviction,  imprisoned  for  6  months  and  to  pay  a  fine 
of  £10.  No  person  might  go  armed  with  sword,  pistol,  or  dagger,  on  pe- 
nalty of  £  J.  Ibid. 

3  Chalmers,  i.  588,  6oi. 

4  Smith  N.  York,  195.     New  York  was  put  under  the  government  of 
a  mayor  and  aldermen  in    1665  ;  which  Smith  denominated  an  incorpora- 
tion.     See  that  year.  ^  Ibid.  198. 


468  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1686.       Sir  Edmund  Andros  arrived  at  Boston   on  the 
Dec.  20.     twentieth   of  December,   with   a  commission  from 
ar"  kmg  James  for  the  government  of  New  England. 


Boston.  He  was  instructed  to  appoint  no  one  of  the  council, 
or  any  to  other  offices,  but  those  of  the  best  estates 
and  characters,  and  to  displace  none  without  suffic- 
ient cause  ;  to  continue  the  former  laws  of  the  coun-- 
try,  so  far  as  they  were  not  inconsistent  with  his 
commission  or  instructions,  until  other  regulations 
were  established  by  the  governor  and  cor.ncil  ;  to  al- 
low no  printing  press  ;  to  give  universal  toleration 
in  religion,  but  encouragement  to  the  church  of  Eng- 
land ;  to  execute  the  laws  of  trade,  and  prevent 
frauds  in  the  customs.  To  support  a  government, 
that  could  not  be  submitted  to  from  choice,  a  small 
military  establishment,  consisting  of  two  companies 
of  soldiers,  was  formed,  and  military  stores  were 
transported. z 

Assumes         Before  the  expiration  of  the  month,  Andros,  agree- 
thegovern-  ^jy  to  ^js    orc}ers     dissolved  the    government  oi 

ment  ofR.  „,  J    ,      _  .  ,       .  .  P  .,  r  . 

island.  Rhode  Island  ;  broke  its  seal  ;  admitted  five  or  its 
inhabitants  into  his  legislative  council  j  and  assumed 
the  administration. 3 

Grant  of        Many  of  the  inhabitants  of  Roxbury,  in  Massa- 

Woodstock.    ,  •       j   r  i  T,  r 

chusetts,  received  from  the  government  the  grant  or 
a  tract  of  land,  in  the  southern  part  of  the  colony, 
for  a  settlement,  which  was  named  Woodstock.4 
Samuel  Lee,  a  dissenting  minister  of  London,  of 

comes  to  .    o 

NJEngiand.  great  learning  and  reputation, came  to  NewLngland, 5 

1  Sewall's  MS.  DiaryJ     Chalmers  [i.  419.]  says,  he  was  appointed  cap- 
tain general  and  vice  admiral  of  Massachusetts,   New  Hampshire,   Maine, 
Plymouth,  Pemaquid,  and  Narraganset,  during  pleasure.     "  He  was  receiv- 
ed with  a  satisfaction  in  proportion  only  as  he  was  less  dreaded  than  Kirk." 
Ib.42i.  Hume  [Hist.Eng.]  calls  Kirk  ".  a  barbarian."  See  an  account  of  him  ib. 

2  Chalmers,  i.  420,  421.     Judge  Sewall,  who  lived  in  Boston,  and  was 
there  when  Andros  arrived,  writes  in  his  Diary  :  '•  Dec.  24.  About  60  red- 
coats are  brought  to  town,   landed  at  Mr.  Pool's  wharf,  where  drew  up, 
and  so  marched  to  Mr.  Gibbs's  house  at  Fort  Hill." 

3  Ibid.  279.     When  Andros  demanded  the   Charter  of  Clarke,the  late 
governor  of  R.  Island,  he  promised  to  deliver  it  "  at  a  fitter  season."  Ib.42i. 

4  Hutchinson,  ii.  204.     Bounded  south  by  Woodward  and  Saffery's  line, 
jj  Sewall  MS.  Diary.  He  was  settled  in  the  ministry  at  Bristol,  not  long 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  469 

The  first  episcopal  society  was  formed  in  Boston ;    1686. 
and  the  service  of  the  Common  Prayer  book  intro-  Rrst  epis- 

*  copal  socie- 

QliCed.  tymBoston. 

±L  small  brick  church  was  built  in  School  street,  church 
in  Boston,  by  some  French  protestants  ;  who,  on  the  ^^for 
revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  sought  an  asylum  French 
in  New  England. a  protestanu. 

after  his  arrival;  but  he  did  not  continue  there  "  much  above  three  years." 
Soon  after  the  Revolution,  he  embarked  for  England  ;  but  the  ship,  in 
which  he  took  passage,  was  taken  by  a  French  privateer,  and  carried  into 
Sc.  Alaioesj  in  France.  His  family  being  sent  thence  into  England,  without 
his  knowledge,  and  he,  by  the  king's  order,  detained  ;  he  fell  into  a  fever, 
aud  died  In  u  fe\v  days,  JiLtdi.  LXIV.  He  well  understood  the  learned 
languages ;  spoke  l^atin  fluently  and  elegantly  ;  was  well  versed  in  all  the 
libual  arts  and  sciences  ;  "was  a  great  master  in  physic  and  alchymy  j 
and  9«  stranger  to  any  part  of  polite  or  useful  learning."  Calamy's  Con- 
tinuation of  Account  of  Ejected  Ministers,  i.  53 — 56.  Among  the  MSS. 
preserved  in  the  British  Museum,  there  is  one  of  Samuel  Lee,  entitled, 
"  Answer  to  many  Queries  relative  to  America,  chiefly  to  the  Natural  Pro- 
ductions and  Diseases.  1690."  Biblioth.  Americ.  30. 

I  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  259.  The  service  was  introduced  before  the  arrival 
of  Andros.  Randolph  was  active  in  promoting  it.  Judge  Sewall  writes  in 
his  Diary  :  "  August  5  [1686].  William  Harrison  the  boddice  maker  is 
buried,  which  is  the  first  that  I  know  of  buried  with  the  Common  Prayer 
Book  in  Boston.  He  was  formeily  Mr.  Randolph's  landlord."  "  August 
21.  Mr.  Randolph  and  Mr.  Buliivant  were  here.  Mr.  Randolph  men- 
tioned a  contribution  toward  building  them  a  church,  and  seemed  to  goe 
away  displeased  because  I  spake  not  up  to  it."  Andros,  on  the  day  of  his* 
arrival.,  applied  for  the  use  of  one  of  the  churches  in  Boston.  Judge  Sewall 
(ib.)  having  mentioned,  :hat  the  governor  and  counsellors  took  the  oaths  at 
the  Town  house  (remarking,  that  the  "  governour  stood  with  his  hit  on 
when  oaths  given  to  counsellors"),  writes  :  "  It  seems  [he]  speaks  to  the 
ministers  in  the  Library  about  accommodation  as  to  a  meeting  house,  that 
might  so  contrive  the  time,  as  one  house  might  serve  two  assemblies.'* 
"  Dec.  21.  There  is  a  meeting  at  Mr.  Aden's  of  the  Ministers  and  four  of 
each  Congregation,  to  consider  what  answer  to  give  the  Governour  ;  and 
it  was  agreed,  that  could  not  with  a  good  conscience  consent  that  our  meet- 
ing houses  should  be  made  use  of  for  the  Cemmon  Prayer  worship." 
«'  March  22,  1686-7.  This  day  his  Excellency  views  the  three  meeting 
houses.  23.  The  Governour  sends  Mr.  Randolph  for  the  keys  of  our  meet- 
ing house  [Old  South],  that  may  say  prayers  there.  Mr.  Eliot,  Frary,  Oli- 
ver, Savage,  Davis,  and  myself  wait  on  his  excellency,  show  that  the  land 
and  house  is  ours,  and  tkat  we  can't  consent  to  part  with  it  to  such  use  ; 
exhibit  an  extract  of  Mrs.  Norton's  deed,  and  how  'twas  built  by  particular 
persons,  as  Hull,  Oliver,  £100  apiece  &c."  "Friday,  March  25,  1687. 
The  Governour  has  service  in  the  South  meetinghouse.  Goodm.  Needham, 
tho'  had  resolved  to  the  contrary,  was  prevailed  upon  to  ring  the  bell  and 
open  the  door  at  the  Goyernour's  command,  one  Smith  and  Hill,  joiner  and 
shoemaker,  being  very  busy  about  it." 

2  Ibid.  264.  There  was  a  contribution  in  New  England  for  their  relief, 
la  Salem  £26  were  contributed  in  September.  "  The  greater  part  went 
to  the  southern  states,  particularly  to  South  Carolina."  Ibid.  vi.  365. 


470 


QUO  war- 

dered  a-~ 
gainst  Ma 
ryland. 

Andros  as- 

govern-  * 
mentof 


-  , 

Ureter  res- 

pectin 
Jersey. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1687. 

The  attorney  general  received  orders  from  king 
James>  in  April,  to  issue  a  writ  of  quo  warranto  a- 
gainst  the  charter  of  the  proprietor  of  Maryland  j 
gut  no  jujgment  was  ever  obtained.  * 

Sir  Edmund  Andros  went,  in  October,  with  his 
Slute  and  more  than  sixty  regular  troops,  to  Hart- 
ford,  where  the  assembly  of  Connecticut  was  then 
sitting  ;  'demanded  the  charter  ;  and  declared  the 
government  to  be  dissolved.  The  assembly,  ex- 
tremely reluctant  and  slow  to  surrender,  or  to  pro- 
duce, the  charter,  kept  the  subject  in  debate  and  sus- 
pense until  evening  ;  when  the  charter  was  brought 
and  laid  on  the  table,  where  the  assembly  was  con- 
vened. The  lights  were  now  instantly  extinguished. 
There  was  no  appearance  however  of  disorder.  The 
candles  were  relighted  ;  but  the  patent  was  gone. 
Sir  Edmund  assumed  the  government  ;  and  the  re- 
cords of  the  colony  were  closed.  * 

An  order  was  transmitted  from  England  to  the 

c  1  . 

governor  or  New  York,  to  permit  vessels  to  pass, 
without  interruption,  to  East  Jersey,  on  paying  the 
same  customs  as  at  New  York.  3 

i  Chalmers,!.  371. 

1  Chalmers,  i.  298.  Trumbull,  i.  390,  391.  Captain  Wadsworth  of 
Hartford  silently  carried  off  the  charter,  and  secreted  it  in  a  large  hollow 
tree,  which,  to  this  day,  is  regarded  with  veneration,  as  the  preserver  of 
the  constitution  of  the  colony.  Trumbull,  ibid.  The  venerable  oak  stood 
in  front  of  the  house  of  the  honourable  Samuel  Wyllys,  esquire,  then  one  of 
the  magistrates  of  the  colony.  It  still  remains  within  the  enclosure  of  the 
old  family  mansion  ;  and  is  in  little  clanger  of  injury,  except  from  time, 
while  under  the  auspicious  care  of  the  Wyllys  family.  In  reply  to  an  in- 
quiry concerning  this  tree,  a  daughter  of  the  present  Secretary  Wyllys  of 
Connecticut  wrote  to  me,  from  Hartford  :  "  That  venerable  Tree,  which 
concealed  the  Charter  of  our  rights,  stands  at  the  foot  of  Wyllys  Hill.  The 
first  inhabitant  of  that  name  found  it  standing  in  the  height  of  its  glory. 
Age  seems  to  have  curtailed  its  branches,  yet  it  is  not  exceeded  in  the 
height  of  its  colouring  or  richness  of  its  foliage.  The  trunk  measures  a  I 
feet  in  circumference,  and  near  7  in  diameter.  The  cavity,  which  was  the 
asylum  of  our  Charter,  was  near  the  roots,  and  large  enough  to  admit  a 
child.  Within  the  space  of  eight  years,  that  cavity  has  closed,  as  if  it  had 
fulfilled  the  divine  purpose  for  which  it  had  been  reared." 

3  Ibid.  6  J2.    The  Jerseys  were,  not  long  after,  annexed  to  N.  England. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  471 

There  were  in  Massachusetts,  at  this  time,  beside    1687. 
the  principal  church  at  Natick,  four  Indian  assem-  !"dianu 

i-  r        v    •  i  •  T      T-»I  i  i       churches 

blies  or  religious  worshippers,     in  .Plymouth  colo-  and  assem- 
ny,  beside  the  principal  church  at  Marshpee,  there  blies  in 

J         r  i  i-       •        i_          *-••••:  j        i  Mass,  and 

were  five  assemblies  m  that  vicinity,  and  a  large  con-  piym0uth, 
gregation  at  Saconet.     Between  Saconet  and  Cape 
Cod  there  were  six  societies,  with  an  Indian  teacher 
to  each  ;  one  church  at  Nantucket  \  and  three  at 
Martha's  Vineyard.1 

James  II  detached  Sir  Robert  Holmes,  with  a  small  Expedition 
fleet,  and  an  extraordinary  commission,  for  suppres-  8°ngUpi!rates 
sing  pirates  in  the  West  Indies.     The  governor  and  Dwindles, 
council  of  Carolina  received  orders  to  show  an  ex- 
ample of  submission  to  his  powers,  and  to  afford  ev- 
ery assistance  to  his  armament. 3 

M.  de  la  Sale,  the  discoverer  of  Louisiana,  return-  Death  of 
ing  from  an  enterprise  for  the  discovery  of  the  mouth  La  Sale* 
of  the  Missisippi,  was  shot,  in  a  mutiny,  by  one  of 
his  own  men. 3 

i  Mather  Magnal.  book  iii.  194,  195.  "  There  are  6  churches  of  bap- 
dzed  Indians,  and  18  assemblies  of  catachumens,  professing  the  name  of 
Christ.  Of  the  Indians  there  are  24,  who  are  preachers  of  the  Word  of 
God  ;  and  beside  these  there  are  four  English  ministers,  who  preach  the 
gospel  in  the  Indian  tongue."  Ibid.  Lett,  of  I.  Mather  to  Professor  Leus- 
den  of  Utrecht. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  546,  547.  "  This  sensible  project  proved  successful  ;  till 
new  causes  not  long  after  gave  rise  to  piratical  adventures,  which  required 
*U  the  continued  energy  of  William  and  Mary  to  suppress."  Ib.  Univ.  Hist. 
xli.  361,  362.  Hume  says  of  James  II,  that "  his  application  to  naval  affairs 
was  successful,  his  encouragement  of  trade  judicious,  his  jealousy  of  nation- 
al honour  laudable."  Hist.  Eng.  James  II,  chap.  ii.  Renault  says,  the  pub- 
lic are  indebted  to  this  prince,  when  only  duke  of  York,  for  the  contrivance 
of  signals  on  board  a  fleet,  by  the  means  of  flags  and  streamers.  Hist. 
France,  ii.  200. 

3  Univ.  Hist,  xl.  260.  After  his  discovery  in  1682,  he  went  to  France, 
and  obtained  leave  of  the  king  to  discover  the  mouth  of  the  Missisippi,  and 
to  make  a  settlement  there.  He  sailed  in  1684  from  Rochelle,  with  4  ves- 
sels, 100  soldiers,  and  a  number  of  people  for  settlement.  Arriving  at  a 
large  bay,  he  took  it  to  be  the  right  branch  of  the  Missisippi,  and  called  it 
St.  Louis.  This  was  the  bay  of  St.  Bernard,  at  the  distance  of  100  leagues 
westward  of  the  Missisippi.  Here  he  built  a  fort,  and  put  ico  men  in  it. 
He  made  war  on  the  natives  ;  and  travelled  along  the  coast,  to  find  the  true 
mouth  of  the  great  river,  which  at  length  he  imagined  he  had  discovered  ; 
and  built  a  second  fort.  Returning  to  his  first  fort,  and  finding  that  hi* 
frigate,  and  most  of  the  men,  goods,  and  provisions  were  lost  ;  he  took  a 
few  meu  with  him,  and  travelled  through  the  country,  to  find  out  the  Hlv* 


47* 


AMERICAN    ANNALS. 


1687.  The  French  court  aimed  a  blow,  which  threaten- 
French  ed  to  destroy  all  the  British  interest  in  North  Amer- 
*  ica. '  M.  de  Denonville,  succeeding  M.  de  la.  Barre, 
took  the  field  with  fifteen  hundred  French  and  five 
hundred  Indians.  The  Senekas  had  absolutely  re- 
fused to  meet  M.  de  la  Barre  at  the  late  treaty,  and 
were  known  to  be  most  firmly  attached  to  the  Eng- 
lish ;  it  was  therefore  determined  to  extirpate  or 
humble  them,  and  to  make  them  examples  of  French 
resentment  to  all  the  other  Indians..  M.  Denon- 
v^e  commenced  his  march  from  Gataracui  fort  on 
marches  a-  the  twenty  third  of  June.  When  the  army  had 
reached  the  foot  of  a  hill,  about  a  quarter  of  a  league 
from  the  chief  village  of  the  Senekas,  the  Indians, 
who  lay  in  ambush,1  suddenly  raised  the  war  shout, 
with  a  discharge  of  fire  arms.  This  surprise  threw 
the  French  into  confusion,  of  which  the  Senekas, 
took  instant  advantage,  and  fell  on  them  with  greut 
fury  ;  but  the  French  Indians  rallied  at  length,  and 
repulsed  them.  In  this  action,  a  hundred  French- 
men, ten  French  Indians,  and  about  eighty  Senekas 
were  killed.  The  next  day  Denonville  marched  for- 
ward, with  the  intention  of  burning  the  village  ; 
but  found  it  in  ashes.  The  Senekas  had  burned  it, 
and  fled. 3  Nothing  was  left  to  employ  the  valour 

nois,  purposing  by  that  river  to  return  to  Canada.  On  this  journey  he  was 
killed.  The  rest  of  the  party  proceeded  by  the  way  of  the  Illinois  to  Que- 
bec. The  Clamcoets,  an  Indian  tribe,  which  had  been  ill  treated  by  some 
of  the  new  settlers,  no  sooner  heard  of  Sale's  death,  than  they  surprised  the 
inhabitants  of  St.  Louis,  and  murdered  them  all,  with  the  exception  of  four 
or  five  persons,  whom  they  carried  to  their  village.  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  250 — 
369.  Hennepin  in  Harris  Voy.ii.  911 — 915.  Du  Pratz,  i.  6.  Encyclop. 
Methodique,  Commerce,  Art.  COMPAGNIE  DU  MISSISSIPI,  ou  DE  LA  Lou- 
ISIANE.  Atlas  Geog.  America,  v.  681. 

I  "  The  war  was  undertaken,  chiefly  to  put  a  stop  to  the  English  trade, 
which  now  began  to  extend  itself  far  into  the  continent,  and  would  in  its 
consequence  ruin  theirs."  Colden,  78. 

a  The  scouts  had  advanced  before  the  army  as  far  as  the  corn  cf  the  vil- 
lages without  seeing  a  single  Indian  ;  though  they  parsed  within  pistol  shot 
of  500  Senekas,  who  lay  on  their  bellies,  and  let  them  pass  and  repass,  with- 
out disturbing  them.  Ib. 

3  Two  old  men  only  were  found  in  the  castle,  who  were  cut  into  pieces 
and  boiled,  to  make  soup  for  the  French  allies.  Ib. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  473 

of  the  soldiers,  but  the  corn  in  the  fields,  which  they 
effectually  destroyed.  Before  Denonville  returned 
to  Canada,  he  built  a  fort  of  four  bastions  at  Niaga- 
ra, and  left  in  it  a  hundred  men,  with  provisions  ; 
but  it  was  soon  after  abandoned. * 

!688. 

The  inhabitants  of  several  towns  in  the  county  of  oppositio 
Essex,  in  Massachusetts,  refused  to  lay  the  assess- to 
ments,  without  which  the  taxes,  imposed  by  the  t 
grand  legislative  council,  under  the  administration  of 
Andros,  could  not  be  collected.  "  The  feeble  but 
magnanimous  efforts  of  expiring  freedom"  were  con- 
sidered as  seditious ;  and  punishments  were  inflicted, 
proportioned  to  the  aggravations  of  the  supposed 
crime.  *  So  great  already  were  the  oppressions  of 
the  colony,  that  some  of  the  principal  colonists  sent 
the  reverend  Increase  Mather  to  England,  as  an  a- 
gent,  to  represent  their  grievances  to  the  king. 3 

It  being  determined  to  superadd  New  York  and  N.  York  & 
the  Jersies  to  the  jurisdiction  of  the  four  colonies  of  ^j^o* 
New  England  ;   a  new.  commission  was  passed  in  thejurisdic- 
March  appointing  Andros  captain  general  and  vice 
admiral  over  the  whole.      Francis  Nicholson  was 
soon  after  named  his  lieutenant,  with  the  accustom- 
ed authority.     The  constitution,  established  on  this 
occasion,  was  a  legislative  and  executive  governor 
and  council,  who  were  appointed  by  the  king,  with- 
out the  consent  of  the  people. 4 

i  Colden,  77 — 79.  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  37 — 39.  Charlevoix  Notiv.  France, 
1.516—518. 

a  Chalmers,  i.  422.  The  select  men  of  Ipswich  voted,  «  That  inasmuch 
as  it  is  against  the  privilege  of  English  subjects  to  have  money  raised,  with- 
out their  own  consent  in  an  assembly  or  parliament,  therefore  they  will  pe- 
tition the  king,  for  liberty  of  an  assembly,  before  they  make  any  rates." 
Sir  Edmund  caused  them  to  be  imprisoned  and  fined,  some  £20,  some  £30, 
and  some  £50,  as  the  judges,  by  him  instructed,  should  see  fit  to  determine. 
Mr.  Appleton,  who  had  been  an  assistant,  and  Mr.  Wise  the  minister  o£ 
Ipswich,  were  imprisoned.  Hutchinson,  i.  365. 

3  Hutchinson,  i.  366.     Randolph,  having  failed  in  one  action  of  defama- 

•  tion  against  Mr.  Mather,  was  bringing  forward  a  new  action  against  him, 
To  avoid  the  service  of  the  writ,  he  kept  concealed ;  and  some  of  hU  church 
carried  him  aboard  ship  in  the  night,  in  disguise,  Ib. 
4  Chalm? r?3  i.  425.  $  &  s 


474 


AMERICAN  ANNALS. 


Expedition      The  eastern  Indians  having  renewed  hostilities,, * 
-Lfnst^e  Andros  marched  against  them  at  the  head  of  eight 
eastern  in-  hundred  men.     On  his  approach,  4:hey  retired  into 
their  fastnesses  ;  but,  by  establishing  garrisons,  by 
detaching  numerous  parties,  to  attack  their  settle- 
ments and  destroy  their  scanty  provisions,  he  reduc- 
ed them  to  the  greatest  distress,  and  secured  the 
country  from  their  incursions.  * 

The  first  episcopal  church  in  Massachusetts  was 

first  epis-  .  r          r     ^  . 

copal  chh.  erected  in  Boston,  m    1  remont   street,   and  called 
built  in      King's  Chapel. 3 

Massachus.        r,S       -^       r  ,  t     *  •      -».T         -n 

ine  trench,  settled,  m  New  France,  now  amount- 
Population  ed  to  eleven  thousand  two  hundred  and  forty  nine 

«?fN.France.  * 

persons,4 

1689. 

King  James  having  abdicated  the  throne,  William, 

Feb.  16.  .  r  s-\  -I-R/T  11          t  r  r 

wniiam  &  prince  ot  Orange,  and  Mary,  the  daughter  or  James, 
Mary  pro-  \vere  proclaimed  on  the  sixteenth  of  February.5  A 
report  of  the  landing  of  the  prince  of  Orange  in 
England  had  reached  America  ;  but  before  the  news 
of  the  entire  revolution  arrived,  a  most  daring  one 
was  effected  in  New  England.  The  colonists  had 
borne  the  impositions  of  the  new  administration 
about  three  years.  Their  patience  was  now  exhaust- 
ed. A  rumour,  that  a  massacre  was  intended  in 

I  The  lands  from  Penobscot  to  Nova  Scotia  had  been  ceded  to  the 
French  By  the  treaty  of  Breda.  The  baron  de  St.  Castine  had  for  many- 
years  resided  on  those  lan'ds,  and  carried  on-  a  large  trade  with  the  Indians, 
with  whom  he  was  intimately  connected,  having  several  of  their  women, 
beside  a  daughter  of  the  sachem  Mad  oka  wan  do,  for  his  wives.  In  1686,  a 
ship,  belonging  to  Pascataqua,  landed  some  wines  at  Penobscot,  supposing 
it  to  be  within  the  French  territory.  The  agents  of  the  duke  of  York  at 
Pemaquid  went  and  seized  the  wines  ;  but,  by  the  influence  of  the  French 
ambassador  in  England,  an  order  was  obtained  for  the  restoration  of  them. 
On  this  occasion,  a  new  line  was  run,  which  took  Castine's  plantation  into 
the  duke's  territory.  In  the  spring  of  1688,  Andros  went  in  the  Rose  frig- 
ute,  and  plundered  Castine's  house  and  fort.  This  base  action  provoked 
Castine  to  excite  the  Indians  to  a  new  war  ;  they,  on  their  part,  not  wanting 
pretences  for  its  renewal.  See  Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  242,  243  ;  Hutchin- 
son,  i.  370. 

1  Chalm.  i.  429.  Belknap  [Ni  Hamp.  i.  244.]  says,  Andros  had  700  men. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii:  259.  4  Univ.  Hist.  xl.  47. 

5  Blair's  Chronol.     James  abdicated,  and  weut  to  France  23  Dec.  i68£. 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  475 

Boston  by  the  governor's  guards,  was  sufficient  to     1689. 
kindle  their  resentment  into  rage. '      On  the  morn- 
ing of  the  eighteenth  of  April  the  town  was  in  arms, 
and  the  people  poured  in  from  the  country  to  the 
assistance  of  the  capital.     The  governor,  and  such  ^s^'e 
of  the  council  as  had  been  most  active,  with  other  and  im- 
obnoxious  persons,  to  the  collective  number  of  about  p™011^ 
fifty,  were  seized  and  confined  ;  and  the  old  magis- 
trates were  reinstated.2 

The  new  council,  inviting  others  to  join  with  Council -o 
them,  took  the  title  of  "  A  council  for  the  safety  Silfety< 
of  the  people  and  conservation  of  the  peace  $"  and 
chose  Mr.  Bradstreet  their  president.  On  the  sec- 
ond of  May,  the  council  recommended,  that  an  as- 
sembly by  a  delegation  from  the  several  towns  in 
the  colony  should  meet  on  the  ninth  of  that  month. 
Sixty  six  persons  met,  and,  having  confirmed  the 
new  government,  it  was  agreed,  that  on  the  twenty 
second  day  of  the  same  month  there  should  be  a  meet- 
ing of  the  representatives  of  all  the  towns  in  the 
colony.  On  that  day,  the  representatives  of  fifty 
four  towns  met  at  Boston  ;  and,  after  various  de- 
bates,  it  was  determined  "  to  resume  the  govern-  Boston 

ment  according  to  charter  rights.'- 3     On  the  twen- 

ty  fourth,  the  governor  and  magistrates,  chosen  in 
1686,  signed  a  paper,  declaring  their  acceptance  of 

i  This  rumour  might  have  been  the  more  easily  credited,  on  account  of 
the  military  orders,  given  out  on  the  reception  of  a  copy  of  the  Prince  of 
Orange's  Declaration.  "  A  proclamation  was  issued,  charging  all  officers 
and  people  to  be  in  readiness  to  hinder  the  landing  of  any  forces,  which  the 
Prince  of  Orange  might  send  into  those  parts  of  the  world." 

1  Captain  George,  of  the  Rose  frigate,  was  first  seized  and  imprisoned  ; 
and,  some  hours  after,  Sir  Edmund  Andros  was  taken  in  his  fort.  No  less 
than  1500  men  surrounded  the  fort  on  Fort  Hill,  which  surrendered.  The 
next  day,  the  governor  was  confined  in  the  fort  under  strong  guards.  On 
that  day  also,  the  castle,  on  Castle  Island,  was  summoned,  and  surrendered.. 
Chalmers,  i.  469,  470.  Captain  George  was  obliged  to  give  leave  to  go  on 
board  his  ship,  and  bring  the  sails  on  shore.  The  troops,  which  collected 
around  Fort  Hill,  pointed  the  guns  of  the  South  battery  toward  the  fort  on 
the  summit,  and  thus  brought  the  governor's  garrison  to  submission. 

3  Each  town  gave  instructions  to  its  delegates,  whether  to  resume  the 
chaster  or  not  ;  and  40  of  the  54  "  were  for  reassumption."  Hutchinson, 


47  6  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1689.  the  care  and  government  of  the  people  according  to 
the  rules  of  the  charter,  until  by  direction  from  Eng- 
land there  be  an  orderly  settlement  of  government. 
&  ^n  t^ie  twentT  nmt^5  king  William  and  queen  Mary 

-  were  proclaimed,  with  great  ceremony,  in  Boston. 
claimed  in  Addresses  were  sent  to  the  king.     Application  was 

made  for  express  authority  to  exercise  government 
according  to  the  old  charter,  until  a  new  one  could 
be  settled.     This  privilege  was  obtained.  * 
R.  island        The  freemen  of  Rhode  Island,  on  hearing  of  the 
resumes  its  imprisonment  of  Andros,  met  at  Newport,  on  the 
Sent™"      first  of  May,  voted  to  resume  their  charter  ;    and 
replaced  all  the  general  officers,  who  had  been  dis- 
placed three  years  before.  * 

Effects  of  Information  of  the  accession  of  William  and  Ma- 
lutlo^Tn"  ry  to  the  throne  was  received  with  joy  at  New  York, 
N.York,  and  the  lieutenant  governor  and  council  waited  with 
anxiety  for  orders  to  proclaim  them  ;  but  while  the 
principal  officers  and  magistrates  were  assembled  to 
consult  for  the  public  safety,  Jacob  Leisler,  with 
forty  nine  men,  seized  the  garrison  at  New  York, 
and  held  it  for  the  prince  of  Orange.  William  and 
Mary  were  proclaimed  there  in  June  ;  and  the  prov- 
ince was  now  ruled  by  a  committee  of  safety,  at  the 
head  of  which  was  Leisler.  3 

Virginia  &      The  inhabitants  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  at  once 
Maryland.  proc]aimecj  William  and  Mary  king  and  queen  of 

England*4 
Indians  re-      Qn  ^e  twenty  seventh  of  June,  the  Senekas,  Ca- 

-  _  ,     J  ,   ,~       .  ,  11- 

7ugas?,  Onondagos,  and  Oneidas,  renewed  their  cov- 
enant with  the  English.  5 

i  Hutchinson,  i.  372  —  390.  Chalmers,  i.  449  —  431.  Belknap  N,. 
Hamp.  i.  235,  236.  There  are  no  public  records,  from  the  dissolution  of 
the  old  charter  government  in  1686  until  the  restoration  of  it  in  1689. 
Hutchinson,  i.  354.  a  Callender,  49. 

3  Smith  N.  York,  59.     Chalmers,!.  591,  592. 

4  Chalmers,!.  431. 

5  Colden,  99.     This  renewal  of  covenant  was  previous  to  the  arrival  of 
*ount  Frontenac,  who  came  over  a  October  this  year,  as  governor  of  Can- 
ada, at  the  age  of  68  years.    M.  Denonville  was  recalled.  Ib.  96. 


new  cove- 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  477 

Twelve  hundred  Indians  of  the  Five  Nations,  in-  "Descent  of 
vading  the  island  of  Montreal  on  the  twenty  sixth 
of  July,  burned  all  the  plantations,  and  made  a  ter-  treai. 
rible  massacre  of  men,  women,  and  children.     The 
whole  French  colony  was  thrown  into  consternation  $ 
and  Valrenes,  the  commander  at  Catarocuay,  by  or- 
der of  Denonville,  abandoned  the  fortress  at  that 
place. x 

A  conference  was  holden  at  Albany,  in  Septem-  conference 
ber,  between  several  commissioners  from  the  colo-  between. 
nies  of  Massachusetts,  Plymouth,  and  Connecticut,  ^  FrVe 
and  the  Five  Nations.  *  Nations. 

1690. 

Count  Frontenac  detached  from  Canada  three  French  and 
parties  of  French  and  Indians,  who  were  to  take 
three  different  routes  into  the  English  territories. 
One  party,  consisting  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  French  February  8. 
Indian  traders  and  as  many  Indians,  surprised  "and 
destroyed  Schencctady. 3  Another  party,  consisting  dy. 
of  fifty  two  men,  of  whom  twenty  five  were  Indians, 
surprised  Salmon  Falls,  near  Pascataqua,  and  killed  surprise 
about  thirty  of  the  bravest  of  the  inhabitants  j  the  Salmon 
rest,  to  the  number  of  fifty  four,  principally  women 
and  children,  surrendered  at  discretion.  The  Sieur 

I  Smith  N.  York,  56.  Charlevoix  Nouv.  France,  i.  549.  Univ.  Hist. 
xl.  49 — 51.  Smith  says,  1000  French  were  slain  in  this  invasion,  and  a6 
carried  into  captivity  and  burnt  alive.  Charlevoix1  account  of  the  barbari- 
ties of  the  Indians,  in  the  massacre  at  Montreal,  is  ..too  horrid  to  translate  : 
"  Us  ouvrirent  le  sein  des  femmes  enceintes,  pour  en  arracher  le  fruit,  qu* 
elles  portoient,  ils  mirent  des  enfans  tout  vivans  a  la  broche,  et  contraigni- 
jrent  les  meres  de  les  tourner  pour  les  faire  rotir." 

Z  Smith  N.  York,  63.  Golden,  100 — 104.  The  commissioners  endeav- 
oured to  engage  the  Five  Nations  against  the  eastern  Indians,  who  were 
then  at  war  with  N.  England  ;  but,  though  they  would  not  enter  into  that 
war,  they  ratified  their  iriendship  with  the  English  colonies.  "  We  prom- 
ise," said  they,  "  to  preserve  the  chain  inviolably,  and  wish  that  the  sun 
may  always  shine  in  peace  over  all  our  heads,  that  are  comprehended  in 
this  chain." 

3  The  assault  was  made  about  n  or  iz  o'clock  on  Saturday  night,  and 
60  men,  women,  and  children  were  massacred,  "  being  divided  and  secure," 
Sewajl  MS.  Diary,  See  Golden*  1 1 3—1  ij. 


47  8  AMERICAN    ANNALS. 

1 690.  Hcrtcl,  who  commanded  this  expedition,  met,  on  his 
May  17.  way  homeward,  a  third  party,  which  had  marched 

Destroythe   r  r\      \-  i     •    •    •          i  • 

fortatCas-  fr°m  Quebec  ;  and,  joining  his  company  to  it,  at- 
tacked and  destroyed  the  fort  at  Casco. T 

The  Indians  having  taken  the  fort  at  Pemaquid,* 
taken  by*  an^  ^e  ^rencn  privateers  from  Acadie  still  infesting 
the  coasts  of  New  England  ;  the  general  court  of 
Massachusetts  determined  to  make  an  attempt  on 
Port  Royal.  A  fleet  of  eight  small  vessels,  with 
seven  or  eight  hundred  men  under  the  command  of 
Sir  William  Phips,  sailed  on  that  expedition  on  the 
twenty  eighth  of  April.  The  fort  at  Port  Royal, 
being  in  no  capacity  to  sustain  a  siege,  surrendered, 
with  little  or  no  resistance  ;  and  Sir  William  took 
possession  of  the  whole  sea  coast,  from  Port  Royal 
to  the  New  England  settlements. 3 

Expedition  The  Pe°ple  °f  New  England,  ascribing  their 
of  sir  w.  troubles  to  Canada,  formed  a  bold  and  hazardous 
Phips  a-  desirrn  to  reduce  it  to  subjection  to  the  crown  of  Eng- 

gainst  Ca-  p  j  t  >  & 

r.ada.  land.  An  armament  was  equipped  for  that  service, 
and  the  command  of  it  given  to  Sir  William  Phips. 
The  fleet,  retarded  by  unavoidable  accidents,  did  not 
arrive  before  Quebec  until  the  fifth  of  October. 
Phips,  the  next  morning,  sent  a  summons  on  shore, 
but  received  an  insolent  answer  from  count  Fronte- 
nac.  The  next  day,  he  attempted  to  land  his  troops, 

1  Belknap  N.  Eng.  i.  257 — 259.  Casco  fort  contained  above  100  per- 
sons. It  was  taken  "  whilst  the  forces  were  gone  to  Port  Royal."  Hut- 
chinson,i.  397. 

a  The  Indians  besieged  that  fort  22  August,  1689.  It  was  so  situated, 
as  to  be  overlooked  from  a  rock,  that  was  near  it ;  from  which  the  Indians 
galled  the  garrison  to  such  a  degree,  that  the  next  day  it  capitulated  on 
terms,  "  which  were  kept  with  Indian  faith,  some  of  the  men  being  butch- 
ered, and  the  others  carried  captive."  Hutchinson,  i.  396. 

3  Ibid.  396,  397.  The  fleet  returned  30  May.  The  author  of  Histoire 
et  Commerce  des  Colonies  Angloises  (65,  66.)  says,  that  Sir  William  de- 
stroyed the  French  fort  at  the  river  St.  John  ;  that  he  cleared  the  country 
of  all  the  French,  who  refused  to  take  the  oath  of  fidelity  to  the  king  of 
England  ;  and  that  he  placed  a  governor  there,  to  command  those,  who 
consented  to  remain.  Brit.  Emp.  [i.  176.]  says,  that  about  a  third  part  ef 
the  whole  number  remained  ;  and  that  most  of  these  were  protesti-.tits, 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  479 

but  was  prevented  by  the  violence  of  the  wind.  On  1690. 
the  eighth,  all  the  effective  men,  amounting  to  be- 
tween twelve  and  thirteen  hundred,  landed  at  the 
Isle  of  Orleans,  four  miles  below  the  town,  and  were 
fired  on,  from  the  woods,  by  French  and  Indians. 
Having  remained  on  shore  until  the  eleventh,  and 
then  learning  by  a  deserter  the  strength  of  the  place, 
they  embarked  with  precipitation.  A  tempest  soon 
after  dispersed  the  fleet ;  which  made  the  best  of  its 
way  back  to  Boston.1 

Success  had  been  so  confidently  expected,  that  First  paper 
adequate  provision  was  not  made  at  home  for  the  "^u/dxe 
payment  of  the  troops.     There  was  danger  of  amu-  colonies. 
tiny.     In  this  extremity,  the  government  of  Massa- 
chusetts issued  bills  of  credit,  as  a  substitute  for 
money  ;  and  these  were  the  first,  that  were  ever  is- 
sued in  the  American  colonies.  * 

Kin?  William  sent  a  large  body  of  French  refu*  ]?rench  re~ 

-TT-      •    •  111  11  -i  fagees. 

gees  to  Virginia  ;  and  lands  were  allotted  to  them 

I  Hutchinson.i.  399— 401.  Smith  N.  York,  68,  69.  Colden,  126 — 131^ 
Sir  William  arrived  at  Boston  on  tne  i9th  of  November.  Some  vessels  of 
the  fleet  were  blown  off  to  the  West  Indies  ;  one  Was  lost  on  Anticosta  ; 
and  two  or  three  were  wrecked,  or  never  heard  of.  About  aoo  men  were 
lost  by  the  enemy  and  by  sickness  ;  "  not  above  30  by  the  enemy." — A 
small  vessel  had  been  sent  to  England  express,  early  in  April,  to  solicit  as- 
sistance for  the  reduction  of  Canada  ;  but  the  English  government  had  too 
much  on  its  hands,  to  pay  any  attention  to  the  proposal.  Massachusetts 
however  determined  to  proceed  ;  and  Connecticut  and  New  York  engaged 
to  furnish  a  body  of  men.  From  these  two  colonies  2000  were  expected 
to  march  by  Lake  Champlain,  and  attack  Montreal,  at  the  same  time  when 
the  forces  by  sea  should  be  before  Quebec.  The  fleet,  which  sailed  9  Au- 
gust from  Nantasket,  contained  between  30  and  40  vessels,  the  largest  of 
44  guns  and  200  men.  The  whole  number  of  men  was  about  aooo. 
Great  dependence  was  placed  on  the  expected  division  of  the  French  force  ; 
but  the  army,  designed  against  Montreal,  had  unhappily  retreated ;  and  the 
news  of  its  retreat  had  reached  Montreal  before  the  fleet  arrived  at  Que- 
bec. This  occurrence  must  have  dispirited  the  English  forces,  and  propor- 
tionally have  animated  the  French.  Count  Frontenac  was  now  able  to 
employ  the  whole  strength  of  Canada  against  the  little  invading  army. 
Some  writers  ascribe  the  return  of  the  New  York  and  Connecticut  troops 
to  a  culpable  cause.  Charlevoix,  with  whose  account  Smith  seems  best 
satisfied,  says,  our  army  was  disappointed  in  the  intended  diversion,  by  the 
small  pox,  which  seized  the  camp,  killed  300  men,  and  terrified  o»r  Indiatv 
allies. 

4  Hutchinson,  i.  401.     Belknap  N.  Hamp.  i.  263. 


4So  AMERICAN  ANNALS. 

1690.  on  the  banks  of  James  river.  Others  of  them,  pur* 
chasing  lands  of  the  proprietors  of  Carolina,  trans- 
ported themselves  and  their  families  to  that  colony, 
and  settled  on  the  river  Santee.  ' 

s.  sothei's       Seth  Sothel,  countenanced  by  a  powerful  faction^ 
usurpation,  and  presuming  on  his  powers  as  proprietary,  arrived 
suddenly  at  Charlestown,  the  capital  of  Carolina, 
and  seized  the  reins  of  government.  z 

ThewhalefisheryatNantucketcommencedthisyear.3 

st.christo*      Tfhe  island  of  St.  Christopher's  was  reconquered 

kenlfrtte  fr°m  tae  French,  by  the  English  under  colonel  Cod- 

Enghsh.     rington  ;   and  the  male  white  inhabitants,  amount- 

ing to  about  eighteen  hundred,  were  sent,  with  their 

women  and  children,  to  Hispaniola  and  Martinico.  4 

New  Prov-      The  island  of  New  Providence  had  now  become 

idence.      so  populous,  that  the  proprietaries  sent  Cadwallader 

Jones  to  be  its  governor.  s 

1691* 

H.  siough-  Colonel  Henry  Sloughter  arrived  at  New  York, 
with  a.  commission  to  be  governor  of  that  province. 
The  first  assembly,  after  the  Revolution,  was  holden 
on  the  ninth  of  April.6  The  province  was  now,  by 
an  act  of  assembly,  divided  into  ten  counties*  7 

1  Hewet,  1  08.     Others,  who  were  merchants  and  mechanics,  took  up 
their  residence  in  Charlestown,  and  followed  their  different  occupations. 
These  new  settlers  were  a  great  acquisition  to   Carolina.     It  is  highly  to 
the  honour  of  England,  that,  even  in  the  reign  of  king  James,  large  collec- 
tions had  been  made  for  the  French  refugees  ;  and  that,  after  king  William'a 
accession  to  the  throne,  the  parliament  voted  £15,000  sterling  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  persons  of  cpaality,  and  all  such  as,  through  age  or  infirmity, 
were  unable  to  support  themselves  or  families. 

2  Chalmers,  i.  552.     Hewet,  i.  102  —  '104.     His  popularity  and  power 
were  of  short  duration.     The  assembly  compelled  him  to  abjure  the  gov- 
ernment and  country  forever.     The  proprietaries  dissented  from  the  laws, 
pissed  under  his  government  ;  and,  in  1692,  appointed  a  new  governor. 

3  Coll.  Hist.  Soc.  iii.  157.         4   Univ.  Hist.  xl.  278.        5  Ibid.  xli.  332. 

6  Smith  N.  York,  71  —  73.     All  laws,  made  in  the  province  antecedent 
to  this  period,  were  disregarded  both  by  the  legislature  and  the  courts  of 
law.  In  the  Collection  of  the  Acts  of  the  province,  made  in  1752,  the  com- 
pilers were   directed  to  begin  at   this  Assembly.     Ibid.     Leisler,   having- 
refused  to  deliver  up  the  fort  to  the  governor,  was  afterward  condemned 
to  death  for  high  treason.     Ibid. 

7  Ibid.  1  86.    The  division  is  there  said  to  be  into  12  counties  ;  yet  10 
only  are  described  ;  and  there  were  no  more  than  10,  so  late  as  A.  D. 

See  Smith,  ib.  206, 

•r 


*er 


AMERICAN  ANNALS.  481 

Major  Peter  Schuyler,  with  a  party  of  Mohawks,    1691. 
passed  over  lake  Champlain,  and  made  a   bold  ir-  Expedition 
ruption  into  the  French  settlements  at  the  north  end  sdruyien 
of  the  lake. * 

The  general  assembly  of  Virginia  solicited  and  charter  of 
obtained  a  charter  from  the  crown,  for  the  establish- 
ment  of  a  college,  projected  in  that  colony.  Theiege 
king  and  queen  gave,  at  the  same  time,  nearly  two 
thousand  pounds  toward  the  charge  of  building  ; 
and  endowed  the  seminary  wifiti  twenty  thousand 
acres  of  the  best  land,  together^  with  the  perpetual 
revenue,  arising  from  the  duty  of  one  penny  per 
pound  on  all  tobacco,  transported  from  Virginia  and 
Maryland  to  the  other  English  plantations.  In 
grateful  acknowledgment  of  the  royal  patronage  and 
benefaction,  the  college  was  called  William  and  Mary.  *• 

I  Smith  N.  York,  78.  TTniv.  Hist,  [xxxix.  350.]  says,  Schuyler  had  300 
English  and  300  Indians.  Golden  [129.]  says,  that,  in  his  several  attacks, 
the  French  lost  a  captains,  6  lieutenants,  and  300  men. 

a  Keith,  169,     Beverly,  13 8,.  13 9.     Coll.  Hist.  Soc.v.  165. 


£ND  OF  THE  FIRST  VOLUME. 


THIS  VOLUME  brings  down  the  Annals  to  the  Revolution  of  William 
and  Mary.  A  very  respectable  historian  remarks,  that  the  legal  and  con- 
stitutional history  of  the  American  colonies,  in  their  early  periods,  affords 
but  little  instruction.  Cecinit  pralia.  His  subject  was  war.  Chalmers 
supposes,  that  the  political  annals  of  the  colonies  from  their  settlement  to 
that  Revolution  may  be  thought  by  some  the  most  curious  and  instructive  ; 
because,  during  that  eventful  period,  the  colonies  were  planted  ;  their  con- 
stitutions, after  various  changes,  were  established ;  the  groundwork  of  their 
future  jurisprudence  was  laid  ;  and  they  were  sensibly  affected  by  every 
change,  which  the  innovations  of  those  days  introduced  into  the  pareat 
'  country. 


Ttt 


NOTES. 

NOTE  I.  (p.  17,  1 8.) 

HISTORIAN  s  assign  different  dates  to  this  voyage.  In  the  Voyages  of  Ramusius,  Sebas- 
tian Cabot  is  represented  as  placing  it  in  1496  ;  and  respectable  historians  have  hence 
taken  that  for  the  true  year.  On  a  critical  examination  of  the  account  in  Ramusius, 
tnere  does  not  appear  sufficient  ground  for  their  conclusion.  Ramusius  derived  his  ac- 
count from  Butrigarius,  the  pope's  legate  in  Spain,  who  derived  his  information  from 
S.  Cabot.  In  Cabot's  account,  which  was  merely  verbal,  the  time  of  the  voyage  was 
incidentally  mentioned,  and  without  precision  :  "  The  king  commanded  two  caravels 
to  be  furnished  with  all  things  appertaining  to  the  voyage  ;  which  was,  as  far  re  as  I 
remember,  in  the  year  1496,  in  the  beginning  ofsommer."  Nor  ought  this  uncertainty  ' 
of  Cabot  himself  to  appear  strange,  when  it  is  considered,  that  he  was  then  an  old 
man,  as  we  learn  from  the  same  conversation  with  the  legate  ;  "  After  this  I  made 
many  other  voyages,  which  I  nowe  pretermit  ;  and  waxeing  old  I  give  myself  to  rest 
from  such  travels."  Instead  therefore  of  trusting  to  so  vague  an  account,  I  have  cho- 
sen to  rely  on  "  an  extract  taken  out  of  the  map  of  Sebastian  Cabot  concerning  his  dis- 
covery of  the  West  Indies,  which,"  Hakluyt  says,  "  is  to  be  scene  in  her  majesty's  pri- 
vie  gallerie  at  Westminster,  and  in  many  other 'ancient  merchants  houses."  The  ex- 
tract (which  is  preserved  in  Hakluyt,  iii.  6.)  begins  thus  :  ,"  Anno  "Domini  1497  Io- 
annes  Cabotus  Venetus,  &  Sebastianus  illius  filius"  &c. — The  extent,  as  well  as  the 
time,  of  this  celebrated  voyage  has  been  involved  in  obscurity.  By  some  writers  the 
Cabots  are  represented  as  having  sailed  to  56  deg.  north  latitude  ;  by  others,  to  58  ; 
by  others,  to  60.  Ramusius,  in  his  3d  volume,  says,  it  v/as  "  written"  to  him 
by  Sebastian  Cabot,  that  he  sailed  to  "  the  latitude  of  67  degrees  and  an  halfe,  under 
the  north  pole."  Hakluyt,  iii.  7 — 9.  This  account  is  probably  the  true  one. — Some 
authors  say,  that  the  Cabots  sailed  no  farther  to  the  south,  than  to  38  deg.  or  36  deg. 
north  lat.  P.  Martyr  says,  Cabot  went  nearly  as  far  south,  as  the  latitude  of  the  straits  of 
Hercules,  or  Gibraltar.  Dr.  Belknap  [Amer.  Biog.  i.  154.]  accordingly  considered  36 
deg.  as  the  extent  of  the  voyage  ;  and  Dr.  Forster  [Voy.  267.],  on  the  authority  of  that 
passage  in  P.  Martyr,  says,  "  Sebastian  Cabot  must  have  been  about  as  far  as  Chesa- 
peak  Bay  in  Virginia."  But  the  entire  passage,  in  the  original  (p.  232.),  seems  to  im- 
ply, that  Cabot  proceeded  still  to  the  west,  probably  southwesterly,  as  the  coast  lies, 
after  he  had  reached  the  36°  of  latitude.  P.  Martyr,  having  mentioned  the  obstruc- 
tion which  Cabot  found  from  the  ice,  in  his  voyage  to  the  north,  adds  :  "  Quare  coac- 
tus  fuit,  uti  ait,  vela  vertere,  et  occidentem  sequi  :  tetendit  que  tantum  ad  meridiem, 
littore  sese  incurvante,  ut  Herculei  freti  latitudinis  fere  gradum  asquarit  :  ad ocddentem- 
gue  profectus  tantum  est,  ut  Cubam  insulam  a  lievo,  longitudlne  graduutn  pciie  parem,  habuerit" 
Obscure  as  this  passage  is,  it  satisfies  me,  that  Cabot  sailed  to  Cape  Florida,  which  lies 
in  25  deg.  20  min.  north  lat.  The  English  founded  their  original  claim  to  the  prin- 
cipal part  of  North  America  on  the  discovery  made  of  it  in  this  voyage  ;  but  some 
writers  consider  the  claim  as  of  no  validity,  because  the  Cabots  made  no  settlement. 
See  Hazard  Coll.  i.  603  ;  Dniv.  Hist.  xli.  86.  See  also  p.  9,  10,  of  this  volume.  The 
question  of  right  is  left  to  jurists  and  statesmen  ;  but  it  must  be  granted,  that,  accord- 
ing to  the  prevalent  notions  of  former  times,  this  was  a  most  important  voyage  : 
"  For  the  time  once  was  here,  to  the  world  be  it  known, 
"  When  all  a  man  sail'd  by,  or  saw,  was  his  own."  Freneau. 

NOTE  II.  (p.  66.) 

The  Mexicans  lived  in  Aztlan,  a  country  situated  to  the  north  of  California,  until 
about  A.  D.I  1 60  ;  when  they  commenced  their  migration  toward  the  country  of 
.  Anahuac.  After  a  temporary  residence  in  several  intermediate  places,  they  at  length 
arrived  at  that  situation  on  the  lake,  where  they  were  to  found  their  city.  As  soon  as 
they  had  taken  possession  of  it,  they  erected  a  temple  for  their  god  Huitzlopochtli, 
around  which  they  now  began  to  build  huts  of  reeds  and  rushes.  Such  was  the  begin- 


(    483     ) 

ning  of  the  great  city  of  Mexico.*  See  Clavigero,  i.  1 1 2 — 1 23.  For  a  distinct  view  of 
the  situation  of  the  city  with  its  causeways,  see  the  map  prefixed  to  the  ad  volume 
of  Clavigero  ;  or  the  maps  in  other  Mexican  histories.  *  A.  D.  1325. 

NOTE  III.  (p.  95.) 

Although  the  sera  of  the  Puritans  commenced  in  the  reign  of  Edward  VI ;  yet  that 
pious  young  prince  very  soon  after  began  an  ecclesiastical  reformation.  Had  he  lived 
to  perfect  it  according  to  his  intentions,  the  Puritans  would  probably  have  been  satis- 
fied. But  he  died  in  1553,  at  the  early  age  of  XVI ;  and  was  succeeded  by  queen 
Mary,  a  bigotted  papist,  under  whose  administration  John  Rogers,  of  pious  memory  K 
was  burnt  at  Smithfteld  ;  and  bishop  Hooper,  with  other  pious  reformers,  suffered 
martyrdom.  On  the  accession  of  queen  Elizabeth,  the  reformation,  which  had  been 
begun  by  Edward,  was,  in  some  degree,  restored ;  but  jhat  illustrious  queen,  addicted 
to  show,  and  jealous  of  prerogative,  soon  made  the  Puritans  feel  the  weight  of  her 
royal  power.  Bishops  and  other  clergymen  were  deprived,  for  refusing  the  oath  to 
the  queen's  supremacy.  At  length  (31  Jan.  1563)  the  Convocation  of  the  English 
clergy  met,  and  finished  the  XXXIX  Articles.  Of  the  lower  house,  43  present  were 
for  throwing  out  the  ceremonies,  but  35  were  for  keeping  them  ;  and  these,  with  the 
help  of  proxies,  carried  their  measure  by  one  vote.  The  bishops  now  began  to  urge 
the  clergy  to  subscribe  to  the  Liturgy  and  ceremonies,  as  well  as  to  the  Articles.  Cov- 
erdale,  Fox,  Humfrey  and  others,  refused  to  subscribe  ;  and  this  was  the  epoch  of 
NONCONFORMITY.  What  hard  treatment  the  Puritan  Reformers  received  under  the 
succeeding  administrations  of  James  I,  and  of  his  successors,  until  the  Revolution  of 
William  and  Mary,  is  well  kuown.  As  authorities,  that  confirm  this  Note,  and  give 
full  information  on  the  subject,  the  reader  is  referred  to  Burnet's  History  of  the  Re- 
formation of  the  Church  of  England,  Peirre's  Vindication  of  the  Dissenters,  Prince'* 
Chronology,  and  especially  Neal's  History  of  the  Puritans. 

NOTE  IV.  (p.  99.) 

Some  historians  efctirely  overlook  this  temporary  settlement  of  the  French  in  the 
English  Carolina  ;  others  confound  it  with  the  settlement  at  St.  Matheo,  a  few  leagues 
north  of  St.  Augustine.  Not  one  of  them  has  ascertained  the  place  of  it,  with  preci- 
sion. Chalmers  says,  Ribault  built  Fort  Charles  on  the  river  Edisto.  The  authors  of 
the  Universal  History  say,  it  was  built  on  the  river  St.  Croix,  which  indeed,  Charle- 
voix  says,  was  the  Spanish  name  of  Edisto  river.  Charlevoix  says,  Ribault's  Fort  stood 
near  the  place  where  Charlestown,  the  capital  of  South  Carolina,  now  stands.  Mezer- 
ay  says,  it  was  built  "  at  the  end  of  the  Streight  at  St.  Helen's."  I  wrote,  some  time 
since,  to  Dr.  Ramsay,  the  well  known  historian,  and  made  inquiry  of  him  respecting 
this  article.  The  Doctor  obligingly  wrote  to  me  in  reply  :  "  I  have  taken  some-paint 
ce  to  inform  myself  of  the  place  where  Ribaud  commenced  his  settlement  of  French 
"  Protestants  ;  but  without  any  satisfactory  result.  Edisto  river,  in  its  nearest  part,  is, 
"  about  36  miles  from  Charleston  ;  but  there  is  no  evidence  of  any  French  settlement 
"  ever  having  been  made  in  its  vicinity.  There  is  no  river  in  South  Carolina,  known 
'  by  the  name  of  the  Shallow  or  Base  river.  Mr.  Drayton,  our  late  governor,  has. 
•'  been  consulted  on  the  points,  relative  to  which  you  wish  for  information,  who  assur- 
'  ed  me,  that,  while  writing  his  View  of  South  Carolina,  he  minutely  enquired  into 

*  the  very  subjects,  which  have  perplexed  you,  and  found  them  so  involved  in  dark- 

*  ness  and  contradiction,  that  he  did  not  see  his  way  clear  to  assert  any  thing  on  the 
v  subject,  more  than  you  will  find  in  the  jth  page  of  his  work." 

It  would  not  become  me  to  be  positive  on  a  subject,  that  is  attended  with  such  ac- 
knowledged difficulties,  and  that  has  baffled  such  intelligent  inquiries.  I  am  satisfied 
however,  that  neither  the  latitude  of  the  place  where  the  fort  was  built,  nor  its  dis- 
tance from  the  river  of  May,f  will  allow  us  to  fix  it  so  far  north,  as  the  river  Edisto, 
It  appears  clearly  to  have  been  on  an  island  up  Port  Royal  river,  in  about  the  latitude 
of  32  deg.  It  seems  probable,  that  it  was  the  island  of  St.  Helena,  or  some  island  in, 
its  vicinity.  Mezeray's  account  seems  to  fix  it  there.  Charlevoix,  in  his  Map  of  the 
Coasts  of  Florida,  has  placed  it  in  that  quarter,  though,  I  apprehend,  too  far  north,  at 
an  island  toward  the  mouth  of  Edisto.  It  is  asserted  on  the  face  of  the  map  :  «  Dana 
cette  Isle  Ribault  batit  petit  Fort,  et  le  nomma  Claries  Fort."  There  is  one  additional 

f  Sixty  French  leagues.     Cbarhvoix. 


confirmation  of  the  probable  truth  of  my  conjecture,  concerning  the  place  of  that  fort, 
When  Ribault  had  "  sailed  about  15  leagues"  from  Port  Royal  river,  he  found  anoth- 
er, which  "  had  not  past  halfe  a  fathome  water  in  the  mouth  thereof."  This  he  called 
Base  or  Shallow  river.  Gov.  Drayton  (p.  34.)  says,  "  Edisto  is  shallow  and  incapable 
of  being  navigated  far  up  its  stream  by  boats  of  heavy  burden  ;"  and,  though  he  de- 
scribes the  numerous  rivers  of  Carolina,  this  is  the  only  one,  which  he  calls  shallow. 
Hence  I  conjecture,  that  the  Edisto  of  the  English  is  tie  Base  or  Shallow  river  of  the  French. 
If  so,  Fort  Charles  must  have  been  about  15  leagues  from  it  ;  and  that  is  about  the  dis- 
tance of  St.  Helena  from  the  Edisto. 

NOTE  V.  (p.  197.) 

It  is  not  so  difficult  to  find  proofs,  in  support  of  the  text,  as  it  is  to  select  them.  They 
may  be  seen  in  Morton,  3 — 5  ^  Hubbard's  MS.  N.  Eng.  ;  Mather  Magnal.  book  i.  6  ; 
Pr-ince  Chron.  48,  49  ;  Hazard's  Collections,  i.  349 — 373  ;  Hutchinson,  i.  3  ;  Bel- 
knap  Biog.  i.  151 — 178,  Art.  ROBINSON.  The  motives,  ascribed  by  some  English 
writers  for  the  emigration  of  the  Puritans  from  Ley  den,  it  is  easily  conceived,  might 
have  been  readily  admitted,  without  critical  inquiry,  by  the  advocates  for  the  English 
hierarchy,  near  two  centuries  ago  ;  but  it  was  hardly  to  be  expected,  that  writers,  of 
our  own  age,  should  copy  the  injurious  representations  of  those  early  times  into  the 
pages  of  sober  history.  The  historian  who  tells  us,  that  the  Puritans  removed  from 
Leyden  into  the  American  wilderness,  because  they  were  "  obscure  and  unpetsecuted," 
must  not  expect  to  be  believed.  We  endeavoured  to  assign,  in  the  text,  the  true 
causes  of  that  removal  ;  and  have  nothing  to  subjoin,  but  an  expression  of  regret,  that 
the  misrepresentations  of  foreign  writers,  on  this  and  the  succeeding  article,  have  been 
recently  transcribed  into  the  work  of  a  very  respectable  historian  of  our  own  country. 

The  character  and  principles  of  Mr.  Robinson  and  his  Society  seem  not  yet  to  be 
fully  known.  The  reverend  JOHN  ROBINSON  was  a  man  of  learning,  of  piety,  and  of 
Catholicism.  At  first  indeed  he  favoured  the  rigid  separation  from  the  church  of 
England  ;  but,  after  his  removal  to  Holland, "he  was  convinced  of  his  mistake,  and  be- 
came, ever  after,  more  moderate  in  his  .sentiments  respecting  separation."  Baylie,  who 
was  zealously  opposed  both  to  the  Brownists  and  Independents,  allows,  that  "  Mr.  Ro- 
"  binson  was  a  man  of  excellent  parts,  and  the  most  learned,  polished  and  modest  spirit, 
"  as  ever  separated  from  the  church  of  England  ;  that  he  ruined  the  rigid  separation  ; 
"  and  that  he  was  a  principal  overthrower  of  the  Brownists."  See  Prince,86 — 94  ;  Coll. 
Hist.  Soc.  iv.  133 — 140  ;  Belknap  Biog.  Art.  ROBINSON  ;  Mosheim,v.  381.  chap,  xxi. 

Against  the  concessions  of  enemies  however,  and  the  demonstrations  of  friend?, 
the  Puritans  of  JLeyden  and  of  New  England  are,  to  this  day,  represented  as 
Brownists  ;  that  is,  the  followers  of  R.obert  Brown,  a  sectary,  whose  principles  were, 
in  many  respects,  very  exceptionable,  in  the  view  of  all  sober  Christians  ;  and  who  at 
length  abandoned  them  himself,  and  conformed  to  the  church  of  England.  Mr.  Ro- 
binson, who  ought  to  be  allowed  to  say  what  were  his  own  principles,  has  explicitly 
declared  them,  in  "  A  just  and  necessary  Apologie  of  certain  Christians  no  lesse  con- 
tumeltously  than  commonly  called  Brownists  or  Barrowists."  This  Apology  profess- 
es "  before  God  and  men,  that  such  is  our  accord  in  the  case  of  religion  with  the  Dutch 
"  Reformed  Churches  as  that  we  are  ready  to  subscribe  to  all  and  everie  article  of 
"  faith  in  the  same  church,  as  they  are  layd  in  the  Harmony  of  Confessions  of  Faith, 
"  published  in  their  name  ;"  with  the  exception  of  "  one  only  particle  ;"  relating  to 
the  Apocrypha.  On  examining  the  Dutch  [Belgic]  Confession  of"  Faith  in  the  Harmonia 
Confessionum,  I  find  it  to  be  the  same  in  Latin,  which,  translated  into  English,  now  con- 
stitutes a  part  of  "  The  Constitution  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in  the  United 
States  of  America."  It  essentially  agrees,  in  its  doctrines,  with  the  Church  of  England. 
NOTE  VI.  (p.  ayi.) 

For  the  principles  and  usages  of  the  Congregational  clr.irchcs,  see  Cotton's  Power 
of  the  Keys,  Hooker's  Survey  of  the  sura  of  Church  Discipline,  Norton's  Answer  to 
the  Enquiries  of  Apolloniin,  Cambridge  Platform,  Mather's  Magnalia,  book  v,  Ratio 
Ol-.dplinae  Fratrum  Nov-Angl.  Hutchinson,  i.  chap,  iv,  and  S:iVs'  CJ .rr.ti'-m  Union. 


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